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Component and mixture density, viscosity, volume, temperature and pressure ratio
Density of liquid and gas, compressibility factor. Gas pressure, temperature and density relation
Calculators
Pressure drop Pipe diameter Gas control valve sizing Control valve sizing Air flow Compressible gas flow Natural gas flow Gas leak and discharge Venturi tube flow rate meter Orifice plate flow rate meter Nozzle Prandtl probe Thermal energy Reynolds number LPG Resistance coefficient K
Density, viscosity, specific volume Flow in pipes Flow in valves and fittings Compressible gas flow
Water air flue gas steam density, viscosity and specific heat. Gas density, viscosity, specific heat, molar weight and gas constant
where is: - density; m - mass; V - volume. The unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter [kg/m ] in SI system of units and used symbol is . Also, other units are used for density like gram per cubic centimeter [g/cm ], or gram per milliliter [g/ml] which are both equal to 1000 kilograms per cubic meter [kg/m ]. For ideal gas relation between pressure, density and temperature is expressed using the equation of state:
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where is: p - pressure; - density; R - gas constant; T - absolute temperature. For real gas modified equation of state is used with compressibility factor included:
where is: p - pressure; - density; T - absolute temperature; Z - compressibility factor; R - gas constant. Compressibility factor is function of pressure and temperature. Compressibility factor can be calculated using Berthelot equation:
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Density of fluid mixture for known volume or weight ratio of component in mixture
If the fluid being considered is the mixture of several components, physical properties such as density are calculated based on the property of each component with its volume or weight ratio used. One of fluids that is actually mixture of several components is liquefied petroleum gas or LPG. LPG is mixture of propane (C H ), butane (C H ) and other components. The density of such mixture is calculated as defined bellow.
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where is:
MIX
- density of fluid mixture; i - density of component i; r - volume ratio of component i; g - weight ratio of component i.
i i
If volume of each component in the fluid mixture is known, than component volume ratio can be calculated as:
MIX
If weight of each component in fluid mixture is known, than component weight ratio can be calculated as:
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MIX
For known weight ratio, volume ratio of each component in fluid mixture is calculated:
For known volume ratio, weight ratio of each component in fluid mixture is calculated:
where is: Mi - molar weight of component i; MMIX - molar weight of mixture; gi - weight ratio of component i; ri - volume ratio of component i. These relations are used in calculator for LPG - liquefied petroleum gas flow rate and pipe diameter calculation.
where is: - density of component i; p - partial pressure of component i; p component i; R - gas constant of component i; R
i i i MIX
MIX
where is: r - volume ratio of component i; g - mass ratio of component i; R - gas constant of component i; R component i.
i i i
MIX
These relations are used in calculator for LPG - liquefied petroleum gas flow rate and pipe diameter calculation.
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For temperature differences in the range of -20 C and 500 C, dynamic or absolute viscosity can be calculated as:
for air, 0.874 for methane, 0.866 for carbon-dioxide, 1.05 for ammonia; Gas mixture dynamic or absolute viscosity can be calculated using (Herning-Zipperer):
TO
where is: r - volume ratio of component i; - dynamic or absolute viscosity of mixture; - dynamic or absolute viscosity of component i; M - molar mass of component i; T - critical temperature of component i;
ci i i i
Kinematic viscosity
The ratio of the dynamic viscosity to the density is kinematic viscosity:
where is: - kinematic viscosity; - dynamic viscosity; - density; The unit for kinematic viscosity is the meter squared pre second [m /s]. In CGS system of units, for kinematic viscosity is used stokes (St) and centistokes (cSt). The symbol used for kinematic viscosity is . 1 m /s = 10.000 St 1 m /s = 1.000.000 cSt 1 St = 100 cSt
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Flow in pipes
Mean velocity and pipe diameter Laminar and turbulent flow Reynolds number
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Bernoulli equation Friction pressure drop - Darcy formula Friction factor Static, dynamic and total pressure Heat power transfer
Flashing and cavitation Chocked flow Venturi, nozzle and orifice Flow discharge Gas pressure regulator capacity Natural gas control valve
Density of fluid mixture Partial pressure Dynamic or absolute viscosity Kinematic viscosity Pressure
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