BC Calculus Cram Sheet

Formulas Trapezoid rule: A

1 2

Chain rule: DxH f HgHxLLL = f ' HgHxLL g ' HxL Derivative of an inverse: DxI f -1 HxLM =

Dx@ f Hx0 L + 2 f Hx1 L + 2 f Hx2 L + +2 f Hxn-1 L + f Hxn LD

1 f ' I f -1 HxLM
dy

Parametric chain rule: If y = y(t) and x = x(t), then

dy dx

dt dx dt

Quotient rule: DxJ gHxL N =

f HxL

Product rule: DxH f HxL gHxLL = f HxL g ' HxL + gHxL f ' HxL
gHxL f ' HxL- f HxLg ' HxL @gHxLD2

Integration by parts: u v = uv - v u Polar area: A =

1 b 2 r 2 a

q = ky y = C ekx
A I1+C e-Akx M

Exponential growth: Logistic growth:

dy dx

dy dx

= kyHA - yL y =
right endpoint

Volumes by disks: V = pleft endpoint HradiusL2 xHor dyL Volumes by washers: V = pleft endpoint AHoutside radiusL2 - Hinside radiusL2 E x Hor dyL
right endpoint

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Volumes with known cross sections: V = left endpoint Hcross sectional areaL xHor dyL
right endpoint

Average value of f on [a, b]: A.V.= cos2 x = sin2 x = Arc Length Regular: Parametric: Polar: 1 + J dx N x
dy 2 1 2 1 2

H1 + cos 2 xL

b 1 b-a a

f HxL x

H1 - cos 2 xL

I dt M + J dt N t
dx 2 dy 2

r2 + I dq M q
dr 2

Note: This can also be derived from parametric

using parameter q, where x = r cosq and y = r sinq Extreme Value Theorem If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists an x1 and an x2 on [a, b] such that f Hx1 L is the maximum value of f on [a, b] and f Hx2 L is the minimum value of f on @a, bD. In English, if f is a continuous fucn tion on a closed interval then f has a maximum and a minimum value some where on that closed interval. Note: The maximum and minimum values will occur at the critical points or at the endpoints.

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or at the endpoints.

Mean Value Theorem If f is differentiable on (a, b) and continuous on [a, b] then there exists a c on f ' (c) =
f HbL - f HaL b-a

[a,b] such that

In words, there is at least one place on the graph of f where the slope of the tangent line to the graph is equal to the slope of the secant line through the endpoints of the interval. Definitions Derivative at a point: f ' (a) = limh0
f Ha+hL- f HaL h f Hx+hL- f HxL h

Definition of derivative: f ' (x) = limh0 Maclaurin and Taylor Series

Taylor Series of Degree n for x near 0 (Maclaurin series) f(x) ~ Pn HxL = f(0) + f ' (0) x +

f '' H0L 2!

x2 +

f ''' H0L 3!

x3 +

f H4L H0L 4!

x4 + . . . +

f HnL H0L n!

xn +...

Taylor series of degree n for x near a. f(x) ~ Pn HxL = f(a) + f ' (a)(x-a) +

f '' HaL 2!

Hx - aL2 + . . . +

f HnL HaL n!

Hx - aLn +. . .

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Specific Taylor Series ex = 1 + x + cos x = 1 sin x = x x2 2! x3 3! x2 2!

+
x4 4!

x3 3!

+
x6 6!

x4 4!

+ [converges for all x]

x8 8!

- [converges for all x]

x5 5!

x7 7!

x9 9!

- [converges for all x] x2 +

pH p-1L H p-2L 3!

(1 + xL p = 1 + px +

pH p-1L 2!

x3 + [binomial series,

converges for -1 < x < 1] ln x = (x - 1) Tests for Convergence Ratio Test If S an is a series with positive terms such that limn then if L < 1, the series converges if L > 1, the series diverges if L = 1, test fails, use another test Alternating Series Test A series of the form a0 - a1 + a2 - a3 + +H-1Ln an + with an 0 for all n converges if an+1 < an for all nand limn an = 0.
an+1 an Hx-1L2 2

Hx-1L3 3

Hx-4L4 4

+ [converges for 0 x 2]

= L

p-series The series n=1

1 converges np

if p > 1 and diverges if p 1

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The Integral Test Let San be a series with positive terms. Suppose that an = f HnL, where f is a continuous, posidereasing function of f for all x N (N a psotive integer). an and the integral N f HxL xeither both converge or both diverge.

tive, n=N

Then the series

Error Bounds Alternating Series Test Error Bound The error in approximation of an alternating series H-1Ln+1 an is given by Rn < an+1 n=1 tude of In words: In a convergent alternating series with terms of decreasing absolute value, the magnithe error is bounded by the first omitted term. Lagrange Error Bound If M is the maximum absolute value of f Hn+1L HxLon the interval between a and x, then the nthTaylor polynomial that approximates f(x) has a remainder (error) bounded as follows Rn
M x-a n+1 Hn+1L!

degree

Euler's Method for solving a solving a differential equation numerically The concept behind Euler's method is that we are using the slope field as sign posts and approximating solution using local linearization. So, given a step size (Dx) and a starting point P0 Hx0 , y0 Lwe can

the

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approximate points on the solution curve as follows: y-value at Pn = Hy value at Pn-1 L + Dy where Dy = Hslope at Pn-1 L Dx Newton's Method for Approximating Zeros of a Function

The concpet behind Newton's method is that we choose a point close a zero, write the equation of the tangent line to the curve at that point and find where the tangent line crosses the x-axis. We now use that x value and start the process over. Usually, the x-values that result from this process rapidly approach an actual zero of y = f(x). The formula used is as follows: xn+1 = xn f Hxn L f ' Hxn L