Chapter 10 Transformers

Principles, Operation, & Maintenance

Principle of Operation
Flux created by the current in the primary coil creates current in the secondary coil. Mutual Flux M passes through both coils. Leakage flux Leak does not pass through the second coil. An iron core guides the flux between coils Core is made up of laminations to reduce eddy currents and hysteresis
Hysteresis = molecular friction Eddy Currents = circulating currents

Core vs Shell Transformers

Core Type
Simple in design Wide spacing between windings High voltage apps

Core Type
Transformer

Shell Type
Both windings around a single core Less leakage flux Higher efficiency

Shell Type
Transformer

Transformer Turn Ratio

Transformers step-up or step-down voltage High side = high voltage side VH Low side = low voltage side (VL or VX) Turns ratio is the ratio of turns in the high side to the turns in the low side The turns ratio is the voltage ratio at no load

N HS E HS a= = N LS E LS a = turn ratio, high :: low E HS = no load high side voltage E LS = no load low side voltage N HS = number of high side turns N LS = number of low side turns

See Ex. 10-1

Nameplate, Load, No-Load

Transformer nameplate voltages are given with no load on the secondary & based on turns ratio With nameplate voltage on one winding, the other must be 0.5% of the nameplate to be within spec Under full load, the turns ratio is not equal to VH/VX
a= V HS VLS N HS V HS " N LS VLS = full load high side voltage = full load low side voltage

Tap Changers are used to adjust the turns ratio so that the full load voltages will remain constant. ! Under no-load, the primary current is just enough to establish the magnetic flux, aka, excitation current.
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Transformer Load Calculations

Transformer efficiencies are between 96% & 99%?? Volts x Amps (primary) = Volts x Amps (secondary) Voltage is proportional to the turns Amps are inversely proportional to turns

P = VHS " I HS " FP = VLS " ILS " FP S = VHS " I HS = VLS " ILS ILS VHS N HS = = I HS VLS N LS
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!

Autotransformers
A single winding transformer. Part of the total winding is common to primary and secondary More efficient than dual windings No isolation between primary and secondary circuits. An open between the primary and secondary coil sections will result in full voltage on the secondary. Mainly used as a reduced voltage motor starter.
<50 hp taps are at 65% & 80% >= 50 hp taps are at 50%, 65%, & 80%
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Transformer Nomenclature
High side terminals labeled H Low side terminals labeled X Subtractive Property: Terminals of the same instantaneous polarity are opposite each other. Contact between terminals will reduce voltage. Additive property: Accidental contact between terminals from each winding will add voltages. Connecting in parallel: connect same terminals Harmonic Heating: Non linear loads causes heating of the core. K-Factor: Rating to withstand harmonic heating
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Three Phase Transformer Connections

Wye-Wye: high voltage applications; poor voltage regulation Wye-Delta: Used to step down high voltage transmission lines Delta-Wye: Commonly used in industrial distribution systems Delta-Delta: Operates at full voltage with one phase down. The OPEN DELTA allows one phase to be removed from service at 58% load.
Sopen delta = 58% Sdelta-delta Two transformers can complete a delta-delta bank

A balanced three phase system will have no current in the neutral (delta-wye)
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Instrument Transformers (CTs & PTs)

Used to transform high currents and voltages to low values to be used for metering and instrumentation. CT = Current Transformer PT = Potential (voltage) Transformer

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Transformer Maintenance
Insulation breakdown from overheating Terminals tight, clean, not corroded Air Cooled Xfrs must be clean, dry, ventilated Periodic checking of insulation & terminals Oil Cooled Xfrs use mineral or silicone oil PCBs no longer used (Polychlorinated biphenyls) Oils must be checked for breakdown & moisture Turns Ratio Test: 0.5% difference between nameplate and actual voltages

NVR TVR = test voltage ratio, V HS /VLS NVR = nameplate voltage ratio
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% difference =

TVR " NVR

Nameplate Data
Voltage Ratings
Long Dash: voltages from different windings Slash: voltages from the same winding (taps) Cross (X): Indicates different voltages may be obtained by labeled cross connections WYE: 3 phase wye connection

Single Phase:
240/120 240 volt winding with a center tap 240-120 a 240 volt winding and a separate 120 volt winding

Three Phase
4160-480Y/277 A 4160 delta to 480 Wye with a 277 neutral

Frequency: rated frequency kVA: Rated Apparent Power Temperature Rise: maximum allowable temperature rise based on an ambient temperature of 30C
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