Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency:

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, sometimes known as Pak-EPA, is an executive agency Government of Pakistan managed by the Ministry of Environment. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulation based on laws passed by Parliament established in 1997. An Act to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable development. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency also provides all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of National Disaster Management. Their motto is Protection of Environment is Our Moral and Legal Obligation.

Role of PEPA:

Water quality status in rural areas of Pakistan. Compendium on Environment statistics of Pakistan Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Selected Cities of Pakistan Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory of Pakistan for the Year 2007-2008. Workshop on Corporate Carbon Footprint, Carbon Neutrality & Clean Development Mechanism. National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2011-2015. National Hazardous Substances and Waste Management policy. Guidelines for Handling, Storage, Inspection and Accident Investigation of Hazardous Substances and Hazardous Wastes. National Report on Generation and Movement of Hazardous Wastes. Pesticides Standard Operating Procedures.

Pakistan first environment site: greenenv.blog.com/ Ethics of pollution control theories:

1) Ecological ethics

2) Environmental rights 3) Market approach

Implementation W.r.t Pakistan: Ecological ethics:

A number of serious environmental problems are inherent in the country, which are of great ecological concern in terms of its sustainable economic future. These include soil erosion, pesticide misuse, deforestation, desertification, urban pollution, waterlogging and salinity, freshwater pollution and marine water pollution, just to name a few. The major constraint to overcoming these problems, in fact perhaps the main contributor to their intensity, is the population growth, which is very high in contrast to the natural limited resources that are available to the people. Also included in the constraints is the unsustainable use and management of these resources. Around 140 million people live in this country, making it the seventh most populous country in the world. Although it is primarily an agricultural country, the landscape is predominantly arid. Water, already a scarce commodity in most parts of the country, is now facing further shortages. Other issues like electricity shortages and natural disaster like flood and earthquake seriously affect the ecosystem Current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification.

Environmental rights:
Environmental rights mean access to the unspoiled natural resources that enable survival, including land, shelter, food, water and air. They also include more purely ecological rights, including the right for a certain beetle to survive or the right for an individual to enjoy an unspoiled landscape. In Pakistan air pollution, soil and noise pollution is at peak due to the massive deforestation in northern areas or due to the increasing population. The combination of a large population and poor resource environment means that judicious means of energy use and minimum waste systems of production as well as lifestyles must be employed for sustainable development. The picture in Pakistan is however very different in fact totally opposite to this. The use of raw materials is also inefficient and many reusable resources are discarded as waste. Only 3% of the industrial plants meet international waste treatment standards. There are serious effluent problems and lack of sanitation affecting the natural resources and posing unmitigated health risks.

Water Land

Economic Loss Poverty and Environment Health Issues

Absolute ban on pollution is very difficult to see in term of Pakistan environment .Because rights are exploited and there are many environmental issues.

Market approach:
If there is a negative externality, then social costs will be greater than private costs. Environmental pollution is an example of a social cost that is seldom borne completely by the polluter, thereby creating a negative externality. There are many pollution related factors that contribute toward increasing social cost. Also there are many other factors Pakistans electricity problem is getting from bad to worse. The population of Pakistan is increasing at about 2 per cent per annum and demand for electricity is growing by about 9 per cent per annum whereas supply is increasing at a much lower rate giving rise to mounting back logs and supply shortage. When a negative externality exists in an unregulated market, producers don't take responsibility for external costs that exist--these are passed on to society. Thus producers have lower marginal costs than they would otherwise have and the supply curve is effectively shifted down (to the right) of the supply curve that society faces. Because the supply curve is increased, more of the product is bought than the efficient amount--that is, too much of the product is produced and sold. Since marginal benefit is not equal to marginal cost, a deadweight welfare loss results. Same in context of Pakistan criteria negative externality increases. Some other facts about Pakistan: The Effects of Coal on the Environment. Dirty Thar Coal Versus Environment Friendly Kalabagh Dam in Pakistan :

Kalabagh dam which will increase the water resources of the country is being opposed while Thar coal project, which will consume huge amount of water and will contaminate all water, air and land resources of Pakistan is being advocated by the government. Coal is one of the most polluting sources of energy available, jeopardizing our health and our environment. While Kalabagh Dam will have multiple advantages and will act as clean electricity power house.