Kua, Gomez, Tolentino Alkaloids Derived from Tyrosine Simple Phenylethylamine alkaloids a. tyramine b.

. hordenine germination inhibitory alkaloid barley Hordeum vulgare (Fam. Poaceae)

c.

Catecholamines Synthesized by succesSive B hydroxylation and N methylation reactions on dopamine Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Adrenaline (epinephrine)

1.

Dopamine acts on vascular and cardiac and other own receptors i. L-DOPA (levodopa) in combination with Carbidopa, a DOPA-decarboxylase inhibitor, increases dopamine level in brain and used to treat Parkinsons disease - Easily decomposed by DOPA-decarboxylase - suicidal drug ii. dobutamine used as cardiac stimulant in cardiogenic shock iii. dopexamine for chronic heart failure

2.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle increases respiration triggers catabolic processes that result in energy Beta-blockers synthetic analogs Atenolol, propranolol, metropolol

3.

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) powerful peripheral vasoconstrictor acting on -adrenergic receptors uses in restoring BP in acute hypotension Synthetic analogs - Phenylephrine decongestant - Methyldopa anti-hypertensive

d.

Mescaline results from aromatic hydroxylation and O-methylation reactions of dopamine in Lophophora williamsii (Fam. Cactaceae); peyote, mescal buttons an alkaloid with psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties

2. Simple Tetrahydroisoquinoline Anhalamine Anhalonine Anhalonidine mescal button

3. Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline incorporation of a phenylethyl unit into the phenylethylamine contain ortho di-oxygenation in each aromatic ring Papaverine

Modified Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids involves phenolic oxidative coupling between basic benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton (C-C bonding between aromatic rings) Tetrandine currently of interest for its ability to block calcium channels and may have applications in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders Tubocuraine Hydrastine Opium alkaloids

Ex. Morphine, Codeine Curare Arrow poisons Types: 1. Tube curare bamboo canes 2. Calabash curare packed in gourds 3. Pot curare small earthenware pots Opium alkaloids Uses: analgesic, narcotic, cough 1. Morphine - analgesic 2. Codeine morphine-effect; little euphoria 3. Thebaine morphine antagonist 4. Papaverine spasmolytic vasodilator; male impotence; no hypnotic 5. Noscapine - cough 6. Papaveretum combination; analgesic Semi-synthetic or synthetic analogs a. Pholcodine b. Dihydrocodeine c. Hydromorphone d. Heroin 4. Phenethylisoquinoline Commonly found in Fam. Liliaceae Colchicine found in species of Colchicum Colchicum autumnale (Fam. Liliaceae) from the seed and corm of autumn crocus or meadow saffron 1. used in the treatment of gout (for acute attack) 2. with tropolone ring in its structure

5. Terpenoid Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids possess a skeleton with tetrahydroisoquinoline ring system, plus a further fragment that has its origin in a terpenoid-derived molecule 1. Emetine expectorant; anti-ameobic and cephaeline: inhibitors of protein synthesis - CH3 (R group) 2. Cephaeline

- ipecac - Cephaelis ipepcacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae): 2:1 - Cephaelis acuminata (Fam. Rubiaceae): 1:2 6. Amaryllidaceae daffodil family includes Amaryllis, Narcissus and Galanthus a. Lycorine - Lycorus radiata b. Galanthamine - snowdrops (Galanthus spp.) - Alzheimers disease