PROBLEM 5.10 KNOWN: Diameter and radial temperature of AISI 1010 carbon steel shaft.

Convection coefficient and temperature of furnace gases. FIND: Time required for shaft centerline to reach a prescribed temperature. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, radial conduction, (2) Constant properties. PROPERTIES: AISI 1010 carbon steel, Table A.1 ( T = 550 K ) : = 7832 kg / m3 , k = 51.2 W/mK, c = 541 J/kgK, = 1.2110 m /s. ANALYSIS: The Biot number is
Bi =
2 hro / 2 100 W/m K ( 0.05 m/2 ) = = 0.0488. k 51.2 W/m K
-5 2

Hence, the lumped capacitance method can be applied. From Equation 5.6,

hAs 4h T T t = exp t = exp Ti T Vc cD

4 100 W/m 2 K 800 1200 = 0.811 = ln t 300 1200 7832 kg/m3 ( 541 J/kg K ) 0.1 m

t = 859 s.

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COMMENTS: To check the validity of the foregoing result, use the one-term approximation to the series solution. From Equation 5.49c,
To T 400 2 = = 0.444 = C1 exp 1 Fo Ti T 900

For Bi = hro/k = 0.0976, Table 5.1 yields 1 = 0.436 and C1 = 1.024. Hence

( 0.436 ) 1.2 105 m 2 / s

2

( 0.05 m )2
t = 915 s.

) t = ln ( 0.434) = 0.835

The results agree to within 6%. The lumped capacitance method underestimates the actual time, since the response at the centerline lags that at any other location in the shaft.

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PROBLEM 5S.9 KNOWN: Steel (plain carbon) billet of square cross-section initially at a uniform temperature of 30C is placed in a soaking oven and subjected to a convection heating process with prescribed temperature and convection coefficient. FIND: Time required for billet center temperature to reach 600C. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Two-dimensional conduction in x1 and x2 directions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Heat transfer to billet is by convection only. PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Steel, plain carbon (T = (30+600)C/2 = 588K = 600K): = 3 -5 2 7854 kg/m , cp = 559 J/kgK, k = 48.0 W/mK, =k/cp = 1.093 10 m /s. ANALYSIS: The billet corresponds to Case (e), Figure 5S.11 (infinite rectangular bar). Hence, the temperature distribution is of the form

( x1, x 2 , t ) = P ( x1, t ) P ( x 2 , t )

where P(x,t) denotes the distribution corresponding to the plane wall. Because of symmetry in the x1 and x2 directions, the P functions are identical. Hence,

( 0, 0, t ) o ( 0, t ) = i i Plane wall
2

= T T where i = Ti T o = T ( 0,t ) T
1/ 2

and L = 0.15m.

Substituting numerical values, find

o ( 0, t ) T ( 0,0,t ) T = i Ti T
o = o 0.46 i

1/ 2

( 600 750 ) C = ( 30 750 ) C

= 0.46.

Consider now the Heisler chart for the plane wall, Figure 5S.1. For the values
Bi-1 = k 48.0 W/m K = = 3.2 hL 100 W/m 2 K 0.15m

find
t = Fo =

t
L2

3.2.

Hence,

t=

3.2 L2

3.2 ( 0.15 m )

1.093 105 m 2 / s

= 6587 s = 1.83 h.

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PROBLEM 5S.4
KNOWN: Hot dog with prescribed thermophysical properties, initially at 6C, is immersed in boiling water. FIND: Time required to bring centerline temperature to 80C. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Hot dog can be treated as infinite cylinder, (2) Constant properties. ANALYSIS: The Biot number, based upon Equation 5.10, is 2 -3 h Lc h ro / 2 100 W/m K 10 10 m/2 Bi = = = 0.96

0.52 W/m K

Since Bi > 0.1, a lumped capacitance analysis is not appropriate. Using the Heisler chart, Figure 5S.4 with hr 100W/m 2 K 10 10-3m Bi o = = 1.92 or Bi-1 = 0.52

0.52 W/m K

and

T ( 0,t ) T ( 80 100 ) C = = 0.21 o = o = Ti T i ( 6-100 ) C

(1)
2

find where

Fo = t =

t
2 ro

= 0.8

2 ro t = Fo =

1.764 107 m 2 / s

(10 10-3m )

0.8 = 453.5s = 7.6 min

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= k/ c = 0.52 W/m K/880 kg/m3 3350 J/kg K = 1.764 107 m 2 / s.

COMMENTS: (1) Note that Lc = ro/2 when evaluating the Biot number for the lumped capacitance

analysis; however, in the Heisler charts, Bi hro/k.

-1 (2) The surface temperature of the hot dog follows from use of Figure 5S.5 with r/ro = 1 and Bi =

0.52; find (1,t)/o 0.45. From Equation (1), note that o = 0.21 i giving

(1, t ) = T ( ro , t ) T = 0.45 o = 0.45 ( 0.21[ Ti T ]) = 0.45 0.21[ 6 100] C = 8.9 C

T ( ro , t ) = T 8.9 C = (100 8.9 ) C = 91.1 C
(3) Since Fo 0.2, the approximate solution for *, Equation 5.49, is valid. From Table 5.1 with Bi = 1.92, find that 1 = 1.3245 rad and C1 = 1.2334. Rearranging Equation 5.49 and substituting values,

Fo =

ln o / C1 = 2

0.213 ln = 1.00 (1.3245 rad )2 1.2334 1

This result leads to a value of t = 9.5 min or 20% higher than that of the graphical method.

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PROBLEM 5.40
KNOWN: Thickness, initial temperature and properties of steel plate. Convection conditions at both surfaces. FIND: Time required to achieve a minimum temperature. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction in plate, (2) Symmetric heating on both sides, (3) Constant properties, (4) Negligible radiation from gases, (5) Fo > 0.2. ANALYSIS: The smallest temperature exists at the midplane and, with Bi = hL/k = 500 W/m K 0.050m/45 W/mK = 0.556 and Fo > 0.2, may be determined from the one-term approximation of Eq. 5.41. From Table 5.1, C1 = 1.076 and 1 = 0.682. Hence, with o = (To - T)/(Ti - T) = 0.375,
2

Fo =

ln o / C1 2 1

) = ln ( 0.375 /1.076) = 2.266

( 0.682 )2
2.266 ( 0.05m )
2

t=

Fo L2

45 W / m K / 7800 kg / m3 500 J / kg K

= 491s

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COMMENTS: From Eq. 5.40b, the corresponding surface temperature is

Ts = T + ( Ti T ) o cos (1 ) = 700C 400C 0.375 0.776 = 584C

Because Bi is not much larger than 0.1, temperature gradients in the steel are moderate.

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PROBLEM 5S.10 KNOWN: Initial temperature of fire clay brick which is cooled by convection. FIND: Center and corner temperatures after 50 minutes of cooling. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Homogeneous medium with constant properties, (2) Negligible radiation effects. PROPERTIES: Table A-3, Fire clay brick (900K): = 2050 kg/m , k = 1.0 W/mK, cp = 960 J/kgK. = 0.51 10 m /s. ANALYSIS: From Figure 5S.11(h), the center temperature is given by T ( 0,0,0,t ) T Ti T = P1 ( 0, t ) P2 ( 0, t ) P3 ( 0, t )
-6 2 3

where P1 , P2 and P3 must be obtained from Figure 5S.1. L1 = 0.03m: L 2 = 0.045m: L3 = 0.10m: Hence from Figure 5S.1, Bi1 = Bi 2 = Bi3 = h L1 = 1.50 k h L2 = 2.25 k h L3 = 5.0 k Fo1 = Fo2 = Fo3 =

t
L2 1

= 1.70

t
L2 2

= 0.756

t
L2 3

= 0.153

P1 ( 0, t ) 0.22
Hence, Ti T

P2 ( 0, t ) 0.50

P3 ( 0, t ) 0.85.

T ( 0,0,0,t ) T

0.22 0.50 0.85 = 0.094

and the center temperature is

T ( 0,0,0,t ) 0.094 (1600 313) K + 313 K = 434 K.

Continued ..

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PROBLEM 5S.10 (Cont.) The corner temperature is given by T ( L1, L2 , L3 , t ) T Ti T where P ( L1, t ) = = P ( L1, t ) P ( L2 , t ) P ( L3 , t )

( L1, t ) P1 ( 0, t ) , etc. o ( L2 , t ) 0.43 o ( L3 , t ) 0.25. o

and similar forms can be written for L2 and L3. From Figure 5S.2,

( L1, t ) 0.55 o
Hence,

P ( L1, t ) 0.55 0.22 = 0.12 P ( L 2 , t ) 0.43 0.50 = 0.22 P ( L3 , t ) 0.85 0.25 = 0.21 and T ( L1, L2 , L3 , t ) T Ti T or 0.12 0.22 0.21 = 0.0056

T ( L1, L2 , L3 , t ) 0.0056 (1600 313) K + 313 K.

The corner temperature is then

T ( L1, L2 , L3 , t ) 320 K.
COMMENTS: (1) The foregoing temperatures are overpredicted by ignoring radiation, which is significant during the early portion of the transient.

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(2) Note that, if the time required to reach a certain temperature were to be determined, an iterative approach would have to be used. The foregoing procedure would be used to compute the temperature for an assumed value of the time, and the calculation would be repeated until the specified temperature were obtained.