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AMERICAN ACADEMYLARNA;CA ~ FINAL EXAMINATIONS 201~1 12 PHYSICS Year 6 [Advanced Subsidiary]

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Unit 2: Physics at Work

Friday 27 April 2012 - 9.15 a.m.
Time: I hour 30 minutes
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Paper Reference

PH02/01
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Teachers No. of students

-

A. G. Chimonides / P. Burgess 10
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,'-

Write your name here

You must have:

Scientificcalculator Ruler ~~ ~

Total marks

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Instructions
Use black ink or ball-point pen (blacklhlue). Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your names. Answer all questions (there are 22 questions) . ... Answer the questions in the spaces provided - there may be more space than you need.

Information
The total mark for this paper is 80. The marks for each question are shown in brackets - use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be assessed - you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as well as the clarity of expression, on these questions. The list of data, formulae and relationships is printed at the end of this booklet. Candidates may use a scientific calculator.

Advice
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

-2SECTION A Answer ALL questions. For questions 1-10, in Section A, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box~. U you change your mind, put a line through the box S and then mark your new answer with a cross ~. A child's toy is operated by a small motor. The potential difference across the motor is 6.0 V and the current in it is 0.20 A. The energy used by the motor in 120 s is

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A 2.401 B 60.01 C 1441 D 36001

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~~~~~..__:..~ (Total for

Which one of the following does not apply to sound waves? 2

:.;.....;.. ...J.... Question 1 = 1 mark)

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A They transmit energy. B They travel faster in a vacuum. C They result from vibrations. D They are longitudinal waves. (Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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13

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Two coherent sources emit waves of wavelength A in phase. At a point where the two waves meet they have a phase difference of 90 could be the path difference at this point?

(-i radians).

Which of the following

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A 2..1 B A

C!
2

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1

A 4

I IS

------,--------------------------~------~.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

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14

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The four diagrams show waves of different wavelengths approaching slits of different widths.

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A

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D
=

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(Total for Question 4

In which diagram will the diffraction be the greatest?

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A B C

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D
1 mark)

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The heating element for an electric fire is made from a wire of resistance R. It is replaced with a wire of the same material which has the same length but is twice the diameter. The resistance of this second wire is

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A Y-.R B YzR C 2R

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I

D 4_R __

~ (Total for ~Question 5

~ 1 mark)

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6 The diagram

shows some of the electron energy levels for the hydrogen atom with four possible transitions. Energy I eV

-0.8~

---=-~-=-~~------~-~-----

-1.51 -----

=--~~~~~-~-~~~
--------~--------B

-13.6 ---

--_.--

The transition that would result in the emission of the longest wavelength is

o o o
rg'

B C
D (Total for Question.

= 1 mark)

Ultrasound pulses are used to detect shoals of fish in the sea. A shoal of fish is at a depth of 300 m and the speed of ultrasound in water is 1500 m S-I. The time interval between transmitting and receiving the pulse will be

0
~

A 0.20 s B OAO s C 2.5 s D 5.0 s

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s ~

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k =

S V-

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(.s. UV"<A

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0
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(Total for Question

1 mark)

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-s~ The graph shows the displacement of molecules against their distance from a wave source. Which of the points A to D, marked on the graph, has a phase difference of 2700 with point X? displacement X

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A B
C D

<:
D

distance

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(Total for Question

1 mark)

9 The behaviour
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of light can be described in terms of waves or particles. The particle nature of light can be demonstrated by A light being diffracted as it passes through a narrow slit. B the speed of light reducing when it is refracted by glass. C light causing electrons to be emitted from a metal surface. D light being polarised. (Total for Question
=

1 mark)

'. /b

-610 Two wires of the same material are connected in series with each other. Wire A has twice the diameter of wire B. In which of the following rows are both statements correct? current in wire A current in wire B
~

drift speed in wire A drift speed in wire B

-

A B C D

1 1 2 2

4 4

0 0 0

(Total for Question 10

1 mark)
=

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 10 MARKS

... f

-:fSECTIONB
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. 11 A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V is connected to a lamp of resistance 80 O. The current in the circuit is 17 mA. Calculate the internal resistance of this cell.

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Internal resistance =~.

(Total for Question 11 = 3 marks)

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12 The planet Jupiter has a moon 10. Volcanic activity on 10 releases clouds of electrons which travel at high speeds towards Jupiter. During a 15 s time period, 2.6 x 1026 electrons reach Jupiter from 10. Calculate the current.

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(<;~

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(Total for Question 12

3 marks)

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-&1'3
Noise cancelling headphones were first invented to cancel the noise in aeroplane and helicopter cockpits. They work using the principle of superposition of waves.

Sound waves enter and pass through the headphone and are detected by a microphone. An electronic circuit sends a signal to the loudspeaker so that it produces an 'opposite wave'.

Microphone

\MI
Loudspeaker (a) Compare the properties of the two sound waves necessary to produce complete cancellation of the two waves that reach the ear. (3)

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(b) In practice the incoming sound is reduced in volume rather than cancelled completely. Noise-cancelling headphones work well when the noise is from a jet engine. They are not very effective at cancelling speech or music. Explain why.

(3)

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A student carries out an experiment to measure the refractive index of glass. She does this by shining a ray of light through a semicircular glass block and into the air as shown.

(a) Calculate the refractive index from air to glass

allg.

(2)

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Refractive index = (b) (i)

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The student steadily increases the angle x in glass and finds that eventually the light does not pass into the air. Explain this observation.
(3)

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(ii) Calculate the largest value of angle x that allows the light to pass out of the - block into the air. (2)

Angle

='T--r

(Total for Question

1'1= 7 marks)
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* /5 A student looks at the sunlight reflected off a puddle of water. She puts a polarising
(Polaroid) filter in front of her eye. As she rotates the filter the puddle appears darker " then lighter. Explain this observation .

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(Total for Question.

= 3 marks)

, The current J in a length of aluminium of cross-sectional area A is given by the formula J= nevA where e is the charge on an electron. (a) State the meanings of nand v.
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(b) Show that the units on the left hand side of the equation are consistent with those on the right hand side.
(3)

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-11:/ (;, The circuit diagram shows a battery of negligible internal resistance connected to three resistors. O.60A

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(a) Calculate the potential difference across the 5 Q resistor.

(2)

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Potential difference = .... 1,-0 V Cb)Calculate the current 12,

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(2)

12 =O:~b, Cc) Calculate the resistance R.

(2)

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(Total for Question

/6 = 6 marks)

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An integrated circuit uses strips of gold as connectors and strips of silicon as resistors. A strip of gold of cross-sectional area 3.0 charge carrier density n is 6.0 x 1028m".
x

)
(2)

10-6 m2 carries a current of 8.0 mA. The 10-7 m s'.

(a) Show that the carrier drift velocity v for gold is approximately 3

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(b) An approximate value of v for a sample of silicon of the same dimensions, carrying the same current, would be 0.2 m s". Compare this value with the one for gold and account for the difference in the values. (2)
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(c) State and explain what happens to the resistance of a sample of silicon as its temperature increases ..
(2)

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(Total for Question (1- = 6 marks)

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/B

A child wants to power his model train set from a 12 V battery. He also wants to be able to control the speed of his trains. His sister is studying Physics and suggests using the following circuit.

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12 V

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Resistor

Sliding contact

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To train set

1
Material Copper Iron Constantan Carbon

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She has the following materials to choose from to make the resistor. Resistivity / n m 1.8 X 10-8 1.2 X 10-7 4.9
X

10-7

1.4 X 10-5

(a) The resistivity of the materials varies greatly. What type of scale could be used to plot them most easily on a graph? ........... ~~~\,~~~ . (1)

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(b) (i) She chooses a carbon rod. Explain why this is a good choice .

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(2) (ii) The carbon rod she uses has a cross-sectional area of 3.0 x lO--6m2 and a length of 40 cm. Show that the total resistance of the carbon rod is about 2 Q.

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(3)

(iii) Assuming that the internal resistance of the battery and the resistance of the comiecting wires is negligible, state the potential difference available to the train set when the sliding contact is at:

\~v.

Q.v

.
(1)

(iv) The total resistance of the wires connecting the battery to the resistor is about 0.5 Q. Explain whether this would have a significant effect on the potential difference available for the train set. i~ .

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(Total 9 marks)

-/6-

* 19In 1921, Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric
n

effect.

The results of experiments on the photoelectric effect show that: photoelectrons are not released when the incident radiation is below a certain threshold frequency; the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons released depends on the frequency of the incident light and not its intensity.

Explain how these results support a particle theory, but not a wave theory of light.

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(Total for Question 19= 6 marks)

r-------------------------------

....

-/710 The graph shows

how the maximum kinetic energy E of photoelectrons emitted from the surface of aluminium varies with the frequency f of the incident radiation.

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2 4

10

12

14

16

18

20

(a) Explain why no photoelectrons are emitted below a frequency ofl0

1014Hz.
(1)

(b) Calculate the work function of aluminium in electron volts.

(3)

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Work function =

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(1)

(c) State the quantity represented by the gradient of the graph.

............................................... h
(d) Add a second line to the graph to show how E varies withf for a metal which has a work function less than aluminium. (2) (Total for Question

.to= 7 marks)

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The diagram shows a difuacti~n pattern.

(a) Explain what is meant by diffraction.

(2)

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(b) This diffraction pattern is produced by electrons passing through a thin sheet of graphite. (i) State what this suggests about the behaviour of electrons.
(1)

(ii) Suggest why substantial diffraction occurs.

(1)

(Total for Question Z (= 4 marks)

r--------------------------------

-/7'-

BLANK PAGE

-1,0-

21 Warning traffic signs that tell motorists

they are speeding are often solar powered.

The speed of an approaching car is measured by transmitting microwaves towards it. These waves are reflected off the car and picked up by a receiver, which uses the Doppler effect to calculate the speed of the car. (a) A narrow beam of waves is necessary to pick out a single car. Suggest a reason why microwaves are used rather than radio waves.
(2) ...............~~'Y~~~S~~A

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(1)

State how the frequency of the reflected signal would differ from the frequency of the transmitted signal.

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(ii) Explain how the system detects that a car is speeding. (2)

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-1./(c) If a car is speeding, the warning sign flashes to alert the driver. The warning sign is powered by solar cells covering a rectangular area 0.5 m x 0.3 m. The average intensity of the solar energy radiation hitting the solar cells is 500 W m-2. The solar cells are 8% efficient at transforming light energy into electrical energy, which is stored in a battery. (i) Calculate how much electrical energy is produced each second by the solar panel.
(3)

...................s.<r9.W""'~~)(lO:~~.'>'O~1~)xY;
l0"D

Electrical energy each second =6\.V................ (ii) The panel receives solar energy for 8 hours per day. The warning sign requires 100 J of electrical energy each time it flashes. Calculate how many times the warning sign can flash in a day. (3)
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Number of flashes

=ttQQ
(Total for Question .2..2. = 11 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 70 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

~ . '2Z

List of data, formulae and relationships (close to Earth's surface)

Acceleration of free fall Electron charge

g = 9.81 m S-2 e
me
=

-1.60

1O-19C

! Electron

mass

= 9.11 x 10-31kg
x

Electronvolt

1 eV = 1.60

10-19J (close to Earth's surface)

I Gravitational field strength Planck constant Speed of light in a vacuum

g = 9.81 N kg:' h = 6.63 c = 3.00

X

10-34 J s 108m
S-I

I
.

Unit 1 Mechanics Kinematic equations of motion u + at s = ut + "hat2 v2 = u2 + 2as

v
=

Forces

'L.F = ma g=F/m W=mg f..W = Ftss E k = "hmv2

Work and energy

I
a

M gray

mgtsh.

Materials Stokes' law Hooke's law Density Pressure Young's modulus F = Stcnrv F = ktsx
p = m/V

p =F/A E = a/e where Stress (J = F/A Strain s = !ix/x

Elastic strain energy

...

:.23

it
Unit 2 . Waves Wave speed Refractive index Electricity Potential difference Resistance Electrical power, energy and efficiency V= W/Q R = V/I p= VI P =J2R P = V2IR W= VIt

-2..3.-

1
v=fl
IJ12 =

sin i/sin r

v/v

.,

% efficiency = ------=:;;~----"'--

useful energy output energy input useful power output

100

% efficiency

power input

100

Resistivity Current Resistors in series Resistors in parallel

R = pl/A I = I'1Q/l'1t I= nqvA R 1

=

RI + R2 + R3 1 1 1

-=-+-+R RI R2 E=hf hf= ~+ Yzmv2max

II
11.

R3

Quantum physics Photon model Einstein's photoelectric equation

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