Protons have +e charge; Electrons have e charge e = 1.

6 x 10-19 C Chapter 26 Magnetism B (magnetic field) =

Quality factor:

F qv sinq

Q0 =
4

w 0L

(Tesla units; 1T=10 G)

Speed of light:

xs mean into page, dots mean out of page F = qE = qvB ; Magnetic force is always perpendicular to v and B; Fmax= when v is perpendicular to B; F=0 when v is parallel to B Force on a wire: F = BIlsinq Magnetic force between 2 parallel conductors:

c= 1 k = 2p l

m0e 0

= E B = w k = fl = 3.0 10 8 m s

0 = 8.85 10 - 12 F m
(W/m2 units) P=S/c

Wave intensity:

F=

Radius of circular path; r=mv/qB Right-hand rule: 1) To find force: -thumb in direction of v; fingers in direction of B; palm slaps in direction of F 2) To find field of long straight wire: -graps wire; point thumb in direction of current; fingers curl in direction of field Torque on a Current Loop: = Bmsinq = IAN Magnetic Fields:

m0 I1I2 l 2pd

0 = 4p 10 - 7 Tm A

S=

Chapter 30&31 Optics Reflection & Refraction: The angle of reflection that the reflected ray makes with the normal is equal to the angle of incidence:

EB P = 2m0 4pr 2

Index of Refraction:

m0 I (magnitude of field of long straight line) 2pr mI B = N 0 (magnetic field of a current loop) 2R m0 IN (magnetic field in a solenoid) B= l B=
Chapter 27 Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic Flux: B = BA = BAcosq (Weber units) -When B is perpendicular to plane of loop, theta=0 and magnetic flux = magnetic flux (max) = BA -When B is parallel to plane of loop, theta=90 degrees and magnetic flux =0 Faradays Law:

(air ~1 and water ~1.33) - Although wave speed changes when light enters a new medium, frequency (f) cant change and therefore, since wave speed is v = the wavelength ( ) must change

n=

c v

fl

1 2 2 Snells Law: 1 Applies to whether light goes from medium of lower to higher refractive index or vice versa. LOWER to HIGHERTOWARDS normal; HIGHER to LOWER AWAY normal Total Internal Reflection:

n sinq = n sinq

Critical angle:

sinq C =

DF B DI =-L Dt Dt = IR = Blv

= N

(Volt units)

F = evB

Images & Optical Instruments: -Focal point (f), which is half of the radius -Center of curvature (c) is 2f (focal point) Mirrors Concave mirrors o May form real or virtual images that are reduced, enlarged, upright or inverted Convex mirrors o Light diverges and only forms virtual images Focal Length, f + (concave) + (concave) Object distance, s + (s>2f) object behind c and f + (2f>s>f) object between c and f + (s<f) object in front of c and f + Image distance, s + (s<2f) image between c and f + (s>2f) image in front of c and f Type of Image Real, inverted, reduced Real, inverted, enlarged Virtual, upright, enlarged Virtual, upright, reduced

n 2 (lower) n1 (higher)

Self-Inductance:

DF B NF B L=N = DI I
Chapter 28 AC Circuits Angular frequency

(Henry units)

= 2pf = 1

Capacitive reactance:

LC

(in rad/s) + (concave) - (convex)

X C = 12pfC = 1wC
Inductive reactance: Current: (in A)

(f in Hz; C in F; XC in ohms)

X L = 2pfL = wL Imax 2
2

(f in Hz; L in H; XL in ohms)

Irms =

I =V
2

Mirror Equation:

X C _ or _ L
Magnification:

Impedence:

Z = R + (X L - X C )
V=ZI=IR Power:
2

tanf =

X L - XC

means image is reduced rather than enlarged.

1 1 1 + = s s' f h' s' M = (heights) = - (distances) ; |M|<1 h s

P = IrmsVrms cosf = I R

Lenses Converging Lens (convex lens) brings parallel light rays to a focus at f Diverging Lens (concave lens) parallel light passing through concave lens diverges so it Lenses thicker in the middle are converging lenses; thinner in the middle are diverging lenses

Focal length, f + (convex) + (convex) + (convex) - (concave)

Object distance, s + (s>2f) + (2f>s>f) + (s<f) +

Image distance, s + (2f>s>f) opposite side of lens + (s>2f) opposite side of lens same side of lens same side of lens

Type of Image Real, inverted, reduced Real, inverted, enlarged Virtual, upright, enlarged Virtual, upright, reduced

Simple Magnifier= 1+(25/f)

Units Coulomb (C) Faraday (F) Joule (J) Newton (N) Ohm Volt (V) Watt (W) Tesla (T) Weber (Wb) Henry (H) Important Area of circle Volume of sphere Area of sphere Area of cylinder SI Prefixes Factor 10^3 10^0 = 1 10^-2 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9
Chapter 29 HW:

C = A s (Ampere*second) F = C/V J=N m N = kg m/s2 Ohm = V/A V=W/A W=J/s T=Wb/m2=N/c(m/s)=N/a*m Wb=T*m2 H=V*s/A (pi)r2 4/3(pi)r3 4(pi)r2 (pi)r2l Prefix kilo centi milli micro nano Symbol k c M n