H.F.

Level =

265.5 Difference in depth Sloped Length (Root of 25.28 25.61 25.00 25.01 25.00 25.23 25.02 25.01 25.02 25.02 25.01

Reduced Reduced Segment Distance (H) Level depth (D) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 287.5 264 261.75 256.2 256.6 257.3 257.3 260.71 261.8 262.6 263.7 264.8 265.4

3.75 9.3 8.9 8.2 8.2 4.79 3.7 2.9 1.8 0.7 0.1

3.75 5.55 -0.4 -0.7 0 -3.41 -1.09 -0.8 -1.1 -1.1 -0.6 -0.1

Segment width Area Wetted Perimeter -0.43056

52.34 25 1308.5 276.22

HFL Chainage m 60 55 50 40 20 0 -20 -40 -50 -55 -62 Total Distance 'x' m 0 5 5 10 20 20 20 20 10 5 7 Bed level (m) 97.96 95.7 94.6 91.8 91.4 90.9 91.1 95.16 95.8 96.08 97.96 HFL - BL (m) 0 2.26 3.36 6.16 6.56 7.06 6.86 2.8 2.16 1.88 0 Area (m2) 0 5.65 14.05 47.6 127.2 136.2 139.2 96.6 24.8 10.1 6.58 607.98 Difference in BL 'y' (m) 0 2.26 1.1 2.8 0.4 0.5 -0.2 -4.06 -0.64 -0.28 -1.88

97.96 Wetted Perimeter Sqrt(x2+y2) (m) 0 5.49 5.12 10.38 20.00 20.01 20.00 20.41 10.02 5.01 7.25 123.69

Reduced Level in mts

264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256

Reduced Level in mts

Reduced Distance in mts

m1 m2 m1 0.1443 Pw 424.2903

0.6 0.14714 0.04282 m2

0.7 0.1375 0.062

0.6285 0.144393 0.048286 Moments 73.821 34.026

Pw 0.0482 487.1696

0.499

2.301 487.1697

1 Man d/s bridge 2 Upper Beda d/s Bridge 3 Jobat U/s bridge 4 Jobat d/s bridge

Man river

16 m 15 m

Dohi river Hathni river

15 m 16 m

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) DESIGN OF DECK SLAB OF T-BEAM
A Preliminary Dimensioning :
Longitudinal girders

16.0 m

2.5 m

3.813 m

3.813 m

3.813 m 3.813 m

2.5 m

Cross girders PLAN Clear roadway Providing three longitudinal T beams at spacing Effective span of T-beam Number of cross beams (including end cross beams) Concrete grade Density of reinforced concrete Density of plain concrete Reinforcement - High Yield Strength Deformed bars Fe415 Clear cover to reinforcement Poisson's ratio for concrete () adopted as 7.5 2.5 16 5 M 20 m m c/c m Nos

3 25 kN/m 3 22 kN/m

40 mm 0.15

B Deck Slab :
Dimensions of Deck Structure 7500 75 mm Thick wearing coat 215 mm Thick deck slab Haunch 1400.0 Cantilever slab

B Cross beam (250 mm wide) 2500 2500 CROSS SECTION

4

Longitudinal beam (300 mm wide)

1100

475

1100 250 3813 LONGITUDINAL SECTION The slabs are taken as supported on four edges by beams Thickness of slab (H) Thickness of wearing course (D) Span in transverse direction (c/c of longitudinal beams) Assuming width of longitudinal beams Effective span of slabs in transverse direction (2.5 - 0.3) Span in longitudinal direction (c/c of cross beams) Assuming width of cross beams Effective span of slabs in longitudinal direction (3.813 - 0.25) Thickness of 300 wide haunches at beam face Slab thickness at the beam faces (cantilever & haunches) (215 + 150) (i) Maximum bending moment due to dead load Weight of deck slab (0.215 x 25) Weight of wearing course (0.075 x 22) Total uniform dead weight = 5.375+1.650 = Influence coefficients for computation of moments in two directions using Pigeaud's curves for slabs supported on all four sides Aspect ratio K = Short span/Long span (2.2/3.56) Cross beams (250 mm wide) 3813

215 75 2.5 300 2.20 3.813 250 3.563 150 365

mm mm m mm m m mm m mm mm
2

5.375 kN/m 2 1.65 kN/m 2 7.025 kN/m K= 1/K = m1 = m2 = 0.6175 1.6195 0.048 0.015 55.066 kN 2.763 kN.m. 1.195 kN.m.

From Pigeaud's curves

Total dead weight of slab and wearing course (P) (7.025x2.2x3.56) Moment along short span due to dead weight M1 = (m1 + m2).P (0.048+0.015x0.016)x55.066 Moment along long span due to dead weight M1 = (m2 + m1).P (0.016+0.015x0.048)x55.066 (ii) Bending moment due to Live Load a) (IRC class AA tracked vehicle) Dimension of one panel of deck slab (2.5x3.813 m) Effective span of slabs in transverse direction (B) (=2.5-0.3) Longitudinal dimension of one panel of deck slab Effective span of slabs in longitudinal direction (L) (=3.813- 0.25) One track of tracked vehicle is placed symmetrically on the slab panel
5

2.50 2.20 3.813 3.563

m m m m

Longitudinal beams (300 mm wide)

v= 3813 2200
U=1.023

2500

850 3600

Cross beams (250 mm wide) 3563

Class AA tracked vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab Contact dimensions for IRC class AA loading Breadth of tracked vehicle across the bridge Length of tracked vehicle along the bridge Impact factor Dispersion of live load through deck slab: Dimension of load spread along short/long span 2 2 =SQRT [(x+2D) + H ] where x = Dimension of contact area D = Thickness of wearing course H = Thickness of deck slab Hence Width of load spread along short span SQRT [(0.85+2x0.075)^2+0.215^2] Length of load spread along long span SQRT [(3.6+2x0.075)^2+0.215^2] Limiting to effective span K=(2.2/3.563) U/B=(1.023/2.2) V/L=(3.563/3.563) Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 = 0.6175 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.0777 0.0775 0.0777 m2 0.02155 0.0311 0.0232 Load per track of tracked vehicle Total load per track including impact 125% Effective load on span PT (=437.5x3.563/3.756) Moment along short span due to track load = (m1 + m2).PT (0.0775+0.15*0.0298)*415.002 Moment along long span due to track load = (m2 + m1).PT (0.0298+0.15*0.0775)*415.002
6

0.85 m 3.60 m 25%

U= V= V= K= U/B = V/L = m1 = m2 =

1.023 m 3.756 m 3.563 m 0.6175 0.465 1 0.0777 0.0232 350 437.5 415.002 33.676

kN kN kN kNm

14.469 kNm

b) Bending moment due to Live Load (IRC class AA wheeled vehicle):

Longitudinal beams (300 mm wide) 62.5 kN 2 5 1000 1 62.5 kN Cross beams (250 mm wide) 37.5 kN 3 1200 600 6 37.5 kN 4 62.5 kN 2200 2500 62.5 kN

3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab Front axle placed at the mid span (longitudinally) with 62.5 kN wheel at centre Class AA wheeled vehicle is placed on the deck slab panel with front axle along centre line between cross beams and 62.5kN wheel at the centre of panel Inner wheel loads (wheels 1,2,4 & 5) Outer wheel loads (wheels 3 & 6)

62.5 kN 37.5 kN

1) B.M. due to wheel 1 :

Longitudinal beams (300 mm wide)

150 1 300 62.5 kN Cross beam (250 mm wide) 3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab B= 2.2 Wheel load Tyre contact dimenstions L= 3.563 62.5 kN
7

2200

2500

Width (transverse direction) Length (Longitudinal direction) Dispersion of load in transverse direction U =SQRT [(0.3+2x0.075)^2+0.215^2) = Dispersion of load in longitudinal direction V = SQRT [(0.15+2x0.075)^2+0.215^2) = B= L= U/B = 0.499/2.20 = V/L = 0.369/3.56 = Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 K= 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.213 0.200 0.2107 m1 = m2 0.160 0.150 0.1583 m2 = Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw = 1.25*62.5 = Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw =

300 150 0.499 0.369 2.20 3.56 0.2267 0.1036 0.6175

mm mm m m m m m m

0.2107 0.1583 78.125 kN 18.317 kNm 14.833 kNm

2) B.M. due to wheel 2 :

Longitudinal beams 62.5 kN Real load u=369 1501

v=0.499

2200

B=2200

2500

Cross beams

Dummy load 62.5 kN L=3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab

Front axle placed at the mid span (longitudinally) with one 62.5 kN wheel (wheel 1) at centre, the position of the other 62.5 kN wheel (wheel 2) is shown above B= 2.2 L= 3.563 Wheel load 62.5 kN Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw =1.25*62.5 = 78.125 kN Wheel is unsymmetrically placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of bridge Pigeaud's curves are applicable for loads symmetrical about centre Placing an imaginary load symmetrically on either side of longitudinal axis and calculating the moments due to entire area loaded with same intensity and deducting the moments due to area beyond the actual loaded area shall give double the desired moments. Half of these moments shall be approximately equal to desired moments Intensity of loading after dispersion in uxv area u= 0.499 v= 0.369 Pw/(uxv)=(78.125/0.499x0369) = Assuming the width of loaded area after dispersion Length of loaded area after dispersion U/B=(2.2/2.2)
8

U= V=

2 424.426 kN/m 2.20 m 0.369 m 1

V/L= (0.369/3.563) Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.086 0.079 0.0850 m2 0.074 0.082 0.0754 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) (2.2*0.369*424.426) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Now considering the area between inner edges of real and dummy loads Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) U/B=(1.501/2.2) V/L=(0.369/3.563) Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.122 0.112 0.1203 m2 0.110 0.115 0.1109 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) (1.501*0.369*235.076) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Net bending moment along short span =0.5*(31.652-30.951) = Net bending moment along long span = 0.5*(32.231-31.221) =

K= m1 = m2 =

0.1036 0.6175 0.0850 0.0754 344.549 kN 33.167 kNm 30.370 kNm

U= V= K= m1 = m2 =

1.501 m 0.369 m 0.682 0.104 0.6175 0.1203 0.1109 235.076 kN 32.178 kNm 30.304 kNm 0.495 kNm 0.033 kNm

3) B.M. due to wheel 3 :

Longitudinal beams

369

Dummy load 37.5 kN Real load 37.5 kN

600 600 3

B=2200

2500

Cross beams

L=3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab Front axle placed at the mid span (longitudinally) with 62.5 kN wheel at centre, the position of 37.5 kN load is as show above. B= 2.2 L= 3.563 Wheel load Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw = 1.25*37.5=
9

37.5 kN 46.875 kN

Wheel is unsymmetrically placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of bridge Pigeaud's curves are applicable for loads symmetrical about centre Placing an imaginary load symmetrically on either side of longitudinal axis and calculating the moments due to entire area loaded with same intensity and deducting the moments due to area beyond the actual loaded area shall give double the desired moments. Half of these moments shall be approximately equal to desired moments Intensity of loading after dispersion in UxV area= Pw/(uxv) u= 0.499 v= 0.369 Width of loaded area (transverse direction) U= Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) V= U/B= (1.699/2.2) = V/L= (0.369/3.563) = Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 K= 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.108 0.100 0.1067 m1 = m2 0.100 0.102 0.1004 m2 = Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) (1.639*0.369*254.574) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Now considering the area between inner edges of real and dummy loads Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) U/B=(0.701/2.2) V/L=(0.369/3.563) Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.179 0.170 0.1770 m2 0.154 0.140 0.1511 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Net bending moment along short span Net bending moment along long span U= V= K= m1 = m2 =

2 254.574 kN/m

1.699 m 0.369 m 0.7723 0.1036 0.6175 0.1067 0.1004 159.600 kN 19.424 kNm 18.569 kNm

0.701 m 0.369 m 0.3186 0.1036 0.6175 0.1770 0.1511 65.850 kN 13.149 kNm 11.701 kNm 3.138 kNm 3.434 kNm

4) B.M. due to wheel 4 :

Longitudinal beams

62.5 kN Dummy load

62.5 KN Real load 4

B=2200

2500

Cross beams 1200 1200

10

L=3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab Front axle placed at the mid span (longitudinally) with 62.5 kN wheel at centre B= 2.2 L= 3.563 Wheel load Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw = 1.25*62.5 = Wheel is unsymmetrically placed on one side of transverse axis of bridge Pigeaud's curves are applicable for loads symmetrical about centre Placing an imaginary load symmetrically on the other side of transverse axis and calculating the moments due to entire area loaded with same intensity and deducting the moments due to area beyond the actual loaded area shall give double the desired moments. Half of these moments shall be approximately equal to desired moments Intensity of loading after dispersion in UxV area= Pw/(uxv) u= 0.499 v= 0.369 Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) 62.5 kN 78.125 kN

424.290 kN/m U= V= U/B= (0.499/2.2) = V/L= (3.563/3.563) = K= m1 = m2 = 0.499 m 3.563 m 0.2268 1.0000 0.6175 0.0932 0.0277 754.361 kN 73.421 kNm 31.433 kNm

Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.093 0.0940 0.0932 m2 0.026 0.0357 0.0277 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Now considering the area between inner edges of real and dummy loads Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) u/B= (0.499/2.2) v/L= (2.031/3.75) Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.14714 0.1375 0.1455 m2 0.04282 0.062 0.0462 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Net bending moment along short span Net bending moment along long span

U= V= K= m1 = m2 =

0.499 m 2.031 m 0.2268 0.5700 0.6175 0.1455 0.0462 430.005 65.524 kNm 29.238 kNm 3.949 kNm 1.098 kNm

5) B.M. due to wheel 5 :

Longitudinal beams 62.5 kN Dummy Load 1000
11

62.5 kN 5 Real Load B=2200 2500

Cross beams 1200 1200

L=3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab Front axle placed at the mid span (longitudinally) with 62.5 kN wheel at centre B= 2.2 L= 3.563 Wheel load Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw = 1.25*62.5 = Wheel is unsymmetrically placed on one side of transverse axis of bridge Pigeaud's curves are applicable for loads symmetrical about centre Placing an imaginary load symmetrically on either side of transverse axis and calculating the moments due to entire area loaded with same intensity and deducting the moments due to area beyond the actual loaded area shall give double the desired moments. Half of these moments shall be approximately equal to desired moments Intensity of loading after dispersion in uxv area= Pw/(uxv) u= 0.499 v= 0.369 Width of loaded area (transverse direction) U= Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) V= U/B= (0.352/2.2) = V/L= (3.563/3.563) = Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 K 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.098 0.099 0.0980 m1 = m2 0.027 0.037 0.0288 m2 = Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Now considering the area between inner edges of real and dummy loads Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) U/B= (0.352/2.2) V/L= (2.031/3.563) Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.153 0.144 0.1511 m2 0.042 0.062 0.0455 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Net bending moment along short span Net bending moment along long span U= V= K= m1 = m2 = 62.5 kN 78.125 kN

2 424.290 kN/m

0.352 m 3.563 m 0.1600 1.0000 0.6175 0.0980 0.0288 532.135 kN 54.428 kNm 23.125 kNm

0.352 m 2.031 m 0.1600 0.5700 0.6175 0.1511 0.0455 303.330 kN 47.893 kNm 20.675 kNm 3.268 kNm 1.225 kNm

6) B.M. due to wheel 6 :

12

Longitudinal beams 62.5 kN 2 5 1000 1 62.5 kN Cross beams 37.5 kN 3 1200 600 6 37.5 kN 4 62.5 kN B=2200 2500 62.5 kN

L=3563 3813 Class AA wheeled vehicle positioned for maximum bending moment in deck slab Front axle placed at the mid span (longitudinally) with 62.5 kN wheel at centre B= 2.2 L= 3.563 Wheel load Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw = 1.25*37.5 = Wheel is unsymmetrically placed to transverse as well as longitudinal axis of bridge As a reasonable approximation the unsymmetry only aout transverse axis has been considered Pigeaud's curves are applicable for loads symmetrical about centre Placing an imaginary load symmetrically about transverse axis and calculating the moments due to entire area loaded with same intensity and deducting the moments due to area beyond the actual loaded area shall give double the desired moments. Half of these moments shall be approximately equal to desired moments Intensity of loading after dispersion in uxv area= Pw/(uxv) u= 0.499 v= 0.369 Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) U/B= (0.499/2.2) = V/L= (3.563/3.563) = Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.09 0.09 0.0932 m2 0.03 0.04 0.0277 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Now considering the area between inner edges of real and dummy loads Width of loaded area (transverse direction) Length of loaded area (longitudinal direction) U/B= (0.499/2.2) = V/L= (2.031/3.563) = Using Pigeaud's curves, for aspect ratio K=B/L= 2.2/3.563 0.6 0.7 0.6175 m1 0.14714 0.1375 0.1455
13

37.5 kN 46.875 kN

254.574 kN/m U= V= K= m1 = m2 = 0.499 m 3.75 m 0.2268 1.0525 0.6175 0.0932 0.0277 476.372 kN 46.365 kNm 19.850 kNm

U= V= K= m1 =

0.499 m 2.031 m 0.2268 0.5700 0.6175 0.1455

m2 0.04282 0.062 0.0462 Maximum wheel load allowing for 25% impact Pw (=U*V*Int of loading) Moment along short span due to wheel load = (m1 + m2).Pw = Moment along long span due to wheel load = (m2 + m1).Pw = Net bending moment along short span Net bending moment along long span (c.) Total bending moment due to wheeled loads Total bending moment along short span due to wheeled loads (18.317+0.495+3.138+3.949+3.268+3.525) Total bending moment along long span due to wheeled loads (14.833+0.033+3.434+1.098+1.225+1.154) (d) Total bending moment due to tracked load Moment along short span due to track load (m1+m*m2)PT Moment along long span due to track load (m2 + m*m1)PT (e) Maximum bending moments due to live loads Maximum bending moment along short span due to live loads Maximum bending moment along long span due to live loads (f) Maximum bending moments due to dead loads Maximum bending moment along short span due to dead loads Maximum bending moment along long span due to dead loads (iii) Design bending moments along long and short spans Total bendng moment along short span = 33.676+2.763 = Total bendng moment along long span = 21.776+1.195 = As the slab panels are continuous over support, multiplying by 0.8 to allow for continuity Design bending moment along short span = 0.8*36.439 = Design bending moment along long span = 0.8*22.971 =

m2 =

0.0462 258.003 kN 39.314 kNm 17.543 kNm 3.525 kNm 1.153 kNm 32.691 kNm 21.776 kNm 33.676 kNm 14.469 kNm 33.676 kNm 21.776 kNm 2.763 kNm 1.195 kNm 36.439 kNm 22.971 kNm

29.151 kNm 18.377 kNm ck = cb = st = j= R= 20 7 230 0.9 1.1 162.79 N/mm2 N/mm2 2 N/mm

(iv) Reinforcement for deck slab: (As per IRC 21- 2000):
For M 20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel

Effective depth required d= Sqrt(B.M.x1000x1000/Rx1000) Effective depth provided assuming diameter of main bars and 40 mm clear cover ( =215-40-6) > required Hence safe Area of main reinforcement along short span (Ast = B.M.x1000x1000/stxjxd) (=29.151*1000*1000)/(230*0.9*162.79) Required spacing of 12 mm HYSD bars (Spacing= astx1.2x1000/Ast)

mm

12 mm 169 mm
2 865.08 mm

157 mm

Providing 12mm HYSD bars at

Area of main reinforcement along long span (Ast = B.M.x1000x1000/stxjxd) (=18.377*1000*1000)/(230*0.9*(169-12)) Required spacing of 12 mm HYSD bars (Spacing= astx1.2x1000/Ast)

120 mm c/c
2 565.45 mm

240 mm

Providing 12mm HYSD bars at (v) Cantilever Slab :

14

120 mm c/c

225 57 kN 7500 500 75 mm th.Thick wearing coat 215 Thick deck slab Cantilever slab 700 Longitudinal beams (300 wide) 1100 475 275 100 50

200

A 2500

B Cross beams (250 wide) 2500

CROSS SECTION SHOWING CRITICAL LOAD POSITION FOR CANTILEVER SLAB

(a) Moment due to dead load: Total maximum moment due to dead load per m width of cantilever slab is computed in the following table Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 Description Hand rails (approx) Kerb (0.475x0.275x25) Wearing course (0.075x1.1x22) Slab rectangular (1.575x0.1x25) Slab triangular (1/2x1.575x0.265x25) Total Load Lever arm Moment kN m kNm 1.74 1.43 2.480 3.27 1.34 4.368 1.82 3.9375 5.22 0.55 0.79 0.53 0.998 3.101 2.739 13.685

(b) Moment due to live load: Due to specified minimum clearance, class AA loading will not operate on the cantilever slab. Class A loading is to be considered and load will be placed as shown in Sketch above Effective width of dispersion be = 1.2x +bw (As per Clause 305.16.2 (2) (i) of IRC:21-2000) Breadth of concentration area of the load Position of centre of load from face Hence be = 1.2*0.7+0.4 = Live load per m including impact (57x1.5/be) Maximum moment due to live load (68.95x0.7) Total moment due to dead load and live load

bw= x=

0.400 m 0.700 m 1.240 m 68.952 kN 48.266 kNm 61.951 kNm

B.M.= 13.685+48.266=

15

(c.) Reinforcement:
Effective depth required d=Sqrt(B.M.x1000x1000/Rx1000) sqrt(61.951*1000*1000/(1.1 *1000) Effective depth provided (=215+150-40-8) Hence OK Area of main reinforcement required Ast=(B.M.x1000x1000/stxjxd) (62.082*1000*1000/(230*0.9*317) Required spacing of 16 mm HYSD bars S=(astx1000/Ast) = (22/28*16^2*1000/946.10) 237.32 mm 317 mm
2 944.11 mm

255.66 mm c/c

Providing spacing of 16 mm HYSD bars at

180 mm c/c

16

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS GIRDERS
Preliminary Dimensioning :
Concrete grade M 20 Safe compressive stress in concrete cbc = Tensile stress in steel st = Permissible shear stress in steel sv = Modular ratio for M 20 concrete = Density of reinforced concrete = Density of plain concrete = Reinforcement - High Yield Strength Deformed bars Fe 415 Clear cover to reinforcement = Spacing of longitudinal T beams = Thickness of wearing coat over the slab = Thickness of deck slab = Thickness of haunches at beam face = Width of the haunch at beam face = Number of cross beams (including end cross beams) = Longitudinal girders 7 230 140 13.33 25 22 40 2.5 75 215 150 300 5 N/mm2 2 N/mm N/mm2 kN/m kN/m3 mm m mm mm mm mm Nos
3

16.0 m

2.5 m

3.813 m

3.813 m

3.813 m

3.813 m

2.5 m

Cross girders PLAN 1 Intermediate longitudinal beam : (a) Bending moment due to dead load: Effective span of longitudinal T-beam Assuming depth of cross beams Width of the rib of cross girder Assuming total depth of longitudinal beams Width of the rib of longitudinal girder Effective span of Cross beams= 2.5-0.3 = Dead load per m run - Wearing course ( 2.5 x 0.075 x 22 )

16 1.1 0.25 1.4 0.3 2.2

m m m m m m

4.125 kN

17

- Deck slab (0.215 x 2.5 x 25 ) - T-rib ( 0.3 x 1.4 x 25 ) - Fillets/haunches ( 2 x 1/2 x 0.3 x 0.15 x 25 ) - Cross beams (Total weight distributed over entire span) (5 x 0.25 x 1.1 x 2.2 x 25)/16 Total dead load per metre run 'w' = 4.125+13.438+10.5+1.125+4.727 = Maximum bending moment due to dead load = wL^2/8 (33.914 x 16^2)/8 (b) Bending moment due to live load :

13.438 kN 10.50 kN 1.125 kN 4.727 kN 33.914 kN/m 1085.25 kNm

Calculation of Moment of Intertia and Centre of Gravity of Longitudinal girder:

2.54
1
0.15

0.3

0.215

1.40

0.30

Longitudinal Girder Effective flange width as per as per Clause 305.15.2 of IRC:21-2000 for continuous T beams b = bw + 1/5*lo where b = effective width for compression flange bw = thickness of web for beams = 0.3 m lo = distance between points of zero moments (0.7 x eff. Span) b = 0.3 +0.2x0.7x16 = 2.54 m Moment of Inertia of main girder: I = bd3/12 + A.h2 Taking moments of each section at the top of flange I1 = 2.54 x 0.215 /12 + (2.54 x 0.215)(0.215/2) I2 = 0.3 x 1.4 /12 + (0.3 x 1.4)(0.215 +1.4/2) I = I1 + I2 + I3 Centre of Gravity of main girder: Taking moments of areas of each section about top of flange A1 = A2 = A3 Y1 Y2 Y3 = = = = 2.54x0.215 0.3x1.4 2x1/2x0.3x0.15 0.215/2 0.215 + 1.4/2 0.215 + 1/3 x 0.15 = = = = = =
2 0.5461 m 2 0.4200 m 3 2 3 2

= = =

4 0.00841 m

0.42023 m

I3 = 2 x ((0.3 x 0.153/36 + (1/2 x 0.3 x 0.15)(0.215 + 1/3 x 0.15)2) =

4 0.00320 m 4 0.43185 m

0.0450 0.1075 0.9150 0.2650

m m m m

18

Y = (A1Y1 +A2Y2 +A3Y3)/(A1 + A2 + A3) =

0.4499 m

Calculation of Moment of Intertia and Centre of Gravity of Cross girder:

0.60 0.215

1.10

0.25 Longitudinal Girder

bw = thickness of web for beams = Width of flange of cross girder = bw+1/5*0.7*Io = 0.25+0.2*0.7*2.5 = Moment of Inertia of cross girder: I = bd3/12 + A.h2 Taking moments of each section at the top of flange I1 = 0.60x 0.2153/12 + (0.60 x 0.215)(0.215/2)2 I2 = 0.25 x 1.13/12 + (0.25 x 1.1)(0.215 +1.1/2)2 IT = I1 + I2 Centre of Gravity of cross girder: Taking moments of areas of each section about top of flange A1 = 0.60x0.215 = = = = =
2 0.1290 m

0.25 m 0.60 m

= = =

4 0.00199 m 4 0.18867 m 4 0.19065 m

A2 = 0.25x1.1 Y1 = 0.215/2 Y2 = 0.215 + 1.1/2 Y = (A1Y1 +A2Y2)/(A1 + A2 )

0.2750 0.1075 0.7650 0.5551

m2 m m m

Adopting Hendry - Jaegar method: Assuming that cross beams can be replaced in the analysis by a uniform continuous transverse medium of equivalent stiffness The distribution of loading in an interconnected bridge deck system depends on the following 3- dimensionless parameters A, F & c as defined below: A =12/ .[L/h] .nEI T /EI where Parameter A is function of ratio of span to spacing of longitudinals and ratio of transverse to longitudinal flexural rigidities. L = Span of longitudinal T-beam h = Spacing of longitudinal T-beam n = No. of Cross beams EIT and EI = Flexural rigidity of cross girder and longitudinal girder IT = Moment of Inertia of transverse or cross girders
4 3

19

I = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal girders A= 12/ * (16/2.5)^3*5*E*0.19065/(E*0.43185) = 71.17

4

F = 2 /2n . [h/L] . CJ/EI T where Parameter F is a measure of the relative torsional rigidities of longitudinals. CJ = Torsional rigidity of longitudinal girder c = EI 1 /EI 2 where EI1, EI2 = Flexural rigidities of outer and inner longitudinal girders, if different ( c ) Design Data:

Longitudinal girder:
Effective span L = Slab thickness t = Width of rib of longitudinal girder bw = Clear depth of rib = Spacing of beams = Overall depth of longitudinal beams D = Effective flange width (As per Cl. 305.15.2 of IRC:21-2000) = for continuous beam (b= 0.3 + 0.2 x 0.7 x 16 = 2.54 m) Area of flange=2.54 x 0.215 = Area of web= 0.3 x 1.4 = Distance of CG below top = Moment of Inertia of longitudinal T-beam = 16 215 300 1400 2.5 1615 2.54 m mm mm mm m mm m

2 0.5461 m 2 0.42 m 0.4499 m 4 0.4319 m

Cross beams:
Clear depth of cross beams = Overall depth of cross beam = Width of cross beams = Width of flange of cross beam (Assumed) (b=0.25+0.2*0.7*2.5) = Area of flange (=0.6*0.215) = Area of web (=1.1 x 0.25) = Distance of CG below top (as calculated above)= Moment of Inertia of cross beam (as calculated above) = 1100 1315 250 600 mm mm mm mm
2

2 0.129 m

0.275 m 0.555 m 0.1907 m

20

(d) Distribution coefficients for longitudinal girders: For A = 71.17 and F = Infinity Using standard graphs of Hendry Jaegar : Distribution Coefficient for Unit load on girder Girder A Girder B Girder C 0.38 0.32 0.30 A (m11) (m21) (m31) 0.32 0.35 0.32 B (m21) (m22) (m21) 0.30 0.32 0.38 C (m31) (m21) (m11) Treating the deck slab as continuous in the transverse direction, the support moments at the locations of the three longitudinal girders due to loading shown in the sketch below are computed using method of moment distributuion . Moments at supporting girders A, B and C are computed based on Moment distribution method and are as below: Ma = -0.85 W Mb = 0.19 W Mc = 0W Reactions are as below; Reaction on longitudinal beam A Reaction on longitudinal beam B Reaction on longitudinal beam C

RA = RB = RC =

1.884 W 1.352 W 0.764 W

These reactions are treated as loads on interconnected girder system and multiplying these by respective distribution coefficients and adding the results under each girder, the final reaction at each girder is obtained as shown in table below:

(e) Determination of reaction factors: Load on girder A B C Load 1.884 1.352 0.764 Net reaction Girder A 0.716
(1.884*0.38)

Girder B 0.603
(1.884*0.32)

Girder C 0.565
(1.884*0.30)

0.433
(1.352*0.32)

0.473
(1.352*0.35)

0.433
(1.352*0.32)

0.229
(0.764*0.30)

0.244
(0.764*0.32)

0.290
(0.764*0.38)

1.3778

1.3206 1.378 W 1.321 W 1.288 W

1.2882

Reaction factor for girder A = Reaction factor for girder B = Reaction factor for girder C =

21

(f) Design of Intermediate Girder (B):

Maximum bending moment would occur under Class A two lane loading Impact factor fraction for spans 3m to 45m (Clause 211.2 of IRC :6-2000) = 4.5/(6+L)= 4.5/(6 +16) Loading is arranged in transverse direction as shown in Sketch allowing the minimum clearance near the left kerb. All four wheels are of equal magnitude Due to 16m span in the longitudinal girder the first six loads of Class 'A' train are assumed to be accomodated on the span. The loads are arranged as shown such that maximum B.M. shall occur under 4th load from left (assumed) Arrangement of Wheel Loads on the Longitudinal beam for Maximum Bending Moment in intermediate beam is shown below: 27 kN 27 kN 1.1 3.2 L a b c d 16.0 Class A Loading on Man bridge (16 m. span) As per I.S.Code the above loads are halved during calculation. 13.5 kN 13.5 kN 1.1 3.2 L a b c d 16.0 e f 57 kN 57kN 1.2 34 kN 34 kN 3.0 R e f 114 kN 114kN 1.2 68 kN 68 kN 3.0 R

0.2045

4.3

4.3

Reaction factor for intermediate girder 'B' as per calculation as above = 1.3206 Impact factor = 1+ 0.2045 = = 1.2045 The loads shown in the figure below are corresponding to Class A train loads multiplied by reaction factor (1.3206) and impact factor (1.2045) 21.48 kN 21.48 kN 90.68 kN 90.68 kN W 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 L a b c d h 16.0 VL Computation of Absolute B.M.: The absolute max. B.M. generally occurs under the heavier wheel load specially that which is very near to the C.G. of the load system 332.56 kN W = VL + VR = 21.48 x 2 + 90.68 x 2 + 54.12x2 = For computing the distance of resultant (x) from point 'f', take moments of all loads at point 'f' and divide by the resultant load
22

54.12 kN 54.12 kN 3.0 R e x f

VR

x = (21.48x12.8+21.48x11.7+90.68x8.5+90.68x7.3+54.12x3) / (21.48+21.48+90.68+90.68+54.12+54.12) x= 6.38 m Distance d-h = (4.3+3-6.38) = 0.92 m When a series of wheel loads cross a girder, simply supported at the ends, the maximum bending moment under any given wheel load occurs when the centre of the span is mid way between the C.G. of the load system and the wheel load under consideration. Hence the absolute B.M. occurs under wheel load Wd when the centre of span is midway of d-g i.e. between Wd and C.G. of load system Position of max. B.M. from left end L = 1/2*16-1/2*0.92= 7.54 m W = 2x21.48 + 2x90.68 +2x54.12 = 332.50 kN VR =W x (8+0.92/2)/16= 175.81 kN VL = 332.56 - VR 156.69 kN For computing the absolute B.M.occuring under load Wd (moving load) take moments of Md = - VR x (8+0.92/2) + 54.12 x 4.3 + 54.12x7.3 = -859.56 kN.m Maximum bending moment occurs below 4th load (due to live load) when C.G. of total load and heaviest load are equally spaced about centre Total load accomodated on span Maximum bending moment (due to live load) Reaction on left support (due to live load) = Reaction on right support (due to live load) = Maximum bending moment (due to dead load) = Reaction on left support (due to dead load) = (32.723 x 16/2) = Reaction on right support (due to dead load) = (32.723 x 16/2) = Total bending moment = B.M due to LL + DL =(859.56+1085.25) Total left end reaction (156.69+271.31) Total right end reaction (175.81+271.31)

332.56 859.56 156.69 175.81

kN kN.m kN kN

1085.25 kN.m 271.31 kN 271.31 kN 1944.81 kN.m 428.00 kN 447.12 kN

Design of section:
Total depth of T-beam (D = 215+1400) Effective flange width for T-beam section as per Clause 305.15.2 of IRC:21-2000 = Allowing tensile stress on steel at CG of reinforcement = Assuming distance of CG of reinforcement above bottom = Assuming distance of CG of compression reinforcement below top Effective depth of flanged beam(d=1615 -110 ) Design bending moment Required area of tensile steel Ast = (B.M.*10^6/st*j*d) = (1944.81 x 10^6)/(230x0.9x1505) Providing diameter of bars Number bars required N = Ast/ast = 6242.65/(22/28*32^2) = Provide a total of Provide 32 mm dia. bars in three layers of D= 1615 mm 2.54 m N/mm2 mm mm mm kN.m 2 6242.65 mm 230 110 60 1505 1944.81 32 7.8 9 3 mm Nos Nos Nos. each

d= M=

Check for maximum Stresses in Concrete and Steel:

Thickness of flange Breadth of web Effective depth of steel Area of steel provided (9 bars of 32 mm dia.) t= bw = d= Ast = 215 mm 300 mm 1505 mm 2 7241.14 mm

23

Modular ratio Design Bending Moment To find Critical N.A.: cbc/(st/m) = xc/(d-xc) Substituting cbc = 7, st = 230, m=13.33 and d = 1505, we get

m= M=

13.33 1944.81 KN.m

xc = To find Actual N.A.: Assume x > t be.t(x-t/2) = m.Ast(d-x) 2540 * 215 (x-215/2) = 13.33*7241.14(1505-x) Solving for X, we get Since Actual N.A. is less than Critical N.A. the beam is under reinforced To find cbc : Let cbc be the stress in concrete at the top of the flange. Then 'cbc = cbc ((x-t)/x)) Substituting the values of x, t we have 'cbc = 0.3226 cbc To find Lever arm Z: Y = ((cbc+2'cbc)/(cbc+'cbc)) x t/3 Substituting the values of 'cbc and t we get Z = d-Y = 1505-89.15 Taking moments about tensile steel, M.R. = be *t (cbc+'cbc)/2 * Z Substituting the values we get M.R. = 511.31 cbc kNm Equating M.R. to Design Moment 511.31 cbc = 1906.91 cbc =
2 3.73 N/mm

434.36 mm

x=

317.41 mm

Y= Z=

89.15 mm 1415.85 mm

This is less than 7 Nmm2 and hence safe. To find st : cbc/(st/m) = x/(d-x) Substituting the values of cbc, m, x and d we get 186.06 kN/mm2 which is less than 230 kN/mm2 Hence safe. st =

Design for Shear:

Width of web Overall depth Distance of CG of reinforcement above bottom Effective depth for shear Maximum S.F. value will be VL as the C.G. of the load approaches nearer to left support L than to R, VL>VR for limiting load position. Keeping the first load 21.48 kN just right of left support L, we have the load diagram as follows: One more wheel load of 54.1 kN gets added due to shifting of position of first load towards support L. bw = D= = 300 1615 110 1505 mm mm mm mm

24

21.48

21.48

90.68

90.68

54.12

54.12

54.12

1.1 L a b

3.2 c

1.2 d 16.0

4.3 e

3.0 f

3.0

0.2 R g

VL Taking moments of all loads at right support R, we have,

VR

Maximum Shear at L: (VL-21.48)x16 = ( 54.12x0.2+54.12x 3.2+54.1x6.2+ 90.68x10.5+ 90.68x11.7+21.48x14.9) VL = Impact shear force = 199.77 x 0.2045 = Dead Load Shear = wL/2 = 32.723x16/2 = Total Shear Force= 199.77+40.86+271.31 = Nominal shear Stress v = S/bd = 511.95x1000/300 x 1505 = % of steel provided c

199.77 kN 40.86 kN 271.31 kN 511.95 kN

2 1.134 N/mm

= 9 Nos. x 804.57 x 100/(300 x 1505) = 1.604 % =

2 0.458 N/mm

From Table 12 B of IRC : 21 - 2000, c =

v > c Hence provide Shear Reinforcement Therefore, Shear resistance of concrete = cbd = 0.458 x 300 x 1505 = 206787 N

Therefore Shear to be resisted by Stirrups Vs = 511.95*1000 - 206787 = 305162.1 N

Spacing of 4-legged - 16 mm diameter bars Sv = sv x Asv x d / Vs = ( 140 *4*201.14 x*1505 ) / 305162 =

555.5 mm C/C

Provide 16 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300 c/c

25

(g) Design of End girder (A) : Due to 16m span in the longitudinal girder the first six loads of Class 'A' train are assumed to be accomodated on the span. The loads are arranged as shown such that maximum B.M. shall occur under 4th load from left (assumed) Arrangement of Wheel Loads on the girder fo Maximum bending moment in end girder (A) or (C.) is shown below: Maximum bending moment occurs below 4th load (due to live load) when C.G. of load and heaviest load are equally spaced about centre 27 kN 27 kN 1.1 3.2 L a b c d 16.0 Class A Loading on Jobat bridge end girder (16 m. span) As per I.S.Code the above loads are halved during calculation. 13.5 kN 13.5 kN 1.1 3.2 L a b c d 16.0 e f 57 kN 57kN 1.2 34 kN 4.3 3.0 R 34 kN e f 114 kN 114kN 1.2 4.3 68 kN 3.0 R 68 kN

Reaction factor for Intermediate girder as per calculation as above = 1.3778 Impact factor fraction for spams 3m to 45 m as per Clause 211.2 of IRC:6-2000 = 4.5/(6+L)= 4.5/(6 +16) 0.2045 Impact factor = 1.2045 The loads shown in the figure below are corresponding to Class A train loads multiplied by reaction factor (1.3778) and impact factor (1.2045) 22.4 1.1 L a b c d 16.0 VL VR Computation of Absolute B.M.: The absolute max. B.M. generally occurs under the heavier wheel load specially 346.82 kN W = VL + VR = 22.4 x 2 + 94.59 x 2 + 56.42x2 = For computing the distance of resultant (x) from point 'f' take moments of all loads at point 'f' and divide by the resultant load x = (22.4x12.8+22.4x11.7+94.59x8.5+94.59x7.3+56.42x3) / (22.4+22.4+94.59+94.59+56.42+56.42) x= 6.38 m
26

22.4 3.2

94.59 1.2

94.59 4.3

56.42 3.0

56.42 R

e x

Distance d-g = (4.3+3-6.38) = 0.92 m When a series of wheel loads cross a girder, simply supported at the ends, the Hence the absolute B.M. occurs under wheel load Wd when the centre of span is Position of max. B.M. from left end A = 1/2*16-1/2*0.92= 7.54 m W = 2x22.4 + 2x94.59 +2x56.42 = 346.8 kN VR = R x (8+0.92/2) = 183.38 kN VL = 346.8 - VR = 163.44 kN For computing the absolute B.M.occuring under load Wd (moving load) take moments of loads at 'd' Md = - VR x (8+0.92/2) + 56.42 x 4.3 + 56.42 x 7.3 = -896.93 Maximum bending moment occurs below 4th load (due to live load) when C.G. of load and heaviest load are equally spaced about centre Total load accommodated on span 346.82 Maximum bending moment (due to live load) 896.93 Reaction on left support (due to live load) 163.44 Reaction on right support (due to live load) 183.38 Maximum bending moment (due to dead load) =wL/2 = Reaction on left support (due to dead load)(33.914 x 8) Reaction on right support (due to dead load)(33.914 x 8) Total bending moment = B.M due to LL + DL =(896.93+1085.25) Total left end reaction (163.44+271.31) Total right end reaction (183.38+271.31)

kN.m

kN kN.m kN kN

1085.25 kNm 271.31 kN 271.31 kN 1982.18 kN.m 434.75 kN 454.69 kN

Design of section:
Total depth of T-beam (D = 215 + 1400) Effective flange width for T-beam section as per Clause 305.15.2 of IRC Bridge code 21-2000 Allowing tensile stress on steel at CG of reinforcement sst = Assuming distance of CG of reinforcement above bottom Assuming distance of CG of compression below top Effective depth of flanged beam (d = 1615-110) Design bending moment Required area of tensile steel Ast = (B.M.*10^6/st*j*d) (1982.18 x 10 ^6)/(230x0.9x1505) Providing diameter of bars Number bars required N = Ast/ast = 6362.63/(22/28*32^2) = Provide total no. of bars Provide 32 mm dia bars in three layers each of D= be = 1615 mm 2.54 m kN/mm2 mm mm mm kN.m 2 6362.63 mm 230.00 110 60 1505 1982.18 32 7.9 9 3 mm Nos Nos Nos each

M=

Check for maximum Stresses in Concrete and Steel:

Thickness of flange Breadth of web Effective depth of steel Area of steel provided (9 bars of 32 mm dia.) Modular ratio Design Bending Moment t= bw = d= Ast = m= M= 215 mm 300 mm 1505 mm 2 7241.14 mm 13.33 1982.18 KN.m

27

To find Critical N.A.: cbc/(st/m) = xc/(d-xc) Substituting cbc = 7, st = 230, m=13.33 and d = 1505, we get xc = 434.36 mm To find Actual N.A.: Assume x > t be.t(x-t/2) = m.Ast(d-x) 2540 * 215 (x-215/2) = 13.33*7241.14(1505-x) Solving for x, we get x= 317.41 mm Since Actual N.A. is less than Critical N.A. the beam is under reinforced To find cbc : Let cbc be the stress in concrete at the top of the flange. Then 'cbc = cbc ((x-t)/x)) Substituting the values of x, t we have 'cbc = 0.3226 cbc To find Lever arm Z: Y = ((cbc+2'cbc)/(cbc+'cbc)) x t/3 Substituting the values of 'cbc and t we get Z = d-Y = 1505-89.15 Taking moments about tensile steel, M.R. = be *t (cbc+'cbc)/2 * Z Substituting the values we get M.R. = 511.31 cbc kNm Equating M.R. to Design Moment 511.31 cbc = 1944.05 cbc =
2 3.88 kN/mm

Y= Z=

89.15 mm 1415.85 mm

This is less than 7 kN/mm2 and hence safe. To find st : cbc/(st/m) = x/(d-x) Substituting the values of cbc, m, x and d we get 189.63 kN/mm2 which is less than 230 kN/mm2 Hence safe. st =

Design for Shear:

Width of web bw Overall depth Distance of CG of reinforcement above bottom Effective depth for shear d = Maximum S.F. value will be VL. As the C.G. of the load approaches nearer to L keeping the first load 22.4 kN just right of L, we have the load diagram as follows: One more load of 56.42 kN gets added due to shifting of position of first load towards L.
22.4 22.4 94.59 94.59 56.42 56.42 56.42

= = =

300 1615 110 1505

mm mm mm mm

1.1 L a VL b

3.2 c

1.2 d

4.3 e

3.0 f

3.0 g

0.2 R

VR

28

Taking moments of all loads at right support R, we have, Maximum Shear at left support L: (VL-22.4)x16 = ( 56.42x0.2+56.42x 3.2+56.42x6.2+ 94.59x10.5+ 94.59x11.7+22.4x14.9) VL = Impact shear force = 208.36 x 0.2045 = Dead Load Shear = wL/2 = 33.914x16/2 = Total Shear Force= 208.36+42.61+271.31 = Nominal shear Stress v

208.36 kN 42.61 kN 271.31 kN 522.28 kN

= S/bd = 522.28x1000/300 x 1505 =

2 1.157 N/mm

% of steel provided c

= 9nos. x 804.57 x 100/(300 x 1505) = 1.604 =

2 0.458 N/mm

From Table 12 B of IRC : 21 - 2000, c = v > c Hence provide Shear Reinforcement Therefore, Shear resistance of concrete = Therefore Shear to be resisted by Stirrups Vs Spacing of 4-legged - 16 mm diameter bars Sv cbd

= 0.458 x 300 x 1505 = 206787 N

= 522.28*1000 - 206787 = 315490 N = sv x Asv x d / Vs = ( 140 x 4x201.14 x 1505 ) / 315490 = 537 mm C/C

Provide 16 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300 mm C/C (h) End girder C : Since load may be placed in either side transversely, design of girder A has been adopted for girder C D Design of Cross Beams: Cross beams are provided for stiffening of longitudinal beams. Since longitudinal beams are with straight ribs Minimum desired depth of cross beams are 0.75xD =0.75*1400 = Clear Depth provided Hence OK Slab thickness Total depth= 1100 + 215 = Width of cross beams = Size of cross beams = Spacing of cross beams

1050 mm 1100 mm 215 mm 1315 mm 250 mm 0.25 m x 1.1 m 4m

29

Effective span (2.5 - 0.3 ) Impact factor fraction for span < 3m for Class AA tracked vehicle as per IRC:6-2000 = Flange width b = bw + 1/5.lo Bending moment due to dead load The weight of slab and wearing coat will be apportioned between the cross beams and the longitudinal girders in accordance with the trapezoidal distribution of the loads on the panel as shown in figure: Longitudinal Beam
0.30

2.2 m 0.25 1.05 m

45 2.2

Cross Beam

0.30
0.25 0.25

Weight of the deck slab and wearing coat per sqm = 0.215 x 25 + 0.075 x 22 Total load on cross beam due to slab by trapezoidal distribution = 2x(0.5x 2.2x0.5x2.2) x7.025 Self weight of cross beam and weight of wearing coat over the cross beam = 2.2x0.25x(1.1+0.215)x25+ 2.2x0.25x 0.075x 22 Total load on cross beams in one span = 17.00+18.99 =
2 7.025 kN/m

17.00 kN

18.99 kN 35.99 kN

Moment coefficients are taken from standard tables. Weighted coefficients are chosen as the sum of one third of the value corresponding to the case of two span continuous beam with free ends and two thirds of the value corresponding to a single fixed ended span. Coefficient for maximum positive bending moment = (1/3 ) x 0.07 +( 2/3) x 0.042 0.051 Coefficient for maximum negative bending moment = (1/3 ) x 0.125 +( 2/3) x 0.083 Positive BM = 0.051 x 35.99 x 2.2 x 1 Negative BM = 0.097 x 35.99 x 2.2 x1

0.097 4.064 kNm 7.680 kNm

30

Bending moment due to live load Class AA tracked vehicle produces severer effect than others loadings Figure below shows the disposition of one track on a cross beam (700/2 = 350kN) Longitudinal beam

1.675

0.25

1.675 0.850

2.5

Cross beam

3.600

3.037 4.0 Load on cross beam = 2 x [ ( 350 x (1.675/3.6) x (3.037/4.00)] + 0.25/3.6 x 350 = Coefficient of maximum positive BM due to concentrated load (1/3 ) x 0.203 +( 2/3) x 0.125 = Coefficient of maximum negative BM due to concentrated load (1/3 ) x 0.188 +( 2/3) x 0.125 = Positive BM including impact = 0.151 x 271.59 x 2.2 x 1.2045 Negative BM including impact = 0.146 x 271.59 x 2.2 x 1.2045

271.59 kN 0.151 0.146 108.672 kNm 105.074 kNm

Design of Section :
Design positive BM = B.M. due to D.L. + B.M. due to impact. = 4.064+108.672 = Effective depth = 1315 - 73 ( cover ) Area of steel required = B.M. x 10^6/stxjxd (=112.737/(230*0.9*1242)) Add 0.3 % of area of the beam to give additional stiffness to the beam Additional area of steel = 0.3/100 x 250 x 1242 Total area of the steel required = 438.5 + 931.5 Provide 20 mm diameter bars, No. of bars required N = Ast/ast 1370/(22/28*20^2) = 112.737 kNm 1242 mm
2 438.5 mm

2 931.5 mm

2 1370 mm

4.4 Nos. 112.754 kNm

2 438.6 mm

Provide 20 mm diameter 6 Nos. in two rows

Design negative BM = B.M. due to D.L. + B.M. due to impact. = (= 7.680 + 105.074 ) Area of steel required = B.M. x 10^6/sstxjxd (112.754 x 10^6)/(230x 0.9 x 1242) Provide 20 mm diameter bars, No. of bars required N = Ast/ast 438.6/(22/28*20^2) =

1.4 Nos.

Provide 20 mm diameter 3 Nos.

31

Provision for shear :

Arrange Class AA tracked vehicle as shown in figure

850

1200

850

1200

50 275 100

2200 Longitudinal Beam (300 mm width)

B Cross beams

2500

1100

475 271.59 kN 253.43 kN 316.79 kN 18.99 kN 335.78 kN

Total load on cross beam due to track (as computed above) = Shear near girder C = [(271.59 x 2/2.2) ]+ [(271.59 x 0.3)/0.85 x 0.3/ (2 x 2.2 )] Shear including impact of 25% = 1.25*253.43 = Shear due to dead load (as computed above) = Total Shear V = ( 316.79 + 18.99) = Nominal Shear stress v = V/bd (=335.78 x 1000)/( 250 x 1242 ) For M 20 grade concrete, maximum permissible shear stress c = 1.8 N/mm2 or MPa Since v < c, it is safe. However, provide nominal shear reinforcement. Provide 16 mm diameter bars -4 legged Vertical stirrups @ 300 mm C/C Provide 20 mm diameter bars 2 nos as cranked bars as additional provision to cater to diagonal tension.

2 1.081 N/mm

32

E Reactions on Piers from Deck Structure:

Pier

Intermediate girder End girder

16 m 4 m c/c

Cross girder

Pier 2.5 2.5

Total reaction on piers (from one span) Left end: With live load and dead load (I+2E) (428.00 + 2x434.75) Dead load) (271.31 + 2x271.31) Right end: With live load and dead load (447.12+2*454.69) Dead load) (271.31+2*271.31) Maximum vertical load on intermediate piers with live load (1297.51+1356.51) Min vertical load on intermediate piers without live load (813.94+813.94)

1297.51 kN 813.94 kN

1356.51 kN 813.94 kN 2654.0 kN 1627.9 kN

33

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) DESIGN OF Pier (4) (deepest foundation) (i) Data:
HFL for 1 in 100 years discharge HFL with afflux River bed level NSL Bottom level of the pier foundation Bottom level of longitudinal girders Top level of bridge (deck slab level) EL EL EL EL EL 265.50 265.50 255.80 253.80 267.15 268.84 m m m m m m

(ii)

Dimensioning of Pier Cap:

Concrete grade Width of pier cap Distance between centreline of longitudinal beams Width of longitudinal beams Distance between outer faces of end longitudinal beams ( 2x 2.5+0.3) Width of Elastomeric bearing Length of Elastomeric bearing Thickness of Elastomeric bearing( Add 100 mm for pedestals) (0.05 m for thickness of bearing and 100 mm for pedestal thickness) (As per standard size index No. 6 Clause 916.2 of IRC: 83 Part-II 1987 ) Keeping offset beyond bearing for jacking (Min. as per Clause 710.8.1 of IRC: 78 -2000 ) Minimum required length of rectangular portion (2.500 x 2 + 2 x0.250 + 2 x0.400 ) Providing width of rectangular portion at bottom of flange = Radius of rounded ends of pier cap Thickness of pier cap top (As per Clause 710.8.2 of IRC: 78 -2000 ) Total length of pier cap (nose to nose) ( 6.300 + 2 x0.750 ) M20 1.5 2.5 0.3 5.3 m m m m

0.25 m 0.50 m 0.15 m

0.40 m 6.30 m 2.0 m 0.75 m 0.6 m 7.8 m

(iii) Dimensions of piers:

7800 2500 2500 EL 267.00 (Pier cap top) EL 265.80 (Pier cap bottom) 1200 1500 750

H.F.L. 265.65

2000

9920

3500

EL 255.80 Bed Level EL 253.80 (Pier bottom)

500 500 1000 3000 Side view

8000 Elevation

Plan

34

Keeping minimum projection of pier cap beyond pier Width of RCC pier at top Length of pier (rectangular portion) Radius of rounded ends of pier Total length of pier (nose to nose) 2.0+2*0.75 = Assuming the depth of pier cap ELevation of pier cap top ELevation of pier cap bottom ELevation of pier bottom Height of pier (265.80-253.80) Width of pier at base Radius of rounded ends of pier at base Total length of pier at base (nose to nose) (2.0+2x0.75)

1.50 2.0 0.75 3.5 1.2 267.00 265.80 253.80 12.00 1.5 0.75 3.5

m m m m m m m m m m m m

(iv) Calculation of Horizontal Forces, Vertical Forces and Moments on Piers:

Longitudinal forces due to tractive effort and braking effect: As per foot note under Clause 214.1-c of IRC : 6-2000, the Braking effect is invariably greater than the tractive effort. Assuming Class 'A' train of vehicles and presuming the first six loads are accommodated on the 16 m. span, Total load on the span with class - 'A' loading = 418 kN (=27+27+114+114+68+68) Longitudinal force on one span (=2x418) 836 kN Longitudinal force on one span due to breaking effect 0.20*836 = 167.2 kN (20% of maximum wheeL load on span as per Clause 214.2 of IRC:6-2000 ) Point of application above roadway 1.2 m Reaction on bearings due to braking effect = 836.0+167.2 = 1003.2 kN Additional reaction on piers due to braking effect 13.6 kN (10% of the load of the suceeding trains or part thereof i.e 10% of 2*68) Moment at base of pier about long axis due to braking effect 2006.40 kN.m (Long. Force due to breaking effect x Ht. of Pier = 167.2x12.00) Moment due to resistance in bearings on account of movement due to temperature: (Assuming for severest effect, the live load to be on left span and frictional coefficients of bearings to be 0.25 and 0.225 on the left and right sides respectively Reaction due to live load on one span (=1297.51-813.94) 483.57 kN Dead load from each span 813.94 kN Total resistance by left side bearings 0.25x(483.57+813.94) 324.38 kN Total resistance by right side bearings 0.225x813.94 183.14 kN Unbalanced force at bearing (324.38-183.14) 141.24 kN Moment at base (Unbalanced forcexHt. of pier=141.24x12.0) 1694.89 kNm Total Moment at base about long axis (2006.40+1694.89) My = (Moment due to breaking effect+Moment due to unbalanced force) 3701.29 kNm

(a)

Live load on both spans:

Maximum load from both spans of bridge due to Dead Loads (813.94 x 2 ) Maximum load from both spans of bridge due to Live Loads (2654.0-1627.9) Total maximum load from two adjacent spans of bridge (1627.88+1026.14)
Force due to dead load, live load on both span and braking effect

1627.88 kN 1026.14 kN 2654.02 kN 2834.82 kN 0.70 m 836.0 kN

(1627.88+1026.14+167.2+13.6) Eccentricity of live loads in transverse direction Total live load acting on both spans
35

(418x 2 ) Bending moment about short axis of pier at base (836x0.7) Bending moment on pier about longer axis Longitudinal force due to braking effect Wind force acting on live load (Clause 212.4 of IRC:6-2000) Length of span Total horizontal force due to wind acting on live loads of both spans [2 nos. x ( 3.0 x 16m span )] Distance of load above road way (Clause 212.4 of IRC:6-2000) Total height from deck slab to pier bottom (EL 268.84 - EL 253.80) Bending moment about short axis at base due to wind load (96 x 15.04) Area of super structure exposed to wind (for one pier) 16 x ( 1.4 + 0.215 + 0.075 + 1) Wind pressure (as per Table 4 of IRC:6-2000) Wind force acting on super structure (43.04 x 1.13) Limiting force @ 3 kN/m ( 3.0 x 16 ) Adopting greater of above two Moment about short axis at base (48.64x15.04) (due to wind force on Superstructure) Height from river bed level to HFL (265.50-255.80)
Total Wind Force (Wind force on live load + Wind force on superstructure)

585.2 kN.m 0.00 167.20 300 3.00 16.00 kN.m kN kg/m kN/m m

96.00 kN 1.50 m 15.04 m 1443.84 kN.m 43.04 m

2

1.13 kN/m 48.64 kN 48.00 kN 48.64 kN 731.55 kN.m 11.70 m 144.64 kN

(96.00+48.64)

(b) Live load on one span only:

Maximum load from both spans of bridge due to Dead Loads = 2x813.94 Maximum load from one span of bridge due to Live Loads =1297.51-813.94 Total vertical load (Dead Load + Live Load) ( 1627.88 + 483.57) Eccentricity of live load Bending moment on pier about longer axis (483.57x0.3) Eccentricity of live loads in transverse direction Total load acting on one span Bending moment about short axis of pier (418x0.7 ) 1627.88 kN 483.57 kN 2111.44 kN 0.30 m 145.07 kN.m 0.70 m 418.00 kN 292.60 kN.m

( c) Buoyancy, water current and wind force on piers:

1) Dry condition: Area of pier normal to flow : Width at top = Height of pier (height between pier cap bottom to river bed) Width of pier at river bed level Area of pier exposed to wind (1.5+1.5)/2x12.0 Wind pressure = Wind force acting on pier (18.0x1.13)
36

1.50 12.00 1.50 18.00

m m m m2

1.13 kN/m2 20.34 kN

Height of pier from river bed to pier bottom (255.80-253.80) Moment about base due to wind (about short axis) Dry condition 16.81x(9.92/2+2.00) 2) HFL condition: HFL River Bed level i.e. NSL Height of pier between bed and HFL (265.50-255.88) = Length of rectangular portion of pier Width at top Width of pier at HFL Width at river bed level Area of pier at bed level ( 2x1.5 + pie/4 x 1.5^2) Area of pier at HFL Volume of water displaced by the submerged pier (4.77+4.77)/2 x 9.62
3

2.00 m 162.72 kN.m

EL EL

265.50 255.80 9.70 2.00 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.77 4.77

m m m m m m m m2 m2
3

46.24 m

Reduction in the weight of pier due to buoyancy (45.86*10 kN/m ) Stresses due to water current: Mean velocity of flow after construction (assumed) Maximum velocity as per Clause 213.3 of IRC:6-2000 (2 times the mean velocity) Intensity of prtessure due to water current = 0.5KV2 kN/m2 Value of K for piers with semi circular ends Intensity of pressure due to water current = 0.5*0.66*4.54^2 = Force acting on pier due to water current (1.5+1.5)/2x9.70x6.8 Point of application of this force above bed 2/3 x 9.62 Distance of force above founding level ( 6.47+2.00) Moment due to water current about base (98.95x8.47) (d) Analysis of stresses at base of pier: Length of pier at base (nose to nose) Keeping projection of pier bottom beyond pier in longer direction Length of pier bottom (3.5+2x2.25) Width of pier at base Keeping projection of pier bottom beyond pier in shorter direction Width of pier bottom at base (1.5+2x0.75) Area of pier bottom A = ( 8x3) ZX=3x8^2/6 Section modulus about short axis Section modulus about long axis ZY=8x3^2/6

-462.41 kN

3.21 m/sec 4.54 m/sec

0.66 6.80 kN/m2 98.95 kN 6.47 m 8.47 m 837.78 kN.m

3.5 2.25 8.0 1.5 0.75 3.0 24.0 32.0

m m m m m m 2 m m3

3 12.0 m

1)

Dry condition with live load on both spans:

Vertical forces Load from bridge deck (LL+DL+Reaction due to braking) Unit weight of RCC Weight of pier cap (7.8x1.2x1.5x25) Area of pier at top A = (3.5x1.5) Area of pier at base (3.5x1.5) Height of pier
37

2834.82 25.0 351.0 5.25 5.25 12.0

kN 3 KN/m kN m2 2 m m

Weight of pier ((5.25+5.25)/2)x12.0x25) Thickness of pier bottom Weight of pier bottom ( 8x3x1.0x25) Total vertical load in dry condition P = (2834.82+351.0+1575+600) Moments due to horizontal forces About short axis Due to eccentric transverse position of LL on both spans Due to wind on live load on both span Due to wind on super structure Due to wind load on pier in dry condition Total moment about short axis About long axis Due to braking effect on both span P/A= Mx/Zx= My/Zy= My= (5360.82/5.25) = (2924.23/32) = (3701.29/12) =

1575.0 1.0 600.0 5360.82

kN m kN kN

Mx=

585.20 1443.84 731.55 162.72 2923.31

kN.m kN.m kN.m kN.m kN.m

3701.29 kN.m 1021.11 kN/m 2 91.35 kN/m 2 308.44 kN/m

2

Maximum compressive stress at base = P/A+Mx/Zx+My/Zy (1021.11+91.40+308.44) =

2 1420.90 kN/m kN/m2 < 7000 Hence Safe

Minimum compressive stress at base = P/A - Mx/Zx - My/Zy (1021.11-91.40-308.44) =

2 621.31 kN/m

Positive hence no tensile force acting on piles 2)

-

Submerged condition with no live load on span:

Vertical forces Load from bridge deck (DL only) Weight of pier cap (8x1.2x1.5x25) Area of pier at top (3.5x1.5) A = Area of pier at base (3.5x1.5) Height of pier Unit weight of (RCC-Water) Submerged weight of pier=(5.25x12.0x15) Thickness of pier bottom Weight of pier bottom ( 8x3x1.0x15) Total vertical load in submerged condition P' = (1627.88+351.0+945.0+360.0) Area of pier bottom A' = ( 8x3) Moments due to horizontal forces About short axis Due to wind on super structure Due to wind load on pier above water (1.13x11.70) Due to water current under submerged condition Total moment about short axis M' = (731.55+13.22+837.78) P'/A' = (3283.88/25) M'x/Zx= (1582.55/32)
Maximum compressive stress at base = P'/A+M'x/Zx = 136.83+49.32 = 38

1627.88 351.0 5.25 5.25 12.0 15.0 945.0 1.0 360.0 3283.88

kN kN m2 m2 m kN/m3 kN m kN kN

24.00 m2

731.55 13.22 837.78 1582.55

kN.m kN.m kN.m kN.m

136.83 kN/m2 2 49.45 kN/m

2 186.28 kN/m

2 18.63 t/m 2 SBC of foundation = 100.00 t/m <SBC hence open foundation is adequate for this condition 2 Minimum compressive stress at base = P'/A'-M'x/Zx = 136.83-49.45 = 87.37 kN/m

Positive hence no tensile force is acting on piles The analysis of the moments and stresses is for the pier having deepest foundation .

39

40

41

42

43

44

VERTICAL AND TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN PIERS Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in piers and pier caps have been provided as per provisions of IRC:21-2000 PIERS Size of pier = 2 m x 1.5 m with semicircular ends of 750 mm Longitudinal Reinforcement required = 0.6% of cross sectional area of pier 2 .= 0.6/100 x{(2x1.5) + x1.52/4 m2 = 28607.14 mm Using 32 mm dia bars, Area of each bar = No. of bars = 28607.14/804.57 Perimeter of section in plan = 2x2 + x 1.5 Spacing of bars = 8712.43/36 Provide 32 mm dia bars @ 225 mm c/c Transverse reinforcement : Provide 12 mm dia ties @ 250 c/c
2 804.57 mm

36 Nos. 8712.43 mm

= 8.714286 m. = 245.0353 mm c/c

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam)

Stability analysis of RCC Counterfort Retaining Wall for Right Abutment

Design data: Assumptions :

Saturated H= 7440
h=5440

17.36 kN/m2

hd =

1840

h2=2480

Submerged GL h1=2000

16.64kN/m2

Upright wall 5100 h3 = 4960

ds=500 Heel slab bh =2500

tw=
1000

bt= 1500 Toe slab

b=5000

Overall height of upright wall including dirt wall and base H = (268.84-261.40) =

Slope of backfill

d=

SBC of soil = Depth of soil filling at heel end H = Height of dirt wall hd = Thickness of dirt wall td = Thickness of base slab ds = Total length of face wall of abutment = Depth of foundation assumed h1 = Thickness of vertical wall/Upright wall tw = Thickness of counterforts tc = Base width b = Adopt width of heel bh = Width of toe beyond face of wall bt = C/c Spacing of Counterforts L = Clear spacing of Counterforts Lc = Assuming that top 1/3rd height is saturated and lower 2/3rd is submerged at heel end and computing moments about toe Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = (7.44)/3 = Height of submerged soil below saturated soil at heel end h3= (7.44)*2/3 = Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill f = Angle of friction between soil and wall surface Saturated density of backfill soil Density of water gw = Submerged density of soil

7.44 0 2200 7.44 1.84 0.325 0.50 8.50 2.00 1.00 0.30 5.00 2.50 1.50 2.63 2.33

m
o

kN/m2 m m m m m m m m m m m m m

2.48 m 4.96 m 30 29 0.55 21.0 kN/m3 9.81 kN/m3 11.19 kN/m3 3 25.0 kN/m 700.0 kN
o o

b= m=

Coefficient of friction between soil and base of wall

gsat =

gsub = 21.0-9.81=

Density of RCC gc = Loading for Class AA tracked vehicle

46

Computations :
Height of wall above GL h = 7.44-2.0 = Cos d = 1 Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine) Cos

f=

5.44 m 0.866 cosd. = cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) ----------------------------------cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) 0.333 cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) -----------------------------------cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) 3.00

2 17.36 kN/m /m width 2 16.64 kN/m /m width 2 43.75 kN/m /m width

Ca =

Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine)

Cp =

cosd. =

Intensity of active earth pressure of the saturated soil p1 = Ca*gsat*h2 = 0.33*21*2.48 = Intensity of active earth pressure of the submerged soil p2 = Ca*gsub*(h3-ds)= (0.33*11.19*(4.96-0.50)) = Intensity of active Hydrostatic pressure p3 = gw*h3 = 9.81*(4.96-0.50) = Neglecting passive earth pressure Vertical load from deck of bridge acting at centre of face wall (454.69*2+447.12)= Equivalent uniform vertical load after dispersion=1356.50/8.5= Horizontal reaction due to breaking: Horizontal Braking force at bearing level=20% of Class AA load = 0.2*700 = Horizontal Braking force on one abutment wall = 140/2 = Horizontal Braking force at bearing level per m = 70/8.5 = Vertical reaction due to breaking: Vertical reaction at one abutment = 20% of Class AA load*(braking level from road*ht. of road level from beam rest)/(End span*Width of breaking effect) = 140*(1.2+1.84)/(16.0*8.5) =

1356.50 kN 159.59 kN/m width 140.00 kN 70.00 kN 8.24 kN/m width

3.13 kN/m width

Stability Analysis of Right Abutment

Height of wall above GL (including dirt wall) Depth of foundation below GL h1 Height of backfill behind wall H Height of front counterfort above base slab = h1-ds = 2.00-0.50 = Height of rear counterfort above base slab =H-hd-ds =7.44-1.84-0.5 = Height of filling at the tail of heel above top of base wall Saturated soil height above heel h3-ds=4.96-0.50 = 5.44 2.00 7.44 1.50 m m m m

5.10 m 5.10 m 4.46 m 21.53 kN/m 77.43 kN/m 37.10 kN/m 97.57 kN/m

Pr. due to Saturated soil mass P1 =0.5*h2*p1 =0.5*2.48*17.36= Pr. due to Saturated soil mass on submerged soil P2 = (h3-ds)*1*p1=(4.96-0.50)*1*17.36 Pr. due to submerged soil mass P3 =0.5*(h3-ds*)p2 =0.5*(4.96-0.50)*8.08= Hydrostatic lateral force P4 = 0.5*gw*(h3-ds)^2 =0.5*9.81*(4.96-0.50)^2=

47

2.5

Triangular distance at heel top x=4.46x2.5/5.1 = AA=(2.19+2.50)/2 =

2.19 m 2.34 m

A 5.1 x

4.46

Taking moments about toe Moments of Loads/ forces considering one bay: Load/Force in kN Element V 1 Restoring Moments: Base slab=2.63*5.0*0.5*25 = Vertical/upright Wall=2.63*5.1*1.0*25 = Dirt wall=2.63*1.84*0.325*25 = Rear Counterfort=0.5*5.1*2.50*25*0.3 = Neglecting wt. of front counterfort Soil on heel upto top of dirt wall (between counterforts) = (2.5*4.46*2.33*11.19) + (2.5*2.48*2.33*21.0) = Soil on counterfort= (0.5*2.5*4.46*11.19*0.3) + (2.5*0.3*2.48*21.0) = Neglecting passive earth pressure at base Vertical component of hydrostatic pressure on the heel slab = 2.5*(4.96-0.5)*9.81*2.63 = Vertical Component of Equivalent load from bridge =(159.59*2.63) Vertical force due to breaking = 3.13*2.63 = Overturning Moments: Active earth pressure components: Due to saturated soil mass 'P11' = P11*Lc = 21.53*2.63 = Due to saturated soil mass on submerged soil 'P12' = P12*Lc = 77.43*2.63 = Due to submerged soil mass 'P2 = P2*Lc = 37.1*2.63 = Due to hydrostatic pressure 'P3' = P3*Lc = 97.57*2.63 = Due to braking force at bearing level = 8.24*Lc = 8.24*2.63 = TOTAL 2 164.38 335.33 39.32 47.81 0.00 H 3 4 2.50 2.00 2.34 3.33 0.00 5 (5.0/2) (1.5+1.0/2)
(1.5+1.0-0.325/2)

Distance from toe in m

Moment about toe= Load*dist. kNm. Restoring 6=2X4 411 671 92 159 0 Overturning 7

(1.5+1.0+2.5/3) 0

594.08 57.78 0 287.67 419.72 8.23

3.75 3.75 0.00 3.75

(1.5+1.0+2.5/2) (3.0+1+4.5/2)

2228 217 0 1079 771 15

(1.5+1+2.5/2)

1.84(1.5+(1.0-0.325)/2) 1.84(1.5+(1.0-0.325)/2)

56.61 203.63 97.57 256.60 21.66 636

5.79 2.48 1.65 1.65 8.64

(4.96+2.48/3) 4.96/2 4.96/3 4.96/3 7.44+1.2 5642

328 505 161 424 187 1605

1954

Check for maximum and minimum pressure at base:

Point of application of resultant from toe x = (5609-1605)/1954 = b/2 =5.0/2= e= b/2-x = 2.50-2.07 = 48 2.07 m 2.5 m 0.43 m

e<b/6 i.e. 0.83 m hence safe against uplifting at heel Pmax = [V/(b*Lc)]*(1+6e/b) = [1954/(5.0*2.63)]*[1+6*0.43/5.0] = <SBC Hence Safe Pmin = [V/(b*L)]*(1-6e/b) = [1954/(5.0*2.63)]*[1-6*0.43/5.0] = Positive Hence Safe
2 226.06 kN/m 2 71.18 kN/m

Check against overturning:

Overturning moment (Moment due to active earth pressure) = Restoring moment = Factor of safety against oversturning = 5609/1605 = > 2 Hence safe 1605 kN.m 5642 kN.m 3.51 kN.m

Check against sliding:

Net value of active and Passive earth pressure = (56.61+203.63+97.57+256.60)-0 = Coefficient of friction = Total vertical load = Frictional resistance at base = 1936*0.55= Factor of safety = 1073/636 = > 1.5 Hence safe 636 kN 0.55 1954 kN 1083 kN 1.70

49

159.59 kN/m from bridge LL+DL 140 kN (Braking)

Dirt wall 0.325 th. P1 =21.53 kN/m width h2=2.48 m P1V 2.24 m
P1H
o Surcharge 0

Sat. soil mass

Vertical Wall

hd=1.84 m

h= 5.44 m

H= 7.44 m

H=7.44 m

Rear Counterforts
h3=4.96 m

Hydrosatic Pr. P4=97.57 kN/m width

p3=43.75 kN/m2/m width

P2 = 77.43 kN/m width

Sub.soil mass P12H

P2H + P3H 1.0 bh = 2.5m b=5.0 m Heel Slab bh=2.50 m 1.0m 5.00 m bt = 1.5m ds=0.60 Front Counterforts 0.50

P2 V
P2V+P3V

P3H
h1 =2.0 m

p1=17.36 + p2=16.64
kN/m2/m width kN/m2/m width

Toe slab
bt=1.50m

pmin = 71.18 kN/m /m at heel

2

pmax = 226.06 pD =
148.62 kN/m /m
2

pc = 179.60

pmax= 226.06
kN/m2/m at toe

kN/m /m

Diagram showing Retaining Wall, Earth pressures and pressures at base of Right Abutment of D/s bridge of Man

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) DESIGN OF RIGHT ABUTMENT AND COMPONENTS
Assuming M20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel, Permissible stress in concete in bending Permissible stress in steel in tension Modular ratio Lever arm Moment of Resistance Density of RCC Characteristic strength of steel Saturated density of backfill soil Density of water Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine) Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine) C/c spacing of counterforts L = Thickness of counterfort tc = 2.63-0.60= Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Thickness of base slab ds = cbc= st= m= z= M.R. = gc = fy = gsat = gw =
2 7 N/mm 2 230 N/mm

13.33 0.90 0.92 25 415 21.00 9.81 30 0.333 3.0

d bd2 kN/m3 N/mm2 kN/m3 kN/m3

o

f=
Ca = Cp =

2.63 m 2.03 m 0.50 m

DESIGN OF UPRIGHT WALL :

Dirt wall 325 th.
Saturated

17.36 kN/m2

hd =
1840

h2 =
2480

Upright wall
Submerged

H= 7440 5100

h3 =
4960

16.64 kN/m2

500 1000

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end H= Assuming overall thickness of upright slab t w = Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = (7.44)/3 = Height of submerged soil below saturated soil at heel end h3= (7.44)*2/3 = Intensity of active earth pressure just above submerged soil p 1 = 0.33*21*2.48 = Intensity of submerged soil mass p2 = 0.33*11.19*(4.96-0.5) = Intensity of active earth pressure at the base = 17.36+16.64 = Hydrostatic pressure at base p3 = 9.81*(4.96-0.5) = Total Horizontal pressure intensity at base p= (34.00+43.75) = Since the upright slab will be designed as a continuous slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pL^2/12 = 77.75*2.03^2/12 = Bending moment due to braking effect = breaking force per metre*(Overal ht. + Ht. of eye level of driver)= 8.24*(7.44+1.2) = Total Bending moment = (26.70+71.19)*1000000 =

1000 mm 7.44 m 1000 mm 2.48 4.96 17.36 16.64 m m kN/m2 kN/m2

2 34.00 kN/m 2 43.75 kN/m 2 77.75 kN/m

26.70 kN-m 71.19 kN-m 97893048 N-mm

51

Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 97893048 Computed depth

d = sqrt(97893048/0.92*b) = Assumed overall depth of slab tw =

326.20 mm 1000 mm mm mm N-mm mm2

Effective cover = 75 Effective depth provided d = 1000-75 = 925 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*925^2 = = 787175000 Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 97893048/(230*0.90*925) = 511 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% 0f sectional area = 0.12*1000*1000 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/1200 =

2 1200 mm 2 314.3 mm 261.9 mm 2 1257.14 mm 2 1200 mm 168 mm

Provide 20 mm dia. @200 mm c/c on both sides of wall.

Hence actual Ast provided per metre length = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of GCA =0.12*1000*1000 = Spacing of 16 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*16^2)/1200 =

Provide 16 mm dia. @150 mm c/c on both sides of wall

Check for Shear:
Maximum shear force/m width at bottom of upright slab V= (Pr. due to saturated soil + Pr. due to submerged soil+ Hydrostatic pr.)*Lc/2 = (p1+p2+p3)*Lc/2 =(17.36+16.64+34.00)*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 78.91*1000/1000*925 = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.14*100/(1000*925) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.14%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, tc = tv is less than tc and hence no shear reinforcement is required.

78.91 kN 2 0.085 N/mm 0.14 %

2 0.18 N/mm

DESIGN OF DIRT WALL :

Dirt wall 325 th.
Saturated

17.36 kN/m2

hd =
1840

h2 =
2480

Upright wall
Submerged

H= 7440 5100

h3 =
4960

16.64 kN/m2

500 1000

Considering 1 m width of slab and designing as a cantilever slab, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end h d = Assuming overall thickness of dirt wall = Intensity of active earth pressure acting at the bottom of dirt wall p = 0.33*21*1.84 = Since the dirt wall will be designed as a cantilever slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pL^2/8 = 12.88*2.03^2/8 =

1000 mm 1.84 m 325 mm 2 12.88 kN/m

4.42 kN-m

52

Bending moment due to braking effect = breaking force per metre*(Overal ht. + Ht. of eye level of driver)= 8.24*(1.84+1.2) = Total Bending moment = (4.42+25.05)*1000000 = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 29472699 Computed depth d = sqrt(29472699/0.92*b) = Assumed overall thickness of slab t w =

25.05 kN-m 29472699 N-mm

178.98 mm 325 mm

Effective cover = 50 mm Effective depth provided d = 325-50 = 275 mm M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*275^2 = = 69575000 N-mm Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. 2 Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 29472699/(230*0.90*275) = 518 mm Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% of gross cross-sectional area = 0.12*325*1000 = Spacing of 16 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*16^2)/518 =
2 390 mm 388 mm

Provide 16 mm dia. @300 mm c/c on both sides

Provide nominal distribution steel of 12mm dia @ 250 mm c/c

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB :

Dirt wall 325 th.
Saturated

17.36 kN/m2

hd =
1840

\ h2 =
2480

vz

Upright wall
Submerged

H= 7440 5100

h3 =
4960

16.64 kN/m2

500 1000 D C bt= 1500 pmax = 226.06 kN/m2

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Assuming Width of toe slab bt = and depth of toe slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Loading on a one metre wide strip of the toe slab will consist of following Upward Pressure pmax = Deduct dead load of slab (0.5 x25) = Therefore Net upward pressure W = 226.06-12.5 = Since the front counterfort is provided the toe should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 213.56*2.03^2/12 = = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 73338284 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92*b) = sqrt(73338284/(0.92*1000)) Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = Effective cover = 53

1000 mm 1.5 m 0.5 m 2.03 m

2 226.06 kN/m 2 12.5 kN/m 2 213.56 kN/m

73.34 kN-m 73338284 N-mm

282.3 mm 500 mm 75 mm

Effective depth provided d = 425 mm M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*425^2 = = 166175000 N-mm Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. 2 Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 73338284/(230*0.90*425) = 834 mm Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*500 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/834 = Provide 20 mm dia. @250 mm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of GCA =0.12*1000*500/100 = Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*201.14/600 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab.
2 600 mm 2 314.3 mm 377.0 mm 2 1257.1 mm 2 600.0 mm 335.2 mm

Provide main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C
Check for Shear:
Maximum Shear Force V = Net upward pressure * 2.03/2 = 213.56*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 216.8*1000/(1000*425) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.1*100/(1000*425) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.30%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000,
2 216.8 kN/m 2 0.51 N/mm

0.3 %

tc =

2 0.236 N/mm

tv > tc Hence shear reinforcement is required.

Design shear Vs= (0.50-0.236)*1000*425 = Assuming 12 mm dia - 4 legged stirrups in one meter width of toe slab, Spacing Sv = ssv*Asv*d/Vs = 230*4*22/28*12^2*425/116463.4= 116463.4 N 379.9 mm

Since width of toe slab is 1.5m, provide 12 mm dia stirrups in whole width having 4x1.5=6 legged @300 mm c/c Minimum spacing of shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = 6*22/28*12^2*415/(0.4*1500) 313.0 mm Spacing provided 300 mm is OK.

Provide 12mm dia 6 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c. in between counterforts

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB :

Dirt wall 325 th.
Saturated

17.36 kN/m2

hd =
1840

h2 =
2480

Upright wall
Submerged

H= 7440 5100

h3 =
4960

16.64 kN/m2

500 D C

2500
pmin = 71.18 kN/m2

1000 pD = 148.62 kN/mm2

1500

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Assuming Width of heel slab bh =

1000 mm 2.50 m

54

and depth of heel slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Loading on a one metre wide strip of the heel slab will consist of following Weight of the soil (assuming the soil is totally saturated) = (7.44-0.5)*21.0 = Dead load of base slab (0.5 x25) = Average Upward Pressure pav = (71.18+148.62)/2 = Therefore net downward pressure W = 145.74-12.5-71.18= Since the rear counterfort is provided, the heel should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the rear counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 48.34*2.03^2/12 = = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 =16600359 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(16600359/(0.92*1000))

0.5 m 2.03 m
2 145.74 kN/m 2 12.5 kN/m 2 109.90 kN/m 2 48.34 kN/m

16.60 kN-m 16600359 N-mm

134.3 mm mm mm mm N-mm mm2

Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = 500 Effective cover = 75 Effective depth provided d = 425 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*425^2 = = 166175000 Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 16600359/(230*0.90*425) = 189 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*500 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/600 = Provide 20 mm dia. @250 mm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*500 = Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*16^2)/600 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab.

2 600 mm 2 314.3 mm 523.8 mm 2 1257.1 mm

2 600 mm 279.4 mm

Provide main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C
Check for Shear:
Maximum Shear Force V = Net vertical pressure * 2.03/2 = 48.34*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 48.34*1000/(1000*425) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.1*100/(1000*425) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.30%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000,
2 49.1 kN/m N/mm2 0.12

0.30 %

tc =

2 0.236 N/mm

tv < tc no Shear reinforcement is required.

Provide 12 mm dia 6 legged stirrups @250 mm c/c in between counterforts

55

DESIGN OF MAIN COUNTERFORTS :

Main (Rear) Counterfort Dirt wall 325 th.

17.36 kN/m2
Saturated

1840

Upright wall
Submerged

5440

b
2.1 5100

X
Heel slab

16.64 kN/m2

d X d' X
1.5

3.6

X
Toe slab 500

2.50

2500

1000

1500 2.03 m 0.5 m

Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Assuming thickness of counterfort tc =

The critical section for the main counterfort at which the bending moment should be determined is at section X-X ( just at the level of front counterfort) Height of critical section from top of upright wall = 3.60-1.50 = 2.10 Height of critical section from top of dirt wall =2.10+1.84 = 3.94 Let be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical Therefore tan = 2.50/3.60 = 0.6944 = tan-1(0.6944) = 34.8 Assuming effective cover for the counterfort = 75 Effective depth provided d = 2.10*1000*Sin(34.8) -75 = 1123.50 Assuming saturated condition, Bending Moment at Critical Section = wh3/6*(1-Sinf)/(1+sinf)*Lc=wh3/6*Ca*Lc = 21*[(3.94^3)/6]*0.33*2.03 = Effective depth required = sqrt(B.M.*10^6/0.92b) = sqrt[144.85*10^6/0.92*0.5*1000] = Effective depth provided > Effective depth required. Hence safe. M.R. = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*500*1123.50^2 =

m m

degrees mm mm

144.85 kN-m 561.16 mm

580634476.4 Nmm 580.63 kNm Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) =144.85*10^6/230*0.90*1123.5 = Minimum reinforcement = 0.85*bd/fy = 0.85*500*1123.5/415 = Using 20 mm diameter bars then area of each bar No. of bars required = 1150.57/314.286 = =
2 622.86 mm 2 1150.57 mm 2 314.286 mm 3.66 Nos.

Provide 20 mm diameter 4 Nos.

Check for shear:
Shear force due to horizontal thrust at the level of front counterfort F = wh2/2 * [(1-Sinf)/(1+Sinf)] * Spacing of counterforts = ((21*3.94^2)/2)*0.333*2.03 = Net shear force V = F-(M/d)*Sin b = 110.30 - (114.85/1123.50)*Sin (34.8) = Effective depth for shear d' = d/Cos b = 1123.5/Cos 34.8 = Nominal shear stress tv = V/bd' = 36.71*1000/500*1368.2 = %age of steel provided = Ast*100/bd = 4*22/28*20^2*100/500*1368.2 = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.184%,
Permissible shear stress as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 tc = 0.18+((0.184-0.15)/0.1)*0.04) =

110.30 36.71 1368.20 0.054 0.184

kN kN mm N/mm2

2 0.194 N/mm tv < tc No shear reinforcement is required. However nominal reinforcement will be provided.

56

Provide 12 mm dia 4 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c CONNECTION BETWEEN THE UPRIGHT SLAB AND THE COUNTERFORT
Horizontal soil pressure intensity at the level of critical section X-X = gsat*h*Ca = 21.0 *3.94*0.333 =
2 27.58 kN/m

Therefore, tension transmitted to the counterfort/ m height at the level of critical section = 21.0* Clear spacing of counterforts =21.0*2.03 = 55.99 kN Add to this braking force at uniform rate @140 kN/m = 140/(8.50 * 2.03) = 8.11 kN Therefore, horizontal Steel required/m height 2 = (55.99 + 8.11 ) x1000 /230 278.70 mm 2 Using 12 mm diameter bars then area of each bar = 113.143 mm Spacing of 4-legged - 12 mm diameter bars = ( 113.143 x 4 x 1000 ) /278.7 = 1623.9 mm C/C

Provide 12 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300mm C/C both ways CONNECTION OF BASE SLAB AND THE COUNTERFORT
Consider a one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the heel end Net downward load on strip (Taken from heel slab design) = Tension transmitted to the counterfort/ m height at the critical level = 98.27*2.03 = Therefore, Steel required/m Width = 199.45 x1000 / 230 Using 12 mm diameter bars then area of each bar Spacing of 4-legged - 12 mm diameter bars = ( 113.143 x 4 x 1000 ) /867.16=

2 48.34 kN/m

98.13 kN = =
2 426.65 mm 2 113.143 mm

1060.75 mm C/C

Provide 12 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300mm C/C both ways

57

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) Stability analysis of RCC Counterfort Retaining Wall for Left Abutment
Design data: Assumptions :

hd=1840

h2=3950

27.63 kN/m2
h=10490 Front Counterfort 9400 H=11840

X
h1=1350

X
27.20 kN/m2

h3=7890

ds=600

Toe slab
bt=3000

tw= 1000 9000 bh=5000 Heel slab

Overall height of upright wall including dirt wall and base H =(268.84-257.00) = Slope of backfill d = SBC of soil (being rocky soil) = Depth of soil filling at heel end H = Height of dirt wall hd = Thickness of dirt wall td = Thickness of base slab ds = Total length of face wall of abutment = Depth of foundation assumed h1 = Thickness of vertical wall/Upright wall tw = Thickness of counterforts tc = Base width b = Adopt width of heel bh = Width of toe beyond face of wall bt = C/c Spacing of Counterforts L = Clear spacing of Counterforts Lc = Assuming that top 1/3rd height is saturated and lower 2/3rd is submerged at heel end and computing moments about toe Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = (11.84)/3 = Height of submerged soil below saturated soil at heel end h3= (11.84)*2/3 = Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill f = Angle of friction between soil and wall surface b = Coefficient of friction between soil and base of wall m = Saturated density of backfill soil gsat = Density of water gw = Submerged density of soil gsub = 21.0-9.81= Density of RCC gc = Loading for Class AA tracked vehicle

11.84 0 1000 11.84 1.84 0.325 0.60 8.50 1.35 1.00 0.60 9.00 5.00 3.00 2.63 2.03

m
o

kN/m2 m m m m m m m m m m m m m

3.95 m 7.89 m 30 29 0.55 21 kN/m3 9.81 kN/m3 11.19 kN/m3 3 25 kN/m 700 kN
o o

Computations :

58

Height of wall above GL h = 11.84-1.35 = Cos d = 1 Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine)

10.49 m Cos f = Ca = 0.866 cosd. = cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) ----------------------------------cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) 0.333 cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) -----------------------------------cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) 3.00
2 27.63 kN/m /m width 2 27.20 kN/m /m width 2 71.55 kN/m /m width

Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine)

Cp =

cosd. =

Intensity of active earth pressure of the saturated soil p1 = Ca*gsat*h2 = 0.33*21*3.95 = Intensity of active earth pressure of the submerged soil p2 = Ca*gsub*(h3-ds)= (0.33*11.19*(7.89-0.6)) = Intensity of active Hydrostatic pressure p3 = gw*h3 = 9.81*(7.89-0.6) = Neglecting passive earth pressure Vertical load from deck of bridge acting at centre of face wall (454.69*2+447.12)= Equivalent uniform vertical load after dispersion=1356.5/8.5= Horizontal reaction due to breaking: Horizontal Braking force at bearing level=20% of Class AA load = 0.2*700 = Horizontal Braking force on one abutment wall = 140/2 = Horizontal Braking force at bearing level per m = 70/8.5 = Vertical reaction due to breaking: Vertical reaction at one abutment = 20% of Class AA load*(braking level from road*ht. of road level from beam rest)/(End span*Width of breaking effect) = 140*(1.2+2.3)/(16*8.5) =

1356.50 kN 159.59 kN/m width 140.00 kN 70.00 kN 8.24 kN/m width

3.60 kN/m width

Stability Analysis of Left Abutment

Height of wall above GL (including dirt wall) Depth of foundation below GL h1 Height of backfill behind wall H Height of front counterfort = h1-ds = 1.35-0.60 = Height of rear counterfort=H-hd-ds =11.84-1.84-0.6 = Saturated soil height above heel h3-ds=7.89-0.60 = Pr. due to Saturated soil mass P1 =0.5*h2*p1= 0.5x3.95x27.63=
Pr. due to Saturated soil mass on submerged soil P2 =(h3-ds)*1*p1=(7.89-0.6)*1*27.63=

10.49 1.35 11.84 0.75

m m m m above base slab

9.40 m above base slab 7.29 m 54.52 kN/m 201.49 kN/m 99.20 kN/m 260.91 kN/m
5
A A

Pr. due to submerged soil mass P3=0.5*(h3-ds*)p2 =0.5*(7.89-0.6)*27.2= Hydrostatic lateral force P4 = 0.5*gw*(h3-ds)^2 =0.5*9.81(7.89-0.6)^2= Width of top of triangle of submerged soil x=7.29*5.0/9.4 = AA=(3.88+5.0)/2 = 3.88 m 4.44 m

x 9.4 7.29

59

Taking moments about toe Moments of Loads/ forces considering one bay: Load/Force in kN Distance from toe in m Element
V H Moment about toe= Load*dist. kNm. Restoring Overturning

Restoring Moments: Base slab=2.63*9.0*0.6*25 = Vertical/upright Wall=2.63*9.4*1.0*25 = Dirt wall=2.63*1.84*0.325*25 = Rear Counterfort=0.5*9.4*5.0*25*0.6 = Neglecting wt. of front counterfort Soil on heel upto top of dirt wall (between counterforts) = (5.0*7.29*2.03*11.19) + (5.0*3.95*2.03*21.0) = Soil on counterfort= (0.5*7.29*3.88*11.19*0.6) + ((9.407.29)*0.6*21.0*4.44)+(1.84*0.6*21.0*5.0) Vertical component of hydrostatic pressure on the heel slab = 5.0*(7.89-0.60)*9.81*2.63 = Vertical Component of Equivalent load from bridge =(159.59*2.63) Vertical force due to breaking=3.60*2.67 = Overturning Moments: Active earth pressure components: Due to saturated soil mass 'P1' = P1*Lc =54.52*2.63= Due to saturated soil mass 'P2' = P2*Lc =801.49*2.63= Due to saturated soil mass 'P3 = P3*Lc =99.20*2.63= Due to hydrostatic pressure 'P4' = P4*Lc =260.91*2.63= Due to braking force at bearing level = 8.23*L*(16.47+1.2) = TOTAL

355.05 618.05 39.32 352.50 0.00

4.50 3.50 3.84 5.67 0.00

(9+0/2) (3.0+1/2*1.0)
(3.0+1.0-0.325/2)

(3.0+1+5.0/3) 0

1598 2163 151 1998 0

1669.60 328.75 940.85 419.72 9.48

6.50 6.50 6.50

(3.0+1+5.0/2) (3.0+1+5.0/2) (3.0+1+5.0/2)

10852 2137 6116 1401 32

3.34(3.0+(1.0-0.325)/2) 3.34 3.0+(1.0-0.325)/2

143.38 529.92 260.91 686.19 21.66 1642

9.21 3.95 2.63 2.63 13.04

(7.89+3.95/3) 7.89/2 7.89/3 7.98/3 11.84+1.2 26447

1320 2091 686 1805 282 6186

4733

Check for maximum and minimum pressure at base:

Point of application of resultant from toe x = (26447-6186)/4733 = 4.28 m b/2 =9.0/2= 4.5 m e= b/2-x = 4.50-4.28 = 0.22 m e<b/6 i.e. <1.50 m hence safe against uplifting at heel Pmax = [V/(b*Lc)]*(1+6e/b) = (4733/(9*2.63)*(1+6*0.22/9)) = Pmin = [V/(b*L)]*(1-6e/b) = (4733/(9*2.63)*(1-6*0.22/9) )= 229.25 kN/m <SBC Hence Safe 2 170.69 kN/m Positive Hence Safe
2

Check against overturning:

Overturning moment (Moment due to active earth pressure) = Restoring moment = Factor of safety against oversturning = 26447/6186 = > 2 Hence safe 6186 kN.m 26447 kN.m 4.28 kN.m

60

Check against sliding:

Net value of active and Passive earth pressure = (143.38+529.92+260.91+686.19+21.66)-254.27= Coefficient of friction = Total vertical load = Frictional resistance at base =4733*0.55= Factor of safety = 2622/1642 = > 1.5 Hence safe 1642 kN 0.55 4733 kN 2622 kN 1.60

61

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) Stability analysis of RCC Counterfort Retaining Wall for Left Abutment
Design data: Assumptions :

hd=1840

h2=4200

29.38 kN/m2
h=10490 Front Counterfort 10150 H=12590

X
h1=2100

X
29.07 kN/m2

h3=8390

ds=600

Toe slab
bt=3000

tw= 1000 9000 bh=5000 Heel slab

Overall height of upright wall including dirt wall and base H =(268.84-256.25) = Slope of backfill d = SBC of soil (being rocky soil) = Depth of soil filling at heel end H = Height of dirt wall hd = Thickness of dirt wall td = Thickness of base slab ds = Total length of face wall of abutment = Depth of foundation assumed h1 = Thickness of vertical wall/Upright wall tw = Thickness of counterforts tc = Base width b = Adopt width of heel bh = Width of toe beyond face of wall bt = C/c Spacing of Counterforts L = Clear spacing of Counterforts Lc = Assuming that top 1/3rd height is saturated and lower 2/3rd is submerged at heel end and computing moments about toe Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = (12.59)/3 = Height of submerged soil below saturated soil at heel end h3= (12.59)*2/3 = Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill f = Angle of friction between soil and wall surface b = Coefficient of friction between soil and base of wall m = Saturated density of backfill soil gsat = Density of water gw = Submerged density of soil gsub = 21.0-9.81= Density of RCC gc = Loading for Class AA tracked vehicle

12.59 0 1000 12.59 1.84 0.325 0.60 8.50 2.10 1.00 0.60 9.00 5.00 3.00 2.63 2.03

m
o

kN/m2 m m m m m m m m m m m m m

4.20 m 8.39 m 30 29 0.55 21 kN/m3 9.81 kN/m3 11.19 kN/m3 3 25 kN/m 700 kN
o o

Computations :
Height of wall above GL h = 12.59-2.10 = Cos d = 1 10.49 m Cos f = 0.866 cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f)

Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine)

Ca =

Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine)

Cp =

cosd. ----------------------------------cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) = 0.333 cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) cosd. -----------------------------------cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) = 3.00

2 29.38 kN/m /m width 2 29.07 kN/m /m width 2 76.45 kN/m /m width

Intensity of active earth pressure of the saturated soil p1 = Ca*gsat*h2 = 0.33*21*4.20 = Intensity of active earth pressure of the submerged soil p2 = Ca*gsub*(h3-ds)= (0.33*11.19*(8.39-0.6)) = Intensity of active Hydrostatic pressure p3 = gw*h3 = 9.81*(8.39-0.6) = Neglecting passive earth pressure Vertical load from deck of bridge acting at centre of face wall (454.69*2+447.12)= Equivalent uniform vertical load after dispersion=1356.5/8.5= Horizontal reaction due to breaking: Horizontal Braking force at bearing level=20% of Class AA load = 0.2*700 = Horizontal Braking force on one abutment wall = 140/2 = Horizontal Braking force at bearing level per m = 70/8.5 = Vertical reaction due to breaking: Vertical reaction at one abutment = 20% of Class AA load*(braking level from road*ht. of road level from beam rest)/(End span*Width of breaking effect) = 140*(1.2+2.3)/(16*8.5) =

1356.50 kN 159.59 kN/m width 140.00 kN 70.00 kN 8.24 kN/m width

3.60 kN/m width

Stability Analysis of Left Abutment

Height of wall above GL (including dirt wall) Depth of foundation below GL h1 Height of backfill behind wall H Height of front counterfort = h1-ds = 2.10-0.60 = Height of rear counterfort=H-hd-ds =12.59-1.84-0.6 = Saturated soil height above heel h3-ds=8.39-0.60 = Pr. due to Saturated soil mass P1 =0.5*h2*p1= 0.5x4.20x27.63= Pr. due to Saturated soil mass on submerged soil P2 =(h3-ds)*1*p1=(7.89-0.6)*1*29.38= Pr. due to submerged soil mass P3=0.5*(h3-ds)*p2 =0.5*(8.39-0.6)*29.07= Hydrostatic lateral force P4 = 0.5*gw*(h3-ds)^2 =0.5*9.81(8.39-0.6)^2=
5

10.49 2.10 12.59 1.50

m m m m above base slab 7.79 m 61.64 kN/m 228.94 kN/m 113.27 kN/m 297.91 kN/m

10.15 m above base slab

Width of top of triangle of submerged soil x=7.79*5.0/10.15 =

AA=(3.84+5.0)/2 =

3.84 m 4.42 m

x 10.15 7.79

Taking moments about toe Moments of Loads/ forces considering one bay: Load/Force in kN Distance from toe in m Element
V H Moment about toe= Load*dist. kNm. Restoring Overturning

Restoring Moments:

Base slab=2.63*9.0*0.6*25 = Vertical/upright Wall=2.63*10.15*1.0*25 = Dirt wall=2.63*1.84*0.325*25 = Rear Counterfort=0.5*10.15*5.0*25*0.6 = Neglecting wt. of front counterfort Soil on heel upto top of dirt wall (between counterforts) = (5.0*7.79*2.03*11.19) + (5.0*4.20*2.03*21.0) = Soil on counterfort= (0.5*7.79*3.84*11.19*0.6) + ((10.15-7.79)*0.6*21.0*4.42)+ (1.84*0.6*21.0*5.0) Vertical component of hydrostatic pressure on the heel slab = 5.0*(8.39-0.60)*9.81*2.63 = Vertical Component of Equivalent load from bridge =(159.59*2.63) Vertical force due to breaking=3.60*2.67 = Overturning Moments: Active earth pressure components: Due to saturated soil mass 'P1' = P1*Lc =61.64*2.63= Due to saturated soil mass 'P2' = P2*Lc =228.94*2.63= Due to saturated soil mass 'P3 = P3*Lc =113.27*2.63= Due to hydrostatic pressure 'P4' = P4*Lc =297.91*2.63= Due to braking force at bearing level = 8.23*L*(16.47+1.2) = TOTAL

355.05 667.36 39.32 380.62 0.00

4.50 3.50 3.84 5.67 0.00

(9+0/2) (3.0+1/2*1.0)
(3.0+1.0-0.325/2)

(3.0+1+5.0/3) 0

1598 2336 151 2157 0

1779.67

6.50

(3.0+1+5.0/2)

11568

781.57 1005.35 419.72 9.48

6.50 6.50

(3.0+1+5.0/2) (3.0+1+5.0/2)

5080 6535 1401 32

3.34(3.0+(1.0-0.325)/2) 3.34 3.0+(1.0-0.325)/2

162.12 602.12 297.91 783.50 21.66 1867

9.79 4.20 2.80 2.80 13.79

(7.89+3.95/3) 7.89/2 7.89/3 7.98/3 11.84+1.2 30857

1588 2527 833 2192 299 7439

5438

Check for maximum and minimum pressure at base:

Point of application of resultant from toe x = (30857/7439/5438) = 4.31 m b/2 =9.0/2= 4.50 m e= b/2-x = 4.50-4.31 = 0.19 m e<b/6 i.e. <1.50 m hence safe against uplifting at heel Pmax = [V/(b*Lc)]*(1+6e/b) = (5438/(9*2.63)*(1+6*0.19/9)) = Pmin = [V/(b*L)]*(1-6e/b) = (5438/(9*2.63)*(1-6*0.19/9) )= 259.43 kN/m <SBC Hence Safe 2 200.07 kN/m Positive Hence Safe
2

Check against overturning:

Overturning moment (Moment due to active earth pressure) = Restoring moment = Factor of safety against oversturning = 30857/7439 = > 2 Hence safe 7439 kN.m 30857 kN.m 4.15

Check against sliding:

Net value of active and Passive earth pressure = (162.12+602.12+297.91+783.50+21.66)-0= Coefficient of friction = Total vertical load = Frictional resistance at base =5438*0.55= Factor of safety = 3013/1867 = > 1.5 Hence safe 1867 kN 0.55 5438 kN 3013 kN 1.61

159.59 kN/m from bridge LL+DL 140 kN (Braking) hd= 1.84 m Dirt wall 0.325 m width Saturated soil Surcharge 0.00

Surcharge = 0o

h2=3.95 m

P1
P1 =

P1H
3.88 m Vertical Wall

P1v

54.52 kN per m width 2 p1=27.63 kN/m /m width

H=11.84 m 8.65 m Rear Counterfort Submerged P2=201.49 kN/m width h3=7.89 m

P2 X
h1=0.75 Front Counterfort

P4 P3
Hydrostatic pressure P3 =99.20
kN/m width

P2H P4H P3H P3p1=27.63 v2

X
p2= 27.20

P2v

P4 = 260.91 kN/m width

kN/m2/m width

m
ds=0.6 Toe Slab bt=3.0 m tw=1m b =9.0 m bh=5.0 m

kN/m /m width

Heel slab bh = 5.0m

p1=27.63 kN/m2/m width

p2=27.20 kN/m2/m width

p3=71.55 kN/m2/m width

pmax = 200.03 pmin = 259.43

kN/m /m at toe
2

C pC =
239.63 kN/m2/m

D pD =
233.03 kN/m2/m

kN/m2/m at heel

Diagram showing Retaining Wall, Earth pressures and pressures at base of Left Abutment of D/s bridge of Man

159.59 kN/m from bridge LL+DL 140 kN (Braking) hd= 1.84 m Dirt wall 0.325 m width Saturated soil Surcharge 0.00

Surcharge = 0o

h2=4.20 m

P1
P1 = 61.64

P1H
3.88 m Vertical Wall

P1v

kN per m width 2 p1=29.38 kN/m /m width

H=12.59 m 8.65 m Rear Counterfort Submerged P2=228.94 kN/m width h3=8.39 m

P2 X
h1=2.10 Front Counterfort

P4 P3
Hydrostatic pressure P3 =113.27
kN/m width

P2H P4H P3H P3p1=27.63 v2

X
p2= 27.20

P2v

P4 = 297.91 kN/m width

kN/m2/m width

m
ds=0.6 Toe Slab bt=3.0 m tw=1m b =9.0 m bh=5.0 m

kN/m /m width

Heel slab bh = 5.0m

p1=29.38 kN/m2/m width

p2=29.07 kN/m2/m width

p3=76.45 kN/m2/m width

256.25

pmax = 200.03 pmin = 259.43

kN/m /m at toe
2

C pC =
239.63 kN/m2/m

D pD =
233.03 kN/m2/m

kN/m2/m at heel

Diagram showing Retaining Wall, Earth pressures and pressures at base of Left Abutment of D/s bridge of Man

9.54

Splay calculations: 10.29 1.7 0.034091 0.275568 0.517045 0.758523 1 2.050795 4.535597 7.020398 9.505199 11.99

4.4 1.150 2.213 3.275 4.338 5.400

2 0.0682 0.5511 1.0341 1.5170 2.0000

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) DESIGN OF LEFT ABUTMENT AND COMPONENTS
Assuming M20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel, Permissible stress in concete in bending Permissible stress in steel in tension Modular ratio Lever arm Moment of Resistance Density of RCC Characteristic strength of steel Saturated density of backfill soil Density of water Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine) Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine) C/c spacing of counterforts L = Thickness of counterfort tc = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = 2.63-0.60 = Thickness of base slab ds = cbc= st= m= z= M.R. = gc = fy = gsat = gw =
2 7 N/mm 2 230 N/mm

13.33 0.90 0.92 25 415 21.00 9.81 30 0.33 3.0 2.63 0.60 2.03 0.6

d bd2 kN/m3 N/mm2 kN/m3 kN/m3

o

f=
Ca = Cp =

m m m m

DESIGN OF UPRIGHT WALL :

hd=1840 h2=3950

Upright wall

27.63 kN/m2

H=11840 9400 h3=7890

27.20 kN/m2

600 1000

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end H= Assuming overall thickness of upright slab tw = Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = 11.84/3 = Height of submerged soil below saturated soil at heel ebd h3 = 11.84*2/3 = Intensity of active earth pressure just above submerged soil p1 = 0.33*21*3.95 = Intensity of submerged soil mass p2 = 0.33*11.19*(7.89-0.6) = Total intensity of active earth pressure at the base = 27.63+27.20 = Hydrostatic pressure at base p3 = 9.81*(7.89-0.6) = Total Horizontal pressure intensity at base p= p1+p2+p3=(27.63+27.20+71.55) = Since the upright slab will be designed as a continuous slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pL^2/12 = 126.38*2.03^2/12 =

1000 11.84 1000 3.95 7.89 27.63 27.20

mm m mm m m kN/m2 kN/m2

2 54.83 kN/m 2 71.55 kN/m 2 126.38 kN/m

43.40 kN-m

68

Bending moment due to braking effect = breaking force per metre*(Overall ht. + Ht. of eye level of driver )= 8.24*(11.84+1.2) = Total Bending moment = (43.40+107.45)*1000000 Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 150848986 Computed depth d = sqrt(150848986/0.92b) = Assumed overall depth of slab tw =

107.45 kN-m 150848986 N-mm

404.93 mm 1000 mm 75 mm 925 mm 787175000 N-mm

2 788 mm 2 1200 mm 2 491.1 mm 409.2 mm 2 1257.14 mm

Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = 1000-75 = M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*925^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 787175000/(230*0.90*925) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% of sectional area = 0.12*1000*1000 = Assuming 25 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = Provide 25 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C on both sides of wall Hence actual Ast provided per metre length = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 =

Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*1000 = 1200 mm 2 1200 mm2 Spacing of 20 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*20^2)/1200 = 262 mm

Provide 20 mm dia. @ 200 mm c/c on both sides of wall. Check for Shear:
Maximum shear force/m width at bottom of upright slab V= (Pr. due to saturated soil + Pr. due to submerged soil+ Hydrostatic pr.)*Lc/2 = (p1+p2+p3)*Lc/2 =(27.63+27.20+71.55)*(2.63-0.6)/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 128.27*1000/1000*925 = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1964.29*100/(1000*925) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.14%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 = tc =0.204 N/mm2 tv is less than tc and hence no shear reinforcement is required.

128.27 kN 2 0.14 N/mm 0.14 %

2 0.18 N/mm

DESIGN OF DIRT WALL :

Dirt wall 325 thick hd=1840 h2=3950

27.63 kN/m2

H=11840 9400 h3=7890

27.20 kN/m2

600 1000

Considering 1 m width of slab and designing as a cantilever slab, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end H= Assuming overall thickness of dirt wall = Intensity of active earth pressure acting at the bottom of dirt wall p = 0.33*21*1.84 = 69

1000 1.84 325 12.88

mm m mm kN/m2

Since the dirt wall will be designed as a cantilever slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pL^2/8 = 12.88*2.03^2/8 = Bending moment due to braking effect = breaking force per metre*(Overall ht. + Ht. of eye level of driver )= 8.24*(1.84+1.2) = Total Bending moment = (4.42+25.05)*1000000 Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 29472699 Computed depth d = sqrt(29472699/0.92b) = Assumed overall depth of slab tw =

4.42 kN-m 25.05 kN-m 29472699 N-mm

178.98 mm 325 mm 50 mm 275 mm 69575000 N-mm

2 518 mm 2 390 mm 388 mm

Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = 1000-50 = M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*275^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 29472699/(230*0.92*275) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*325 = Spacing of 16 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*16^2)/518 =

Provide 16mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide nominal distribution steel of 12mm dia @ 250 mm c/c

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB :

1840 3950

27.63 kN/m2

11840 9400

27.20 kN/m2

Toe slab
600 3000 pmax = 229.25 kN/m2

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Assuming Width of toe slab bt = and depth of toe slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Loading on a one metre wide strip of the toe slab will consist of following Upward Pressure pmax = Deduct dead load of slab (0.6 x25) = Therefore Net upward pressure W = 229.25-15.0 = Since the front counterfort is provided the toe should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 214.25*2.03^2/12 =

1000 mm 3.0 m 0.6 m 2.03 m

2 229.25 kN/m 2 15.0 kN/m 2 214.25 kN/m

73.58 kN-m

70

= Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 73575235 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(73575235/(0.92*1000)) Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*525^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 73575235/(230*0.90*525) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*600 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/677 = Provide 20 mm dia. @250 cm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*20^2*1000/300 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600/100 = Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*22/28*(16^2)/720 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab.

73575235 N-mm

282.8 600 75 525 253575000

mm mm mm mm N-mm

2 677 mm 2 720 mm 2 314.3 mm 464.2 mm 2 1047.6 mm 2 720.0 mm 279.4 mm

Provide main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Check for Shear:
Maximum Shear Force V = Net upward pressure * 2.03/2 = 214.25*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 217.5*1000/(1000*525) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1047.6*100/(1000*525) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.20%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, tc =
2 217.5 kN/m 2 0.41 N/mm

0.20 %
2 0.20 N/mm

tv > tc Hence shear reinforcement is required.

Design shear Vs= (0.41-0.20)*1000*525 = Assuming 12 mm dia - 4 legged stirrups in one meter width of toe slab, Spacing Sv = ssv*Asv*d/Vs = 230*4*22/28*12^2*525/112463.8 = 112463.8 N 485.9 mm

Since width of toe slab is 3m, provide 12 mm dia stirrups in whole width having 4x3 = 12 legged @300 mm c/c Minimum spacing of shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = 12*22/28*12^2*415/(0.4*3000)= 469.5 mm Spacing provided 300 mm is OK.

Provide 12 mm dia - 12 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c in between counterforts

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB :

1840 3950

38.43 kN/m2

11840 9400

38.71kN/m2

71

600 5000

Heel Slab pD = 203.22 kN/mm2 Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Assuming Width of heel slab bh = and depth of heel slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc =

pmin = 170.69 kN/m2

1000 mm 5.0 m 0.6 m 2.03 m

2 236.04 kN/m 2 15.0 kN/m 2 186.96 kN/m 2 64.09 kN/m

Loading on a one metre wide strip of the heel slab will consist of following Weight of the soil (assuming the soil is totally saturated) = (11.847-0.6)*2100 = Deduct dead load of slab (0.6 x25) = Average Upward Pressure pav = (203.22+170.69)/2 = Therefore net downward pressure W = 333.27+15.0-186.96 = Since the rear counterfort is provided the heel should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 64.09*2.03^2/12 = = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 =22007323 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(22007323/(0.92*1000)) Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*525^2= = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 22007323/(230*0.90*525) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*600 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/720 = Provide 20 mm dia. @250 mm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600 Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*22/28*16^2/720 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab.

22.01 kN-m 22007323 N-mm

154.7 mm 600 75 525 253575000 mm mm mm N-mm

2 203 mm 2 720 mm 2 314.3 mm 436.5 mm 2 1257.1 mm 2 720.0 mm 279.4 mm

Provide main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Check for Shear:
Maximum Shear Force V = Net vertical pressure * 2.03/2 = 64.09*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd =65*1000/(1000*525) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.1*100/(1000*525) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.24%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, tc = 65.0 kN 2 0.12 N/mm 0.24 %
2 0.216 N/mm

tv < tc Hence no shear reinforcement is required.

Assuming 12 mm dia 2 legged stirrups in one metre width @300 mm c/c, Since the width of heel slab is 5m., it requires 2*5 = 10 legged stirrups

72

Minimum spacing of shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = 10*22/28*12^2*415/(0.4*5000) =

234.8 mm

Hence provide 12 mm dia 10 legged stirrups @ 200 mm c/c in between counterforts

DESIGN OF MAIN COUNTERFORTS :

Main (Rear) Counterfort 1840 3950

10490

27.63 kN/m2

b
11840 9400

X
1350

X
27.20kN/m2

7.45 X 1.35

d X d' 5.0

9.40

600 5000

Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Assuming thickness of counterfort tc = The critical section for the main counterfort at which the bending moment should be determined is at section X-X ( just at the level of front counterfort) Height of critical section from top of upright wall = (11.84-1.35-1.84) = Let be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical Therefore tan = 5.0/9.40 = -1 = tan (0.5319) = Assuming effective cover for the counterfort = Effective depth provided d = 8.65*1000*Sin(28.01) -75 = Assuming saturated condition, Bending Moment at Critical Section = wh3/6*(1-Sinf)/(1+Sinf)*Lc=wh3/6*Ca*Lc = = 21*8.65^3/6*0.33*2.03 = Effective depth required = sqrt(B.M.*10^6/0.92b) = sqrt(1532.82*10^6/0.92*0.5*1000) = Effective depth provided > Effective depth required Hence safe. M.R. = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*0.5*1000*3987^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 1532.82*10^6/230*0.90*3987 = Minimum reinforcement = 0.85*bd/fy = 0.85*500*3987/415 = Using 32 mm diameter bars then area of each bar No. of bars required = 4083.34/804.571 = =

2.03 m 0.5 m

8.65 m 0.5319 28.01 degrees 75 mm 3987 mm

1532.82 kN-m 1825.44 mm 7313198618 Nmm 7313.20 kNm

2 1857.15 mm 2 4083.34 mm 2 804.571 mm 5.08 Nos.

Provide 32 mm diameter 6 Nos. in two layers Check for shear:

Shear force due to horizontal thrust at the level of front counterfort F = wh2/2 * [(1-Sinf)/(1+Sinf)] * Spacing of counterforts = ((21*8.65^2)/2)*0.333*2.03 = Net shear force V = F-(M/d)*Sin b = 531.61 - (1532.82/3987)*Sin (28.01) = Effective depth for shear d' = d/Cos b = 3987/Cos (28.01) = Nominal shear stress tv = V/bd = 351.08*1000/500*4516 = %age of steel provided = Ast*100/bd = 8*22/28*32^2*100/500*4516 = 73 531.61 351.08 4516 0.155 0.214 kN kN mm N/mm2

For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.21%, Permissible shear stress as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 tc = 0.18+((0.22-0.18)/0.10)*0.064)

2 0.206 N/mm

tv < tc No shear reinforcement is required. However nominal reinforcement will be provided.

Provide 12 mm dia 4 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE UPRIGHT SLAB AND THE COUNTERFORT

Horizontal soil pressure intensity at the level of critical section X-X = gsat*h*Ca = 21.0 *8.65*0.333 = Therefore, tension transmitted to the counterfort/ m height at the level of critical section = 60.55* Clear spacing of counterforts Add to this braking force at uniform rate @140 kN/m Therefore, horizontal Steel required/m height = (122.92 + 8.11 ) x1000 /230 Using 12 mm diameter bars then area of each bar Spacing of 4-legged - 12 mm diameter bars = ( 113.143 x 4 x 1000 ) / 569.70
2 60.55 kN/m

122.92 kN = 140/(8.50 * 2.03) = 8.11 kN

2 569.70 mm 2 113.14 mm

= =

794.4 mm C/C

Provide 12 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300mm C/C both ways

CONNECTION OF BASE SLAB AND THE COUNTERFORT

Consider a one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the heel end Net downward load on strip (Taken from heel slab design) = Tension transmitted to the counterfort/ m height at the critical level = 21.79*2.03 = Therefore, Steel required/m Width = 44.23 x1000 / 230 Using 12 mm diameter bars then area of each bar Spacing of 4-legged - 12 mm diameter bars = ( 113.143 x 4 x 1000 ) /192.32 =

2 64.09 kN/m

130.09 kN = =
2 565.62 mm 2 113.14 mm

800.13 mm C/C

Provide 12 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300mm C/C both ways

74

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) DESIGN OF LEFT ABUTMENT AND COMPONENTS
Assuming M20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel, Permissible stress in concete in bending Permissible stress in steel in tension Modular ratio Lever arm Moment of Resistance Density of RCC Characteristic strength of steel Saturated density of backfill soil Density of water Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine) Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine) C/c spacing of counterforts L = Thickness of counterfort tc = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = 2.63-0.60 = Thickness of base slab ds = cbc= st= m= z= M.R. = gc = fy = gsat = gw = 7 230 13.33 0.90 0.92 25 415 21.00 9.81 30 0.33 3.0 2.63 0.60 2.03 0.6

f=
Ca = Cp =

DESIGN OF UPRIGHT WALL :

hd=1840 h2=4200

Upright wall

29.38 kN/m2

H=12590 10150 29.07 kN/m2 h3=8390

600 1000

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end H= Assuming overall thickness of upright slab tw = Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = 12.59/3 = Height of submerged soil below saturated soil at heel ebd h3 = 12.59*2/3 = Intensity of active earth pressure just above submerged soil p1 = 0.33*21*4.20= Intensity of submerged soil mass p2 = 0.33*11.19*(8.39-0.6) = Total intensity of active earth pressure at the base = 29.38+29.07 = Hydrostatic pressure at base p3 = 9.81*(8.37-0.6) =

1000 12.59 1000 4.20 8.39 29.38 29.07 58.45 76.45

Total Horizontal pressure intensity at base p= p1+p2+p3=(29.38+29.07+76.45) = Since the upright slab will be designed as a continuous slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pL^2/12 = 134.9*2.03^2/12 = Bending moment due to braking effect = breaking force per metre*(Overall ht. + Ht. of eye level of driver )= 8.24*(12.59+1.2) = Total Bending moment = (46.53+113.63)*1000000 Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 159954825 Computed depth d = sqrt(159954825/0.92b) = Assumed overall depth of slab tw =

134.90

46.33 113.63 159954825

416.97 1000 75 925 787175000 835 1200 491.1 409.2 1257.14

2

Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = 1000-75 = M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*925^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 159954825/(230*0.90*925) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% of sectional area = 0.12*1000*1000 = Assuming 25 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = Provide 25 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C on both sides of wall Hence actual Ast provided per metre length = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 =

Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*1000 = 1200 mm Spacing of 20 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*20^2)/1200 =

1200 262

Provide 20 mm dia. @ 200 mm c/c on both sides of wall. Check for Shear:
Maximum shear force/m width at bottom of upright slab V= (Pr. due to saturated soil + Pr. due to submerged soil+ Hydrostatic pr.)*Lc/2 = (p1+p2+p3)*Lc/2 =(29.38+29.07+76.45)*(2.63-0.6)/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 136.92*1000/1000*925 = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.14*100/(1000*925) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.14%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 = tv is less than tc and hence no shear reinforcement is required.

136.92 0.15 0.14

tc =0.204 N/mm2

0.18

DESIGN OF DIRT WALL :

Dirt wall 325 thick hd=1840 h2=4200

29.38 kN/m2

H=12590 10150 29.07 kN/m2 h3=8390

600 1000

Considering 1 m width of slab and designing as a cantilever slab, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end H= Assuming overall thickness of dirt wall = Intensity of active earth pressure acting at the bottom of dirt wall p = 0.33*21*1.84 = Since the dirt wall will be designed as a cantilever slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pL^2/8 = 12.88*2.03^2/8 = Bending moment due to braking effect = breaking force per metre*(Overall ht. + Ht. of eye level of driver )= 8.24*(1.84+1.2) = Total Bending moment = (4.42+25.05)*1000000 Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 29472699 Computed depth d = sqrt(29472699/0.92b) = Assumed overall depth of slab tw =

1000 1.84 325 12.88

4.42 25.05 29472699

178.98 325 50 275 69575000 518 390 388

Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = 1000-50 = 2 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd = 0.92*1000*275^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 29472699/(230*0.92*275) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*325 = Spacing of 16 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*(22/28*16^2)/518 =

Provide 16mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide nominal distribution steel of 12mm dia @ 250 mm c/c

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB :

1840 4200

29.38 kN/m2

12590 10150 29.07 kN/m2

Toe slab
600 3000 pmax = 259.43 kN/m2

Considering 1 m width of slab,

Width of slab b = Assuming Width of toe slab bt = and depth of toe slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Loading on a one metre wide strip of the toe slab will consist of following Upward Pressure pmax = Deduct dead load of slab (0.6 x25) = Therefore Net upward pressure W = 259.43-15.0 = Since the front counterfort is provided the toe should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 244.43*2.03^2/12 = = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 83939299 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(83939299/(0.92*1000)) Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = 2 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd = 0.92*1000*525^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 83939299/(230*0.90*525) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*600 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/677 = Provide 20 mm dia. @250 cm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*20^2*1000/300 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600/100 = Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*22/28*(16^2)/720 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab.

1000 3.0 0.6 2.03 259.43 15.0 244.43

83.94 83939299

302.1 600 75 525 253575000 772 720 314.3 406.9 1047.6 720.0 279.4

Provide main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Check for Shear:
Maximum Shear Force V = Net upward pressure * 2.03/2 = 244.43*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 248.1*1000/(1000*525) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1047.6*100/(1000*525) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.20%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, 248.1 0.47 0.20

tc =

0.20 143096.5 381.9

tv > tc Hence shear reinforcement is required.

Design shear Vs= (0.47-0.20)*1000*525 = Assuming 12 mm dia - 4 legged stirrups in one meter width of toe slab, Spacing Sv = ssv*Asv*d/Vs = 230*4*22/28*12^2*525/143096.5 =

Since width of toe slab is 3m, provide 12 mm dia stirrups in whole width having 4x3 = 12 legged @300 mm c/c

Minimum spacing of shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = 12*22/28*12^2*415/(0.4*3000)= Spacing provided 300 mm is OK.

469.5

Provide 12 mm dia - 12 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c in between counterforts

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB :

1840 4200

29.38 kN/m2

12590 10150 29.07 kN/m2

600 5000

Heel Slab pD = 233.03 kN/mm2 Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Assuming Width of heel slab bh = and depth of heel slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc =

pmin = 200.03 kN/m2

1000 5.0 0.6 2.03 251.79 15.0 216.53 50.26

Loading on a one metre wide strip of the heel slab will consist of following Weight of the soil (assuming the soil is totally saturated) = (12.59-0.6)*2100 = Deduct dead load of slab (0.6 x25) = Average Upward Pressure pav = (233.03+200.03)/2 = Therefore net downward pressure W = 251.79+15.0-216.53 = Since the rear counterfort is provided the heel should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 50.26*2.03^2/12 = = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 =17259703 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(17259703/(0.92*1000)) Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = Effective cover = Effective depth provided d = 2 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd = 0.92*1000*525^2= = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced.

17.26 17259703

137.0 600 75 525 253575000

Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 17259703/(230*0.90*525) = Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*600 = Assuming 20 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/720 = Provide 20 mm dia. @250 mm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600 Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*22/28*16^2/720 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab.

159 720 314.3 436.5 1257.1 720.0 279.4

Provide main reinforcement of 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Check for Shear:
Maximum Shear Force V = Net vertical pressure * 2.03/2 = 50.26*2.03/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd =51*1000/(1000*525) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.1*100/(1000*525) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.24%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, 51.0 0.10 0.24

tc =

0.216

tv < tc Hence no shear reinforcement is required.

Assuming 12 mm dia 2 legged stirrups in one metre width @300 mm c/c, Since the width of heel slab is 5m., it requires 2*5 = 10 legged stirrups Minimum spacing of shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = 10*22/28*12^2*415/(0.4*5000) =

234.8

Hence provide 12 mm dia 10 legged stirrups @ 200 mm c/c in between counterforts

DESIGN OF MAIN COUNTERFORTS :

Main (Rear) Counterfort 1840 4200

10490

29.38 kN/m2

b
12590 10150

8.65 X X 1.50

d d' 5.0

X
2100 29.07 kN/m2

600 5000

Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Assuming thickness of counterfort tc = The critical section for the main counterfort at which the bending moment should be determined is at section X-X ( just at the level of front counterfort) Height of critical section from top of upright wall = (12.59-1.84-1.50) =

2.03 0.5

9.25

Let be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical Therefore tan = 5.0/10.15 = = tan-1(0.4926) = Assuming effective cover for the counterfort = Effective depth provided d = 9.25*1000*Sin(26.22) -75 = Assuming saturated condition, Bending Moment at Critical Section = wh3/6*(1-Sinf)/(1+Sinf)*Lc=wh3/6*Ca*Lc = = [(21*9.25^3)/6]*0.33*2.03 = Effective depth required = sqrt(B.M.*10^6/0.92b) = sqrt(1874.42*10^6/0.92*0.5*1000) = Effective depth provided > Effective depth required Hence safe. M.R. = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*0.5*1000*4012^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 1874.42*10^6/230*0.90*4012 = Minimum reinforcement = 0.85*bd/fy = 0.85*500*4012/415 = Using 32 mm diameter bars then area of each bar No. of bars required = 4108.50/804.571 = =

0.4926 26.22 75 4012

1874.42 2018.62 7403584051 7403.58 2257.12 4108.50 804.571 5.11

Provide 32 mm diameter 6 Nos. in two layers Check for shear:

Shear force due to horizontal thrust at the level of front counterfort F = wh2/2 * [(1-Sinf)/(1+Sinf)] * Spacing of counterforts = ((21*9.25^2)/2)*0.333*2.03 = Net shear force V = F-(M/d)*Sin b = 607.92 - (1874.42/4012)*Sin (26.22) = Effective depth for shear d' = d/Cos b = 4012/Cos (26.22) = Nominal shear stress tv = V/bd = 401.49*1000/500*4516 = %age of steel provided = Ast*100/bd = 8*22/28*32^2*100/500*4472 = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.216%, Permissible shear stress as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 tc = 0.18+((0.22-0.18)/0.10)*0.066) 607.92 401.49 4472 0.180 0.216 0.206

tv < tc No shear reinforcement is required. However nominal reinforcement will be provided.

Provide 12 mm dia 4 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c

DESIGN OF FRONT COUNTERFORT

20O
Upright wall Rear C/F

Front C/F
1500

11990

600

Toe
Varying

600 Varying

Heel

2000

C
370.23 350.24

5400

pmin = pmax =
416.89 kN/m2 150.27 kN/m2

Width of front counterfort bt = Assuming thickness of front counterfort tc =

29472699.33 m 0.6 m 2.00 1.0000 45 75 1339.21 0.6 0

Height of front counterfort from base= (2.10-0.60) = Let be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical Therefore tan =2.0/2.0 = = tan-1(1.0) = Assuming effective cover for the counterfort = Effective depth provided d = 2.00*1000*Sin(45) -75 = Clear spacing of the counterfort Lc = Assuming depth of toe slab ds = Total upward soil pressure transmitted to the front counterfort = ((416.89+370.23)/2)*3.65*2.0 = ############ kN This acts at a distance of = (370.23+2*416.89)/(370.23+416.89)*2.0/3 = 1.02 m from C

Moment of upward pressure = 2872.993*1.02 = 7097093786.68 kN-m Moment due to dead load of slab = 0.6*2.0*3.65*25*2.0/2 = 0.00 kN-m Therefore, Net bending moment for front counterfort = 2929.76-109.50= 7097093786.68 kN-m = ############ Nmm Using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel M.R. = 0.92 bd2 Equating M.R. to B.M. 0.92 bd2 = 282026137 Therefore d = sqrt(282026137/0.92*b) Here b = thickness of counterfort = 0.60 m or 600 mm d= 3625295.34 mm Assuming Effective cover = 75 mm Total depth of counterfort D = 2260+75 = 2335 Providing an overall depth of front counterfort D= 2400 mm Effective depth works out to d = 2400-75 = 2325 mm 2 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd = 0.92*600*2325^2 = = 2983.91 Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = B.M./st * z =2820261317/(230*0.9*2325) = 32706318979.06

Ast/bd = 0.85/fy Minimum reinforcement as per I.S.456-2000 = where fy is the characteristic strength of steel in N/mm2 Ast = 0.85 x 600 x 2325/415 Providing 32 mm diameter bars , Area of each bar ast = Minimum no. of bars = 5859.98/804.57 = Provide 8 nos.- 32 mm diameter bars ( 4 bars in each layer) Actual area of steel provided =8*(22/28)*32^2= 6436.6 mm 2

47430.00 804.57 40650609.53

CHECK FOR SHEAR

Maximum shear force F Nominal shear Stress tv = = = = = = = 2872.993 - (2.4*0.6*3.65*25) 6959578592.491 kN S/bd 2763.493*1000/600x2325 2 4988945.23 N/mm 8 Nos. x804.57x 100/600 x 2325 0.46 % 0.288 N/mm2

% age of steel provided

From Table 23 of IS 456-2000, for pt = 0.46% tc =

Since tv <tc no shear reinforcement is needed Provide nominal reinforcement of 16 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300mm C/C both ways

N/mm2 N/mm2 d bd2 kN/m3 N/mm2 kN/m3 kN/m3

o

m m m m

mm m mm m m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

kN/m2

kN-m kN-m N-mm

mm mm mm mm N-mm mm2 mm2 mm2 mm mm2 mm2 mm

kN N/mm2 % N/mm2

mm m mm kN/m2

kN-m kN-m N-mm

mm mm mm mm N-mm mm2 mm2 mm

mm m m m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

kN-m N-mm

mm mm mm mm N-mm mm2 mm2 mm2 mm mm2 mm2 mm

kN/m2 N/mm2 % N/mm2 N mm

d @300 mm c/c

mm

mm m m m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

kN-m N-mm

mm mm mm mm N-mm

mm2 mm2 mm2 mm mm2 mm2 mm

kN N/mm2 % N/mm2

mm

10.15 X

m m

degrees mm mm

kN-m mm Nmm kNm mm2 mm2 mm2 Nos.

kN kN mm N/mm2

N/mm2

degrees mm mm m m

kNm mm2

mm2 mm2 Nos.

Design of Left Wing Wall (Concrete gravity retaining wall):

Top of wall at the abutment Bank level Founding level at abutment Reducing the depth of foundation (raising founding level at end) Height of wall adjacent to abutment Top width of wall Front slope of wall with 1 in 12 batter outwards Slope of embankment Splay of wing wall with road axis Slpoe of backfill behind wing wall normal to wall El El El El 400.350 396.160 391.850 394.160 8.500 0.707 0.083 2.000 0.464 26.579 45.000 0.340 19.481 7.695 m m m m m m :1 V H : 1V radian Degree Degree radian Degree (d) m

or; or;

or; Width of sloping embankment at GL on each side (neglecting berm for stability analysis) Total length of wing wall 10.882 m At critical section of wing wall the inclined length of surcharge normal to wall shall be equal to Drop in elevation of top of wing wall along road in a distance 3.350 m = 1.675 m Elevation of wall top at section El 398.675 m Founding level at the section El 393.726 m Height of wall at 3.35 m distance along road 4.949 m Inclined length of surcharge behind wall 5.025 m Distance critical section from abutment along wall 4.738 m Top width of wing wall at end 0.707 m Top width of wall at critical section 0.707 m Width of front triangular part at base 0.395 m Width of front triangular part at base at the lower end of wall 0.412 m Unit weight of saturated earth 1900 Kg/Cum Unit weight of concrete 2200 Kg/Cum Angle of internal friction under wet condition 30.000 Degree (f) 0.523 radians Safe bearing capacity of soil 20.000 T/Sqm Coefficient of earth pressure cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) cosd. -----------------------cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) (Active earth pressure with inclined)

Ca =

0.409

Base width of front triangular part Adopting total base width Base width of rear triangular part Slope of rear face of wall in soil contact Heigth of surcharge above wall top at heel Heigth of backfill at heel Weight of front triangular part Weight of rectangular part Weight of rear triangular part Weigth of soil on rear face Weigth of soil on front face Lateral earth pressure at base (Considering of soil height at heel) Later force due to earth pressure parallel to soil surface Horizontal component of active earth pressure Vertical component of active earth pressure Lever arm for horizontal component

0.395 3.250 2.148 0.434 0.759 5.708 2149 7698 11693 11648 0 4435 12658 11934 4219 1.650

m m m H:1V m m Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg/Sqm Kg Kg Kg m

Distance of vertical component from heel Passive earth pressure: Depth of foundation below GL Coefficient of passive earth pressure Intensity of maximum passive earth resistance at base Maximum passive resistance which may be developed Considering no passive earth resistance i.e. Taking moments of all forces about heel (Clockwise as positive) Moment due to horizontal component of active earth pressure Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure Moment due to passive earth pressure Front triangular part Rectangular part Rear triangular part Moent due to wt of soil on rear face Moent due to wt of soil on front face Total moment about heel Vertical forces Weight of front triangular part Weight of rectangular part Weight of rear triangular part Weight of soil on front sloping face Weigth of soil on rear face Vertical component of active earth pressure Total verical force Maximum and minimum pressures at base: Distance of point of application of resultant at base from heel

0.716 m 2.434 1.354 6262 7620 0 m Kg/Sqm Kg Kg

19686 3021 0 6419 19258 16745 8341 0 73470 2149 7698 11693 0 11648 4219 37408

Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg.m Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg m m m m

1.964 b/2 = 1.625 Hence e= 0.339 b/6 = 0.542 e<b/6 hence no lifting at heel and safe against overturning

Minimum pressure at toe of wing wall W/b.(1+6e/b) Maximum pressure at toe of wing wall W/b.(1-6e/b)

18.714 T/Sqm <SBC hence safe 4.306 T/Sqm Positive hence safe 11934 Kg 37408 Kg 0.58 21584 Kg 1.809 >1.5 hence safe

Check against sliding: Lateral earth pressure (without considering passive pressure) Total vertical force Coefficient of friction at base Frictional resistance at base Factor of safety against sliding

Design of Left Wing Wall (Concrete gravity retaining wall):

Top of wall at the abutment Bank level Founding level at abutment Reducing the depth of foundation (raising founding level at end) Height of wall adjacent to abutment Top width of wall Front slope of wall with 1 in Slope of embankment or; or; Splay of wing wall with road axis Slpoe of backfill behind wing wall normal to wall or; Width of sloping embankment at GL on each side (neglecting berm for stability analysis) Total length of wing wall 10.882 m At critical section of wing wall the inclined length of surcharge normal to wall shall be equal to height of wall at section Drop in elevation of top of wing wall along road in a distance = Elevation of wall top at section Founding level at the section Height of wall at 3.350 m distance along road El El 3.350 m 1.675 m 398.675 m 393.726 m 4.949 m 5.025 m 4.738 m 0.707 m 0.707 m 0.395 m 0.412 m 1900 Kg/Cum 2200 Kg/Cum 30.000 Degree (f) 0.523 radians Safe bearing capacity of soil 20.000 T/Sqm 12 batter outwards El El El El 400.350 m 396.160 m 391.850 m 394.160 m 8.500 m 0.707 m 0.083 :1 V 2.000 H : 1V 0.464 radian 26.579 Degree 45.000 Degree 0.340 radian 19.481 Degree (d) 7.695 m

Inclined length of surcharge behind wall Distance critical section from abutment along wall Top width of wing wall at end Top width of wall at critical section Width of front triangular part at base Width of front triangular part at base at the lower end of wall Unit weight of saturated earth Unit weight of concrete Angle of internal friction under wet condition

Coefficient of earth pressure

(Active earth pressure with inclined)

cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) Ca = cosd. -----------------------cosd+SQRT(cos d+cos f)

2 2

0.409

Base width of front triangular part Adopting total base width Base width of rear triangular part Slope of rear face of wall in soil contact Heigth of surcharge above wall top at heel Heigth of backfill at heel Weight of front triangular part Weight of rectangular part Weight of rear triangular part Weigth of soil on rear face Weigth of soil on front face Lateral earth pressure at base (Considering of soil height at heel) Later force due to earth pressure parallel to soil surface Horizontal component of active earth pressure Vertical component of active earth pressure Lever arm for horizontal component Distance of vertical component from heel Passive earth pressure: Depth of foundation below GL Coefficient of passive earth pressure Intensity of maximum passive earth resistance at base Maximum passive resistance which may be developed Considering no passive earth resistance i.e.

0.395 m 3.250 m 2.148 m 0.434 H : 1 V 0.759 m 5.708 m 2149 Kg 7698 Kg 11693 Kg 11648 Kg 0 Kg 4435 Kg/Sqm 12658 Kg 11934 Kg 4219 Kg 1.650 m 0.716 m

2.434 m 1.354 6262 Kg/Sqm 7620 Kg 0 Kg

Taking moments of all forces about heel (Clockwise as positive) Moment due to horizontal component of active earth pressure Moment due to vertical component of active earth pressure Moment due to passive earth pressure Front triangular part Rectangular part Rear triangular part 19686 Kg.m 3021 Kg.m 0 Kg.m 6419 Kg.m 19258 Kg.m 16745 Kg.m

Moent due to wt of soil on rear face Moent due to wt of soil on front face Total moment about heel Vertical forces Weight of front triangular part Weight of rectangular part Weight of rear triangular part Weight of soil on front sloping face Weigth of soil on rear face Vertical component of active earth pressure Total verical force

8341 Kg.m 0 Kg.m 73470 Kg.m

2149 Kg 7698 Kg 11693 Kg 0 Kg 11648 Kg 4219 Kg 37408 Kg

Maximum and minimum pressures at base: Distance of point of application of resultant at base from heel b/2 = Hence e= b/6 = 1.964 m 1.625 m 0.339 m 0.542 m

e<b/6 hence no lifting at heel and safe against overturning

Minimum pressure at toe of wing wall W/b.(1+6e/b)

18.714 T/Sqm <SBC hence safe

Maximum pressure at toe of wing wall W/b.(1-6e/b)

4.306 T/Sqm Positive hence safe

Check against sliding: Lateral earth pressure (without considering passive pressure) Total vertical force Coefficient of friction at base Frictional resistance at base Factor of safety against sliding 11934 Kg 37408 Kg 0.58 21584 Kg 1.809 >1.5 hence safe

Illustrative diagram of critical section of wing wall (Left Bank) sh

Top of wing wall at critical section 398.675 m 0.707
##
Wsr

4.949 Bank level El 396.160

Wsf Ph
W2

Pp (Not considered) =
0 Founding Level 393.726 0.395
W1

W3

Pv

0.707 3.250

2.148

Pmax at toe 18.714 T/Sqm <SBC hence safe

n of wing wall (Left Bank) showing dimensions, forces and stresses

Top of embankment El
##

400.350 m

19.481 Degree Angle of surcharge (Normal to wing wall) W1 = W2 = W3 = Wsr = 5.708 m (Height of backfill at heel) Pa = 12658 Kg Wsf = Ph = Pv = Pp = FoS against sliding = 1.650 19.481 Degree -Foundation pressures are in T/Sqm -All dimensions are in m -All forces are in Kg Pmax at heel 4.306 T/Sqm Positive hence safe 2149 Kg 7698 Kg 11693 Kg 11648 Kg 0 Kg 11934 Kg 4219 Kg 0 Kg 1.809

>1.5 hence safe

102

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam)

Stability analysis of RCC Counterfort Wing Wall for Left Abutment

Design data: Assumptions :

Overall height of wing wall including base H = Slope of backfill d = SBC of soil (being rocky soil) = Depth of soil filling at heel end H = Thickness of base slab ds = Depth of foundation assumed (on account of rocky soil) h1 = Thickness of vertical wall/Upright wall tw = Thickness of counterforts tc = C/c spacing of Counterforts L = Clear spacing of Counterforts Lc = Assuming saturated condition of soil Height of saturated soil below top at heel end h2 = 12.59-0.60 = Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill f = Coefficient of friction between soil and base of wall m = Saturated density of backfill soil gsat = Density of RCC gc = Density of water gw = 12.59 20 1000 12.59 0.60 2.10 0.60 0.60 4.25 3.65 m
o

kN/m2 m m m m m m m

11.99 m 30 0.55 21 kN/m3 3 25 kN/m 9.81 kN/m3

o

Computations :
Height of wall above GL h = 12.59-2.10 = Cos d = Cos 20 = 0.939692621 Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine) Cos f = Cos 30 = Ca = cosd. = Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine) Cp = cosd. = 10.49 m 0.87 cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) ----------------------------------cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) 0.414 cosd+SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) -----------------------------------cosd-SQRT(cos2d-cos2f) 2.13

Stability Analysis of Left Wing wall

ZONE 1:
Height of wall above GL=12.59-2.10 = Depth of foundation below GL h1 Height of backfill behind wall H Height of front counterfort above base slab = h1-ds =2.10-0.60 = 10.49 2.10 12.59 1.50 11.99 11.99 8.00 2.00 5.40 1.97 m m m m m m m m m m

Height of rear counterfort above base slab =H-ds =12.59-0.60 = Height of filling at the tail of heel above top of base wall Base width b (Varying) (0.6 H to 0.7 H) = 0.65*12.59 = 8.18 m say Width of toe beyond face of wall (Varying) (Generally b/4) bt = Adopt width of heel (Varying) bh = 8.0-2.0-0.6 = Soil ht. due to surcharge h'= bh*tand = 5.4*tan (20 ) = Active pressure due to Saturated soil mass P (per metre width) (acts parallel to soil surface)=Ca*gsat*(H+h')2/2 = 0.414*21*(12.59+1.97)^2/2 = Passive earth pressure Pp (per metre width) = Cp*gsat*h12/2= 2.13*21*2.1^2/2 =

921.42 kN/m 98.72 kN/m

103
20
O

h'

1970

Rear Counterfort Upright wall

Pv
H=12590

Ph
Front Counterfort

h1=2100 600 variable 600 bt=2000 8m

variable

bh=5400

Taking moments about bottom most corner of toe Moments of Loads/ forces considering one bay: Load/Force in kN V Restoring Moments: Base slab=4.25*8.0*0.6*25 = Vertical/upright Wall=4.25*11.99*0.6*25 = Rear Counterfort=0.5*11.99*5.4*25*0.6 = Front Counterfort=0.5*2.0*1.50*25*0.6 =
Soil on heel upto top of stem (between c/c of counterforts) = (5.40*11.99*3.65*21) + (1/2*2*0.6*5.40*11.99*21)+ (0.5*5.40*5.00*tan(20)*4.25*21)

Element

Moment about toe= Distance from toe in m Load*dist. kNm. Restor- Overtur ing n-ing 4.00 2.30 4.40 1.33 (8.0/2) (1.75+0.3) (2.0+0.6+5.4/3) 2/3*2.0 2040 1758 2137 30

510.00 764.36 485.60 22.50

6252.20 Vertical component of soil pressure Pv= P*L* Sind = 921.42*4.25* Sin20 1339.36 Soil on toe between c/c of counterforts = 267.75 (2.0*1.50*3.65*21) + (1/2*2*0.6*2.0*1.50*21) Passive earth pressure (above base) = Pp*L = = 98.72*4.25 = 419.54 Overturning Moments: Active earth pressure due to saturated soil mass Ph = P*L *Cosd = 921.42*4.25*Cos20 = 3679.85 TOTAL 9642

5.30 8.00 1.00 0.70

(2.0+0.6+5.40/2) 33137 (2.0+0.6+5.40) 10715 2.0/2 1.35/3 268 294

4.85

(12.59+5.4*tan20)/3

50378

17854 17854

Check for maximum and minimum pressure at base: Point of application of resultant from toe x = (50378-17854)/9642 = 3.37 m b/2 =8.0/2= 4.00 m e= b/2-x = 4.0-3.37 = 0.63 m e<b/6 i.e. 1.33 m hence safe against uplifting at heel 2 Pmax = [V/(b*L)]*(1+6e/b) =(9642/(8.0*4.25))*(1+6*0.63/8.0)= 416.89 kN/m <SBC Hence Safe 2 Pmin = [V/(b*L)]*(1-6e/b) =(9642/(8.0*4.25))*(1-6*0.63/8.0)= 150.27 kN/m Positive Hence Safe Check against overturning: Overturning moment (Moment due to active earth pressure) = 17854 kN.m Restoring moment = 50378 kN.m Factor of safety against overturning = 50378/17854 = 2.82 > 2 Hence safe Check against sliding: Net value of active and passive earth pressure P = 3679.85-419.54 = 3260 kN Coefficient of friction m = 0.55 Total vertical load V = 9642 kN Frictional resistance at base =9642*0.55 = 5303 kN

104 Factor of safety = 5303/3260 = > 1.5 Hence safe 1.627

ZONE 2:
Height of wall above GL =9.51+0.6-2.1 = Depth of foundation below GL h1 Height of backfill behind wall H = 8.01+2.15 = Height of front counterfort above base slab = h1-ds = 2.10-0.60 = Height of rear counterfort above base slab =H-ds =10.11-0.60 = Height of filling at the tail of heel above top of base wall Base width b (Varying) = Adopt width of heel (Varying) bh Width of toe beyond face of wall (Varying) bt = 6.46-4.40-0.6 = Soil ht. due to surcharge h'= bh*tand = 4.4 * tan 20 = Pr. due to Saturated soil mass P (per metre width)=Ca*gsat*(H+h')2/2 = 0.414*21*(10.11+1.60)^2/2 = Passive earth pressure Pp (per metre width) = Cp*gsat*h12/2= 2.13*21*2.1^2/2 =
20O

8.01 2.10 10.11 1.50 9.51 9.51 6.46 4.40 1.46 1.60

m m m m m m m m m m

596.52 kN/m 98.72 kN/m

Upright wall

Rear Counterfort

10110
Front Counterfort

2100 600 variable 600 bt=1460 variable bh=4400 6.46 m

Taking moments about bottom most corner of toe Moments of Loads/ forces considering one bay: Element Restoring Moments: Base slab=4.25*6.46*0.6*25 = Vertical/upright Wall=4.25*9.51*0.6*25 = Rear Counterfort=0.5*9.51*4.4*25*0.6 = Front Counterfort=0.5*1.46*1.50*25*0.6 = Soil on heel upto top of stem (between c/c of counterforts) = (4.40*9.51*3.65*21) + (1/2*2*0.6*4.4*9.51*21)+ (0.5*4.40*4.40*tan(20)*4.25*21) Vertical component of soil pressure Pv= P*L* Sind = 596.52*4.25* Sin20 Soil on toe between c/c of counterforts = (1.46*1.5*3.65*21) + (1/2*2*0.6*1.46*0.75*21) Passive earth pressure (above base) = Pp*L = = 98.72*4.25 = Overturning Moments: Active earth pressure due to saturated soil mass Ph = P*L *Cosd = 596.52*4.25*Cos20 = TOTAL Load/Force in kN V 411.51 606.26 313.83 16.37 H Moment about toe= Distance from toe in m Restor- Overtur ing n-ing 3.23 1.76 3.52 0.97 (6.46/2) (1.46+0.3) (1.46+0.6+4.4/3) 2/3*1.460 1328 1064 1105 16

4049.03 867.10 194.79 419.54

4.26 6.46 0.73 0.70

(1.46+0.6+4.40/2) 17229 (1.46+0.6+4.40) 1.46/2 1/3*2.10 5597 142 294

2382.33 6459

3.90

(10.11+4.4*tan20)/3

26774

9300 9300

105 Check for maximum and minimum pressure at base: Point of application of resultant from toe x = (26774-9300)/6459 = 2.71 m b/2 = 6.46/2= 3.23 m e= b/2-x = 3.23-2.71 = 0.52 m e<b/6 i.e. 1.08 m hence safe against uplifting at heel
Pmax = [V/(b*L)]*(1+6e/b) =(6459/(6.46*4.25))*(1+6*0.52/6.46)= Pmin = [V/(b*L)]*(1-6e/b) =(5992/(6.46*4.25))*(1-6*0.52/6.46)=
2 349.68 kN/m <SBC Hence Safe 2 121.19 kN/m Positive Hence Safe

Check against overturning: Overturning moment (Moment due to active earth pressure) = Restoring moment = Factor of safety against overturning =26774/9300= > 2 Hence safe Check against sliding: Net value of active and passive earth pressure P = 2382.33-419.54 = Coefficient of friction m = Total vertical load V = Frictional resistance at base = 6459*0.55 = Factor of safety = 3552/1963= > 1.5 Hence safe

9300 kN.m 26774 kN.m 2.88 kN.m

1963 kN 0.55 6459 kN 3552 kN 1.810

ZONE 3:
Height of wall above GL =7.02+0.6-2.10 = Depth of foundation below GL h1 Height of backfill behind wall H =5.52+2.10 = Height of front counterfort above base slab = h1-ds = 2.10-0.60 = Height of rear counterfort above base slab =H-ds =7.62-0.6 = Height of filling at the tail of heel above top of base wall Base width b (Varying) = Adopt width of heel (Varying) bh = Width of toe beyond face of wall (Varying) bt = 4.90-3.28-0.60 = Soil ht. due to surcharge h'= bh*tand = 3.28*tan20 = Pr. due to Saturated soil mass P (per metre width)=Ca*gsat*(H+h')2/2 = 0.414*21*(7.62+1.19)^2/2 = Passive earth pressure Pp (per metre width) = Cp*gsat*h12/2= 2.13*21*2.10^2/2 = 5.52 2.10 7.62 1.50 7.02 7.02 4.90 3.28 1.02 1.19 m m m m m m m m m m

337.86 kN/m 98.72 kN/m

20O

Upright wall

Rear Counterfort

7620
Front Counterfort

2100 600 variable 600 bt=1020 variable bh=3280 4.90 m

106 Taking moments about bottom most corner of toe Moments of Loads/ forces considering one bay:
Load/Force in kN Moment about toe= Load*dist. kNm.

Element V Restoring Moments: Base slab=4.25*4.90*0.6*25 = Vertical/upright Wall=4.25*7.02*0.6*25 = Rear Counterfort=0.5*7.02*4.25*25*0.6 = Front Counterfort=0.5*1.02*1.50*25*0.6 = Soil on heel upto top of stem (between c/c of counterforts) = (3.28*7.02*3.65*21) + (1/2*2*0.6*3.28*7.02*21)+ (0.5*3.28*3.28*tan(20)*4.25*21) Vertical component of soil pressure Pv= P*L* Sind = 337.86*4.25* Sin20 Soil on toe between c/c of counterforts = (1.02*1.50*3.65*21) + (1/2*2*0.6*1.02*1.50*21) Passive earth pressure (above base) = Pp*L = = 98.72*4.25 = Overturning Moments: Active earth pressure due to saturated soil mass Ph = P*L *Cosd = 337.86*4.25*Cos20 = TOTAL 312.38 447.53 223.76 11.48 H

Distance from toe in m

Restor- Overtur ing n-ing 765 591 607 8

2.45 1.32 2.71 0.68

(4.90/2) (1.02+0.3) (1.02+0.6+3.28/3) 2/3*1.02

2229.77 491.10 136.55 419.54

3.26 4.90 0.51 0.67

(1.02+0.6+3.28/2) (1.02+0.6+3.28) 1.02/2 1/3*2.0

7269 2406 70 280

1349.30 3853

2.94

(7.62+3.28*tan20)/3

11996

3964 3964

Check for maximum and minimum pressure at base: Point of application of resultant from toe x = (11996-3964)/3853 = 2.08 m b/2 = 4.90/2= 2.45 m e= b/2-x = 2.45-2.08 = 0.37 m e<b/6 i.e. 0.82 m hence safe against uplifting at heel
Pmax = [V/(b*L)]*(1+6e/b) =(3853/(4.90*4.25))*(1+6*0.37/4.90)= Pmin = [V/(b*L)]*(1-6e/b) =(3853/(4.90*4.25))*(1-6*0.37/4.90)=
2 267.74 kN/m <SBC Hence Safe 2 102.26 kN/m Positive Hence Safe

Check against overturning: Overturning moment (Moment due to active earth pressure) = Restoring moment = Factor of safety against overturning = 11146/3461 = > 2 Hence safe Check against sliding: Net value of active and passive earth pressure P = 1349.30-419.54 = Coefficient of friction m = Total vertical load V = Frictional resistance at base =3853*0.55= Factor of safety =2119/930 = > 1.5 Hence safe

3964 kN.m 11996 kN.m 3.03 kN.m

930 kN 0.55 3853 kN 2119 kN 2.279

RCC Road Bridge on River Man (d/s of Man dam) Design of RCC Counterfort Wing Wall for Left Abutment
Assuming M20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel,
Permissible stress in concete in bending Permissible stress in steel in tension Modular ratio Lever arm Moment of Resistance Density of RCC Characteristic strength of steel Saturated density of backfill soil Density of water Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose of backfill Slope of backfill Coefficient of active earth pressure (Rankine) Coefficient of passive earth pressure (Rankine) C/c spacing of counterforts L = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = cbc= st= m= z= M.R. = gc = fy = gsat = gw =
2 7 N/mm 2 230 N/mm

13.33 0.90 0.92 25 415 21.00 9.81 30 20 0.414 2.13

d bd2 kN/m3 N/mm2 kN/m3 kN/m3

o o

f=
d= Ca = Cp =

4.25 m 3.65 m

ZONE 1 TO 5 :
DESIGN OF UPRIGHT WALL :

20O
Upright wall Rear C/F

1970

11990

Front C/F

600

Toe
Varying 2000

600 Varying 5400

Heel

Considering 1 m height of slab near base, Width of slab b = Total depth of soil filling behind wall at heel end H= 12.59-0.6 = Assuming overall thickness of upright slab tw = Active earth pressure p = Ca*gsat*H*Cosd = 0.33*21*12.59 Cos20 = Since the upright slab will be designed as a continuous slab, the maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= pLc^2/12 = 97.95*3.65^2/12 = Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 108.75 Computed depth

1000 11.99 600 97.95

mm m mm kN/m

108.75 kN-m

d = sqrt(108.75*10^6/0.92b) = Assumed overall depth of slab tw =

343.81 mm 1000 mm

Effective cover = 50 Effective depth provided d = 1000-75 = 950 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*550^2 = = 830300000 Since Bending moment is less than the Moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 108.75*10^6/(230*0.90*550) = 553 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*600 = Assuming 20 mm dia. bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*314.3/955 = Provide 20 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C vertically and horizontally Hence actual Ast provided per metre length = 22/28*20^2*1000/250 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600 = Spacing of 16 mm dia bars S= 1000*ast/Ast = Provide 16 mm dia. @200 mm c/c on both sides of wall. Check for Shear: Maximum shear force/m width at bottom of upright slab V= Ca*gsat*H*Lc/2 = 0.414*21*11.99*3.65/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd = 190.24*1000/1000*550 = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1257.14*100/(1000*550) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.23%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 = tc

mm mm N-mm mm2

2 1200 mm 2 314.3 mm 568.3 mm 2 1257.14 mm 2 720 mm 279 mm

190.24 kN 2 0.200 N/mm 0.13 %

2 0.212 N/mm

tv > tc shear reinforcement is required.

Providing 12 mm dia 8-legged stirrups @200 mm c/c Minimum shear spacing = Asv*fy/0.4*b = 8*(22/28*12^2)*415/(0.4*4250) Hence safe. 221.0 mm

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB :

20O
Upright wall Rear C/F

11990

Front C/F

600

Toe
Varying 2000

600 Varying 5400

Heel

pmin = pmax =
416.89 kN/m2 370.23 350.24 150.27 kN/m2

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b =

1000 mm

Assuming Width of toe slab bt = and depth of toe slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Loading on a one metre wide strip of the toe slab will consist of following Average upward Pressure p = (416.89+370.23)/2 Deduct dead load of slab (0.6x25) = Therefore Net upward pressure W = 393.6-15.0 = Since the front counterfort is provided the toe should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 =378.6*15^2/12 = =

2.0 m 0.6 m 3.65 m

2 393.6 kN/m 2 15.0 kN/m 2 378.6 kN/m

420.28 kN-m 420281299 N-mm

Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 420281299 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(420281299/(0.92*1000)) 675.9 Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = 600 Effective cover = 50 Effective depth provided d = 550 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*1000*550^2 = = 278300000 Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) =420281299/(230*0.90*550) = 3692 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*800 = Assuming 25 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 491.1/3692 = Provide 25 mm dia. @120 cm c/c Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*25^2*1000/120 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600/100 = Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 200 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab. Provide main reinforcement of 25 mm diameter bars @ 120 mm C/C Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm daimeter bars @ 200 mm C/C Check for Shear: Maximum Shear Force V = Net upward pressure *3.65/2 = 378.6*3.65/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd =690.9*1000/(1000*750) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1571.4*100/(1000*750) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.20%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, tc =

mm mm mm mm N-mm mm2

2 720 mm 2 491.1 mm 133.0 mm 2 1571.4 mm 2 720.0 mm 279.4 mm

2 690.9 kN/m N/mm2 1.26

0.3 %
2 0.200 N/mm

tv > tc Hence shear reinforcement is required.

Design shear Vs= (0.98-0.20)*1000*750 = Assuming 16 mm dia - 4 legged stirrups in one meter width of toe slab, Spacing Sv = ssv*Asv*d/Vs = 230*4*(22/28)*16^2*550/580873.4 = Spacing of minimum shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = Provide 16 mm dia stirrups in whole width (of 2.4 m) having 10 legged @150 mm c/c 580873.4 N 175.2 mm 208.7 mm

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB :

20O

Upright wall

Rear C/F

11990

Front C/F

600

Toe
Varying 2000

600 Varying 5400

Heel

pmin = pmax =
416.89 kN/m2 370.23 350.24 150.27 kN/m2

Considering 1 m width of slab, Width of slab b = Assuming Width of heel slab bh = and depth of heel slab ds = Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Loading on a one metre wide strip of the heel slab will consist of following Average upward Pressure p = (350.24+150.27)/2 = Deduct dead load of slab (0.6 x25) = Therefore Net upward pressure W = 250.25-15.0 = Since the front counterfort is provided the heel should be designed as a continuous slab, continous over the front counterforts. Maximum bending moment for this slab for a one metre deep strip M= WL^2/12 = 235.25^2/12 = =

1000 mm 6.0 m 0.6 m 3.65 m

2 250.25 kN/m 2 15.0 kN/m 2 235.25 kN/m

261.18 kN-m 261179286 N-mm

Equating M.R. = B.M. we have 0.92bd2 = 261179286 Computed depth d = sqrt(B.M./0.92b) = sqrt(261179286/(0.92*1000)) 532.8 Assumed overall depth of toe slab D = 600 Effective cover = 50 Effective depth provided d = 550 M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.95*1000*550^2 = = 278300000 Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 261179286/(230*0.90*550) = 2294 Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12% if sectional area = 0.12*1000*600 = Assuming 25 mm dia. Bars, Area of one bar ast = Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*491.1/2294 =

mm mm mm mm N-mm mm2

2 720 mm 2 491.1 mm 214.1 mm 2 1571.4 mm 2 720.0 mm 279.4 mm

Provide 25 mm dia. @200 cm c/c

Actual steel provided per metre length Ast = 22/28*25^2*1000/200 = Distribution steel in one direction = 0.12% of Gross cross-sectional area =0.12*1000*600/100 = Providing 16 mm dia bars, Spacing S = 1000*ast/Ast = 1000*279.4/1571.4 = Provide 16 mm dia bars at 250 mm c/c for both faces of toe slab. Provide main reinforcement of 25 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C

Provide distribution reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars @ 250 mm C/C Check for Shear: Maximum Shear Force V = Net upward pressure *3.65/2 = 235.25*3.65/2 = Nominal shear stress = tv =V/bd =429.3*1000/(1000*550) = % age of steel used p = Ast*100/bd = 1571.4*100/(1000*550) = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.30%, Permissible shear stress in concrete as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000, tc =

2 429.3 kN/m 2 0.78 N/mm

0.3 %
2 0.260 N/mm

tv > tc Hence shear reinforcement is required.

Design shear Vs= (0.78-0.26)*1000*550 = Assuming 12 mm dia - 4 legged stirrups in one meter width of heel slab, Spacing Sv = ssv*Asv*d/Vs = 230*4*(22/28)*12^2*550/286335.8 = Spacing of minimum shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = Provide 12 mm dia stirrups in whole width ( of 5.4 m) having 22 legged @200 mm c/c 286335.8 N 199.9 mm 208.7 mm

DESIGN OF REAR COUNTERFORTS :

20O
Upright wall

Rear C/F

Front C/F X

11990

X
2100 800

Toe Varying
2000

600

Heel Varying
5400

Clear spacing of counterforts Lc = Assuming thickness of counterfort tc =

3.65 m 0.6 m

The critical section for the main counterfort at which the bending moment should be determined is at section X-X ( just at the level of front counterfort) Height of critical section from top of wall = (11.99-2.1) = 9.89 m Let be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical Therefore tan = 5.4/11.99 = 0.4504 = tan-1(0.4504) = 24.25 degrees Assuming effective cover for the counterfort = 75 mm Effective depth provided d = 9.89*1000*Sin(24.25) -75 = 3987.01 mm Assuming saturated condition, Bending Moment at Critical Section = wh3/6*(1-Sinf)/(1+sinf)*Lc=wh3/6*Ca*Lc = 5116.23 kN-m (21*9.89^3/6)*0.414*3.65) Effective depth required = sqrt(B.M.*10^6/0.92b) =sqrt((5116.23*10^6/(0.92*600) = Effective depth provided > Effective depth required Hence safe. M.R. = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*0.6*1000*3987.01^2/10^6 = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = M/(st*z) = 5116.23*10^6/230*0.90*3987.01 = Minimum reinforcement = 0.85*bd/fy = 0.85*600*3987.01/415 = 3930.34 mm 8774.73 kNm
2 6199.16 mm 2 4899.70 mm

Using 32 mm diameter bars then area of each bar No. of bars required = 6199.16/804.571 Provide 32 mm diameter 8 Nos. in two layers

= =

2 804.571 mm 7.70 Nos.

Check for shear: Shear force due to horizontal thrust at the level of front counterfort F = wh2/2 * [(1-Sinf)/(1+Sinf)] * Spacing of counterforts = ((21*9.89^2)/2)*0.414*3.65 = Net shear force V = F-(M/d)*Sin b = 1551.94 - (5116.23/3987.01)*Sin (24.25) = Effective depth for shear d' = d/Cos b =3987.01/Cos 24.25 = Nominal shear stress tv = V/bd = 1024.9*1000/600*4372.86 = %age of steel provided = Ast*100/bd' = 8*22/28*32^2*100/600*4372.86 = For M20 and Fe 415 steel and p= 0.245%,
Permissible shear stress as per Table 23 of I.S.456-2000 tc = 0.18+((0.22-0.18)/0.10)*0.095)

1551.94 1024.90 4372.86 0.391 0.245

kN kN mm N/mm2 %

tv > tc Hence shear reinforcement is required.

2 0.296 N/mm

Design shear Vs= (0.391-0.296)*1000*4372.86 = Assuming 12 mm dia 4 legged stirrups Spacing Sv =( ssv*Asv*d'*Cosb)/Vs =230*4*(22/28)*12^2*4372.86*COS(24.25)/413792.6= Minimum spacing of shear steel = Asv*fy/0.4b = Provide 12 mm dia 4 legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c

413792.6 N 1003.0 mm 430.4 mm

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE UPRIGHT SLAB AND THE COUNTERFORT

Horizontal soil pressure intensity at the level of critical section X-X = gsat*h*Ca = 21.0 *9.89*0.414 = Therefore, tension transmitted to the counterfort/ m height at the level of critical section = 85.98* Clear spacing of counterforts Add to this braking force at uniform rate @140 kN/m Therefore, horizontal Steel required/m height = (313.84 + 4.51 ) x1000 /230 Using 12 mm diameter bars then area of each bar Spacing of 4-legged - 12 mm diameter bars = ( 113.143 x 4 x 1000 ) /1384.14 = Provide 12 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @250mm C/C both ways
2 85.98 kN/m

313.84 kN = 140/(8.50 * 2.03) = 4.51 kN

2 1384.14 mm 2 113.143 mm

327.0 mm C/C

CONNECTION OF BASE SLAB AND THE COUNTERFORT

Consider a one metre wide strip of the heel slab near the heel end Net downward load on strip (Taken from heel slab design) = Tension transmitted to the counterfort/ m height at the critical level = 235.25*3.65 = Therefore, Steel required/m Width = 858.67 x1000 / 230 Using 12 mm diameter bars then area of each bar Spacing of 4-legged - 12 mm diameter bars = ( 113.143 x 4 x 1000 ) /3733.35 = Provide 12 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 100mm C/C both ways

2 235.25 kN/m

858.67 kN = = 3733.35 mm2 2 113.143 mm 121.22 mm C/C

DESIGN OF FRONT COUNTERFORT

20O

Upright wall

Rear C/F

Front C/F
1500

11990

600

Toe
Varying 2000

600 Varying 5400

Heel

C
370.23 350.24

pmin = pmax =
416.89 kN/m2 150.27 kN/m2

Width of front counterfort bt = Assuming thickness of front counterfort tc =

2.00 m 0.6 m 2.00 m 1.0000 45 75 1339.21 3.65 0.6

Height of front counterfort from base= (2.10-0.60) = Let be the inclination of the main reinforcement with the vertical Therefore tan =2.0/2.0 = = tan-1(1.0) = Assuming effective cover for the counterfort = Effective depth provided d = 2.00*1000*Sin(45) -75 = Clear spacing of the counterfort Lc = Assuming depth of toe slab ds = Total upward soil pressure transmitted to the front counterfort = ((416.89+370.23)/2)*3.65*2.0 = 2872.993 kN This acts at a distance of = (370.23+2*416.89)/(370.23+416.89)*2.0/3 = 1.02 m from C Moment of upward pressure = 2872.993*1.02 = 2929.76 kN-m Moment due to dead load of slab = 0.6*2.0*3.65*25*2.0/2 = 109.50 kN-m Therefore, Net bending moment for front counterfort = 2929.76-109.50= = 2820261317 Nmm Using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel M.R. = 0.92 bd2 Equating M.R. to B.M. 0.92 bd2 = 282026137 Therefore d = sqrt(282026137/0.92*b) Here b = thickness of counterfort = 0.60 m or 600 mm d= 2260.35 mm Assuming Effective cover = 75 mm

degrees mm mm m m

2820.26 kN-m

Total depth of counterfort D = 2260+75 = 2335 Providing an overall depth of front counterfort D= 2400 mm Effective depth works out to d = 2400-75 = 2325 mm M.R. of balanced section = 0.92bd2 = 0.92*600*2325^2 = = Since Bending moment is less than the moment of resistance, the section is under reinforced. Area of steel Ast = B.M./st * z =2820261317/(230*0.9*2325) = Ast/bd = 0.85/fy Minimum reinforcement as per I.S.456-2000 = where fy is the characteristic strength of steel in N/mm2 Ast = 0.85 x 600 x 2325/415 Providing 32 mm diameter bars , Area of each bar ast = Minimum no. of bars = 5859.98/804.57 = Provide 8 nos.- 32 mm diameter bars ( 4 bars in each layer) Actual area of steel provided =8*(22/28)*32^2= 6436.6 mm 2

2983.91 kNm
2 5859.98 mm

2 2857.23 mm 2 804.57 mm

7.28 Nos.

CHECK FOR SHEAR

Maximum shear force F Nominal shear Stress tv = = = = = = = 2872.993 - (2.4*0.6*3.65*25) 2763.493 kN S/bd 2763.493*1000/600x2325 2 1.98 N/mm 8 Nos. x804.57x 100/600 x 2325 0.46 %

% age of steel provided

From Table 23 of IS 456-2000, for pt = 0.46% tc =

0.288 N/mm2 Since tv <tc no shear reinforcement is needed Provide nominal reinforcement of 16 mm - 4 legged diameter bars @ 300mm C/C both ways

(Stability of LWW completed. Design not carried out as per LWW Man stability on account of revised proposal to design LWW as gra

ised proposal to design LWW as gravity type wall)