PROGRAM:1 Object: Design & stimulate Half Adder.

Theory: A half adder is a logical circuit that performs an addition operation on two binary
digits. A half adder adds two one-bit binary numbers A and B. It has two outputs, S (Sum) and C (Carry). The simplest half-adder design incorporates an XOR gate for S and an AND gate for C. Sum S=A.B+A.B Truth Table of Half Adder: A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 S 0 1 1 0 C 0 0 0 1 & Carry C=A.B

Half Adder Circuit & Output Wave Form

Result: Thus half adder performs an addition operation on two binary digits only. Full
Adder can be made using half adder.

Comment: Half adders cannot be used compositely, given their incapacity for a carry-in
bit.

PROGRAM: 2 Object: Design & stimulate Full Adder. Theory: A full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out.
A one-bit full adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A, B, and Cin; A and B are the operands, and Cin is a bit carried in (in theory from a past addition). Sum S=(A xor B)xor C Truth Table of Full Adder: A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Cin 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 S 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Cout 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 & Carry C=AB+AC+BC

Full Adder Circuit

Output Waveform of Full Adder

Result: Thus full adder performs an addition operation on three binary digits.

PROGRAM:3 Object: Design & stimulate Half Subtractor. Theory: The half-subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction
of two bits. It has two inputs, A (minuend) and B(subtrahend) and two outputs D (difference) and B (borrow). Difference D= A xor B Truth Table of Half Subtractor: A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 D 0 1 1 0 B 0 1 0 0 & Borrow B=A.B

Half Subtractor Circuit & Output Waveform

Result: Thus half-subtractor performs subtraction on two bits.

PROGRAM:4 Object: Design & stimulate Full Subtractor. Theory: The Full subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction
of three bits. It has three inputs, A (minuend) and B (subtrahend) and C (subtrahend) and two outputs D (difference) and B (borrow). Difference D= A xor B xor C & Truth Table of Full Subtractor: A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 D 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 B 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Borrow B=C. (A xnor B) +A.B

Full Subtractor Circuit & Output Waveform

Result: Thus Full subtractor performs subtraction of three bits. Comment: Full Subtractor can be made using half subtractor.

PROGRAM:5 Object: Design & stimulate 4:1 multiplexer. Theory: A multiplexer or mux is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input
signals and forwards the selected input into a single line. A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select lines, which are used to select which input line to send to the output.4:1 multiplexer has 2 select lines 4 input lines & 1out put line. Truth Table: S1 0 0 1 1 S0 0 1 0 1 output A B C D

The Boolean equation for a 4-to-1 multiplexer is:

Circuit diagram of 4:1 Multiplexer

Output Wave Form:

Result: Thus 4:1 mux is a device that selects one of input from 4 inputs and forwards the
selected input into a single line.

PROGRAM:6 Object: Design & stimulate 2 bit magnitude comparator. Theory: A 2 magnitude comparator is electronic device that takes two numbers as input in
binary form and determines whether one number is greater than, less than or equal to the other number. Truth Table: A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 A>B 0 0 1 0 A=B 1 0 0 1 A<B 0 1 0 0

Circuit Diagram & Output Waveform

Result: Magnitude comparator compares the input & determines whether one number is
greater than, less than or equal to the other number.

PROGRAM:7 Object: Design & stimulate Binary to Gray code converter. Theory: The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, represents numeric values
using two symbols, 0 and 1. The reflected binary code, also known as Gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit. Binary to Gray code converter converts binary code into gray code.

Circuit diagram & output waveform

Result: MSB of Gray & Binary code is same. Binary to Gray code converter converts
binary code into gray code.

PROGRAM:8 Object: Design & stimulate Gray to Binary code converter. Theory: The reflected binary code, also known as Gray code is a binary numeral system
where two successive values differ in only one bit. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, represents numeric values using two symbols, 0 and 1. Gray to Binary code converter converts gray code into binary code. Circuit diagram & output waveform

Result:MSB of Gray & Binary code is same. Gray to Binary code converter converts gray
code into binary code.

PROGRAM:8 Object: Design & stimulate RC coupled amplifier with & without feedback. Theory:
In RC coupled amplifier resistors & capacitors are use with transistor for amplification. Voltage Gain (G) = Vo/Vi Where Vo = Output voltage Vi = Input voltage Bandwidth of the amplifier = f2 - f1 KHz Where f1 = lower cut-off frequency f2 = upper cut-off frequency

RC Coupled Amplifier Without Feedbak

Output Waveform

Frequency Response curve

Phase response curve

RC Amplifier with Feedback

Output Waveform

Frequency Response curve

Phase response curve

Result:
In RC coupled amplifier the gain of the amplifier with feedback is less than the gain of amplifier without feedback & the output is out of phase with respect to input.