endocrine system

consists of glands

glands produce and secrete hormones

hormones

controlled by negative feedback mechanism

chemical substance

pituitary gland secretes hormones which control other hormones

secreted by glands

small, soluble, diffuse easily

carried in the blood stream

alters activity of one or more specific target organs

destroyed by liver

excreted by kidneys

adrenalin

secreted by adrenal gland, fight, fright or flight hormone

Parts

Secreted During:

How:

adrenal cortex

excitement

hormone passes straight into bloodstream

adrenal medulla recieves nerve impulse from brain and produce adrenalin

anger

carried all over body

fear

cells respond metabolize faster, transfer more energy

stress

heart beats more quickly

physical activity

blood diverted from non-essential organs

Target Organ Heart Breathing center of brain Arterioles of skin Arterioles of digestive system Muscles of alimentary canal Muscles of body Liver Fat deposits

Effect of Adrenaline Beats faster Faster and deeper breathing Constricts Constricts Relax Tenses Glycogen to glucose Fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Biological Advantage More oxygen and glucose supplied Faster oxygenation and faster carbon dioxide removal More blood available More blood available More energy available Ready for immediate action Glucose available for energy release Fatty acids available for muscle contraction

Effects of Sensation Thumping heart Panting

Paleness Dry mouth Hollow stomach Tense, shivering -

Effects of Hormone Insulin

Accelerates rate at which glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver Promotes conversion of carbohydrates to fats Slows down conversion of proteins to carbohydrates Promotes uptake of glucose by muscle cells Increases protein synthesis

glucose in urine

increased production of urine

insulin dependent (IDDM) deficiency of insulin

excessive loss of salts and water

Diabetes Mellitus - a disease caused by slowing down of insulin production (hypo secretion of insulin)

non-insulin dependent (NIDDM) - sufficient quantity of insulin is produced but not properly utilized

loss of weight

short term effects

unquenched thirst

Long term effects coma/death, kidney failure, early ageing

rise in blood sugar level

excessive eating

delayed tissue repair

blurred vision

Nervous Control
Message Conductor Rate of conduction Effectors Type of response Duration of response Types of control Electrical impulses Neurons Rapid Specific effectors usually muscles/glands Localized Rapid and short term Both voluntary and involuntary

Hormonal Control
Chemical messengers hormones Blood plasma (bloodstream) Usually slower All over body, one or more specific effectors Widespread Usually slow and long lasting Involuntary