Anaphase Spindle Fiber IPMAT Cell Plate Centromere Daughter Cell Prokaryote Virchow Electron Microscope Cell Theory

Eukaryote Cytokinesis Mitosis Water Potential Phagocytosis Contractile Vacuole Glycolipids Sodium-Potassium Pump _____________________ Alcohol-OH CH2O Structural Carbohydrate Monomer Polymer Cellulose Hydrolysis Storage Carbohydrate Lipid Functions Coenzymes Starch Activation energy Inhibition Peptide Bond Hydrogen Bond Alpha and Beta Bonding Lipid Solubility Lipid Structure Hydrophilic Carboxyl Group Nonpolar Glycogen Negative Feedback _____________________ Chlorophyll b Carotenoids FAD+ (FADH2) NAD+ (NADH) Photolysis Thylakoids Stroma Chlorophyll a Cytochrome Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid Oxygen Acceptor Glycolysis _____________________

Chromatid pairs split, becoming chromosomes, and chromosomes migrate to the poles of the cell The structure that separates chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Structure that forms during cell division in a plant to set the boundary between two new cells Region on a chromatid pair that joins the two chromatids A product of cell division and is an exact copy of the parent cell Organism without any membrane bound organelles and is usually unicellular Developed the Biogenesis Theory stating that all cells come from preexisting cells A microscope that uses a beam of electrons instead of light to illuminate and enlarge the specimen 1. All living things are made from cells 2. Biogenesis Theory 3. All life functions occur within the cell membrane 4. The cell is the basic unit of life An organism whose cells contain complex structures closed within membranes Process in which the cytoplasm is divided into two Process by which a cell replicates for growth and repair A value that indicates the direction in which water will flow Process of the engulfing of solid particles by the cell membrane A cell organelle that pumps excess water back out of the cell and is a form of exocytosis Lipids with a carbohydrate attached ; Provide energy and serve as cell recognition markers Mode of active transport that pumps in potassium ions and pumps out sodium ions ______________________________________________________________________________ An organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group is bound to a carbon atom The base structure for a carbohydrate Carbohydrate that makes up a cells structure ; ex: Cellulose in plant cell wall A small molecule that binds with others to make a polymer A molecule made up of monomers The carbohydrate that makes up a plants cell wall A chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding H2O Carbohydrate that stores energy, usually short term ; ex: Glycogen(animals) Starch(Plants) Function is for long term energy storage ; made of fatty acids ; energy is in the bonds Vitamins ; loosely bound cofactors ; helps an enzyme and a substrate fuse Polysaccharide ; energy storage molecule in plants Energy needed in order for a chemical reaction to occur ; enzymes lower activation energy When a molecule interferes with the active site of an enzyme and stops it from binding with an enzyme Joins carbon and nitrogen of amino acids to make proteins A weak chemical bond between H and an electronegative atom ; occurs in DNA, H2O, cellulose Alpha bonding occurs in starch and beta bonding occurs in cellulose Lipids are not soluble in water ; They are hydrophobic A Glycerol attached to three fatty acids water-loving A characteristic that makes a molecule attracted to, or able to dissolve in, water -COOH When a molecule is not charged Polysaccharide ; energy storage molecule in animals When a catalyzing reaction produces too much product and a molecule of that product binds to the active site, stopping any further reactions __________________________________________________________________________________ Mg @center, yellow color, primarily absorbs blue reddish orange pigment, like chlorophyll but absorbs green Electron carrier, generates 2 ATP Electron carrier, generates 3 ATP Part of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis H2O light-> 2 electrons + 2 Hydrogen ions + Oxygen Membrane bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, site of light dependent reactions Refers to the colorless fluid that surrounds the grana within the chloroplast has Mg @center, absorbs violet-blue & orange- red, green color, primary electron donor in ETC membrane bound proteins that carry out electron transport made from glucose through glycolysis, provides energy through Krebs Citric Acid Cycle during aerobic or anaerobic respiration produced if there is a lack of oxygen, produced by fermentation oxygen accepts electron Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2ATP + 2NADH are also produced Autosome

Locus Crossing Over Sex-linked Traits Hemophilia Carrier Heterozygous Homozygous Tetrad Segregation Sexual Reproduction Diploid Haploid Progeny Test Cross Genotype Phenotype Independent Assortment Recessive Pure Breeding Parental Generation Chi-squared Analysis Amniocentesis PCR Electrophoresis Gene Therapy Vector Duchene Muscular Dystrophy Sex-linked Rickets

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (humans have 22 pairs) the specific location of a gene on a chromosome exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes (increases genetic diversity) a trait associated with a gene located on the X chromosome a sex linked disease that causes a lack of blood platelets (cant stop bleeding) a person whose genotype has the recessive form of a gene but does not display the phenotype a genotype that has both a dominant and recessive allele a genotype whose alleles are both either dominant or recessive formed when homologous chromatid pairs line up closely in prophase 1 the Law of Segregation says that allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite during fertilization creation of a new organism by combing the genetic material of two organisms somatic cells that contain a full set of chromosomes gamete cells that contain a half set of chromosomes offspring mating an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive individual the genetic makeup of a cell (specific alleles) the physical representation of the genotype law that says allele pairs separate independently during gamete formation the less dominant allele group of identical individuals that are bred from members of the same strain and always produce progeny of the same phenotype the first set of parents crossed (P1) compares the results of an actual cross vs. results of a theoretical cross a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis that tests the amniotic fluid for chromosomal abnormalities polymerase chain reaction: forms many identical strands of DNA from a small sample uses an electric charge to run a current through a gel and carries segments of DNA, showing the length of the segments transplanting normal genes into cells to replace missing or defective genes to correct genetic diseases a carrier that transports genes or infective agents from one host to another sex-linked disease in which individuals muscles atrophy, eventually leading to death disease caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate; causes the softening of bones