02/04/12 Interwar Period Where was everyone? What did they expect to get?

- France o Expected heavy reparations for Germany o Wanted Alsace and Loraine back - Great Britain o Mainly all she wants is to not disrupt personal holdings o Theyre needling France in many ways in Versailles - USA o They dont trust giving land back to communist government (Russia) o Treaty of Versailles Very touchy point for Russians as well because theyre isolated New countries are made rather than giving their land back to them (Poland, Latvia, Finland etc.) o Does not want to punish Germany They want to establish a trade country - Italy o Dont get the lands theyd hoped to have gained - Japan These demands are first verbalized through Wilsons 14 Points - Freedom of the seas - US Results of the Treaty of Versailles - Territory o Alsace and Lorraine was returned to France o West Prussia was given to newly formed Poland To gain access to the sea Danzig or Dansk city was assigned to be a new international free city Splits Germany in two - Reparations o Actual sum of money was not fixed at Versailles o Germany was made to sign a Blank Cheque and accept total war guilt - Disarmament/Army o Limited to 100,000 men o Conscription banned o Tanks, submarines and offensive weaponry and technology banned o Navy limited to 6 warships o Air force completely dismantled o Rhineland permanently demilitarized - League of Nations o Agreed upon at Versailles Seen primarily as a way to prevent international conflict and border disputes o Expanded into other areas as it developed - War Guilt o Germany was held wholly responsible for the war

Reaction French This is not peace. It is an Armistice for 20 years Felt the restrictions placed upon Germany were too lenient Germany They claim they are not the only guilty party of war Later: Hitler o Stab in the back o Gives him a reason to attack back

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European economic downturn and tie to US a. Europes economy dumps i. So they look to the US for help b. This was common everywhere in Europe Ethnic majorities in newly formed borders in newly formed nations a. Serbians in the Yugoslav Structure became a problem i. They were in a majority b. Hungary i. They create a new country ii. The Magyars of Hungary live in between the new country and the original one 1. Minority that was in the new country wanted to stay in the other one c. Most of the borders are not set up right Reparations/Disarmament a. Impose them but dont know how to enforce them b. Even when they agree upon stuff it doesnt actually happen c. No one trusts each other enough to disarm completely

Paris Peace Conference

Aims o Japan/Italy o US o France o Great Britain Treaty of Versailles o Land redistributions o Reparations o Disarmament o War guilt Treaties o Treaty of Lausanne o Treaty of Neuilly o Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye o Treaty of Sevres o Treaty of Brest Litovsk o Treaty of Trianon Mandates (essentially land redistribution within Europe) o Class 1 Close to self-government

Class 2 Average o Class 3 Never going to be able to run their own government o Mandate Commission within the League of Nations issues Only write a report, no checking Really just colonization League of Nations has no systems Its only a reporting system League of Nations o Structure Vetos Membership problems Not all nations are in it They are free to come and go Things arent applied consistently When they can throw its weight around and be a little bully it does, but when it cant it doesnt o Challenges/early actions and border disputes Never going to cross France of Britain o Successes Socially do decent things Distribution of technology in an equal fashion Health o Combated malaria Bruce Report Theyve never had a structure in Europe to help third world countries before o So many calls come in for help that they have to restructure the entire system Then the Great Depression hits o Failures Ruhr Crisis Violation of the Treaty of Versailles They can bully over Greece but they cant do that when France is involved Unemployment Already France breaking the Treaty of Versailles o According to Hitler, theyve already negated the treaty Results o Hyperinflation Germany government was printing more money to get the workers not to work for France People in Germany were able to pay off their loans Reaches its height afterwards but Germany was trying to scramble and find its way out Because of the peaceful resistance movement o Going to pay workers not to work because when they do, France wins

Locarno Pact France gets to keep the land People start viewing France differently o Dawes Plan US finds a way to play through this to allow Germany to have some goods France in Locarno Pact They want reparations and want to feel safe Stresemann officially signs over Alsace and Lorraine o Draw out the borders very specifically o They get it for 10 years and then Germany gets it back o But they go to Poland (in Locarno) Promise Poland to protect their borders (from Russia) to sandwich Germany in after they lose Russia as an ally Commissions Slavery Commission World Health Organization Labour Organization Big one in terms of Communism Need to show the people that have complaints about their position that they care Communism is a growing problem Mandate Commission Refugee Organization

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Disarmament conferences o No way to enforce them US begin to back out once they realize this o Washington naval conference o London naval conference o Anglo-American guarantee Americans pull out The British promised and they didnt o Seen as more failures 1920 o Border disputes (collective security) Kellog-Briand Pact Everyone agrees to be nice Brinkmanship Protect each other Goes throughout the cold war (Dtente) Some success, some failures o Disarmament Completely failure (though ideologically good) o Social Success Some committees are still used in the UN today o Mandate system Parody Wanting to have ships to keep track of mandates

America (US policy) o Outside the league (league wasnt the driving force) o Dawes plan, young plan o Isolation o Behind more things than the league o US was trying to be outside of world affairs They take hold internationally when it comes to economy (as well as domestically) Giving people jobs within the nation etc. But they generally remained out of international affairs o Political cartoons Public doesnt want anything to do with Europe o They found a way to be very successful in the era Becomes more liberal but more capitalist Building quickly, roaring 20s for a type of people Industrialization When the Great Depression hit it hit hard The Great Depression o Germany, France o Breaks down collective security People need to do something to save their own people They care less for protecting others and want to protect themselves o Look for extreme measures People change political systems o Hyperinflation, overpopulation, unemployment, starvation o Overproduction Panic mode of uneducated people in economics The more I produce, the more I make All youre doing is deflating the cost Not worth the money Supply and demand Costs go lower so no money from upper workers to pay the lower workers o The Great Dustbowl Farming tactic Keeping a plot free so that you can produce in one field and start growing in the other People just dry and ruin the land from using it too much o Cost of items go from less than its worth to 10 times more than you can afford o There are two options: Military or revolution o Nations need to make a decision and they can work internally or externally Nations look for different solutions for the same problem Internally Socialism For example, Communism Externally Fascism o The pride of the nation o Asking from foreign nations o For example, Germany gets help from the US o During the Great Depression

Its practically complete anarchy People cant eat and theyre panicking o Break down of collective security Internal: Back out, dont care about other nations External: Take over lands New deal in the US o Like Lenins war communism and NEP (New Economic Policy/plan) o US President at the time Builds bridges etc. Government is going in to debt for paying workers Government actually ends up buying crops from farmers and just throwing it away In order to create nationalism (the structure cares about you) Government subsidizes the arts New York Public can pay $2 but the government pays $30 o Government goes into debt to save people o But creates positivity o Enough money in peoples pockets to jumpstart economy They dont get out of the Great Depression until WWII They bounce back when they militarize Military -> Economy o Right side Japanese invasion of Manchuria Japan says, we already won this land twice They drop out of the league o Easily, at that The western world keeps taking the land from them Reasons o Western world has expanded to a space beyond its need, as opposed to Asians who have had to cramped into the land they have US cuts off immigration of Asians Gold Rush (1800s) o Asians came o Whites dont LIKE Asians at this time Made illegal for them to immigrate o Part of the reason for invasions Constant earthquakes