ComputerNetworksMidterm(99/11)

1. Explain Internet protocol stack (2% each layers name, 2% each layers functions, 20% total) 2. Compare the circuit switching and packet switching on resource usage, performance, and call setup. (12%
total)

3. What application layer protocols and transport layer protocols are needed for the applications? (0.5%
each, 10% total) Application Application layer protocol Transport layer protocol Data Loss (Yes or No) Elastic Bandwidth (Yes or No) Time Sensitive (Yes or No)

File transfer e-mail Web Internet telephony

4. (a) What information is used by a process running on one host to indentify a process running on another
host? (4%) (b) For a communication session between a pair of processes, which process is the client and which is the server? (4%) (8% total) 5. (a) Web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects. Which identifier is used to address each object? (2%) (10% total) (b) This identifier consists of two parts. List them. (4%) (c) Describe operations and messages of HTTP between client and server processes. (4%) 6. Draw a figure to explain the encapsulation/decapulation processes of the Internet protocol stack. Besides, you have to write the name of data unit of each layer. () (8%)

7. Consider a message that is 7.5*106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination through two
packet switch. Suppose each link is 1.5Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays. (a) Translate this problem into Chinese (, 4%). (b)How long does it take to move the message from source to destination without message segmentation? (4%) (c) Suppose the message is segmented into 5000 packets, with each packet being 1500 bits long. How long does it take to move message from source to destination with message segmentation (6%) (14% total)

8. Suppose you click a hyperlink (http://www.ncue.edu.tw) to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the
associated URL in not cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that n DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS; the successive visits incur an RTT of RTT1,, RTTn. Further suppose the HTML file references three very small objects on the same server. Assuming RTT0 denotes the round trip time between your host and the server containing the object. Assuming zero transmission time of the object, how much time elapses with (a) nonpersistent HTTP with no parallel TCP connections, (b) persistent HTTP without pipelining, (c) persistent HTTP with pipelining from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the Web page and the three objects? Translate this problem into Chinese (, 4%). Explain operation of each method (2%) and derive your answer (how much time elapses? 2%). (18% total)

ComputerNetworksMidterm(99/11)
1. Explain Internet protocol stack (2% each layers name, 2% each layers functions, 20% total)
Ans: application: supporting network applications transport: host-host data transfer network: routing of datagrams from source to destination link: data transfer between neighboring network elements physical: bits on the wire (2% each layers name, 2% each layers functions, 20% total) application transport network link physical

2. Compare the circuit switching and packet switching on resource usage, performance, and call setup. (total
12%) Ans: Circuit-switching: (2% each, total 12%) i. end-end resources reserved for call, like link bandwidth, switch capacity. dedicated resources: no sharing ii. circuit-like (guaranteed) performance iii. call setup required Packet-switching: i. each end-end data stream divided into packets. User A, B packets share network resources as needed ii. resource contention may degrade performance. iii. no call setup required

3. (0.5%, 10%)
Application File transfer e-mail Web Internet telephony Application layer protocol FTP SMTP HTTP proprietary Transport layer protocol TCP TCP TCP UDP Data Loss No No No Yes, loss-tolerant Elastic Bandwidth Time Sensitive Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes, 100s msec

4. (a) The IP address of the destination host and the port number of the destination socket. (4%)
(b) The process which initiates the communication is the client; the process that waits to be contacted is the server. (4%)

5. (a) Web page consists of base HTML-file which includes several referenced objects. Which identifier is
used to address each object? (2%) (b) This identifier consists of two parts. List them. (4%) (c) Describe operations of HTTP between client and server processes. (4%)

ComputerNetworksMidterm(99/11)
Ans: a) by a URL (2%) b) host name and path name (4%) c) HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol HTTP client: browser that requests, receives, displays Web objects (2%) HTTP server: Web server sends objects in response to requests (2%)

6. Draw a figure to explain the encapsulation/decapulation processes of the Internet protocol stack. Besides,
you have to write the name of data unit of each layer. () (8%) Ans:

1%, 4%source/destination encapsulation/decapulation 1% 4%

7.
a) Consider a message that is 7.5*106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination through two packet switch. Suppose each link is 1.5Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays. 7.5*106 (link) 1.5Mbps (queuing)4%

ComputerNetworksMidterm(99/11)
b) Time to send message from source host to first packet switch = 7.5 10 6 sec = 5 sec . With 1.5 10 6 store-and-forward switching, the total time to move message from source host to destination host =
5 sec 3 hops = 15 sec (4%)

1.5 10 3 c) Time to send 1 packet from source host to first packet switch = . sec = 1 m sec . (2%) 1.5 10 6 Time at which 2nd packet is received at the first switch = time at which 1st packet is received at the second switch = 2 1 m sec = 2 m sec Time at which 1st packet is received at the destination host = . 1 m sec 3 hops = 3 m sec . After this,
st

every 1msec one packet will be received; thus time at which last (5000th) packet is received =
3 m sec + 4999 * 1m sec = 5.002 sec . (4%)

8. Suppose you click a hyperlink (http://www.ncue.edu.tw) to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the
associated URL in not cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that n DNS servers are visited before your host receives the IP address from DNS; the successive visits incur an RTT of RTT1,, RTTn. Further suppose the HTML file references three very small objects on the same server. Assuming RTT0 denotes the round trip time between your host and the server containing the object. Assuming zero transmission time of the object, how much time elapses with (a) nonpersistent HTTP with no parallel TCP connections, (b) persistent HTTP without pipelining, (c) persistent HTTP with pipelining from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the Web page and the three objects? (hyperlink) (http://www.ncue.edu.tw) URL IP DNS IP DNS IP n DNS RTT1,, RTTn (RTT) HTML RTT0 (a) nonpersistent HTTP with no parallel TCP connections, (b) persistent HTTP without pipelining, (c) persistent HTTP with pipelining 4% The total amount of time to get the IP address by DNS lookup is RTT1 + RTT2 + + RTTn . (2%) Once the IP address is known, RTTO elapses to set up the TCP connection and another RTTO elapses to request and receive the Web object. (a) nonpersistent HTTP without parallel TCP connections: At most one object is sent over a TCP connection. (2%) [1 RTT0 (TCP handshaking) + 1 RTT0 (HTTP request/response) ]*4 objects (1 Web page + 3 objects) = 8 RTT0

ComputerNetworksMidterm(99/11)
The total response time is RTT1 + = 8 RTTo + RTT1 + + RTTn + 2 RTTo + 3 2 RTTo + RTTn .

(2%)

(b) persistent HTTP without pipelining: Multiple objects can be sent over single TCP connection between client and server. The browser first waits to receive a HTTP response from the server before issuing a new HTTP request. (2%) 1 RTT0 (TCP handshaking) + 1 RTT0 (HTTP request/response) *4 objects = 5 RTT0 The total response time is RTT1 + + RTTn + 2 RTTo + 3RTTo = 5RTTo + RTT1 + + RTTn .

(2%)

(c) persistent HTTP with pipelining: The browser issues requests as soon as it has a need to do so, without waiting for response messages from the server. (2%) 1 RTT0 (TCP handshaking) + 1 RTT0 (HTTP request/response for web page) + 1 RTT0 (HTTP request/response for 3 objects) = 3 RTT0 The total response time is RTT1 + + RTTn + 2 RTTo + RTTo = 3RTTo + RTT1 + 20% total + RTTn . (2%)