AHH Software (Mollier HX Diagram)

36

20%

18 g/kg

15%

16 g/kg

10%

14 g/kg

6 g/kg

5%

12 g/kg

10 g/kg

4 g/kg

8 g/kg

2 g/kg

-0 g/kg

Temperature

Design concerning Mollier and Carrier.

7 languages (Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Russian).
Diagram range from -100 to 300 C and from 0 to 1000 g/kg.
Height over sea level between -5000 to 15000 m or air pressure till 15 bar.
150 locations for meteorological data with 8760 hours.
3 different ranges of thermal comfort, process range, all processes with air humid.

30%

40%

Water

50%

1.14 kg/m3

34

60%

32

28
26

70%

1.16 kg/m3

80%
Range of thermal comfort
according to DIN 1946

90%

1.18 kg/m3
24

Process range

100%

22

16

3
g/m
0k
1.2

18

En
tha
lpy

20

14

3
g/m
2k
1.2

12
10

3
g/m
6k
1.2

4
2

-10

3
g/m
2k
1.3

-8

3
g/m
0k
1.3

-6

1) Winter: Sorption rotor

2) Winter: Humidifier
3) Winter: Heater
4) Summer: Humidifier
5) Summer: Sorption rotor
6) Summer: Cooler
7) Summer: Heater

/kg
kJ
20

3
g/m
8k
1.2

-2
-4

Meteorological data
for Dusseldorf
concerning Meteonorm

/kg
kJ
40

3
g/m
4k
1.2

-12

Mollier-h-x-Diagram for air humid - Pressure 1.008 bar (45.000 m / 10.000 C / 80.000 % rH)
Zeller Consulting Suisse, HVAC solutions, Jurastrasse 35, CH-3063 Ittigen
Telefon: +41 79 222 66 42, info@zcs.ch, www.zcs.ch

Rel. humidity

30

Meteorological data
Based on the software Meteonorm from www.meteotest.ch.
Average values between 1995 to 2005 with 8760 hours.
The following locations we deliver with the software AHH.
Further 7000 locations worldwide one can generate with the software Meteonorm.
With the software MDI one can select the service hours.
Austria

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Switzerland

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Graz
Innsbruck
Klagenfurt
Linz
Salzburg
Villach
Wien

424
580
452
250
432
495
179

24.4
22.1
23.2
23.5
22.9
23.3
24.6

Aarau
Altdorf
Appenzell
Basel
Bellinzona
Bern
Biel
Chur
Delmont
Dietikon
Dbendorf
Emmen
Frauenfeld
Fribourg
Genve
Glarus
Hersiau
Jungfraujoch
Kniz
Kriens
La Chaux-de-Fonds
Lancy
Lausanne
Liestal
Lugano
Luzern
Montreux
Neuchtel
Sarnen
Schaffhausen
Schwyz
Sion
Solothurn
St.Gallen
Stans
Thun
Uster
Vernier
Winterthur
Yverdon-les-Bains
Zug
Zrich

385
459
780
270
227
568
435
590
431
385
434
427
411
588
379
478
775
3580
582
499
994
398
526
322
273
436
400
438
468
402
516
518
437
670
457
562
464
445
440
433
425
413

22.4
23.0
21.0
23.8
24.3
22.7
22.8
22.2
23.4
23.1
22.8
23.0
23.2
22.6
22.1
22.9
21.1
4.5
22.5
22.4
20.1
23.2
22.0
24.1
24.4
22.6
22.1
22.9
22.4
22.6
22.9
21.8
22.8
21.7
23.1
22.4
22.8
22.3
22.9
22.9
22.8
22.5

Diverse

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Ankara
Athinai
Beograd
Bratislava
Bruxelles
Bucuresti
Budapest
Dublin
Gibraltar
Helsinki
Kiev
Kobenhavn
Lisboa
Ljubljana
London
Luxembourg
Madrid
Minsk
Moskva
Nicosia
Oslo
Podgorica
Praha
Reykjavik
Riga
Sarajevo
Skopie
Sofia
Stockholm
Tallinn
Tirana
Vilnius
Warszawa
Zagreb

872
0
200
144
100
79
130
0
5
12
108
19
0
309
36
380
608
214
152
5
154
198
256
0
14
841
325
573
15
40
227
121
90
146

22.8
26.3
25.8
24.5
23.9
25.9
24.0
19.1
23.8
22.1
23.3
22.2
24.4
24.3
22.0
22.1
21.1
23.2
23.0
28.5
20.8
27.5
23.0
14.5
24.7
21.5
24.6
23.1
22.5
22.8
24.6
21.8
23.1
25.4

France

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Lyon
Marseille
Nantes
Nice
Paris
Strasbourg
Toulouse

299
0
27
5
42
140
150

23.1
25.3
23.6
24.8
24.2
23.8
23.9

Germany

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Aachen
Augsburg
Berlin
Bielefeld
Bochum
Bonn
Braunschweig
Bremen
Chemnitz
Dortmund
Dresden
Duisburg
Dsseldorf
Essen
Frankfurt
Gelsenkirchen
Halle
Hamburg
Hannover
Karlsruhe
Kiel
Kln
Krefeld
Leipzig
Magdeburg
Mannheim
Mnchengladbach
Mnchen
Mnster
Nrnberg
Stuttgart
Wiesbaden
Wuppertal

180
485
44
109
100
104
88
3
406
80
154
25
45
69
125
75
90
1
88
123
22
61
48
143
61
95
75
536
59
281
297
119
238

24.0
21.5
24.3
22.8
23.8
22.5
22.5
23.1
21.9
23.8
22.6
23.9
22.9
23.3
23.5
24.0
23.3
22.7
23.7
23.9
22.3
23.2
23.9
24.4
23.0
23.5
23.1
21.9
22.7
22.6
23.0
22.1
23.9

Italy

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Bari
Bologna
Catania
Firenze
Genova
Milano
Napoli
Palermo
Roma
Torino
Venezia

0
158
3
153
0
98
0
1
1
378
1

26.5
25.8
28.3
25.1
28.0
28.1
27.4
27.8
27.2
24.7
27.0

Netherland

Height (m)

Max. wet bulb (C)

Almere
Amsterdam
Apeldoorn
Breda
Den Haag
Eindhoven
Enschede
Groningen
Haarlem
Nijmegen
Rotterdam
Tilburg
Utrecht

0
0
21
7
0
16
46
0
0
30
0
15
0

22.9
23.6
23.9
23.1
23.6
23.3
23.4
23.2
22.9
23.7
23.3
23.8
23.1

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Stable,
non saturated
humid air

100
rh =

Non stable,
meta stable,
over saturated
humid air

0C

g)
/k
C
(g
0
ity
id
m
hy
n
s.
tio
Ab
ra
pa
Se

2

1

2 1

1 = 0
2 =

= 0

Mollier hx Diagram
1. Definition
The Mollier hx diagram represents the air water mixture. It is in such a way developed that the 0C-Isotherm is horizontal in the range of non saturated air. The nebula isotherm of over saturated air by 0C are
parallel to the enthalpies. With 0C and 0 g water the enthalpy is 0 kJ/kg, which leads to ranges with
negative enthalpies. The over saturated area is, depending upon process dynamics, meta stable to non
stable and is treated to that extent that process ending points in this area are transferred into process
ending points with 100% relative humidity with appropriate water separation and continuous enthalpy. By
exchange of the centerlines one receives the Carrier xh Diagram (Psychrometric chart) within the software AHH to be alternatively worked can.
2. Area
Usually the Mollier hx Diagram is based on a pressure of 1.013 bar according to sea level and exhibits a
range, which permits not all applications. The software AHH permits the desired range for each application and supports the good clarity because of each stretching of the axes of coordinates.

Temperature
Absolute humidity
Pressure absolute
Height

-100/300
0/1000
0.1/16
-5000/15000

C
g/kg
bar
m

3. Thermodynamics
In specialized books one usually finds the specific temperature-referred thermal capacity. This value
points out, how much energy must be spent, in order to warm up the medium with appropriate temperature around 1C. If one wants to know, which energy is needed, in order the medium of t1 to t2 to warm
up, the means of the specific temperature-referred thermal capacity must be determined. Below the average values were formed of 0 C to t C and combined into tables and approximations equations, which
make a fast processing possible by means of EDP.

3.1. Air and water

C
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300

kJ/kgK
1.0072
1.0069
1.0066
1.0064
1.0062
1.0061
1.0060
1.0060
1.0060
1.0061
1.0062
1.0063
1.0064
1.0066
1.0068
1.0071
1.0073
1.0076
1.0079
1.0083
1.0087
1.0090
1.0095
1.0099
1.0103
1.0108
1.0113
1.0118
1.0124
1.0130
1.0136
1.0142
1.0148
1.0155
1.0162
1.0169
1.0176
1.0184
1.0192
1.0201
1.0210

kJ/kgK
1.8154
1.8175
1.8196
1.8217
1.8238
1.8260
1.8281
1.8303
1.8325
1.8347
1.8369
1.8391
1.8414
1.8437
1.8460
1.8483
1.8506
1.8529
1.8553
1.8577
1.8601
1.8625
1.8649
1.8673
1.8698
1.8723
1.8748
1.8773
1.8798
1.8824
1.8849
1.8875
1.8901
1.8927
1.8953
1.8980
1.9006
1.9033
1.9060
1.9087
1.9114

bar

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

0.0
42.0
83.9
125.6
167.3
209.1
250.9
292.8
334.7
376.8
418.9
461.1
503.5
546.1
588.9
631.9
675.2
718.8
762.7
807.0
851.8
897.1
943.0
989.6
1036.9
1085.1
1134.3
1184.5
1236.1
1289.3
1344.2

2500.5
2518.9
2537.3
2555.5
2573.5
2591.3
2608.8
2625.9
2642.5
2658.7
2674.4
2689.6
2704.2
2718.3
2731.8
2744.5
2756.5
2767.6
2777.6
2786.3
2793.7
2799.4
2803.4
2805.4
2805.1
2802.5
2797.4
2789.5
2778.7
2764.9
2748.0

2500.5
2476.9
2453.4
2429.9
2406.2
2382.2
2357.9
2333.1
2307.8
2281.9
2255.5
2228.5
2200.7
2172.2
2142.9
2112.6
2081.3
2048.8
2014.9
1979.3
1941.9
1902.3
1860.4
1815.8
1768.2
1717.4
1663.1
1605.0
1542.6
1475.6
1403.8

kJ/kg
-8

1.80010
1.11410-7
5.87710-7
2.68810-6
1.08010-5
3.93510-5
1.24010-4
3.73010-4
1.02910-3
2.59410-3
6.10710-3
1.22810-2
2.33710-2
4.24110-2
7.37410-2
1.23310-1
1.99210-1
3.11610-1
4.73610-1
7.01110-1
1.013
1.433
1.985
2.701
3.614
4.760
6.180
7.920
10.027
12.552
15.551
19.080
23.201
27.979
33.480
39.780
46.940
55.050
64.190
74.450
85.920

3.2. Approximation equations

Specific heat capacity of dry air
A = 1.0061619
B = 2.1044952E-03
C = 2.1280363E-03
D = -3.0985582E-06
E = -2.9307819E-06

= ( + + 2 )(1 + + 2 )

Specific capacity of water-steam

A = 1.8369125
B = 2.2327897E-04
C = 8.3684466E-08

= + + 2

Pressure absolute of water-steam

A = -5.1663007
B = 1.6715628E-02
C = -9.0035053E-03
D = 1.670544E-04
E = 4.386158E-05
F = 4.6505309E-07
G = 5.6980777E-06

= ( + + 2 + 3 )(1 + + 2 + 3 )
=

Enthalpy of water on Liquidus

A = 1.4878085
B = -1.7079506E-03
C = 4.1820014
D = -4.7476646E-07
E = -7.2973321E-03

= ( + + 2 )(1 + + 2 )

Enthalpy of water-steam on Solidus

A = 2.500625E+03
B = -2.4142036E-03
C = -4.1853822
D = 1.3227227E-06
E = -1.7836431E-03

= ( + + 2 )(1 + + 2 )

Latent heat of vaporization of water-steam

Enthalpy of water-steam on the area of wet steam

= +

4. Equations for wet air

The air pressure depends on the height, the temperature and the humidity. As basis for Mollier hx Diagram and Carrier xh Diagram the air pressure is to determine by the height, the middle yearly temperature and the middle yearly humidity (average 80%).
4.1. Pressure absolute

Molecular weight of air

Ml = 28.96 kg/kMol
Molecular weight of water
Mw = 18.02 kg/kMol
Speeding up
g = 9.81 m/s2
Latent heat of vaporization (0C)
r0 = 2500.5 kJ/kg
Latent heat of melting (0C)
s0= 333.1 kJ/kg

1+

1+

4.2. Density humid

= 1.01325

1+

1+

4.3. Maximal absolute humidity and absolute humidity

Universal constant of gas

R= 8314.41 J/kMolK

4.4. Relative humidity

= 1 +

4.5. Enthalpy humid

= + (0 + )

4.6. Temperature of humid air

0
= +

; = 273.16 +

4.7. Mass flow dry, volume flow wet, capacity humid

= 1+

5. Coordinate system
x=0.01

t = 0 C
x r0

ity
id
m
hu
s.
(k
)
kg
g/
t=1

C
00

x=0.01

t = 0 C

= =

6. Isotherms

25.005

50

50 = 1.000 = 45.000

0.010

Scale x: 50 mm 0.0100 kg/kg

Scale h: 50 mm 2.005 kJ/kg

x r0

= =

Ab
ity
id
m
hu
s.

1.860

= 0.010

3.7
50

= 0.074 = 4.25

In the over saturated range are the nebula isotherms, whereby that from 0C is parallel to the enthalpies.
There itself all technically important processes, including the humidification on over 100% rel. humidity
and following hybrid heating up, in the non saturated area to represent, are the over saturated area technically not important and not continued to treat.

)
kg
g/
(k

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

The Mollier hx Diagram is based on a skew cartesian coordinate system. The ordinate corresponds to the
enthalpy of humid air h (kJ/kg), the abscissa of the absolute humidity of air x (kg/kg). The abscissa tilting
angle () is in such a way selected that the zero-degree isotherm in the area of non saturated air is horizontal. Thats reason or receive rising isotherms over 0 result C and falling isotherms under 0 C.

All isotherms are in the area of non saturated air as straight lines, with a positive pitch angle (), if t >
0C () and with a negative pitch angle () if t < 0C. From the equation for the enthalpy of humid air in
the non saturated area the partial enthalpies xr0, cplt and xcpdt can be assigned. From this a pitch angle
() for the isotherm t = 100C can be calculated as follows:

x cpd t

cpl t

= 3600

Scale x: 50 mm 0.0100 kg/kg

Scale h: 50 mm 25.005 kJ/kg

Ab

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

(1+)
=

7. Direction of humidification
erm
Isoth
A

Hu

mi
di

B x=0.01

Ab

t = 0C
x(r0-hb)
Hu
mi
x h difica
ti
b

ity
id
m
hu
s.

)
kg
g/
(k

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

fica
tio
n

For point A the direction of humidification go in the conventional Mollier hx Diagram, due to an edge yardstick, which has its origin in the coordinate-zero point B. One must thus the humidification direction ()
which on depends of the enthalpy hb of the humidification medium, to shift // from B to A. The humidification is possible with prepared water, non saturated or saturated steam. The abscissa tilting angle ()
causes that the zero-degree isotherm in the area of non saturated air is horizontal.
Scale x: 50 mm 0.0100 kg/kg
Scale h: 50 mm 25.005 kJ/kg

on

= =

Humidification with water, t = 30C

25.005

50

50 = 1.000 = 45.000

0.010

= = 125.6 /

= (0 ) = 0.01(2500.5 125.6) = 23.749 /

= =

(0 )

23.749
0.01

47.49

= 50.00 = 0.95 = 43.52

Humidification with non saturated steam, xd = 70%, t =110C

= + = 461.1 + 0.7 2500.5 = 2211.45 /

= (0 ) = 0.01(2500.5 2211.45) = 2.89 /

= =

(0 )

2.891
0.01

Humidification with saturated steam, t = 160C

5.78

= 50.00 = 0.1156 = 6.59

= = 2756.5 /

= (0 ) = 0.01(2500.5 2756.5) = 2.56 /

= =

(0 )

8. Velocity of fall

2.56
0.01

5.12
50.00

= 0.102 = 5.85

The earth is an ellipsoid of rotation and has therefore different velocity of fall, on the one hand due to the
flattening of poles and on the other hand due to different rotation centrifugal forces depending upon degree of latitude. The velocity of fall was measured on sea level. With the height over sea the velocity of
fall decreases, however to 10' 000 m only insignificantly. Therefore can be counted for Central Europe on
a middle velocity of fall by 9,81 m/s2. Who wants to know it more exactly, earth must know more about
the ellipsoid of rotation:
t = 23h 56 4,09
f = 1/t
= 2f
= (a-b)/a

Sideric rotation period

Frequency
Angle velocity
Flattening of Poles
Radius on Equator
Radius on Central Europe
Radius on Poles
Degree on Equator
Degree on Central Europe
Degree on Poles
Heigh on Central Europe

Rotation axis

86164.09
1.16057610-5
7.29211610-5
1:297
6378388.0
6366909.9
6356911.9
0.0
47.0
90.0
537.0

s
s-1
s-1
m
m
m

= 2 ; = ; = ; = 2 + 2

= 0 2 2

Effect of heigh

= 1

Velocity of fall

tw0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Effect of rotation
b

t
f

a
r
b

Heigh

Equator

Central Europe

Poles

0m
537 m
10000 m

9.7805
9.7789
9.7498

9.8063
9.8046
9.7755

9.8322
9.8305
9.8013

9. Cooling process

kge

tr1

tw0
1,0

trx

Air outside

tw1

Wall

tr0

Brine inside

twx

tr0

twx

tk0

trx

tw1

tkx

x
1

tr1
tk1

In the software the cooling process is determined by finite elements. The middle surface
temperature trx is dominant. If this is smaller
than the dew point temperature ttx, condensate
results. Afterwards the smaller ttx- trx, are
smaller the condensate droplets are up to fog
and can only separated by demisters (which
forms larger droplets) and by suitable mist eliminators (dp>100 Pa). This is important, if one like
to dehumidifying with this cooling process in 1st
priority.