UnitOverviewLevel10Unit1

Extremeactivities
Canyoudescribeyourpassionsinlife?Inthisunityou'lllearnmoreaboutusingsuperlativestodiscusspassions,hobbiesand activities.

Vocabulary Vocabulary shoot Phoneticspelling UK[u:t]US[u:t] Partofspeech Translation/definition verb totrytoscorepointsforyourselforyour team,insportsinvolvingaball,bykicking, hittingorthrowingtheballtowardsthegoal asportinwhichapersonjumpsfroman aircraftandfallsforaslongaspossible beforeopeningaparachute extremelysuccessfulorspecial,especiallyin asurprisingway toincreaseorimprove topreventmovementthroughsomething,or topreventsomethingfromhappeningor succeeding to(causeto)moveuporawayafterhitting asurface towinorgetapoint,goal,etc.ina competitiveactivity,suchasasportor game,orinanexamination thesportofswimmingunderwaterwith specialbreathingequipment astronghardhatthatcoversandprotects thehead theactivityofgoingforlongwalksinthe countryside toswingyourhandoranobjectontothe surfaceofsomethingsothatittouchesit, usuallywithforce apieceofequipment,likeajacketwithout sleeves,thatisfilledwithairorlight materialandisdesignedtohelpsomeone floatiftheyfallintowater (infootballorhockey)tomoveaballalong thegroundwithrepeatedsmallkicksorhits, or(inbasketball)tomoveaballby repeatedlyhittingitagainstthefloorwith yourhand makingyoufeelveryexcitedandhappy toslamdunk tobecomeunconsciousforashorttime,for examplewhenill,badlyhurtordrunk togodownaverysteepslopebyholdingon toaropewhichisfastenedtothetopofthe slope verygood

skydiving phenomenal pickup block bounce score scubadiving helmet hiking hit

UK['skai,dai.vi]US noun ['skai,dai.vi] UK[f'nm.i.nl]US adjective ['n:.m] UK[blk]US[bl:k] UK[baunts]US [baunts] UK[sk:r]US[sk:r] phrasalverb verb verb verb

UK['sku:.b,dai.vi] noun US['sku:.b,dai.vi] UK['hel.mt]US noun ['hel.mt] UK['hai.ki]US ['hai.ki] UK[hit]US[hit] noun verb

lifejacket

noun

dribble

UK['drib.l=]US ['drib.l=] UK[ig'zil..rei.ti] US[i] UK[dk]US[dk] UK['b.seil]US ['b.seil] UK['bril.i.nt]US ['bril.i.nt]

verb

exhilarating dunk passout abseiling brilliant

adjective verb phrasalverb verb adjective

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bungee jumping very ridiculous flippers foul throw

UK ['bn.di,dm.pi]USnoun ['bn.di,dm.pi] UK['ver.i]US['ver.i] adverb UK[ri'dik.ju.ls]US [ri'dik.ju.ls] adjective

thesportofjumpingoffaveryhighbridgeor similarstructure,withalongelasticrope tiedtoyourlegs,sothattheropepullsyou backbeforeyouhittheground (usedtoaddemphasistoanadjectiveor adverb)toagreatdegreeorextremely stupidorunreasonableanddeservingtobe laughedat atypeoflargeflatrubbershoe,usedfor swimming,especiallyunderwater todosomethingagainsttherulesofasport, oftencausinginjurytoanotherplayer tosendsomethingthroughtheairwith force,especiallybyasuddenmovementof thearm theactivityofusingahangglider veryexcitingtolookat apieceofequipment,withstrapsandbelts, usedtocontrolorholdinplaceaperson, animalorobject aringofwood,metalorplastic,or sometimesahalfring tomoveeasilyandwithoutinterruption backwardsandforwardsorfromonesideto theother,especiallyfromafixedpoint,orto causesomethingorsomeonetodothis makingyoufeelasifyouaregoingtovomit ashortpolewithawideflatpartatoneend orbothends,usedformovingasmallboat orcanoethroughthewater apieceofequipmentmadeofalargepiece ofspecialclothwhichisfastenedto someoneorsomethingthatisdroppedfrom anaircraft,inordertomakethemfallslowly andsafelytotheground Ifaremarkisbelowthebelt,itisvery hurtfulandunfair. tofailtodoorexperiencesomething,often somethingplannedorexpected,ortoavoid doingorexperiencingsomething verybeautifulorpleasant toarrivesomewhereinordertojoinagroup ofpeople,especiallylateorunexpectedly topushyourselfsuddenlyoffthegroundand intotheairusingyourlegs alightnarrowcanoewithacoveringoverthe top theactivityoftravellinginakayak

UK['flip.r]US[`] noun UK[faul]US[faul] UK[ru]US[rou] verb verb noun

hanggliding spectacular harness hoop

UK[spek'tk.ju.lr] adjective US[l`] UK['h:.ns]US ['h:r] UK[hu:p]US[hu:p] noun noun

swing

UK[swi]US[swi]

verb

nauseating paddle

UK['n:.zi.ei.ti]US adjective ['n:.zi.ei.i] UK['pd.l=]US ['pd.l=] noun

parachute

UK['pr..u:t]US ['per]

noun

belowthe belt miss gorgeous showup jump kayak kayaking

UK[mis]US[mis] UK['g:.ds]US ['g:r] UK[dmp]US [dmp] UK['kai.k]US ['kai.k] UK['kai.k.i]US ['kai.k.i]

verb adjective phrasalverb verb noun noun

Languagefocus
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Extremeadjectives
Mostadjectivescanbemeasuredorgraded.Atoneendareordinaryadjectives,andattheotherareextreme adjectivesthataddemphasis.

Lookathowwecanusedifferentadjectivestogradeanexperience: Hikingisinteresting. Snowboardingisenjoyable. Hangglidingisfun. However,someadjectivesdescribeanextremefeelingorsituation: Thehikingwasspectacular. Snowboardingisawesome. Hangglidingisamazing. UsingextremeadjectivesisonewaytoaddemphasistoyourspokenEnglish.Forexample,Hangglidingisamazingis muchstrongerthanHangglidingisfun. Whenyouuseextremeadjectives,makesureyoualsoaddemphasistoyourpronunciation: Thehikingwasspectacular! Hangglidingisamazing!

Adverbsofdegree
Therearetwokindsofadverbsofdegreeintensifiersanddowntoners.

Intensifiersmakeadjectivesstronger: Imverycold. Hesextremelyconfident. Downtonersmakeadjectivesweaker. Imrathercold. Hesfairlyconfident. Extremeintensifiers Extremeadjectivesneedextremeintensifyingadverbs: absolutelyfantastic(correct) veryfantastic(wrong) extremelydelicious(correct) verydelicious(wrong) Becareful:Reallycangowithanyadjective,extremeorordinary: reallyfantastic reallydelicious reallygood reallyamazing

Modifyingsuperlatives

Superlativesareusedtoexpressopinion.Placingamodifierinfrontofthesuperlativefurthermodifiestheexpressionof opinion.Forexample: She'sabsolutelythemostbeautifulgirlintheworld. She'sbyfarthemostbeautifulgirlintheworld. She'seasilythemostbeautifulgirlintheworld. She'sprobablythemostbeautifulgirlintheworld.

Encouraging

Whenwritingformalwrittentexts,politelanguageisusedtoencouragesomeonetodosomething. Iurgeyoutoconsider... Iurgeyoutoreconsider... Iwanttoencourageyouto... Wouldntyoupreferto...? Wouldyouconsider? Lessformal,commonspokenphrases:

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Whydon'tyouapplyfor...? Haveyoueverthoughtabout...ing? Youcouldalways

GerundsandInfinitives

Someverbsarefollowedbyagerund(ing). Theplayerscouldn'trisklosing. Thestrikerpracticedshootingeveryday. Someverbsarefollowedbytheinfinitive(to+baseformofverb). Theywantedtowinmorethantheotherteam. Hedecidedtoshootforgoalfromtwentyyardsout. Someverbscanbefollowedbyeitheragerundoraninfinitivewithnochangeinmeaning. HeloveswatchingbasketballonTV. HelovestowatchbasketballonTV. However,themeaningchangeswhensomeverbsarefollowedbyeitheragerundoraninfinitive.Forexample: Theystoppedtotalkaboutlastnight'sgame. (Theystoppedwhattheyweredoingandstartedtalkingaboutthegame.) Theystoppedtalkingaboutlastnight'sgame. (Theyhadbeentalkingaboutthegame,butthentheystopped.) Herememberedpackinghisuniformontheweekend. (Thisissomethingheremembersheusedtodoregularly,butnotanymore.) Herememberedtopackhisuniformontheweekend. (Thisissomethinghedidn'tforgettodo.)

Phrasalverbs
Aphrasalverbisamultiwordverbconsistingofaverb+particle(classifiedasadverb).Themeaningisdifferentfrom individualmeaningoftheverbandtheparticle.

I'dreallyshownmyselfup.(Meaning:Ihadembarrassedmyself) Phrasalverbsthatrequireobjectsareseparable.Theobjectcanbeplacedbetweentheverbandthepreposition. Hepickedmeupandhelpedme. I'dreallyshownmyselfup. Phrasalverbsthatdonotrequireobjectsareinseparable.Theobjectisplacedaftertheadverb. Ijumpedoutoftheskilift.

Transitiveandintransitiveverbs
Transitiveverbs:verbsthatarefollowedbyanobjectorcomplement.

IencouragedhimtofindaskateboardandIhelpedhimtobuyaniceone. Weinvitedmybrother'sfriend. Intransitiveverbsdonotneedtobefollowedbyanobjectorcomplement. Igotup. Thedogbarked.

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