StarLNG

TM

The leading small-to-mid scale standard LNG plant

Contents.
3 Introduction

StarLNG.TM The leading small to mid-scale LNG plant

Design Basis (base case)

Feed gas range

10 11

Capacity range Refrigeration process technology

14

LNG storage tanks

15

Level of integrity of LNG storage tanks

17

Plant safety

18

Construction strategy

21

Linde, long-term experience of cryogenic plant design

23

Linde Engineerings global footprint

24 26

StarLNGTM benefits Small-scale LNG. A new business solution at the break-through

27

StarLNGTM conclusion

StarLNGTM is a trademark of The Linde Group

28

Contact

Introduction.
Lindes pre-engineered solution for the small-scale LNG supply chain.

LNG is becoming more & more the preferred delivery method for natural gas in many markets, because LNG can be produced at remote locations and distributed to end-users quickly and easily. Driven by growing global natural gas reserves, favorable gas prices and stricter emission regulations LNG is beginning to substitute traditional oilbased fuels in marine or heavy vehicle engines, power generation and process industries. This emerging small-scale market calls for decentralized LNG plants and is now growing beyond a niche market. For example, LNG is fast becoming the fuel of choice for the remote generation of electricity, but is also increasingly being used as a fuel for transportation.

StarLNG.TM The leading small to mid-scale standard LNG plant.

Linde Engineering has been supplying individually designed LNG plants for many years; among them three recently built small-to-mid scale LNG plants in Bergen and Stavanger, Norway, as well as in Kwinana, Australia. Today, those plants serve as good technical references. To deliver the same level of quality at lower cost and in shorter time, Linde Engineering, as world leader in cryogenic air separation, has been translating the idea of product standardization into the LNG business.

Standardization and modularization started with air separation and is now translated into LNG.
Plant modules are workshop pre-fabricated to maximum extent.

Worlds first air liquefaction plant (Linde was founded in 1879)

GOX 2,000 modularized air separation unit (2,400 tpd GOX)

GOX 6,000 modularized air separation unit (7,200 tpd GOX)

GOX 9,000 modularized air separation unit (11,800 tpd GOX)

In 2010, Linde formed a core team and spent more than 25,000 engineering hours to develop the StarLNGTM standardization concept.
CAD model StarLNGTM plant

Benefits of Lindes standardized LNG concept The idea of StarLNGTM is to standardize and optimize a small-to-mid scale LNG plant based on a wide set of process variations. This Process Toolbox is designed to cover about 90% of real-life boundary conditions, with the following major benefits: Safety as for world-scale LNG (QRA, HAZOP, same codes & standards) Fast-track EPC time schedule (reduction by up to 2 months) Reduction of CAPEX (saving potential greater 15%) Highly efficient process, easy to operate (lowest OPEX) Modularized units for pre-treatment, process and main pipe racks Toolbox concept with many options With Linde Engineerings global EPC-capabilities, making use of engineering and manufacturing subsidiaries in best cost countries as well as of operational experience of Linde Gas, the standardized LNG plant concept will enable small-to-mid scale LNG players to get: First class quality and safety LNG plant Attractive CAPEX and OPEX Shortest time to market

Lindes small to mid-scale LNG plants do not compromise on safety, reliability and robustness in comparison to world-scale LNG facilities, while execution risks and capital requirements are significantly lower. The permitting standards used for StarLNGTM are world-class. StarLNGTM delivers a scalable, flexible LNG plant design including many alternatives, with pre-engineered documents and a 3D CAD-model for a fully modularized plant combining highest safety standards, reliability, ease of operations and efficiency with competitive prices and shortest delivery time.
LNG plant in Bergen, Norway

Design basis (base case).

As for every real project, a design basis was required to be determined also for StarLNGTM. This generic design condition was fixed as the base case. For this special standardization project attention has been given to reflect a broad range of likely site conditions in addition. Feed gas design envelope Feed gas compositions have been selected to cover most of the known pipeline gases. Pipeline gas was selected (i.e. dew point controlled, limited HHCs, etc.), because the high technical effort for pre-treatment of well-gases (as for world-scale LNG plants) has been deemed economically prohibitive for small/mid-size LNG projects. Main design features: LNG production capacity: 200 tpd liquefaction capacity Product storage capacity: 4.000 m LNG loadout rate: 2 x 50 m/h (by truck) - 1000 m/h (by ship) base case, Vol. % N2 CO2 CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6+ total 0.85 4.80 88.71 5.25 0.36 0.02 0.00 0.01 100.00

Selected feed gas composition for base case

Ambient conditions Site elevation: 0m above N.N. Yearly abs. max. temperature: 44C Yearly abs. min. temperature: -4C Design air temperature: 35C (for gas turbine and air cooler rating) Environment type: marine/coastal Different climatic zones (alternatives) considered for: Tropical climate Warm moderate climate (Mediterranean) Cold moderate (Northern Europe, USA) Arctic climate

Kwinana LNG plant in Western Australia

Low CAPEX plant solutions standardized for all climatic conditions.

Site layout The 200 tpd base case LNG plant including pre-treatment, utilities and LNG storage tank features a required plot space of only approx.135 x 150m at the same time fulfilling all safety requirements. Battery limit/interfaces: Civil (drainage, sewer system, roads) Piping (feed gas, utility water) Electrical power Utility requirements Fuel gas (sourced internally from LNG plant) N2 from LIN import by truck MRC components (ethylene/ethane and butane) import by truck Process plant cooling provided by air (no cooling water required) Process plant heating provided by closed loop hot oil cycle (internal system) Utility water available at battery limit, all other utilities assumed to be generated inside battery limit Electric power available at battery limit Basis of design, assumptions for codes & standards Applied codes, standards and safety requirements (excerpt): Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas EN 1473 Standard for the production, storage and handling of LNG NFPA 59 Design codes for pressure bearing parts and piping ASME, EN, GB E&I design codes IEC, ANSI, NEC , NEMA Structural materials EN, ASTM Process safety API, NFPA

Utility LIN tank manufactured by Linde

Feed gas range.

The StarLNGTM plant pre-treatment and liquefaction section can be customized with a number of pre-engineered modular additions to easily adjust the plant design from the base case to your actual project needs. Range of feed gas conditions N2 content varying between 0.8 and 20 Vol.% Pressure varying between 20 and 60 bar abs Additional compression for lower pressures Let-down station for higher pressures Temperatures varying between 0 and 50C

Generic feed gas compositions selected, to cover most of the known pipeline gases.
After extensive screening of relevant design conditions, a versatile but still comprehensive standard has been developed, based on a wide design envelope of operating parameters.

Vol. % N2 CO2 CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6+ total

N2 rich 5.00 2.00 90.87 1.86 0.23 0.04 0.00 0.00 100.00

HHC rich 0.80 2.00 89.13 4.86 1.94 0.78 0.31 0.18 100.00

Typical StarLNGTM feed gas compositions

Toolbox approach for different feed gas qualities If a feed gas contains heavier hydrocarbons HHC (hexanes and heavier) and aromatic material (BTEX), freezing will occur unless their concentration has been lowered sufficiently. The simplest method is a separator (HHC knock-out drum) in the feed path of the main cryogenic heat exchanger at a temperature, allowing the heavy components to be removed as a liquid. Both alternatives (simple knock-out drum and scrub column) are part of the StarLNGTM Toolbox and are readily available for deployment. Toolbox main features: High content of heavy hydrocarbons demands for HHC separation to avoid freezing in LNG LNG specification (e.g. methane number, Wobbe-Index or max. C2) demands scrub column High N2 may require nitrogen rejection depending on availability/ capability of flash gas sink (e.g. gas turbine)

StarLNG Toolbox

High N2 content in feedgas

Toolbox matrix for different feed gas qualities

Wide feed gas envelope allows for a highly flexible but still comprehensive toolbox concept for small scale LNG plant design with many alternatives, allowing the required adjustments to respond to over 90% of real-life projects.
Feed gas range (e.g. HHC, C1, C2 or N2 content) has already been considered in the toolbox concept for all plant units. Pre-treatment units toolbox All process steps in the pre-treatment section have been selected with a strong focus on simplicity, operability, reliability, suitability for emerging markets and cost effectiveness. Inlet facilities (KO drum, feed gas metering) Mercury removal (single guard bed) Sour gas removal (amine wash column) Dehydration (single guard bed with molecular sieve adsorbent)

Feed Gas

Pretreatment

N2 Rejection

TRG Compression

NGL Extraction

Liquefaction

Refrigeration

Demin. water

Fuel Gas

Hot Oil

Block diagram - main process groups (in solid black, white boxes) refer to optional steps, grey boxes refer to utility systems.

^ ^

^ ^
Storage LNG

Make-up System

main process unit utility system

Nitrogen

Air

^ ^

HHC (C6+, Benzene, etc.)

LNG Spec demand e.g. removal of N2 to meet fuel gas spec.

LNG Spec demand e.g. removal of C2+ for adjustment of Methane No.

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Capacity range.
StarLNGTM has been developed for an LNG capacity range between 100 and up to 1600 tpd with PFHE or up to 3000 tpd with CWHE; i.e. the same, pre-engineered plant design concept can be used for the above ranges with a simple adjustment to the actual throughput. For the liquefaction, two proprietary designs are available for the main cryogenic heat exchanger, typically depending on plant capacity.

stic s road tran portable module

apacity

dule large mo stomized capacity u on k built/c

tp from 600 d liquefa cti

tpd from 100

on c liquefacti

Shan Shan, China 1,300 tons per day Stavanger, Norway 900 tons per day

Kwinana, Australia 175 tons per day Bergen, Norway 120 tons per day

1x coldbox including up to 2 plate-fin heat exchangers with 400 tpd max. capacity each

1x coil-wound heat exchanger mounted into a steel structure for capacities above 600 tpd or 2 or more coldboxes incl. up to 2 plate-fin heat exchangers each in a road transportable coldbox module

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Refrigeration process technology.

StarLNGTM plant configuration The StarLNGTM plant comprises all systems typically needed for a smallto-mid scale LNG business, i.e. it consists of feed gas pre-treatment, liquefaction, LNG storage tank and truck filling station. The natural gasis precooled, liquefied and sub-cooled in a plate fin heat exchanger (alternatively in a coil-wound heat exchanger) by a very efficient single mixed refrigerant cycle. This cycle provides cold temperatures by Joule-Thomson expansion and liquid vaporization of the mixed refrigerant. The refrigerant is recompressed in an electric motor-driven integrally geared turbo compressor. The liquefaction process is based on Lindes robust single mixed refrigerant cycle, containing methane (sourced from dry feed gas), nitrogen (available as plant utility), as well as commercial grade ethylene and butane. 1st in class efficiency with Linde MRC technology. Further development of proven LIMUM technology Benefits from 30 years of Linde experience in LNG Cost savings with PFHE-based process design MRC technology now as easy to operate as N2-expander. MR-process design validated in dynamic simulations Designed for high degree of automation with possibility of remote control Linde offers unique experience in both EPC contracting and plant operation

Dynamic simulations performed for base case

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Benefits of Linde multi stage mixed refrigerant (LIMUM) liquefaction process: Single mixed refrigerant cycle (MRC) Simple process, low equipment count, easy to operate Only one refrigerant cycle providing refrigeration duty Flexible design: pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling cycle realized with one to up to four plate-fin heat exchangers or with one coil-wound heat exchanger, depending on required liquefaction capacity Approx. 30 % lower specific energy consumption compared to an N2-expander process

Feed gas pre-treatment units Feed gas

^ ^

Block diagram of LIMUM liquefaction process with PFHE or CWHE

Lindes patented LIMUM single-flow mixed refrigerant cycle process the liquefaction process of choice.

Main features for liquefaction process with plate-fin heat exchanger (base case): Typical for small-scale LNG plants with liquefaction capacities up to 400 tpd per PFHE block Maximum feed gas pressure limited to approx. 60 bar Most economic type of main cryogenic heat exchanger Flexible design: pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling cycle realized with one to up to four plate-fin heat exchangers in parallel arrangement Highest efficiency Part load capability of approx. 50 % Minimized on-site installation works due to installation of PFHEs in road-transportable, workshop-assembled coldbox (max. 2 PFHE per coldbox)

Main features for liquefaction process with coil-wound heat exchanger (alternative): Typical for mid-scale LNG plants for liquefaction capacities above 600 tpd Suitable also for very high feed gas pressures Robust design allowing for easy start-up Three separate refrigerant fractions providing separately refrigeration for the pre-cooling, liquefaction and sub-cooling Part load capability of approx. 30 % On-site works (requiring installation of CWHE and associated piping and equipment in supporting steel structure)

^
LNG

^ ^

Hg

CO2

H2O

Coil-wound heat exchanger (alternative) Alternative A Return gas Plate-fin heat exchanger (base case)

LP MR

HP MR

MRC compressor skid Alternative B Return gas BOG

Compressor skid

Atmospheric storage tank with in-tank pumps

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Driver concept: Refrigerant cycle compressor with E-motor drive (alternative: GT-drive) Return gas compressor with E-motor drive Comparison between electrical motor and GT (gas turbine)-drive Electric motor drive system offers higher design flexibility compared to GT direct drive due to limited available GT models In case no adequate power supply from grid is available, a GT-driven cycle compressor combined with a gas engine generating electric power for all other consumers is the standard solution. Electric motor drive system boosts efficiency of plant operation Shorter delivery times for E-motor compared to GT LNG production capacity is not impacted by ambient temperature swings An electrically driven LNG facility requires less maintenance compared to a gas turbine driven compressor solution. Frequent turnarounds are not required for E-motor driven LNG plant. LNG plant operation can be exceptionally profitable considering reliable availability of electricity at low cost, e.g. from a nearby hydroelectric facility

Liquefaction and storage pressure Compared to large-scale LNG business with its atmospheric downstream LNG distribution chain, a pressurized storage is worth to be considered for the small-scale LNG business, due to: Small required storage capacities allowing economical pressurized storage tank design Downstream LNG distribution (by ship/truck) up to end consumer being typically pressurized (please refer to page 26) Benefit of saving up to 20% in liquefaction energy

Kwinana LNG plant GT (gas turbine) - drive

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LNG storage tanks.

Linde is one of few companies in the world capable of offering all LNG storage tank technologies typically applicable to small-to-mid scale LNG plants. We are glad to provide guidance, if required to our customers, mainly based on: Storage volume Storage pressure Safety topics LNG storage tank example 1 Flat bottom, steel-steel, full containment Working volume: 2000 m Operating pressure: Atmospheric LNG storage tank example 2 Flat bottom, concrete-steel, full containment Working volume: 30,000 m Operating pressure: Atmospheric LNG storage tank example 3 Sperical, double integrity Working volume: 4,000 m Operating pressure: 3.5 bar abs

Example 1: Bergen LNG tank

Example 2: Stavanger LNG tank

Example 3: Kwinana LNG tank

Depending on storage volume/operating pressure, the following tank types can be applied: Flat bottom tank 2000 40.000 m (larger capacities are feasible) Spherical tank 1000 8.000 m Bullet tank 100 1.000 m It is a common approach in the small-to-mid scale LNG business to design the storage volume for 3 to 10 days of plant production in order to provide for adequate buffer and the required flexibility for the downstream supply chain. Depending on storage pressure, the following selection might be narrowed down to: Atmospheric pressure flat bottom Pressurized sphere / bullet type Since the catastrophic Cleveland accident in 1944, safety of LNG storage tanks has been everywhere given highest priority and therefore double or, nowadays most common, full integrity LNG storage tanks have become the world standard. Depending on safety design of an LNG tank, the following scenarios could happen in the unlikely event of a catastrophic tank failure: Single integrity tank type uncontrolled LNG spill into the environment Double integrity tank type LNG spill into secondary containment (dike, pit), and uncontrolled vapor release to ambient Full integrity (containment) tank type no LNG spill to environment, only controlled vapor release (recommended for plant located in densely populated area)

Today, single integrity tanks are typically accepted for very small storage volumes only, e.g. EN 13645 applies for capacities up to 200 tons of LNG an understandable limit considering the major hazard potential represented by its energy equivalent (10 TJ!). With safety as our top priority Linde considers that single integrity LNG storage is only acceptable in remote areas not exposing any population to the inherent risk. It is to be noted that a secondary shell made out of carbon steel (like e.g. in standard bullet type tanks) does not meet the criteria for a double integrity tank, as this shell will fail due to brittle fracture when being brought in contact with the cryogenic liquid in the event of an inner tank failure.

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Level of integrity of LNG storage tanks.

Low Medium High

Flat-bottom steel

Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete Outlet piping

not allowed acc. to EN 1473 / NFPA 59 A

Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel Outlet piping Concrete Earth

Flat-bottom concrete

not applicable

Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel

Concrete Outlet piping

Bullet

not common
Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel Concrete Outlet piping Cryogenic steel Non-cryogenic steel Concrete Outlet piping

Sphere

not common

Cryogenic steel Insulation protection

Concrete Outlet piping

Cryogenic steel Insulation protection

Concrete Outlet piping

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Truck loading/unloading Standard design: Simultaneous and independent loading of 2 trucks at 2 loading bays Loading flow rate per bay: 50 m/h Typical LNG truck working volume: 50 m Typical LNG truck mechanical design pressure: 6 10 bar g Expandable for more loading bays, if needed Alternatives for LNG ship loading (bunkering)

Truck unloading at satellite station

Lindes LNG storage & loading units are safe, easy to operate and cost effective.
Truck loading at Kwinana LNG plant

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Plant safety.
For Linde Engineering Division, occupational safety, health, environment and quality (QHSE) have always been top priority when planning and building our plants all over the world: QHSE is 100% of our behaviour, 100% of the time! Safety requirements Safety rules as for world-scale LNG (codes, standards, safety practices) Generic P&IDs validated in HAZOP (hazard and operability study) Generic plant layout validated in QRA (quantitative risk assessment) Various LNG storage alternatives validated in generic QRA Hazardous area classification Depressurization concept Fire protection concept

Quantitative risk analysis issued for base case

StarLNGTM makes small-scale LNG as safe as world-scale LNG at the same time not compromising on safety!

Example Stavanger 900 tpd LNG plant, Norway For the Stavanger plant Lindes design met one of the highest safety standards world-wide: Close to residential area Located on old refinery site within industrial zone with nearby ferry terminal, HAZOP, qualitative risk assessment and sensitivity study conducted Linde successfully supported the client in presenting the LNG plant safety concept, convincing local authorities and neighboring residential communities

Top view on available plot size of Stavanger LNG plant before construction shown against actual location

Distances to local infrastructure at Stavanger LNG plant

~200 m Ferry terminal ~200 m ~90 m Industrial park ~500 m

Residential area ~1.000 m

Local authorities have been convinced to approve plant installation in sensitive environment with developed infrastructure, thereby significantly reducing project CAPEX.

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Construction strategy.
Standard versus alternative construction approach. Linde is a globally renowned EPC contractor with experience in both stick-built as well as modularized construction strategies. Our standard approach is stick-built construction, i.e. materials are supplied with a low degree of pre-fabrication to site for installation. A strategy providing minimum transport cost and low overall EPC cost on construction sites with moderate labor cost and good labor qualification/efficiency. The alternative strategy is to reduce the on-site construction work by supplying highly pre-fabricated assemblies to site. Similar to Lindes FLNG approach, the entire plant could be supplied as a transportable unit - certainly not completely applicable for small to mid-scale LNG plants, but useful to illustrate the various strategies for such a modularized construction approach, all driven by one key factor: transportation cost to site. The larger in size and more complete the module, the lower on-site hookup requirements and cost, compete with higher transport cost up to the point where transportation becomes simply impractical. Differing from most of our competitors, we are ready to assume responsibility for the entire EPC scope and hence do not only optimise the module fabrication cost but also focus on finding the lowest cost for the overall EPC scope. If required, we are glad to provide guidance to our clients, based on their project conditions for e.g.: Cost and availability of on-site labor Geographically suitable & best cost workshop alternatives Size and weight limitations of related transportation routes from yard to site Local availability of suitable transport ships and/or vehicles Transportation cost and risk, considering e.g. special permit and escort requirements for oversize road transports, barge solutions, etc. Requirement for local availability of heavy lift cranes

Road-transportable generic module concept Responding to projects where a modularized construction strategy appears suitable, StarLNGTM includes a fully modularized CAD-model design of the base case plant. Module sizes have been chosen in a way that road transportation (possibly involving escorts or extra permits) will be feasible in many places while targeting for minimum hook-up work on site and moderate lifting capacity requirements.

Transport dimensions of skid packages/modules: Maximum width: Maximum height (incl. 0.8m trailer height): Maximum overall length (e.g. coldbox): Maximum overall weight: 6m *5.9 /10 m 36 m *50/100 t
Note*: disassembled/assembled

Transport of Kwinana coldbox on public road

Fully modularized - 80% of piping work already performed in module assembly yard - all equipment and modules designed for transport by truck, ship and lifting by mobile crane.

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Transport of pre-fabricated modules

CAD model of modularized pre-treatment unit of Kwinana LNG plant

Off-loading of modularized pre-treatment unit

Road transport of modularized pre-treatment unit to Kwinana LNG plant site

Installation of modularized pre-treatment unit at Kwinana LNG plant site

Off-Site module pre-fabrication in best cost countries reduces project budget in a high cost labor environment.

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Linde modularization experience for large cryogenic natural gas plants (transport by barge, not suitable for normal road transport)

Transport of coldbox module with CWHE Modular transport concept for Hammerfest LNG plant project

Extensive modularization experience for cryogenic natural gas plants in both Linde owned as well as associated module workshops in Germany, USA, China, etc.

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Linde, long-term experience of cryogenic plant design.

Calling on more than 125 years of experience as cryogenic plant designer, Linde is able to offer natural gas liquefaction plants, NGL plants and LNG receiving terminals for a wide range of uses and capacities. EPC contractor providing technologies and key components. Recognized as a reliable technology provider and EPC contractor by the financial world Cooperating during all phases of a project with local EPC partners, no third contracting party is required Experienced with modularization concepts applied during various contracts, e.g. Snhvit, Kwinana, etc. Unique profile as LNG technology provider, EPC contractor and manufacturer of key cryogenic equipment minimizing project interfaces and risk to the greatest benefit of the client Powerful process simulation tool OPTISIM enables the design of optimized pre-engineered plant solutions with regard to investment & operational costs
Off-loading at LNG receiving terminal Nynashamn/Sweden

900 tpd LNG plant in Stavanger/Norway

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Lindes experience to design, manufacture and operate. Manufacturer of coil-wound heat exchangers for new LNG projects, i.e. North West Shelf Australia LNG T4 & T5, Snhvit, Sakhalin and Pluto LNG Manufacturer of replacements for APCI coilwound heat exchangers in Brunei Manufacturer of LNG coldboxes including plate-fin heat exchanger for Idku (Egyptian LNG), Darwin LNG, Gladstone LNG, Arzew replacements, Bergen, Kwinana, etc. Manufacturer of vacuum insulated pressure vessels for LNG storage in various applications, e.g. semi-trailers, rail cars, local storage in satellite stations, etc. and for a multitude of customers worldwide Many years of operational experience gained by The Linde Group member BOC on an SMR based LNG plant in Dandenong, Australia and brand new plants in Tasmania and California Operational experience gained on a mid-scale LNG import terminal recently completed (2011) by The Linde Group member Cryo AB in Sweden Differing from most of our competitors, Linde will not only accommodate the PFHE inside the per-lite-insulated coldbox, but also the related cryogenic equipment and piping as far as possible. Reflecting the usual standard in the ASUbusiness. This approach comes obviously with a slightly higher cost, but provides an extremely durable and high quality insulation to all these components and thereby helps to save the high maintenance cost for continuous repairs typically required on conventional cold insulation systems for piping and equipment.

Manufacturing of plate-fin heat exchangers at Linde Schalchen workshop in Germany

Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchangers at Linde Schalchen workshop in Germany

Competence & ownership in core cryogenic equipment combined with long-term operational experience.

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Linde Engineerings global footprint.

Global procurement. Ordering of equipment & bulk material through our local procurement centres in best cost countries.

Linde Engineering headquarters in Pullach, Germany

Linde Engineering manufacturing workshop in Schalchen, Germany

Collaboration with best cost centers. Integration of Linde Engineering India for detail engineering (approx. 500 engineers).

Workshop and office building, Dalian, China LEI Linde Engineering Vadodara, India

Linde Process Plants Inc. Engineering, manufacturing and module construction facilities in Tulsa, USA

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StarLNGTM benefits.
Set of generic standard documents prepared and validated for base case and selected alternatives. Equipment specifications and lists Plant CAD model Plot plan Start-up concept Automation philosophy Operating manual Process simulation models (OPTISIM) Process sketches and descriptions PFD template Nearly 100% P&ID prepared Set of design concepts for all disciplines HAZOP report template Conceptual HAZAN for PFHE Value engineering of critical equipment 100% process data sheets completed Winterization concept

Set of generic standard documents

Accelerated proposal preparation and project execution through readily available generic standard documents covering 90% of typical technical project requirements.

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Pre-engineered deliverables optimized through extensive value engineering, e.g. plot plan, PID and modularization/transport concepts.
Plant CAD-model completed: Optimized plant & coldbox layout for base case Piping design and plant layout concept Modularization concept Coldbox concept Plant layout plans (CAD Model) Plant safety layout plans Plant main piping layout Infrastructure Plot space requirements of mid-scale LNG plants differ significantly from world-scale LNG projects. Small- to mid-scale LNG plants including pre-treatment, utilities, buildings, flare, LNG tank and truck loading installations typically require a plot space of less than 175m x 175m, while large base load LNG plants require at a minimum ten times more plot space.
Pre-engineered plant CAD model

100% piping completed in smart plant 3D CAD model including various alternatives both pipe sizes and piping specifications easy to modify to adjust for different plant capacities.

Operational requirements Minimum operator manning requirements: Plant is designed for partly manned, automated operation from a central control room or remote operating center. Automation toolbox for automated cold start and plant operation optimization is available.

Fully modularized small-scale LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia

Pre-fabricated and workshop-tested instrument container

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Small-scale LNG. A new business solution at the break-through.

Key drivers LNG is starting to breakthrough as a fuel, due to: Fuel cost advantage: sustainable spread of USD 8-12/MMBTU between LNG and diesel Engine conversion: mature LNG engine technology for ships and trucks available now Air emission advantages: No SOx, no particle, low NOx LNG fuel meets stringent emission regulations, like MARPOL imposes strict NOx and SOx emission limitations for ships in ECAs Emission Controlled Areas(e.g. North & Baltic Sea) from 2015 The great benefit of small-scale LNG applications is the rapid response time between idea sharing and turn-key plant delivery.

Today, LNG is a mature technology chain, offering significant economic and environmental benefits; hence small-scale LNG is a very promising new business model for tomorrows markets.
Small-scale LNG typical business models StarLNGTM is developed especially for the emerging small to mid-scale LNG market with the objective to offer a plant with lowest CAPEX and shortest execution time ideally targeting the specific needs of small-scale LNG distribution chains.

Typical examples of LNG distribution chains

Pipeline

Pressurized LNG distribution chain

LNG plant

LNG tank

LNG truck loading

transport

Satellite station

LNG fueling station

Truck/ship fuel tank

Truck/ship engine

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

LNG export/import plant

LNG peak shaving plant

^ ^ ^

^ ^ ^

Atmospheric or pressurized LNG distribution chain

^ ^

Evaporation pressure control/pump

LNG tank

LNG ship loading

transport

Import terminal

Pressure increase & regasification

^ ^

Gas engine/ gas turbine

^ ^

E-power to customer

Export to grid

Atmospheric LNG storage

LNG tank

Pressure increase & regasification

back to grid for high demand period

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StarLNGTM conclusion.
Fast-track EPC time schedule Pre-engineered process design, standarddocumentation and modularized plant layout for shortest delivery time with minimum onsite construction. Lowest CAPEX Toolbox approach allows for customizing plants, at the same time maintaining standardization benefits Global organization offers engineering and procurement capabilities in best-cost countries Proven competence in EPC projects and LNG plant operator experience Safe, simple and highly efficient (lowest OPEX) Focusing on HSE to make small/mid-scale LNG as safe as for world-scale plants Ability to execute plants in most challenging HSE-environment, thereby enabling our clients to use most cost efficient plant location Simple and robust to operate mixed refrigerant technology with highest energy efficiency

Pre-engineered toolbox for most flexible and cost effective LNG plant solutions.

StarLNGTM - how to get your star? Please contact our Linde Engineering headquarters or one of our local offices near you (see contact details on the back page) to get more information about StarLNGTM or a quote for your individual small to mid-scale LNG project. To achieve maximum benefit from our pre-engineered StarLNGTM Toolbox a complete and final Basis of Design (BoD) during the early bidding phase will be appreciated. This document is required to develop a process design package (PDP) including PFD, heat & material balance and process data sheets before a contract award, so that long lead equipment like compressors and cryogenic heat exchangers can be ordered immediately after the effective date of the contract.

With our long-term experience in building and operating cryogenic plants, Linde will secure your good investment.

Designing processes constructing plants.

Lindes Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how in the planning, project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants. The range of products comprises: Petrochemical plants LNG and natural gas processing plants Synthesis gas plants Hydrogen plants Gas processing plants Adsorption plants Air separation plants Cryogenic plants Biotechnological plants Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries The Engineering Division and its subsidiaries manufacture: Packaged units, cold boxes Coil-wound heat exchangers Plate-fin heat exchangers Cryogenic standard tanks Air heated vaporizers Spiral-welded aluminium pipes Submerged combustion vaporizers Cryogenic pumps Boil-off reliquefaction units Helium liquefaction units

More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in international plant construction.

Engineering Division Schalchen Plant Tacherting, Germany Phone +49.8621.85-0 Fax +49.8621.85-6620 plantcomponents@linde-le.com Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH Dresden, Germany Phone +49.351.250-30 Fax +49.351.250-4800 ledd.dresden@linde-le.com SELAS-LINDE GmbH Pullach, Germany Phone +49.89.7447-470 Fax +49.89.7447-4717 selas-linde@linde-le.com Cryostar SAS Hsingue, France Phone +33.389.70-2727 Fax +33.389.70-2777 info@cryostar.com Linde CryoPlants Ltd. Aldershot, Great Britain Phone +44.1.252.3313-51 Fax +44.1.252.3430-62 info@linde-lcl.com

Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A. Rome, Italy Phone +39.066.5613-1 Fax +39.066.5613-200 m.margheri@lindeimpianti.it Linde Kryotechnik AG Pfungen, Switzerland Phone +41.52.3040-555 Fax +41.52.3040-550 info@linde-kryotechnik.ch Bertrams Heatec AG Pratteln, Switzerland Phone +41.61.467-7525 Fax +41.61.467-7500 ulrich.schlathoelter@linde-le.com CRYO AB Gothenburg, Sweden Phone +46.3164-6800 Fax +46.3164-2220 lars.persson@cryo.aga.com Linde Process Plants, Inc. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A. Phone +1.918.4771-200 Fax +1.918.4771-100 sales@lppusa.com

Selas Fluid Processing Corp. Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A. Phone +1.610.834-0300 Fax +1.610.834-0473 sales@selasfluid.com Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda. So Paulo, Brazil Phone +55.21.3545-2255 Fax +55.21.3545-2257 jaime.basurto@linde.com Linde Process Plants (Pty.) Ltd. Johannesburg, South Africa Phone +27.11.490-0513 Fax +27.11.490-0412 linde.za@linde-le.com Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH Moscow Office, Russia Phone +7.495.6426-242 ledd.moscow@linde-le.com Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone +966.1.419-1193 Fax +966.1.419-1384 jochen.nippel@linde-le.com

Linde Arabian Contracting Co. Ltd. Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone +966.3.887-1191 Fax +966.3.887-0133 klaus.libal@linde-le.com Linde Engineering Middle East LLC Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Phone +971.2.6981-400 Fax +971.2.6981-499 leme@linde.com Linde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd. Vadodara, Gujarat, India Phone +91.265.3056-789 Fax +91.265.2461-757 sales@linde-le.com Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd. Seoul, South Korea Phone +82.2789-6697 Fax +82.2789-6698 hanyong.lee@linde.com Linde Engineering Division Bangkok, Thailand Phone +66.2751-9200 Fax +66.2751-9201 anuwat.krongkrachang@linde.com

Linde Engineering Co. Ltd. Dalian, P.R. of China Phone +86.411.3953-8819 Fax +86.411.3953-8899 info@lindeLED.com Linde Engineering Co. Ltd. Hangzhou, P.R. of China Phone +86.571.87858-222 Fax +86.571.87858-200 info@lindeLEH.com Linde Engineering Division Beijing Representative Office Beijing, P.R. of China Phone +86.10.6437-7014 Fax +86.10.6437-6718 info@linde-lecn.com Linde Engineering Taiwan Ltd. Taipei, Taiwan Phone +886.2.2786-3131 Fax +886.2.2652-5871 tso.ming.hsieh@linde-le.com

Linde AG Engineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, 82049 Pullach, Germany Phone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: info@linde-le.com, www.linde-engineering.com LNG and Natural Gas Processing: Phone +49.89.7445-3706, Fax +49.89.7445-4928, E-Mail: natural-gas-plants@linde-le.com

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