0332H

MCI 0332H
MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE
RECONNAISSANCE MARINE
MARINE BARRACKS WASHINGTON, DC
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE 912 CHARLES POOR STREET SE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD DC 20391-5680
IN REPLY REFER TO:
1550 17 Jan 2012 From: Director To: Marine Corps Institute Student Subj: RECONNAISSANCE MARINE (MCI 0332H) 1. Purpose. The subject course provides instruction on the references and duties of a reconnaissance marine. 2. Scope. This course teaches Marines current reconnaissance skills needed by the individual Marine in any MOS. 3. Applicability. This course is intended for instructional purposes only. This course is designed for all Marines who will perform duties as a reconnaissance Marine. It can also be used as a reference for sustainment training conducted by small unit leaders with limited resources. 4. Recommendations. Comments and recommendations on the contents of the course are invited and will aid in subsequent course revisions. Please complete the course evaluation questionnaire at the end of the final examination. Return the questionnaire and the examination booklet to your proctor.
M. S. REICHENBAUGH By direction
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Table of Contents
Page Contents ............................................................................................................................ Student Information .......................................................................................................... Study Guide ...................................................................................................................... Study Unit 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Study Unit 2 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Study Unit 3 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Study Unit 4 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Study Unit 5 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Missions ........................................................................................ The Composition of Reconnaissance Units .................................. Initial Terminal Guidance ............................................................. Communications ........................................................................... Prepare the AN/PRC-119 for Combat Operations ........................ Prepare the AN/PRC-117 for Combat Operations ........................ Prepare the AN/PRC-148 for Combat Operations ........................ Prepare the AN/PRC-150 for Combat Operations ........................ Prepare the AN/PRC-152 for Combat Operations ........................ Employ Field Expedient Antennas ............................................... Insertion and Extraction ................................................................ Insertion by Fast Roping ............................................................... Extraction by Helicopter via SPIE Operations ............................. Map Reading and Land Navigation .............................................. Ground Reconnaissance ................................................................ Route Reconnaissance .................................................................. Bridge Reconnaissance ................................................................. Ford Reconnaissance .................................................................... Amphibious Operations ................................................................ Operate a Small Craft.................................................................... Riverine Reconnaissance .............................................................. Hydrographic Surveys ..................................................................
Continued on next page
i iii v 1-1 1-3 1-15 2-1 2-3 2-13 2-23 2-35 2-45 2-51 3-1 3-3 3-11 3-21 4-1 4-3 4-21 4-33 5-1 5-3 5-15 5-31
MCI Course 0332H
Table of Contents, Continued
Study Unit 6 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Study Unit 7 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Appendix
Reconnaissance and Surveillance ................................................. Set up an Observation Post ........................................................... Panoramic Sketches/Field Sketches .............................................. Analyze Surveillance .................................................................... Employ Field Photography ........................................................... Employ Remote Sensors ............................................................... Threat Weapons and Equipment ................................................... Small Arm Threat Weapons.......................................................... Threat Equipment.......................................................................... Using the AN/PYQ-10 for Communication Operations ...............
Page 6-1 6-3 6-15 6-27 6-35 6-47 7-1 7-3 7-15 A-1 R-1
Review Lesson Examination.............................................................................................
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Student Information
Number and Title
MCI 0332H RECONNAISSANCE MARINE
Study Hours
16
Course Materials
Text
Review Agency
2d Reconnaissance Battalion PSC Box 20138 Camp Lejeune, NC 28542-0138
Reserve Retirement Credits (RRC)
ACE
This course is scheduled for review by the American Council on Education during 2012.
Assistance
For administrative assistance, have your training officer or NCO log on to the MCI home page at www.mci.usmc.mil. Marines CONUS may call toll free 1-800-MCI-USMC. Marines worldwide may call commercial (202) 6857596 or DSN 325-7596.
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Study Guide
Congratulations
Congratulations on your enrollment in a distance education course from the Distance Learning and Technologies Department (DLTD) of the Marine Corps Institute (MCI). Since 1920, the Marine Corps Institute has been helping tens of thousands of hard-charging Marines, like you, improve their technical job performance skills through distance learning. By enrolling in this course, you have shown a desire to improve the skills you have and master new skills to enhance your job performance. The distance learning course you have chosen, MCI 0332H, Reconnaissance Marines, provides essential training to all Marines.
Your Personal Characteristics
YOU ARE PROPERLY MOTIVATED. You have made a positive decision to get training on your own. Self-motivation is perhaps the most important force in learning or achieving anything. Doing whatever is necessary to learn is motivation. You have it! YOU SEEK TO IMPROVE YOURSELF. You are enrolled to improve those skills you already possess, and to learn new skills. When you improve yourself, you improve the Corps! YOU HAVE THE INITIATIVE TO ACT. By acting on your own, you have shown you are a self-starter, willing to reach out for opportunities to learn and grow. YOU ACCEPT CHALLENGES. You have self-confidence and believe in your ability to acquire knowledge and skills. You have the selfconfidence to set goals and the ability to achieve them, enabling you to meet every challenge. YOU ARE ABLE TO SET AND ACCOMPLISH PRACTICAL GOALS. You are willing to commit time, effort, and the resources necessary to set and accomplish your goals. These professional traits will help you successfully complete this distance learning course.
MCI Course 0332H
Study Guide, Continued
Beginning Your Course
Before you actually begin this course of study, read the student information page. If you find any course materials missing, notify your training officer or training NCO. If you have all the required materials, you are ready to begin. To begin your course of study, familiarize yourself with the structure of the course text. One way to do this is to read the table of contents. Notice the table of contents covers specific areas of study and the order in which they are presented. You will find the text divided into several study units. Each study unit is comprised of two or more lessons and lesson exercises.
Leafing Through the Text
Leaf through the text and look at the course. Read a few lesson exercise questions to get an idea of the type of material in the course. If the course has additional study aids, such as a handbook or plotting board, familiarize yourself with them.
The First Study Unit
Turn to the first page of study unit 1. On this page, you will find an introduction to the study unit and generally the first study unit lesson. Study unit lessons contain learning objectives, lesson text, and exercises.
Reading the Learning Objectives
Learning objectives describe in concise terms what the successful learner, you, will be able to do as a result of mastering the content of the lesson text. Read the objectives for each lesson and then read the lesson text. As you read the lesson text, make notes on the points you feel are important.
Completing the Exercises
To determine your mastery of the learning objectives and text, complete the exercises developed for you. Exercises are located at the end of each lesson, and at the end of each study unit. Without referring to the text, complete the exercise questions and then check your responses against those provided.
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Continuing to March
Continue on to the next lesson, repeating the above process until you have completed all lessons in the study unit. Follow the same procedures for each study unit in the course.
Preparing for the Final Exam
To prepare for your final exam, you must review what you learned in the course. The following suggestions will help make the review interesting and challenging. CHALLENGE YOURSELF. Try to recall the entire learning sequence without referring to the text. Can you do it? Now look back at the text to see if you have left anything out. This review should be interesting. Undoubtedly, youll find you were not able to recall everything. But with a little effort, youll be able to recall a great deal of the information. USE UNUSED MINUTES. Use your spare moments to review. Read your notes or a part of a study unit, rework exercise items, review again; you can do many of these things during the unused minutes of every day. APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED. It is always best to use the skill or knowledge youve learned as soon as possible. If it isnt possible to actually use the skill or knowledge, at least try to imagine a situation in which you would apply this learning. For example make up and solve your own problems. Or, better still, make up and solve problems that use most of the elements of a study unit. USE THE SHAKEDOWN CRUISE TECHNIQUE. Ask another Marine to lend a hand by asking you questions about the course. Choose a particular study unit and let your buddy fire away. This technique can be interesting and challenging for both of you! MAKE REVIEWS FUN AND BENEFICIAL. Reviews are good habits that enhance learning. They dont have to be long and tedious. In fact, some learners find short reviews conducted more often prove more beneficial.
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Tackling the Final Exam
When you have completed your study of the course material and are confident with the results attained on your Review Lesson exercise, you are ready to take the final examination. Your training NCO or officer will administer the final examination either online at www.mci.usmc.mil or by using Form DP-37 (answer sheet) that is provided in the sealed envelope marked "FINAL EXAM". If you use Form DP-37 to take your final examination, your training NCO or officer will return it to MCI for grading. Ensure you read all the directions carefully, whether online or on Form DP-37, before taking your final examination.
Completing Your Course
The sooner you complete your course, the sooner you can better yourself by applying what youve learned! HOWEVER--you do have 2 years from the date of enrollment to complete this course.
Graduating!
As a graduate of this distance education course and as a dedicated Marine, your job performance skills will improve, benefiting you, your unit, and the Marine Corps.
Semper Fidelis!
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STUDY UNIT 1 MISSIONS Overview
Scope
In this study unit, you will learn about the reconnaissance battalion and force reconnaissance company missions and expand on their main mission: Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG).
Purpose
While both a reconnaissance battalion and force reconnaissance company shares certain capabilities and limitations (e.g. both are able to perform ITG), for the most part, they are very different. It is therefore important to distinguish the difference between them.
In This Study Unit
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lessons The Composition of Reconnaissance Units Initial Terminal Guidance See Page 1-3 1-15
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Study Unit 1
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Study Unit 1
LESSON 1 THE COMPOSITION OF RECONNAISSANCE UNITS Introduction
Scope
This lesson will familiarize you with reconnaissance battalion and force reconnaissance units. Specifically, you will learn about their composition, mission capabilities, and limitations.
Purpose
Many Marines, when asked about the difference between a reconnaissance battalion and force reconnaissance company are not able to distinguish between these two units. Like any other Marine Corps unit, they both have different capabilities and limitations. After completing this lesson, you will become one of the few and proud Marines who can distinguish between the battalion and the company.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Select the primary mission of a force reconnaissance company. Identify the organization of a force reconnaissance company. Select the primary mission of a reconnaissance battalion. Identify the organization of the reconnaissance battalion.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Fundamentals Force Reconnaissance Company Reconnaissance Battalion Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 1-3 1-4 1-7 1-9 1-12
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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1
Fundamentals
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance allows you to learn about the opposing force you are facing. Therefore, reconnaissance is necessary when conducting any type of operation. The term reconnaissance describes any mission (aerial, ground, or amphibious) undertaken to obtain information about the activities and resources of the enemy. Reconnaissance units throughout the Marine Corps are trained to conduct surveillance. Surveillance is the systematic observation of aerospace, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Surveillance helps develop intelligence needed to confirm or deny estimated threat courses of action (COA) or to identify critical vulnerabilities and limitations. This is done by observing enemy forces, observing a named area of interest (NAI), or listening to an area of activities. An important factor to remember when characterizing missions conducted by reconnaissance is the depth of the penetration that they require to complete the mission. The depth of the penetration has important implications in terms of time, risk, coordination, and support requirements. Furthermore, the depth of penetration can be classified as one of the following: Penetration Close Description Close reconnaissance is ground reconnaissance and surveillance conducted in the area extending forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). It is conducted well in the commanders area of influence. Distant reconnaissance is ground reconnaissance and surveillance conducted in far portion of the commander, landing forces area of influence. It is conducted beyond the fire support coordination line (FSCL) to the limits of the commanders area of influence. It is also normally conducted by elements directly controlled by division headquarters. Deep reconnaissance is ground reconnaissance and surveillance conducted in the commander, landing forces area of interest. It is usually directed toward determining the location, composition, disposition, and movement of the enemy reinforcements.
Surveillance
Depth of Penetration
Distant
Deep
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Fundamentals, Continued
Collecting Information
Reconnaissance and surveillance allows Marines to collect vital information. Information can be collected by using any means, e.g., infantryman on the ground to newer technologies: signal intelligence (SIGINT), satellite, reconnaissance aircraft, and/or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) observation. In addition to the above mentioned means, various technical assets may be required to accomplish certain specific tasks. These assets include, but are not limited to Engineering Hydrographic data collecting Monitoring of remotely implanted sensors Scanning for radio signals Nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) detection
Upon collecting important information using the above mentioned means, plans can be developed to be used for intelligence.
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Intelligence Cycle
Reconnaissance tasks are to support the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) intelligence cycle. Effectiveness depends on timelines, reliability, and pertinent inputs from other intelligence and reconnaissance sources. Reconnaissance is well integrated within the framework of the intelligence cycle, which consists the following: Part Description Planning and Consists of those activities that identify pertinent direction phase intelligence requirements and provides the means for satisfying those requirements. Collection Encompasses assembling relevant information from phase sources that are already on hand or available from other intelligence organizations: intelligence databases, studies, maps, and a workbook or situation map. Processing and Involves the conversion of collected data into information exploitation that is suitable for the production of intelligence. Processing is largely a technical function that does not add meaning to the data but that is necessary to convert the data into a form that people can understand. Production Converts information into intelligence. It involves the evaluation, interpretation, integration, analysis, and synthesis of all information that is relevant to a particular intelligence requirement to answer the question that has been asked. Dissemination Timely conveyance of intelligence to users in the appropriate form. Utilization Provides guidance and feedback that are used to initiate the next iteration of the cycle.
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Force Reconnaissance Company
Mission Statement
The force reconnaissance company conducts amphibious reconnaissance, surveillance, and limited-scale raids in support of the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), other MAGTFs, or joint task forces (JTFs) as directed.
Employment
The force reconnaissance company normally operates under the staff cognizance of the intelligence support coordinator (ISC) for reconnaissance and surveillance missions under the staff cognizance of the MAGTF G-3/S-3 (Operations) for offensive operations. The basic operating unit is the ground reconnaissance team. However, platoons or task-organized elements may be employed to accomplish certain tasks.
Capabilities
The following missions can be performed by a force reconnaissance company: Amphibious reconnaissance and deep ground reconnaissance and surveillance. Report enemy activity and collect information. Conduct counter reconnaissance. Collect imagery. Conduct unique missions, e.g., engineer and Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC) reconnaissance missions. Infiltrate and exfiltrate mission areas (e.g. underwater and parachute operations). Recover and implant ground remote sensors and beacons. Perform Initial terminal Guidance (ITG). Engage selected targets with supporting arms and organic weapons. Conduct limited-scale raids. Conduct post-strike battle damage assessment.
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Force Reconnaissance Company, Continued
Limitations
Force reconnaissance companies have the following limitations: Limited organic anti-armor firepower and protection No transportation or casualty evacuation capability Endurance and fatigue considerations as influenced by terrain, environment, enemy situation, and weather Sustainment of combat operations because of limited organic firepower, mobility, and support assets Restricted collection capabilities due to the effects of terrain and weather factors
Dependence on the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) headquarters group and other MAGTF elements to support and sustain operations (particularly air fire support).
Organization
Within each MEF, there is one force reconnaissance company. The company consists of a headquarters and service platoon, and four reconnaissance platoons. Each force reconnaissance platoon normally consists of three line teams and a headquarters team. Task organization may vary depending on the mission.
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Reconnaissance Battalion
Mission Statement
The Marine Division Reconnaissance Battalion provides amphibious and ground reconnaissance and surveillance operations in support of the Marine Division. Elements thereof are employed to observe, identify, and report intelligence information on the enemy, weather and terrain. In many occasions, the battalion will task organize teams to be detached and be in direct support of an infantry battalion or regiment.
Employment
Capabilities
The following missions can be performed by a reconnaissance battalion: Conduct amphibious and ground reconnaissance. Conduct limited screening for observation, identification, and reporting on enemy activities. Conduct extensive collection operations in support of units within the division. Specialized terrain reconnaissance, e.g., all areas of military physical geography. Conduct specialized reconnaissance in engineer, NBC, and other reconnaissance missions. Implant and recover ground remote sensors, relays, and beacons. Collect Imagery. Conduct Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG). Engage selected targets with supporting arms and organic firepower.
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Reconnaissance Battalion, Continued
Limitations
Reconnaissance battalions have the following limitations: Limited organic anti-armor firepower and protection Endurance and fatigue influenced by terrain, mode of transport, environment, enemy situation, and weather Restricted abilities to conduct sustained combat operations because of limited firepower, mobility, and organic combat support Dependence on the division of other MAGTF elements to support and sustain operations
Table of Organization
The table of organization for a reconnaissance battalion is different from a force reconnaissance company. A reconnaissance battalion is composed of three reconnaissance companies and one headquarters and service company (H&S). Within these companies there are three platoons; each platoon will normally have three line teams and one headquarters team. Note: Teams may vary depending on unit SOP, mission, etc.
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Reconnaissance Battalion, Continued
Summary
During this lesson, you learned about the missions that a reconnaissance battalion and force reconnaissance company can execute, while both reconnaissance units have many differences, both reconnaissance units have the following in common when it comes to capabilities and limitations. Capabilities Conduct unique missions, e.g., engineer and nuclear, biological, chemical reconnaissance missions Recover and implant ground remote sensor beacons Limitations Limited organic anti-armor firepower and protection Endurance and fatigue influenced by terrain, mode of transport, environment, enemy situation, and weather Restricted abilities to conduct sustained combat operations because of limited firepower, mobility, and organic combat support
Perform ITG
Engage selected targets with supporting arms and organic weapons
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Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.
Item 1
A force reconnaissance company has the ability to conduct __________, __________, and limited-scale raids in support of the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). a. b. c. d. amphibious reconnaissance; scouting ground reconnaissance; amphibious patrolling amphibious reconnaissance; surveillance ground reconnaissance; air reconnaissance
Item 2
There is a total of ________ platoons in a force reconnaissance company. a. b. c. d. 5 6 7 8
Item 3
A reconnaissance battalion will conduct __________ and __________ operations in general support of an entire division. a. b. c. d. insertion; extraction amphibious; ground air; parachute photography; sensor
Item 4
How many reconnaissance companies are in a reconnaissance battalion? a. b. c. d. 3 2 6 4

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise
Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued
Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 Answer c a b d Reference Page 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10
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LESSON 2 INITIAL TERMINAL GUIDANCE Introduction
Scope
In this lesson, you will learn the importance of an Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG) mission. An ITG mission gives a reconnaissance team the inherent capability to provide primary assistance for the initial helicopter waves in a landing zone (LZ).
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Name five possible missions a team can perform. Match each terminal guidance term with its appropriate definition. List the different methods of insertion for an Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG) team. Determine the correct method for marking the Helicopter Landing Zone (HLZ). Fill out a HLZ report.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Terminal Guidance Teams Landing Zones Insertion and Extraction Reporting Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 1-15 1-16 1-18 1-21 1-26 1-35
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Terminal Guidance Teams
Definition of ITG
An ITG mission establishes and operates navigational, signal, and/or electronic devices for guiding helicopter and surface waves from a designated point to a Landing Zone (LZ). In addition, an airborne ITG mission provides helicopter coordinators with information resulting from pre-landing reconnaissance.
ITG Terms
The following terminology are important to know for ITG:

ITG Terminology Definition
Initial Point (IP)
Helicopter landing zone (HLZ) Helicopter Landing Area (HLA) Helicopter Wave
Landing Site Landing Point Landing Zone (LZ) Pickup Zone (PZ)
An air control point in the vicinity of the landing zone from which individual flights of helicopters are directed to their prescribed landing sites. HLZ is defined as a specific ground area used for landing a helicopter borne force. HLA is an area in which a helicopter borne assault will land. It is composed of one or more HLZs. One or more helicopters grouped together under a single flight leader and scheduled to land in the same landing zone approximately at the same time. A site within a landing zone containing one or more landing points. A point within a landing site where one helicopter or vertical takeoff and landing aircraft can land. A specified zone used for the landing of aircraft. The zone in which helicopters land to pick up troops and supplies for movement to the landing zone.
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Terminal Guidance Teams, Continued
Missions
Terminal guidance teams provide ITG to assault helicopters in the initial helicopter waves. Teams are comprised of personnel who are inserted into LZs in advance of the LZ control team. Terminal guidance teams main objective is to execute pre-landing reconnaissance, and establish and operate signal devices that guide the initial helicopter waves from the initial point to the LZs. In addition to the main objective, terminal guidance teams are expected to perform the following missions: Determine obstructions in the LZ sites, to include nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) hazards Give advance notice of enemy positions in the area Select pick-up zones (PZs) or landing zones (LZs) Mark LZs for day and night operations Recommend use of alternate LZs Control supporting arms Recommend actions to be taken by follow on waves Organize an area around the zone for staging of troops, equipment, or supplies to be picked up or moved upon landing Select an initial point near the LZ Establish communications with approaching flights Give a LZ brief to the flight leader
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Landing Zones
Introduction
Higher headquarters normally determines an area in which to land the main force; however, without current intelligence about the site, even the best plans can result in a failure of the mission or produce casualties. Although reconnaissance units conduct the initial terminal guidance for helicopters, it is important to remember much consideration and overhead planning takes place when executing an ITG mission.
Landing Formations
Landing formations need to consider the following: Aircraft formations on the LZ should facilitate operational offloading and troop deployment. Depending on the number and size of the aircraft, the LZ may dictate the formation. Enemy contact will most likely be expected when landing into the LZ. LZ formations will not maintain standard distances between aircraft and must land rapidly in a safe area as close as possible to concealment.
LZ/PZ sites
The Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) commander or the mission commander approves selected sites. When selecting LZ/PZ sites, the commander verifies that the sites have the following conditions: The ground chosen must support the safe landing of helicopters. The LZ or PZ must be identifiable from the air. Enemy situation must be such that the site can be secured without undue interference from enemy fires.
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Landing Zones, Continued
Landing Zone Sizes
Each different kind of helicopter requires a different size of LZ/PZ. Zones need to be 100 feet larger than the diameter of the helicopters rotor blades during daylight operations and 150 feet larger during night operations. Furthermore, when conducting an ITG mission, the ground needs to be level, and good weather conditions need to exist.
Type of Aircraft Rotor Blade Diameter (Feet) LZ Diameter Daylight (+100) Night (+150)
UH-1 CH-46 CH-53 V-22 Osprey
50 85 100 85
150/200 185/235 200/250 185/235
Selecting and Marking
Reconnaissance Marines need to be proficient in selecting and marking PZs/LZs when conducting terminal guidance. To help in the Marines proficiency, marking and selecting of PZs/LZs have the following guidelines: Guideline Ground Guide Description During the day, a ground guide marks the PZ/LZ for the lead aircraft by displaying a folded VS-17 chest high, or by other identifiable means. The inverted Y is used to mark the landing point of the lead aircraft at night by using chemical light sticks.
Inverted Y
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Landing Zones, Continued
Selecting and Marking, continued
Description Guideline Obstructions For any obstructions to the flight that might interfere with the aircraft, operation in the ground (e.g. trees, stumps, and rocks) must be identified to the aircrew via radio during daylight operations; however, during night operations they must be marked with red chemical lights or low intensity markers. Some of the tools needed to assist in marking a PZ/LZ are smoke grenades, chemical lights, flash lights, IR strobe lights, VS-17 air panels, and other forms of pyrotechnics.
Tools
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Insertion and Extraction
Definition
Insertion and extraction is a major aspect of reconnaissance employment and ITG missions. The methods of insertion and extraction are categorized by the basic means of transport: surface, air, and amphibious. Reconnaissance Marines may use a combination of more than one, e.g., a team might have to parachute in (air), conduct a foot patrol (surface), and then insert by submarine (amphibious). While many methods are available, the methods chosen to insert recon Marines will largely depend on the specific capabilities of the reconnaissance forces available.
Surface
Conducting an insertion or extraction by surface is the simplest and most of the times the only method readily available. However, it is also the slowest. A surface insertion or extraction includes the following methods shown in the following table: Method Foot Patrol Definition Insertion by foot is considered to be the most reliable and secure method. A passage of lines must be coordinated in detail for insertion as well as for extraction. Mounted inserts are normally conducted from an inland or mobile command post. This method highly depends on the threat situation. Reconnaissance elements may accompany other forces into the target area. Then they remain behind (usually dismounted) to execute the reconnaissance mission.
Vehicular
Stay Behind
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Insertion and Extraction, Continued
Air
Insertion or extraction by air is normally conducted when the anti-air threat is low in the area. Ingress/egress routes into the specific insertion area and the difficulty of aerial navigation must be carefully planned ahead of time. An air insertion or extraction includes the following methods listed in the following table: Method Helicopter Landing Definition Landing into a LZ is fast and normally dependable; however, this method can be compromised while enroute or in the LZ. Rappelling is conducted in situations when the LZ cannot accommodate the insertion (e.g. jungle area or other unsuitable terrain for landing). A team can be quickly inserted using this method, but it causes the aircraft to become vulnerable. Fast roping is also conducted in instances when the LZ cannot accommodate the insertion of the aircraft. Fast roping is faster than rappelling, and it reduces the aircraft to exposure from enemy fires. However, the amount of equipment an individual Marine can carry is limited, which hinders the Marines overall performance.
Rappelling
Fast Roping
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Air, continued
Method Special Patrol Insertion and Extraction (SPIE)
Parachute
Definition This technique is an alternate insertion method. One of the shortfalls of this method is that the aircraft and personnel are more susceptible to ground fire because of the longer time it takes to land and unhook. The SPIE technique is usually used for extraction of personnel when an aircraft cannot land in the LZ. Parachute (either from a fixed or rotary wing aircraft) insertions offer great stealth and often allows for reconnaissance Marines to be dropped close to the target area. However, extraction must be done by other means.
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Amphibious
There are two main methods of amphibious insertions: surface and subsurface. Surface water insertion can be conducted by boat, swimming, or a combination of the two; subsurface insertion is any type of water insertion that deals with underwater motion with reference to direction.
Surface Insertion
An amphibious surface insertion or extraction includes the following methods shown in the following table: Method Boat Definition Boat insertion will normally be used for a long-distance ship-to-shore transit or when the mission requires carrying a substantial amount of gear. This technique will be used when the distance from the primary means of transport (helicopter, boat, submarine, or landing craft) is relatively short. In a high-speed cast, Marines exit a fast moving boat directly into the water. In helocast, Marines alone or with a Zodiac boat exit the helicopter into the water. High-speed cast/helocast can be used when the distance from ship to shore exceeds the capability of boats or when the situation requires speed, but stealth is not an overriding factor.
Surface Swim
High-speed Cast/Helocast
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Subsurface Insertion
An amphibious subsurface insertion or extraction includes the following methods shown in the following table: Method Submarine Lock-Out Definition Submarine insertions and extractions require more extensive training and coordination. Marines can use rubber boats and/or scout swimmer techniques to conduct an insertion or extraction. Underwater swimmers may use either conventional Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) gear or closed-circuit underwater breathing apparatus (UBA). UBA is used when stealth is a primary consideration; UBA restricts bottom time due to the availability of oxygen.
Underwater Swim Using Breathing Apparatus
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Reporting
Helicopter Landing Site Report (HELLSREP)
Upon completion of ITG reconnaissance, Marines have to report all information pertaining to the landing zone back to the command and also to the aircrews. The following pages discuss what goes into a helicopter landing site report (HELLSREP). The following blocks are in reference to the lines in the report.
Alpha
Units of Measurement. Indicates through inclusion of relevant number codes, which units of measurement are referred to in the report text. Selections of units of measurement are made from the list below. Once designated in line ALPHA, the units of measurement are used consistently throughout that particular report. Units of Measurement Measurement of distance or dimension: Meters Yards Feet Measurement of declination or bearing: Degrees magnetic Mils magnetic Measurements of speed: Kilometers per hour Miles per hour Knots (nautical miles per hour) Measurements of temperature (degrees): Degrees centigrade Degrees Fahrenheit 9 10 6 7 8 4 5 1 2 3 Number Code
Bravo
Date Time Group (DTG). This line provides the DTG of when the helicopter landing zone report was completed.
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Reporting, Continued
Charlie
Location. Reported as grid references (or by another precoordinated method of position location) of the extremities of the landing site. It is prefixed by the two-letter grid zone designator when there is any possibility of uncertainty about the map sheet(s) on which the team is reporting.
Delta
Orientation of the Long Axis of the Landing Site. This is reported by using the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA of the report.
Echo
Number and Size of the Landing Points. Sizes of the landing points are reported as L (large), M (medium), or S (small). This information should be reported in the following sequence: 1. The number of each size of landing points 2. The code for the type of landing points being reported
Foxtrot
Method of Deplaning. The following numerical code is used to determine the safest and most tactically sound method of deplaning. Method of Deplaning Number Land Hover Fastrope Rappel Special patrol insertion and extraction (SPIE) Other (specify in this line) Code 1 2 3 4 5 6
Note: The method of deplaning is determined by the nature of the ground and vegetation at the insertion point. For helicopters to land, the landing point must be cleared of all obstructions that are liable to damage the wheels/skids, underbelly, or aerials of the helicopter. The ground must not have a slope with a ratio greater than 1:8, unless otherwise briefed. Maximum heights of other methods of deplaning are shown on the following page.
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Foxtrot, continued
Method of Deplaning Hover Rappel Fastrope Abseil/winch Rope climb
Maximum Height 6 feet 90 feet 120 feet 200 feet 200 feet
Golf
Landing Site Surface. The information in this line is reported in three parts by using the following sequence and letter/numerical codes: 1. Trafficability of the landing site: Trafficability of the Landing Site Hard. The surface can support the helicopter and be used by 2-wheel-drive vehicles or 4-wheel-drive vehicles with trailer unless heavy and continuous use is intended. Moderate. The surface can support the helicopter and be used by 3 or 5 ton vehicles, which should be able to start from rest when using all-wheel drive. Soft. The helicopter can land, but if the surface is wet it could cause suction to form on the wheels/skids of the helicopter. Four-wheel-drive vehicles cannot start from rest but should be able to cross the landing site if already on the move. Number Code 1
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Golf, continued
2. Type of landing surface: Type of Landing Surface Sand Grass Scrub Snow Ice Marsh Dust Paddy Other (specify and describe) Letter Code A B C D E F G H J
Note: When the ground is covered with snow, also report the subsurface of the landing site. 3. Ability of the surface of the landing site to recirculate. Whether or not the surface will recirculate is reported by marking Y (yes) or N (no). Recirculation is the effect of the downwash from the helicopter, which is liable to pick up sand, dust, or snow and blow it through the rotors, thereby severely reducing visibility for the pilot. This will have an effect on the frequency at which the helicopters can safely land and take off.
Hotel
1. Direction of Approach 2. Direction of Egress Notes: The approach and egress azimuths are reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA. Whenever possible, these directions are into the wind. Oftentimes, the enemy situation, orientation of the long axis of the landing site, and obstacles surrounding the landing site will dictate an alternate direction. Direction of approach is not necessarily the same as the direction of landing, which will normally be decided by the pilots.
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Juliet
Wind Direction and Speed. Wind direction is reported as the direction from which the wind is coming; this is the same bearing that a helicopter would use to fly into the wind. These measurements are reported by using the units of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
Kilo
Approach Angle. This is dictated by the height and proximity of surrounding obstacles. The normal maximum angle should be no steeper than 1:10. Other limits may be pre-briefed depending on the squadrons standing operating procedures and other considerations, such as height AMSL and weight restrictions on the helicopters.
Lima
Locations and Types of Recognition Aids. The locations and types of landing site recognition aids that are provided for any particular team must be pre-briefed and coordinated with the aviation combat element and the ground combat element before the insertion. The recognition signals must be assigned letter codes similar to those listed below. These should be changed and updated before each operation as the situation dictates. The information in this line is reported in the following sequence by using letter codes that are coordinated before the operation and insertion. 1. Grid reference of the recognition aids 2. Type of recognition aid employed of those pre-coordinated, for example: Type of Recognition Aid Green smoke Yellow air panel Signal mirror Strobe light Other (specify) Letter Code A B C D E
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Mike
Landing Aids. Landing aids that are provided for the team must be coordinated, before the team is inserted, in the same manner that recognition signals must be preplanned. These must be changed and updated before each operation as the situation dictates. If no landing aids are to be used, report NIL. Type of Landing Aid Glide slope indicator Torch T Inverted Y Other (specify) Number Code 1 2 3 4
November
Cloud Cover and Estimated Height Above the Landing Site. This is reported in the following sequence: 1. The percentage of the sky that is obscured by clouds. This information is reported in eighths (e.g. half cloud cover would be reported as 4; small patches would be reported as 1). 2. Estimated height of clouds above the landing site. This is reported as the lowest cloud above the landing site. This height is estimated and reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
Papa
Visibility and Temperature. This information is reported in the following sequence by using the units of measurement designated in line ALPHA. 1. Visibility on the landing site 2. Temperature on the landing site
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Quebec
Enemy. Known enemy positions, strength, and weapons are to be reported as a sighting number followed by grid reference, strength, and weapons critical to the accomplishment of the helicopter borne operation. Note: A SPOTREP/SALUTE report should be transmitted for each enemy sighting to further clarify all enemy sightings, and to give higher headquarters a better idea of the enemys strength and possible intentions.
Romeo
Position of the ART. This line is transmitted only if the team is staying in proximity to the landing zone during the helicopter borne operation. This information is reported to prevent the team from being mistaken for the enemy.
Sierra
Obstructions. Obstructions in the direction of the helicopters approach and exit are to be reported by using the following letter code: Type of Obstruction Building Trees Poles Pylons and high-tension wires Other (specify in this line) Letter Code A B C D E
Note: Obstacles will be reported sequentially by using the following format: 1. Grid reference of the obstacle 2. Code letter of the obstacle 3. Height of the obstacle (using the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA)
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Tango
Exits From the Landing Site. This line is used to describe all exit points from the landing site. Exits are reported in the following sequence: 1. Grid reference of the landing site exit. 2. Description of the exit using the following letter code: Exit Description/Capabilities Infantry. If the exit is usable by infantry only, report the exit width after the letter code (using the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA) and describe the type of exit. Wheeled Vehicles. If the landing site exit is usable by both infantry and wheeled vehicles, report the exit description by using the letter designator followed by the width of the exit. Unusable. This letter code will report that the team was unable to locate any adequate exits from the landing site. Letter Code A
Uniform
Restrictions to Troop Movement. Report the degree of restriction of rapid troop deployment from the landing site. This information is reported by using the following numerical code: Type of Troop Movement Restrictions Heavy restrictions to movement Moderate restrictions to movement Unrestricted movement Number Code 1 2 3
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Victor
Remarks. Other pertinent information, such as a landmark to the landing zone, can be described in this paragraph, along with any other information as designated in the patrols intelligence requirements (IRs). Notes: Any line from the report for which the information is not known or not required should not be transmitted (to prevent the team from being located). NC (no change) is transmitted to confirm information given in the reconnaissance briefing. Helicopters can easily be deceived by the enemy unless precoordinated recognition signals are used by the team manning the landing site. When smoke is being used as a location aid for the helicopters, the team should indicate when the smoke is being released but not the color. The pilot of the lead helicopter should verify the color of the smoke seen, and the team will confirm that it is indeed the correct signal. Also, teams should avoid using white phosphorous (WP)/white smoke (HC) in areas where there is much smoke from fires, as this will confuse the pilots and waste valuable time. A wave-off signal should be pre-coordinated before the team is inserted in case the landing site is compromised immediately before the helicopters land. When the team and the helicopters are transmitting on an uncovered net, the team must be prepared to authenticate when transmitting the zone brief before the helicopters come into the zone.
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Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Item 1 through Item 5
Matching: In the spaces provided in column 1, place the letter of a description in column 2 that defines one of the possible missions an Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG) team can perform. Column1 ITG Mission ___ 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ 5. Column2 Description a. Give advance notice of enemy positions in the area b. Perform strike coordination and armed reconnaissance when directed c. Control supporting arms d. Select pick-up-zones (PZ)s or landing zones (LZ)s e. Issue combat/warning orders as necessary f. Establishing a fire support coordination center (FSCC) g. Recommend use of alternate Landing Zones (LZ)s h. Gather and disseminate intelligence i. Determine obstructions in the LZ sites, to include nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) hazards
Item 6
A __________ is an area in which a helicopter borne assault will land. It is composed of one or more HLZs. a. b. c. d. Helicopter landing zone (HLZ) Helicopter landing area (HLA) Helicopter landing site (HLS) Landing zone (LZ)
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Item 7
What list below contains methods an Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG) team can use for insertion and extraction? a. b. c. d. Helicopter, ground deployment, and fast roping Scuba air dive, SPIE, and vehicular Motor vehicle, walking foot patrol, landing craft Parachute, stay behind, SPIE
Item 8
What are some of the tools you would use to help mark a landing zone? a. b. c. d. Smoke grenades, red flags, lights Red flares, pyrotechnics, smoke grenades Red flags, tracer rounds, air panels Smoke grenades, chemical lights, and air panels
Item 9
After inserting into a known enemy territory regardless of method, what kind of report would you most likely be submitting to higher headquarters for the follow on units when they are conducting an air offensive landings? a. b. c. d. Victor Report Confirmatory Beach Report (CONBEREP) Ford Report (FORDREP) Helicopter Landing Site Report (HELLSREP)
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page.
Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Answer a c d g i b c d d
Reference Page 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-16 1-21 1-20 1-26
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STUDY UNIT 2 COMMUNICATIONS Overview
Scope
Within the reconnaissance community, it is important to communicate with each other, but most importantly with higher headquarters. Communication is a key factor when it comes to mission accomplishment and relaying information across the battlefield. Therefore, every Marine in the Marine Corps needs to be able to communicate with other members of their company during a mission via radios, unless otherwise directed. In this study unit, you will learn about communication equipment that is organic to reconnaissance Marines while conducting their missions.
In This Study Unit
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lessons Prepare the AN/PRC-119 for Combat Operations Prepare the AN/PRC-117 for Combat Operations Prepare the AN/PRC-148 for Combat Operations Prepare the AN/PRC-150 for Combat Operations Prepare the AN/PRC-152 for Combat Operations Employ Field Expedient Antennas See Page 2-3 2-13 2-23 2-35 2-45 2-51
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Study Unit 2
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Study Unit 2
LESSON 1 PREPARE THE AN/PRC-119 FOR COMBAT OPERATIONS Introduction
Scope
A Marine cannot be an effective war fighter without the skills of communication. Therefore, to ensure proper communication takes place between the Marine and their unit, Marines needs to be trained on using a very high frequency (VHF) radio like the AN/PRC-119. After finishing this lesson, you will become one step closer in becoming a full fledge war fighter because you will have learned the basics of preparing the AN/PRC-119 for combat operations.
Purpose
In this lesson, you will learn about the AN/PRC-119. Specifically, you will learn about how to prepare the AN/PRC-119 for combat operations.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Label the main parts of the AN/PRC-119. List the basic characteristics of the AN/PRC-119. Load a fill using a CYZ-10 on the AN/PRC-119.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Overview System Components System Characteristics Programming Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-8 2-10 2-11
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Overview
Single-Channel Radio
Like other VHF radios, the AN/PRC-119 is a single channel radio (SCR). Because it is a SCR, the AN/PRC-119 networks are easily established, rapidly configured, and most importantly, easily maintained on the move. This means the AN/PRC-119 provides secure means of voice communications and supports limited data information exchange.
Tactical Radio
As a tactical lightweight combat VHF radio, the AN/PRC-119 is a singlechannel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS). Therefore, it serves as a primary means of communications for command and control and fire support on the battlefield. It is also commonly used in infantry operations and vehicle-mounted operations because its system, while still susceptible to threats, provides high security against electronic warfare (EW) by using frequency hopping with integrated communications security.
Employment considerations
The VHF AN/PRC-119 is no exception when reviewing for employment considerations. Like all other SCR, AN/PRC-119s employment factors are the following: Frequency separation Radio antenna separation Remote rekeying when using COMSEC (communication security) Power output
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System Components
Illustration
The following illustrations identify the main parts of the AN/PRC-119.
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System Components, Continued
Illustration, continued

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Illustration, continued
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System Characteristics
Description
Because the AN/PRC-119 is a fully loaded man-pack squad tactical radio that is built with a variety of characteristics, it facilitates information flow throughout the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF). The table below shows the characteristics of the AN/PRC-119. Name AUD/Fill Characteristic The AUDIO/FILL (AUD/FILL) connector connects to the fill device using a cable during frequency hopping (FH) data loading and COMSEC key loading. It may also be used to connect the handset during data operations. The AUDIO/DATA (AUD/DATA) connector is used to connect the handset during normal operations. During data operations, it connects to external data devices. Frequency Modulated (FM). 30.00 MHz to 87.975 MHz. 25 KHz. 2320. +/- 5 kHz or +/- 10 kHz.
AUD/Data
Modulation Frequency Range Channel Spacing Channels of Operation Frequency Offset Capability Number of Preset Channels Emission Types Power Requirements
VHF Antennas
The AN/PRC-119 has 8 Single Channels and 6 Frequency Hopping Channels. The three emission types are Voice, Secure Voice, and Digital Data. The AN/PRC-119 has the following power requirement: 13.5 VDC (Volts Direct Current). The AN/PRC-119 has two antennas that are part of the SL-3 gear: The AS- 3683 which is a 3ft tape antenna and a flex adapter. The AS-4266 which has a 10-foot whip antenna and a hard base adapter.
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System Characteristics, Continued
Description, continued
Name Power Sources
Characteristics The AN/PRC-119 has the following power sources: Power Supplies SINCGARS Power Supply: A power supply which connects to the battery connector, and has a connection for a conventional house power cable. ASAPS Power Supply: A power supply which has a shelf for up to six AN/PRC-119s, and can provide power for all six RTs at once. Batteries
RF Power Output
BA-5590: A lithium battery that provides up to 72 hours of operational life. BB-590: A Ni-Cad battery that provides up to 12 hours of operational life. BB-390: A Ni-MH rechargeable battery that provides up to 24 hours of operation life. BA-1372/5372 Hold-Up Battery (HUB): These batteries provide power to the RT while it is in the standby mode, and allows it to retain programming information, COMSEC, and FH data. The AN/PRC-119 has the following RF power output: LOW (LO): 500 micro-watts MEDIUM (M): 160 milliwatts HIGH (HI): 4 watts Power amplifier (PA): 50 watts The AN/PRC-119 has the following rated range: LOW (LO): 0 yards to 330 yards MEDIUM (M): 330 yards to 2.5 miles HIGH (HI): 2.5 miles to 5 miles Power Amplifier (PA): 22 miles
Rated Range
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Programming
Loading Frequency Hopping Data
The AN/PRC-119 is able to communicate via FH. FH is the preferred method of communication because it offers resistance to jamming and enemy direction finding equipment. A radio is able to use FH data along with COMSEC keys and sync time for all channels by loading a fill using a CYZ10. On an AN/PRC-119, to load the COMSEC using a CYZ-10 device, follow the steps below: Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 Action Set RT controls to CT, LD, FH, and MAN. Turn on the CYZ-10 and select APPLICATION, and then select RADIO. Select SEND, and then select RADIO. Select ICOM, then connect ANCD to RT. The ANCD will ask you to turn the FCTN control to LD, and then it will ask if you want to include time. Select NO. Press LOAD on RT, the ANCD will begin the transfer. Note: If the transfer was successful, you will receive a message that states: ICOM transfer successful.
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Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Identify this component of the AN/PRC-119: ________________________
Item 2
What is the frequency range of the PRC-119? a. b. c. d. 87.975 MHz to 29.00MHz 57.975 MHZ to 87.975 MHz 30.00 MHz to 87.975 MHz 29.00 MHz to 30.00 MHz
Item 3
When completing the third step of loading a fill using a CYZ-10 on a PRC119, select __________ then select __________. a. b. c. d. CT; PT SEND; RADIO PT; SEND FH; FHM
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 Answer Cable assembly c b Reference Page 2-6 2-8 2-10
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Scope
The AN/PRC-117 is more sophisticated and has a wide variety of capabilities compared to the AN/PRC-119. It out classes the AN/PRC-119 in just about every system feature and functionality. For example, the Frequency Range of the AN/PRC-117 is 30 to 510 MHZ compared to the AN/PRC-119, which is 30 to 89.975 MHZ. Furthermore, the AN/PRC-117 can still be used as a man-pack radio within the Infantry. Because the AN/PRC-117 is portable and also highly advanced, as a Marine in a reconnaissance unit, it is a good idea you know how to operate the AN/PRC-117. In this lesson, you will learn about the AN/PRC-117. Specifically, you will learn about how to prepare the AN/PRC-117 for combat operations.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to List the basic characteristics of the AN/PRC-117. Load a fill (SINGARS mode) using a CYZ-10 on the AN/PRC-117.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Overview System Characteristics Programming Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-19 2-21
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Overview
Description
The AN/PRC-117 is a multiband multi mission radio (MBMMR), which is man-portable, and is used in a variety of settings and conditions because of its tactical software and combat-net radio design. The AN/PRC-117 is as mobile as it is versatile. It can be configured for man-pack, vehicular and base station applications. Therefore, it is suitable for operation in multimode service environments. The AN/PRC-117 can be reconfigured and software reprogrammed to optimize performance and add capabilities without opening the radio. This allows Marines to quickly make adjustments on the go instead of staying stationary and becoming vulnerable to the enemy.
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Frequency Range
The AN/PRC-117 line of sight (LOS) is 30 MHz to 512 MHz, continuous. The radio has three major frequency/communication settings that cover its LOS: Very High Frequency (VHF) VHF-LOW: 30 MHz 89.99999 MHz. VHF-HIGH: 90 MHz 224.99999 MHz. Ultra-high Frequency (UHF) UHF: 225 MHz 511.99999 MHz. Satellite Communications (SATCOM) RX: 243-270 MHz. TX: 292-318 MHz.
SINCGARS & HAVE QUICK
The AN/PRC-117 provides secure interoperability with SINCGARS (single channel ground and airborne radio system) and a host of other tactical radios like the HAVE QUICK, which is a frequency hopping (FH) system designed to protect military UHF radio traffic. The AN/PRC-117 has the following settings for SINCGARS and HAVE QUICK: SINCGARS- 30 MHz- 87.975 MHz HAVE QUICK I/II- 225 MHz 399.975 MHz
Power Outputs
Below is a list of the power outputs available for the AN/PRC-117. 30-90 MHz FM 90-400 MHz FM 90-400 MHz AM 400-512 MHz FM 400-512 MHz AM UHF SATCOM DAMA SATCOM 1-10 Watts 1-20 Watts 1-10 Watts Avg. (20 Watts PEP) 1-10 Watts 1-10 Watts Avg. (4 Watts PEP) 2-20 Watts 1-20 Watts
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Channels
The AN/PRC-117 has the following channels: 100 Programmable presets or NETS. Simplex or Half Duplex 10 Programmable DAMA presets 10 presets for scan capability
Modulation Modes
To prevent degrading of signals, the AN/PRC-117 has a range of different modulation modes. VHF- LOW FM Voice (8 kHz, 6.5 kHz, and deviation) FSK Data TCM Data HPW LOS Data
VHF-HIGH and UHF FM Voice (8 kHz, 6.5 kHz, and deviation) FSK Data AM Voice (25 kHz, 12.5 kHz, and 8.33 kHz channel spacing. ASK Data TCM Data HPW LOS Data
UHF SATCOM (non-DAMA and DAS Wideband FSK Voice/Data (25 kHz channels) Narrowband SBPSK Voice/Data (5 kHz and 25 kHz channels) HPW Data (5 kHz and 25 kHz channels) CPM Data (5 kHz and 25 kHz channels)
DAMA SATCOM Wideband BPSK/QPSK/DEQPSK (25 kHz channels) Narrowband SOQPSK (5 kHz channels)
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Modes of Operation
The AN/PRC-117 has several modes of operation (described in the table below), which gives you the operator the ability to adapt to any situation needed when trying to communicate with other units in the battlefield. Use the following table: Mode Normal Description While in this operation mode you can use AN/PRC-117 for the following: LOS- Fixed Frequency Operations ECCM (Electronic Counter/Counter Measures) Frequency hopping operations (SINCGARS and HAVEQUICK I/II) UHF SATCOM operations DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access) mode is a SATCOM communications mode of operation that uses a time division multiples access (TDMA)-like technique to provide time-shared SATCOM channels. On this mode, it supports Voice/Data operations on both 5kHz and25 kHz channels. When the AN/PRC-117 is under this mode it will scan LOS Fixed frequency and SATCOM presets; however, it will not scan ECCM presets or DAMA presets. Also, digital squelch is not compatible with LOS nets in Scan mode. Under this mode the AN/PRC-117 conducts a built-in-test (BIT) in which it will test all modules and will return to fault code if malfunctions are found. The BIT will check the battery charge status and give you any reports on hardware/firmware versions. Using this mode you can copy all black data (presets, mode configurations, etc.) from one radio to another using a cable. Wireless cloning is also available as an optional feature upgrade. Supports radio direction efforts for recovery operations in which a frequency beacon sweeps from 300 Hz to 3300 Hz.
DAMA
Scan
Test
Clone
Beacon
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Connectors
The AN/PRC-117 has the following connectors: Description 6-pin audio connector accepts standard H-250/U handset (U-229 connectors). Supports DTD or ANCD (DS-101, RDS, and CT3) and CFD (DS-102) fill formats. GPS (J2) Connect external GPS receivers for TOD synchronization and situational data. Compatible with AN/PSN-11 or PLGR-II GPS receiver (Harris Cable 12005-0730-A006). DATA (J3) Connect external data devices (synchronous or asynchronous). Connect external remote control terminal (i.e. computer connected through its COM port running a terminal application such as MS Windows Hyper Terminal). Provides RTS/CTS for asynchronous data handshaking. Provides a fixed-audio interface for loudspeaker or intercom equipment. KDU Connector Connects the keypad display unit (KDU) directly or with KDU remote cable. KDU provides crypto ignition key (CIK) functionality for the radio. VHF Antenna Connect VHF-LOW man pack whip antenna. Port (J5) Accessory Front Connect external remote control terminal. (J6) Connect cable for radio cloning. VHF-HI/UHF Connect VHF-HI/UHF man-pack whip antenna. Antenna Port Connect external VHF-HI/UHF or SATCOM antenna. (J8) Accessory Provides the same functions as the front connector (J6) Rear (J9) and also controls the interface for the AN/PRC-117. Battery 26 VDC nominal (22-32 VDC @ 5 A maximum current (J10/J11) draw) power required. It also accepts one or two BA5590/U, BB-590/U, BB-390A/U, or BB-2590 batteries Name AUDIO/DATA/ FILL (J1)
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Programming
SINCGARS FH Mode
The AN/PRC-117 can operate in SINCGARS FH mode from 30.000 MHz to 87.975 MHz. Using the FH mode will provide electronic counter/counter measures (ECCM) of anti-jam and LPD/LPI protection. SINCGARS FH can also operate in VINSON COMSEC mode using a TEK. The following table shows AN/PRC-117 SINCGARS FH operating capabilities and limitations: Name Net Master/Member Description This station is responsible for establishing and maintaining a net of member stations. The master station normally is the Net Control Station (NCS). A SINCGARS NET has only 1 master and the rest are only members. This key is used to establish the pseudo-random hopping pattern of frequency hopping of the SINCGARS net. Is the set of frequencies on which a SINCGARS radio net hops. A set of frequencies that are excluded during frequency hopping operations This is the Global Time of Day (GTOD) used by SINCGARS to synchronize SINCGARS FH communications. This is usually ZULU Universal Time Coordinator (UTC) from a GPS receiver, Data Transfer Device (DTD) by manual entry. SINCGARS GTOD uses the last two digits of the Julian date as part of the sync time. This procedure is necessary to load hopset and lockout set information by transmitting OTA. When the master radio sends an ERF, the following information is also transmitted: FH sync time and Hopset ID. This is the method used by the master radio to initially open a net of member radios by transmitting OTA, hopset, and Time of Day (TOD) data. This is a passive method of entering a SINCGARS FH net by loading all necessary FH data by the local fill and accurate GTOD from a GPS source or DTD. A pre-designated LOS fixed frequency in the SINCGARS operational frequency range of 30.000 MHz to 87.975 MHz that enables a radio not in a FH net to contact the NCS of a FH net. This mode can be enabled or disabled by the user.
TSK HOPSET Lockout Set FH Sync Time
Two-Digit Date ECCM Remote Fill (ERF)
Cold Start Net Opening Hot Start Net Opening Cue Channel
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Programming, Continued
Loading SINCGARS Mode 2/3 Fill with a CYZ-10
You will need to use a CYZ-10 fill device when loading SINCGARS mode. Also, two things to keep in mind the fill device should be attached to the radio after the function switch has been put into the LD position and the radio displays the FILL MENU. Finally the fill device should be turned off and removed from the radio before the function switch is taken out of the LD position as well. To conduct this procedure, use the following steps: Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Action Rotate function switch to LD position. Select Fill Device as CYZ-10 RDS. Press ENT. Radio displays. Press ENT to initiate. Press ENT and then radio displays FILL IN PROGRESS. Connect Fill Device to the ADF Port (J1) of the radio. On CYZ-10, load RDS application. On CYZ-10, select SEND. Press ENTR. On CYZ-10, select SEND TO: Radio. Press ENTR. On CYZ-10, select iCOM. Press ENTR. On CYZ-10, follow on screen steps until asked whether to include time. On CYZ-10, select INCLUDE TIME- Y/N as required. Press ENTR. The Mode 2/3 fill progress will now begin and will take approximately 1 minute. Select MORE FILL DATD? - NO when complete or YES to load additional crypto. Turn off and disconnect Fill Device from the radio. Change the function switch back to the PT, CT, or TD position.
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Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Complete items 1 and 2 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.
Item 1
Using the PRC-117, how many different channels can you program? a. 10 programmable DAMA presets, 100 programmable presets or NETS Simplex or Half-Duplex, Scan capability of up to 10 presets b. 100 programmable DAMA presets, 10 programmable presets or NETS Simplex or Half-Duplex, Scan capability of up to 10 presets c. Scan capability of up to 100 presets, 100 programmable DAMA presets, 10 programmable presets or NETS Simplex or Half-Duplex d. 10 programmable DAMA presets, 10 programmable presets or NETS Simplex or Half-Duplex, Scan capability of up to 10 presets
Item 2
Which of the following steps are in the correct order when loading a SINGARS mode 2/3 fill with a CYZ-10 on a PRC-117? a. Select CRYPTO TYPE, press enter; select MORE FILL DATA; select KEY TYPE, press ENT. b. Rotate function switch to LD position, select FILL DEVICE as CYZ-10 RDS, and radio displays press ENT to initiate and then radio displays FILL IN PROGRESS. c. Select KEY TYPE press ENT, Select CRYPTO TYPE press ENT, Select FILL DEVICE press ENT. d. Press ENT to initiate the fill, Select MORE FILL DATA, and select KEY TYPE press ENT.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer a b Reference Page 2-16 2-20
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Scope
The AN/PRC-148 is a small and compact radio. In spite of its size, it is rugged in design! Because the AN/PRC-148 is built tough and lightweight, it is frequently used when conducting combat missions, and is a favorite among individual operators in a variety of environmental conditions. In this lesson, you will learn about the AN/PRC-148. Specifically, you will learn about how to prepare the AN/PRC-148 for combat operations.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to List the basic characteristics of the AN/PRC-148. Load a fill using a CYZ-10 on the AN/PRC-148.
In This Lesson
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Overview
Description
The AN/PRC-148 is a small and lightweight full-featured Combat Net Radio (CNR) operating contiguously over the 30-512 MHz frequency range. The radio has imbedded US Type-1 COMSEC protection and is capable of both voice and data modes of operation. The AN/PRC-148s Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR) and two pound handheld design have allowed this radio to replace some man-pack radios weighing up to 60 pounds. In todays environment, the AN/PRC-148 radio is used for intra-squad communications, such as those in foot patrols. Instead of hand and arm signals, these Type One encrypted radios, which use the SINCGARS waveform, allow foot patrolling soldiers and Marines to communicate back to their vehicles.
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System Components
Basic Accessories
The graphic below shows the basic accessories for the AN/PRC-148 and described in the table below.
Part Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Component Receiver/Transmitter Unit (RTU) Audio/Keyfill Connector (V) 2 Urban version illustrated Adapter to convert 10-pin Maritime Audio Connector to 6-pin Two battery cases for non-rechargeable batteries Two rechargeable Lithium Ion batteries 30-512 MHz broadband antenna 30-90 MHz one-meter blade antenna Transceiver/battery holster System carrying bag
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Control Knobs
The graphic below shows where the control knobs are located on the AN/PRC-148 and described in the table below.
Part Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Component ON/OFF and volume control knob 16-Position channel selection knob Internal speaker and microphone Battery release 7-button keypad Squelch disable button Push-to-Talk (PTT) button Programmable function keys Panic and emergency zero slide
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Connectors
The following graphic shows where the connector knobs are located on the AN/PRC-148 and described in the table below.
Part Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Component Antenna Connector Audio and Keyfill Connector with dust cap - (V) 2 Urban illustrated Radio Frequency (RF) Connector 18-pin Side Connector Air Pressure Valve [valve on the (V)2 Urban 2M; screw on the (V)1 Maritime 20M] Battery Connector
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Frequency Range
The AN/PRC-148 has a frequency range from 30 to 512 MHz with a broadband antenna for the higher broadband ranges and a one-meter blade antenna for the lower ranges.
Channels
The AN/PRC-148 has 100 programmable channels in 10 intra/inter team groupings. It is also capable of scanning up to 16 different channels.
Operating Modes
It has a fully functional Basic Mode that operates across all frequencies in secure mode.
SINCGARS
The AN/PRC-148 has interoperability with SINCGARS. This allows frequency hopping on VHF FM bands in the 30.000 to 87.975 MHz range (offered as an option).
HAVEQUICK
It has interoperability with HAVEQUICK which allows frequency hopping on UHF AM air-to-air and air-to-ground bands in the 225.000 to 399.975 MHz range (offered as an option).
ANDVT
It has interoperability with Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal (ANDVT) for satellite communication (offered as an option).
Encryption
The AN/PRC-148 has Embedded Type 1 Encryption. This allows interoperability with both 12kbps and 16kbps equipment.
HAHO
It is designed for High Altitude/High Opening (HAHO) parachute operations at unpressurized altitudes up to 30,000 feet.
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GPS Capability
It has the ability to transmit unique identification codes to find locations and receive and store location information from other radios via GPS (Global Positioning System).
Power Output
The AN/PRC-148 has a power output of up to 5 watts (and up to 20 watts with the optional Vehicle Adapter or man-portable amplifier accessories).
Versions
The AN/PRC-148 has two versions: (V)1 Maritime: immersible to 20 meters (66 feet) for two hours (V)2 Urban: immersible to 2 meters (6 feet) for 30 minutes
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Programming
BASIC Channel
The BASIC screens are used to load frequencies (30-512 MHz), CTCSS tones, select modulation type (AM or FM), initiate COMSEC key and traffic rate, and other channel-specific parameters. Follow the steps below to enable BASIC channel changes: Step 1 2 3 4 Action Use the [] or [] to move between lines. Press [ENT] to enable changes; once change is enabled (white on black display), press [] or [] to change parameters. Press [ALT] and [] or [] to move across lines (digit by digit on frequency lines). Press [ENT] to select the change.
SINCGARS Channel
The SINCGARS screens are used to do the following: Select the SINCGARS channel (1-6, MAN, or CUE). Select the ECCM mode (SC or FH). Load the Single Channel mode frequency (30 to 87.995 MHz). Select the data transmission rate and COMSEC key (Traffic Encryption Key or TEK). Set the NET ID number, frequency offset, FADE Bridge, and squelch.
HAVEQUICK Channel
The HAVEQUICK I/II screens are used to program channels for the HAVEQUICK I/II operation. This can be done by following the steps below: Step 1 2 3 4 Action Program the single channel frequency (225-399.975 MHz). Select the ECCM mode (SC or FH). Select the COMSEC key (TEK). Set the repeater delay, FADE Bridge, crypto PHASE and squelch.
ANDVT Channel
The ANDVT screens are used to program channels for the ANDVT operation. ANDVT channels are typically programmed for half-duplex operation (different receive and transmit frequencies). ANDVT-specific parameters are Training Frames and Time Delay, both affect the amount of information exchanged at the beginning of a transmission.
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Encryption
It is important to know how to encrypt the AN/PRC-148. Communication security plays a big role in the battlefield, especially when conducting live combat operations. Your unit can become vulnerable if the enemy is listening to your plans over radio frequencies. To help secure your line of communication, you must know how to load a keyfill using the AN/CYZ10, which enables COMSEC to encrypt the AN/PRC-148. Use the following steps to load a keyfill using an AN/CYZ-10. Step 1 Action To load a keyfill using the AN/CYZ 10, access the KEYFILL menu by pressing ALT+MODEKEYFILL and select either FILL MODE COMSEC or FILL MODE TRANSEC or MODE23. It is recommended that the MODE 23 be selected, as it loads both COMSEC and TRANSEC in one loading. COMSEC and TRANSEC are included in the menu for convenience. Arrow to MODE23 and press ENT. The COMSEC audible alarm begins right away. Press PTT to silence the alarm. Connect the AN/CYZ 10 to the Audio Connector of the radio. [Use the adapter for the (V) 1 Maritime version.] Turn on the AN/CYZ 10 on the upper right of the keypad to display the default screen. The red key (LOCK LTR) on the lower left of the keypad takes the AN/CYZ 10 out of all caps mode. While appl (applications) is highlighted, press the ENTER key on the lower right of the keypad. On the next screen, arrow over to RADIO and press ENTER. The default selection on the next screen is Send. Press ENTER. The Radio is already highlighted on the next screen, so press ENTER. Make sure iCom is highlighted on the next screen, and press ENTER.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Encryption, continued
Step 11
12 13 14
15
16 17 18
Action The screen now instructs to Connect to RT (Receiver/Transmitter), and since the radio is already connected, pressing ENTER here accesses the next screen down, or select the down arrow displayed on the screen. Set FCTN switch to LD. The radio is already set to the correct menu, so press ENTER again. Choose to either include the time or not. It is recommended that time be selected. Finally, when the screen on the AN/CYZ 10 displays Press Load on RT, press the PTT on the MBITR. Notice that the LCD screen on the MBITR instructs you to do this. The AN/CYZ 10 shows the loading of the various COMSEC and TRANSEC keys: one KEK position and all the hopsets and lockouts for TRANSEC frequency hopping and five TEK positions (1-5) for COMSEC. The screen message either displays a successful load (iCom transfer successful) or an unsuccessful load. If unsuccessful, disconnect the RTU, zeroize it, and try the steps again. If successful, turn off the AN/CYZ 10 in the upper right of the keypad while its not in use.
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Lesson 3 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
What is the frequency range of the PRC-148 when operating with a broadband antenna? a. b. c. d. 30 MHz510 MHz 31 MHz512 MHz 35 MHz510 MHz 30 MHz512 MHz
Item 2
What is the first step when loading a keyfill using a CYZ-10 on a PRC-148? a. Turn on the CYZ-10. b. Turn on the PRC-148 and make sure iCom is highlighted on the screen. c. Access the KEYFILL menu by pressing ALT+MODE KEYFILL and select either FILL MODE COMSEC or FILL MODE TRANSEC. d. Choose either FILL MODE COMSEC or FILL MODE TRANSEC to include time or not.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item 1 2 Answer d c Reference page 2-28 2-31
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Scope
This lesson will discuss the operational capabilities of the AN/PRC-150(C), and provides information on how to perform those operations.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to List the basic characteristics of the AN/PRC-150. Load COMSEC using a CYZ-10 on the AN/PRC-150.
In This Lesson
This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Overview System Characteristics Programming Lesson 4 Exercise See Page 2-35 2-36 2-37 2-40 2-41
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Overview
Description
The AN/PRC-150(C) is an advanced High Frequency (HF) radio which operates from 1.6 MHz to 29.9999 MHz using skywave (USB, LSB, CW, AME) modulations with selectable low (1.0 watt), medium (5.0 watts), and high (20.0 watts) output power. The AN/PRC-150(C) also operates from 20.0000 MHz to 59.9999 MHz in FM with maximum power of 10.0 watts. Communications can take place with manpack, mobile, and fixed-site radio configurations.
The AN/PRC-150(C) is the most advanced military Type-1 High-Frequency (HF) radio available today, setting the standard for reliable, long-range HF communication on the battlefield. Designed to provide Marines with secure voice and data communications, even in the harshest conditions, enabling them to stay connected to mission critical information during missions where line of sight communications are not an option.
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Features
The AN/PRC-150(C) offers the following features: Supports digital security based on optional Harris Citadel.
Note: The CITADEL COVER (CC) switch position is provided to support communications with other coalition forces who may not be authorized for Type I Cipher Text. When set to the CC position, the radio incorporates digital encryption based on the Harris CITADEL information security algorithm and associated circuitry. The CC position provides a high grade of information security; however, CC is not a Department of Defense (DOD)-endorsed Communications Security (COMSEC) mode. For highest security Type I encryption, the Cipher Text (CT) switch position should be selected. Supports ANDVT-HF (KY-99A), VINSON (KY-57 and KY-58), KG 84A/C (Redundant and Non-Redundant modes), and ANDVT-BD (KY100) embedded Type I COMSEC Last Ditch Voice (LDV) (in 3G only) allows the radio to deliver digital voice under very poor conditions and be saved at the receiving radio end. Supports MIL-STD-188-141A Automatic Link Establishment (ALE). Supports STANAG 4538 Automatic Radio Control System (ARCS) link set-up and data link protocols in 3G radio mode. Supports operation in 3G+ Mode, which allows the radio to receive and place ALE and 3G calls without switching modes. Supports enhanced Electronic Counter-Counter Measure (ECCM) frequency hopping in HF (narrowband, wideband, and list). Supports the ACP193 HF Ground Routing Protocol (HF-GRP) for placing phone calls in the ALE radio mode. Provides an external Global Positioning System (GPS) Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR) interface for automatic Time-of-Day (TOD) synchronization. Supports networking capability using PPP or Ethernet.
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Features, continued
Supports full remote control RS-232/RS-422 or Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) from a customer-supplied remote control terminal. Provides IP Firewall security for voice and data. Supports Wireless Internet Protocol (IP) data transfer when operating in STANAG 4538 (3G). Supports optional Low Probability of Intercept/Low Probability of Detection (LPI/LPD) 3G enhancement that minimizes the probability of detection by providing quick message transfers at low power levels.
Specifications
Use the following table to get general information on specifications for the AN\PRC-150 radio. Function Frequency Range Radio Modes of Operation Preset Channels System Presets Immersion Frequency Bands GPS Interface Specification (MP) 1.6 MHz to 59.9999 MHZ in 100-Hz steps FIX, HOP, ALE, CW, AND FM 200 75, fully programmable system presets that contain frequencies and other parameters. 35.4 inches (0.9 m) of water HF Band 1.6 MHz to 29.9999 MHz VHF Low Band 30.000 MHz to 59.9999 MHz Interfaces with an external Global Positioning System (GPS). Works with the Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR, or AN/PSN-11), and Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR, AN/PSN-13).
Power Outputs
Below is a list of the power outputs available for the AN/PRC-150. Band HF Band VHF Low Band Watts 1, 5, 20 Watts average Peak Envelope Power (PEP) 1, 5, 10 Watts
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Power Requirements
The AN/PRC-150 needs the following power input in order to be fully operational: +26 VDC nominal; normal operations from +23 to +32 VDC. Power output is reduced -6 dB of full power at +21 to +23 VDC. When battery voltage goes below 21 VDC, the radio shuts down. The following is a list of a variety of power sources available for the AN/PRC-150. BA-5390/U Lithium-Manganese Dioxide non-rechargeable. BA-5590/U Lithium-Manganese Dioxide non-rechargeable. BB-590/U Ni-Cad rechargeable. BB-390A/U Ni-MH rechargeable. BB-2590/U Lithium-Ion rechargeable. Power supply, MRC-92.
Modes of Operation
The AN/PRC-150 has several modes of operation (described in the table below), which gives you the operator the ability to adapt to any situation needed when trying to communicate with other units in the battlefield. Use the following table: Mode FIX HOP ALE Description Normal single channel operations can be performed from this radio mode. Mode of operation in which the radio scans a preset numbers of channels. The process of making a point to point radio connection without operator involvement using data automatically collected by the system in accordance with a pre-established protocol. Third generation HF communication protocols defined by STANAG 4538, characterized by faster linking and the ability to operate successfully in lower signal-to-noise ratio situations.
3G
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Connectors
The AN/PRC-150 has the following connectors, controls, and indicators. Use the following table and graphic to give you the operator the basic understanding of their functions and locations:
PLGR GPS Connector J2 Audio Connector J1 LCD Fill J18 HF ANT Connector J7 Ground Post
Data Connector J3
KDU
Function Switch
Accessory Connector J6
Name Audio Connector (J1) GPS (J2)
Data Connector (J3) Accessory Connector (J6)
Function 6-pin audio connector accepts the standard H-250/U handset. Provides a serial connection (data and control) for an external Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, such as the Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR). Provides a connection for a data device (RS-232, Pointto-Point Protocol (PPP)), or auxiliary audio. An orange dot identifies the cable and radio connector. Provides a connection for power amplifiers, control signals, external keyline, external power, AN/PRC150(C) On/Off, frequency hopping clock, and remote control data. A blue dot identifies the cable and radio connector.
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Connectors, continued
Name Function Function Switch Turns the AN/PRC-150 on/off and also places the radio in different modes. Ground Post Provides a grounding reference for connecting a grounding source to the AN/PRC-150(C). Antenna Provides a 50-ohm antenna port for either a Bayonet Connector (J7) Neill Concelman (BNC) or a whip antenna. Fill (J18) Used to connect Type I encryption fill devices, such as the AN/CYZ-10 (DS-101), KOI-18, KYX-15, KYK-13 (DS-102). Note: Citadel keys must be loaded via remote control or manually from the KDU. Displays the operational and programming displays. Connects the keypad display unit (KDU) directly or with KDU remote cable. KDU provides crypto ignition key (CIK) functionality for the radio which enables it to receive programming inputs. Note: The KDU can be utilized with other radios (AN/PRC-117 or AN/PRC-150) after initialization with the understanding that if you attach another KDU the COMSEC and programming data will be inaccessible. Connect the batteries to the RT-1694.
LCD KDU Unit
Battery Connectors J10/J11 on the rear panel Accessory Port J9 on the rear panel
A D-type connector that provides external power amplifier control signals, frequency hopping clock, external On/Off, external accessory power, and ethernet interface for upgrading the firmware
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Programming
AN/PRC-150 COMSEC Procedures
The AN/PRC-150(C) holds 25 TEKs, one Key Encryption Key (KEK), and one Transfer KEK (TrKEK) for each COMSEC type of either VINSON, ANDVT or KG-84. Numbering for each storage set is from 01 to 25. Use the following procedure to load cryptographic (COMSEC) data using a AN/ CYZ-10: This procedure will send only cryptographic data (i.e. TEK or KEK) to the RT. 1 2 3 4 Rotate radio front panel function switch to LD. Select KYK-13, and then press [ENT]. Select the desired CRYPTO TYPE of either VINSON, ANDVT or KG-84, and press [ENT]. Select the appropriate KEY TYPE. If TEK is selected, select the key position number (01 - 25), and press [ENT]. PRESS ENT TO INITIATE displays.
NOTE Leave the radio at the PRESS ENT TO INITIATE screen for now.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
At AN/CYZ-10, choose APPL>RDS>RADIO>COMSEC>LD, then press [ENTR]. Choose either TEK or KEK, and press [ENTR]. Use [P UP] and [P DN] until desired key appears, then press [ENTR]. XMT appears in lower right of screen. Select qUit. and press [ENTR]. Connect ANCD to RT appears. Connect AN/CYZ-10 to the J18 FILL connector. Press on AN/CYZ-10. A message appears that the AN/CYZ-10 is sending a key, followed by Press [LOAD] on RT. At radio, press [ENT]. IN PROCESS, followed by FILL DONE PRESS ENT should appear. Press [ENT]. MORE FILL DATA? will appear. At prompt MORE FILL DATA? select YES to enter more fill data. Otherwise, proceed to Step 15
To load more keys of the same crypto type, repeat Step 4 through Step 11.
To load more keys of a different crypto type, press [CLR] and repeat Step 3 through Step 11. When all fill data is entered, select NO when the MORE FILL DATA? prompt displays. Turn off AN/CYZ-10 and disconnect from the radio J18 FILL connector. Rotate function switch from LD to desired operating position (PT, CC, CT, or Receive Variable [RV]).
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Lesson 4 Exercise
Directions
Complete exercise items 1 and 2 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.
Item 1
Using the PRC-150, how many different channels can you program? a. 10 programmable DAMA presets, 100 programmable presets or NETS Simplex or Half-Duplex, Scan capability of up to 10 presets b. 200 Preset Channels and 75, fully programmable System Presets that contain frequencies and other parameters. c. 75 Preset Channels and 200, fully programmable System Presets that contain frequencies and other parameters. d. 10 programmable DAMA presets, 10 programmable presets or NETS Simplex or Half-Duplex, Scan capability of up to 10 presets
Item 2
Which of the following steps are in the correct order when loading COMSEC using a CYZ-10 on a PRC-150? a. Select CRYPTO TYPE, press enter; select MORE FILL DATA; select KEY TYPE, press ENT. b. Rotate function switch to LD position, select KYK-13, and then press [ENT]. Select the desired CRYPTO TYPE of either VINSON, ANDVT or KG-84, and press [ENT]. c. Select KEY TYPE press ENT, Select CRYPTO TYPE press ENT, Select FILL DEVICE press ENT. d. Press ENT to initiate the fill, Select MORE FILL DATA, and select KEY TYPE press ENT.
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Answers
The table below provides the correct answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item. Item Number 1 2 Answer b b Reference Page 2-38 2-42
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Scope
The AN/PRC-152 multi-band handheld radio is a tactical transceiver designed for secure voice and data communications in any tactical operations. It provides multi-band, multi-mode operation. This enables a wide variety of applications for the user such as, ground-to-ground, ground-to-air, and tactical satellite (TACSAT) communications. In this lesson, you will learn about the AN/PRC-152. Specifically, you will learn about how to prepare the AN/PRC-152 for combat operations.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to List the basic characteristics of the AN/PRC-152. Load a fill using a CYZ-10 on the AN/PRC-152.
In This Lesson
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Overview
Description
The AN/PRC-152 is a standardized, lightweight, tactical, hand held radio that provides secure, multi-band communications in the 30-512 MHz (AM & FM) frequency spectrum. The system can be configured for handheld (AN/PRC152) or vehicular (AN/VRC-110) applications. The AN/PRC-152 contains embedded Type I COMSEC and is interoperable with SINCGARS and HAVEQUICK II in the single-channel and the ECCM frequency hopping modes.
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System Components
Basic Accessories
The following graphics show the basic accessories for the AN/PRC-152 and described in the table below.
Part Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Component AN/PRC-152 Radio E-PUB CD-ROM Operator Card Handheld Whip Antenna Blade Antenna with Gooseneck GPS Antenna (V)2(C) only Rechargeable Li-ION Battery
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Frequency Range
The AN/PRC-152 frequency range is continuous from 30.000 MHz to 511.9999 MHz. The radio supports AM, FM, and various data waveforms.
Preset Channels
The AN/PRC-152 has 99 fully programmable normal mode presets (numbered 01-99). The AN/PRC-152 also includes BEACON mode preset, SINCGARS cue and manual channel, and HAVEQUICK Guard Receiver preset.
Modes
It has the following types of embedded encryption modes: VINSON ANDVT AES FASCINATOR KG-84C
HPW mode
It has high performance waveform (HPW) mode, which is used for increased data performance over VULOS and dedicated SATCOM channels.
Modulation
The AN/PRC-152 has the following types of modulation: VHF-Lo: FM, FMNB, FSK VHF-Hi: FM, FMNB, AM (90% mod), FSK, ASK UHF: FM, FMNB, AM (90% mod), FSK, ASK UHF SATCOM: FSK, SBPSK, CPM
SINCGARS
The AN/PRC-152 can operate in SINCGARS Frequency Hopping mode. SINCGARS operates in VINSON COMSEC modes using a TEK. An AN/CYZ-10 Data Transfer Device or an AN/PYQ-10 Simple Key Loader Fill Device is required to load SINCGARS FH data to the radio.
HAVEQUICK
The AN/PRC-152 is capable of HAVEQUICK frequency hopping in the UHF AM band of 225.000 MHz to 399.975 MHz.
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Built-In Test
It has a built-in test for operational test, battery check, and display firmware and hardware versions.
SCAN List
The AN/PRC-152 can scan up to 10 LOS fixed frequency or dedicated SATCOM radio voice operation nets in modes: FM (PT, VINSON CT) Voice. 25 kHz SATCOM (VINSON CT) Voice. AM (PT, VINSON CT) Voice.
GPS Capability
The AN/PRC-152 has an optional internal GPS unit for use with time tracking and position reporting.
Power Supply
The AN/PRC-152 has one high capacity Li-ION rechargeable batter, 10.8 VDC with a usable charge capacity of no less than 4.5 amp-hours.
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Programming
Encryption
To help secure your line of communication when using the AN/PRC-152, you must know how to load a keyfill using the AN/CYZ10, which enables COMSEC to encrypt the AN/PRC-152. Use the following steps to load a keyfill using an AN/CYZ-10: Step 1 2 3 4 Action Turn on the AN/PRC-152 and move cipher switch to [LD]. Select FILL. Select SINCGARS. Select DTD (CYZ-10), and then select MODE 1 from fill screens, and press [ENT]. The AN/PRC-152 displays PRESS ENT TO INITIATE FILL. Connect fill device to AUDIO/FILL connector. Turn the DTD fill device on. Start RDS application on the fill device; this may vary slightly depending on which version is being used. Select RADIO and then SEND. If RDS or RADIO is not initially displayed on the DTD, press the MAIN key or select APPL to access all installed user application software, then select RADIO. On DTD, select RADIO again and then Abn for device type. DTD displays CONNECT TO RT AUD/FILL CONN. Press [ENTR] on the DTD. Select NO to KY-58 question and YES to airborne radio fill. On DTD, press ENTR. DTD displays SET FCTN SWITCH TO LD ON RT. Press [ENTR] on the DTD. After press down arrow, press LOAD STO 1 ON RT, press [ENT] on radio. After TRANSFER SUCCESSFUL appears on the radio, press [ENT]. Radio will prompt to select hopset compartment to store the data in. Choose compartment number. Press [ENT], and a screen appears asking to. LOAD ANOTHER KEY? Select YES to load more data. Repeat until all parts of the ESET are loaded into the radio. When all keys are loaded into the radio, the DTD will display ICOM TRANSFER SUCCESSFUL. Follow screen prompt or press ABORT to abort the loading process. When complete, rotate cipher switch from [LD] to desired operating position of either [PT] or [CT].
5 6 7
9 10
11
12 13 14
15
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Lesson 5 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
The AN/PRC-152 can scan up to __________ LOS fixed frequency or dedicated SATCOM radio voice operation nets using various modes. a. b. c. d. 10 25 99 100
Item 2 through Item 6
For items 2 through 6, list in the correct order the proper procedure to load SINCGARS FH fill data using an AN/CYZ-10 on a PRC-152 for MODE 1 by placing the letter of the step in column 2 in the space provided in column 1. Column1 ITG Mission ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Column2 Description a. Select the FILL. b. Connect fill device to AUDIO/FILL connector. c. Turn on the AN/PRC-152 and move cipher switch to load (LD). d. Select SINCGARS. e. Select DTD (CYZ-10), and then select MO 1 from fill screens, and press (ENT). The AN/PRC152 displays PRESS ENT TO INITIATE FILL.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 Answer a c a d e b Reference Page 2-49 2-50 2-50 2-50 2-50 2-50
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LESSON 6 EMPLOY FIELD EXPEDIENT ANTENNAS Introduction
Scope
Field expedient antennas are sometimes considered a temporary fix for a broken antenna. In reality though, the use of field expedient antennas can greatly enhance radio operations. In this lesson, you will learn about field expedient antennas. Specifically, you will learn about the different types, characteristics, and insulators used with field expedient antennas.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Identify (write) the description of a field expedient antenna. List field expedient insulators.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Antenna Types Antenna Characteristics Antenna Wire Length Insulation Lesson 6 Exercise See Page 2-51 2-52 2-54 2-56 2-57 2-58
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Antenna Types
Purpose of Radio Antennas
Antennas are used to send and receive radio transmissions. Sending: An antenna is used to accept power from the transmitter, convert the power into a radio wave, and then launch the radio wave into space. Receiving: An antenna is used to collect energy from passing radio waves and convert them into an alternating electric current or signal that the receiver can detect.
How well antennas launch and collect electromagnetic waves directly influences the reliability and quality of radio communication.
Radiation Patterns
Radio signals radiated by an antenna form an electromagnetic field with a definite pattern, which are called: radiation patterns. Radiation patterns are dependent on the type of antenna being used, and resemble the antennas directional characteristics. The following table shows the three main radiation patterns: Pattern Omnidirectional Illustration
Bidirectional
Unidirectional
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Antenna Types, Continued
Basic Types
The three main radiation patterns also define the three main basic types of field expedient antennas: omnidirectional, bidirectional, and unidirectional. Type Omni-directional Radiation Pattern Mobile Wire Whip Antennas Quarter-Wavelength Vertical Antenna End-Fed Half Wavelength Antenna Vertical Half-Wavelength Antenna Wire Antenna Vertical Half-Rhombic Long Wire V-Antennas
Bi-directional
Unidirectional
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Antenna Characteristics
Field Expedient Antennas
Some of the basic characteristics of field expedient antennas are described below.
End-Fed HalfWave Antenna
End-fed half-wave antennas are usually constructed from available materials (e.g. field wire, rope, and wooden insulators). For maximum efficiency, endfed half-wave antennas usually have their ground terminal connected to a good earth ground.
Center-Fed Doublet Antenna
The center-fed doublet is a half-wave antenna consisting of two quarterwavelength sections on each side of the center. Center-fed doublet antennas are directional broadside to their length, which makes it essentially Omnidirectional.
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Antenna Characteristics, Continued
Improvised Vertical HalfWave Antenna
The technique shown here is used primarily with FM portable radios in heavily wooded areas. It has been found to be effective for increasing the range of the radio despite dense foliage and other interference due to the environment.
HF Field Expedient Antennas
The vertical half-rhombic antenna and the long-wire antenna are unidirectional shown below; however, they radiate in a directional pattern and primarily transmit or receive HF signals. They consist of a single wire, preferably two or more wavelengths, supported on poles at a height of 3 to 7 meters (10 to 20 feet) above the ground. Note: HF field expedient antennas can operate satisfactorily 1 meter above the ground.
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Antenna Wire Length
Appropriate Length
When assembling field expedient antennas, having the appropriate length of antenna wire will ensure the best performance. The actual length of wire to use will be determined by the type of antenna to be constructed and by using the formula for finding the length of the antenna wire.
Formula
The formula to calculate the length of antenna wire to use is wave length / MHz.
Find the Length
When finding the length using the formula, it is important to remember two things: 1. The length of the antenna wire is relevant to the wave length of the operating frequency. 2. A full wave length is 936 feet. Follow the steps below for finding the length of wire for a wave length antenna that needs to operate at 72 MHz. Step 1 2 3 Action Divide a full wave length by (936/4 = 234). Divide 234 by the Frequency in MHz (234/72). Length of wire is 3 and feet (3.25).
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Insulation
Dielectric
An electric insulator used in radios that operate at VHF and UHF.
Insulation and Frequency
Many insulators that perform well in the HF range are poor or unusable for fabricating antennas operating at frequencies above 100 MHz. It is therefore advised to choose an antenna design with elements that support a lower voltage or require no insulation at all.
Types of Insulation
Out in the jungle, forest, desert, or any other harsh and uninviting environment or war, plastic or glass will probably be your best bet when choosing an effective type of insulation for your field expedient antenna. When plastic and glass items are not available, wood and rope, or both, in that order is your next best choice.
Applying Insulation
The radiating elementthe actual antenna wireshould touch only the antenna terminal and be physically separated from all other objects other than the supporting insulator. If no insulators are present, the antenna can become shorted out and rendered ineffective. The following graphics show field expedient insulators that can be used when constructing a field expedient antenna.
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Lesson 6 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Name the three different types of basic field expedient antennas based on their directional features? a. b. c. d. Vee, sloping vee, and unidirectional End-fed half wavelength, quarter wavelength, and omnidirectional Omnidirectional, bidirectional, and unidirectional Long wire, vertical half-rhombic, and vee
Item 2
Which from the following list are considered to be the best field expedient insulators? a. b. c. d. Nylon rope, rubber, cloth, and button Plastic spoon, button, bottle neck, and plastic bag Wood, bottle neck, button, and nylon rope Plastic spoon, nylon rope, button, and wood
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item 1 2 Answer c b Reference Page 2-53 2-57
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STUDY UNIT 3 INSERTION AND EXTRACTION Overview
Scope
Insertion and extraction are major aspects of reconnaissance employment with implications for supporting units, operations security (OPSEC), scheduling, and ultimately mission accomplishment. Missions conducted by Marine units can sometimes require specific methods of insertion or extraction. The concepts of insertion and extraction are means to maneuver forces around the battlefield. These methods of maneuver allow friendly forces to instantly access and to persist in terrain that would otherwise degrade a units combat effectiveness while negotiating it or entirely be denied to that unit. In addition, this form of maneuver reduces the risk of compromise while maintaining the element of surprise and mobility. In this study unit, you will learn three methods of insertion and extraction that are conducted by reconnaissance Marines.
In This Study Unit
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lessons Insertion by Fast Roping Extraction by Helicopter via SPIE Operations Map Reading and Land Navigation See Page 3-3 3-11 3-21
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Study Unit 3
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Study Unit 3
LESSON 1 INSERTION BY FAST ROPING Introduction

Scope
Injury can occur while conducting fast roping operations from a moving helicopter. This lesson will give you basic guidance to avoid accidents and safely conduct an insertion via fast roping from a helicopter. In this lesson, you will learn some of the techniques used in order to conduct fast roping from a helicopter. Safety precautions taken in order to safely land on the ground and also commands given while fast roping.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Review safety precautions. Recall ropers responsibilities.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Helicopter Rope Suspension Techniques HRST Master Communications and HRST Commands Fast Roping Precautions Rope Grading Ropers Responsibilities Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9
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Helicopter Rope Suspension Techniques HRST Master
HRST Master
The helicopter rope suspension techniques (HRST) masters primary responsibility is the overall safety of all ropers and the conduct and safety of the HRST operation. Therefore, the HRST master must know and understand all current HRST policies and directives. Once planning begins, the HRST master oversees safety and continues to monitor safety throughout the entire HRST evolution. HRST equipment serviceability and safety is also the responsibility of the HRST master. Descent and extraction authority is the sole responsibility of the HRST master. However, the aircraft commander may abort or cancel a descent/extraction if conditions are considered unsafe. Note: HRST is a high-risk operation that can be conducted safely if the directives and current policies are followed. Noncompliance with current directives and any unauthorized modifications or installation of unauthorized HRST equipment can result in injury or death to personnel and/or damage to equipment.
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Communications and HRST Commands
Internal Communicatio ns System
An operable Internal Communications System (ICS) is mandatory for HRST. ICS headsets must be provided for all HRST masters. Loud and clear intercommunications among the pilots, the crew chief, and the HRST master must be maintained at all times. In the event of ICS failure, hand-and-arm signals are used to cease training until an operable ICS can be restored.
Challenge and Reply
The method of challenge and reply is mandatory for all HRST commands between the aircrew and the HRST master. Challenge and reply provides clarity to intercommunications and assurance to all HRST participants that commands have been passed and received.
Hand and Arm Signals
Ropers must rely on hand-and-arm signals and verbal commands from the HRST master for communications. Therefore, a clear understanding of all HRST commands and hand-and-arm signals is mandatory by all HRST participants and aircrew. The following are hand and arm signals used during HRST operations. Command Abort Emergency Brake, hold, or lock-in Clear rope or off belay Equipment not good Cut rope Deploy the Rope Go Ready to lift Retrieve rope Strap in Slide (direction) Take position Unbuckle __minute(s) Meaning Slashing motion of right hand across throat. Right hand slapping motion on top of head. Clenched fist. Rope executes a side straddle hop. Thumbs down. Point to bad equipment. A hacking motion of a hand on the other forearm. Two hands executing a pushing away motion. Point down the rope. Thumbs up followed by upward motion of right palm. Pulling in motion with both arms. Point to seats and motion both fists together at the belt buckle. Open palm motion into direction of desired movement. Point at rope station. Motion both fists away from belt buckle. Point to watch, and then hold up the number of fingers corresponding to number of minutes.
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Fast Roping Precautions
Precautions
The following is a list of precautions that shall be adhered to during the conduct of fast rope training: A minimum of 10 feet of rope shall remain on the deck at all times to assist in stabilizing the running end of the rope. Ropers execute descents at speeds commensurate with their experience and proficiency in fast rope operations. The HRST master ensures that the tensile strength of the fast rope anchor points is not exceeded. During descent, ropers maintain visual contact with lower ropers and watch for obstructions. Individual ropers lock in during emergencies by standing on the fast rope with the other foot. Upon reaching the deck, ropers immediately run or roll out of the path of the next roper. The first roper on the deck may remain at the base of the rope and assists in keeping the rope steady for other ropers. A slight elastic reaction may be detected as a roper departs the rope.
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Rope Grading
Grading a Rope
Ropes are graded based on their usage and appearance. SPIE ropes have a shelf life of 15 years and a service life of 7 years. Fast ropes have neither a shelf nor a service life. However, SPIE and fast ropes grading emphasizes a visual inspection for serviceability. The HRST master is responsible for rope grading. Visual inspections for both fast ropes and SPIE ropes are as follows: Rope Type SPIE Rope Fast Rope Inspection Check for excessive abrasion, fraying, or one complete, broken strand. Inspect D-ring attachment points for corrosion and cracks. Burns Cuts Abraded yarns Loose braiding Strand kinking Loose or missing whipping
Note: Although fast ropes and SPIE ropes gradually change color, these color changes do not indicate a decrease in strength unless the change is due to contact with strong chemicals. If a rope has had chemical contact, its color change will not be uniform throughout the length of the rope.
Safety Equipment
The following safety equipment is recommended for HRST training. Leather gloves (welders gloves are recommended for fast roping) Glove inserts Helmet Proper boots
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Ropers Responsibilities
Procedures
The following procedures are the responsibility of all Marines conducting fast roping operations: Understand and comply with all aspects of HRST and emergency procedures. Ensure all safety equipment is properly donned and inspected by an HRST master. Ensure seat belts are hooked up prior to take off and unbuckled only on command by the HRST master. Maintain eye contact with the HRST master at all times prior to grabbing the rope. Make deliberate movements toward the rope station while maintaining a hand hold in the helicopter at all times. Mount the rope only on the HRST masters command. Grasp the rope firmly. Never jump for the rope. Control descent speeds and brake to avoid landing on another roper or injuring yourself. Look down at the deck and the roper below you while descending. Move rapidly away from the rope upon landing. If you are unsteady upon landing or if you fall, immediately roll to your side and away from the rope to prevent injury from follow-on ropers.
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Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
The __________ makes sure that the tensile strength of the fast rope anchor points is not exceeded. One of the many ropers responsibilities is to maintain __________ with the __________ at all times prior to grabbing the rope. a. b. c. d. actions; SPIE roper movement; pilot balance; uppermost roper eye contact; HRST master
Item 2
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 Answer Helicopter Rope Suspension Training (HRST) master d Reference Page 3-6
3-8
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LESSON 2 EXTRACT BY HELICOPTER VIA SPIE OPERATIONS Introduction
Scope
As mentioned in Lesson 1 of this study unit, there are many ways to insert and extract a Marine reconnaissance patrol for a mission. Special patrol insertion and extraction (SPIE) operations can be used for both; however, we will only discuss the extraction portion. After completing this lesson, you will have a better understanding of how to conduct an extraction via SPIE operations. This lesson will address safety considerations and equipment needed for an extraction via Special Patrol Insertion and Extraction (SPIE) operations.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to List the equipment and personnel required during the conduct of SPIE training. Name the minimum safe air speed and altitude. Identify ropers responsibilities.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Safety Considerations Safety Line Ropers Responsibilities Emergency Procedures Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 3-11 3-12 3-14 3-16 3-17 3-18
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Safety Considerations
Pre-flight Safety Measures
The Special Patrol Insertion and Extraction (SPIE) system can rapidly insert/extract a Marine reconnaissance patrol from an area that does not permit a helicopter landing. Familiarization of this training should consist of, but not be limited to: SPIE safety Donning individual equipment Mounting In-flight emergency Dismounting
All operations using the SPIE system are preceded by a safety brief. The safety brief should consist of, but not be limited to, a review of all the equipment associated with the SPIE system, its characteristics, extraction and insertion methods, and most importantly, its emergency procedures.
Personnel and Equipment Required
This type of training requires you to have certified personnel in order to conduct SPIE operations. These certified Marines have different responsibilities and will ensure that all of the safety guidelines are met in order to have a safe training evolution. The following is a list of personal and equipment required during conduct of SPIE operations. One safety insertion officer (SIO) One Helicopter Rope Suspension Techniques (HRST) master per aircraft. One corpsman equipped with medical bag, cervical collar, and backboard with straps. One safety vehicle with driver. Radio communication equipment with personnel in the insert zone.
Note: The safety corpsman and the safety driver will not be participating as a roper.
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Safety Considerations, Continued
Air Speed
The rope and personnel are treated as an external load; therefore, airspeeds, altitudes, and oscillations must be monitored. Airspeed shall not: Exceed 70 knots in warm weather operations. Exceed 50 knots during cold weather operations.
Air Speed
During SPIE operations the helicopter lifts vertically from the extract zone until the rope and personnel are clear of obstructions, then proceeds in forward flight to a secure insert zone. Therefore, a minimum clearance of 100 feet from the lowest roper on the line to the highest obstacle on the deck must be maintained for SPIE operations prior to transitioning to forward flight during extract and beginning the descent during insert. Note: During insert, the helicopter should not descend faster than 300 feet per minute.
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Safety Line
Donning Equipment
The graphic below shows you the parts of the harness that you wear while conducting SPIE operations.
SPIE Harness Use the following steps to help you don the SPIE harness prior to conducting the operations. Step 1 2 Action Pass arms through shoulder loops. Route the free end of the chest strap through chest adapter making sure that the strap is back laced through the chest adapter for a quick release system. Attach the V-ring of each leg strap to the respective ejector snap. Tighten chest and leg straps to a snug fit.
3 4
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Safety Line, Continued
Donning Equipment, continued
WARNING: To prevent injury during use, ensure that harness chest and leg straps are adjusted to a snug fit.
Additional Safety
As an additional safety, a sling rope is used to make a safety line. A safety line for normal attachment of the carabiner on the D-ring consists of the 12to 15-foot sling rope and an additional carabiner. The rope is secured around the ropers chest with a bowline knot. The roper then takes the running end of the sling rope and extends it to arms length. A figure eight loop is made and a carabiner is then connected to the upper or lower D-ring of the SPIE rope. Do not attach the carabiner to the same D-ring as the harness. The backup attachment is intended for use in training exercises and is worn under the SPIE harness.
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Ropers Responsibilities
Individual Responsibilities
Training and safety equipment decrease the inherent dangers of SPIE operationsit does not eliminate the dangers. Safety is always paramount and remember that every Marine is a safety officer. In saying this, SPIE safety depends largely upon the technical expertise of the individual SPIE roper. Individual ropers are responsible for the following: Understanding and complying with all aspects of HRST and emergency procedures. Repeating all commands issued by the HRST master through the top roper. Mounting the rope only after it has contacted the deck. Maintaining eye contact with the deck while descending. Moving out from under higher ropers immediately upon contacting the deck. Moving to the appropriate pre-briefed position (3, 9, or 12 oclock) once on the deck. Ensuring that during training the primary and secondary anchor devices are not disconnected until the helicopter is sitting on the deck to avoid fingers being injured in a carabineer. If the helicopter is not going to land, ropers disconnect the primary and secondary anchor devices only after their feet touch the deck. Remaining prepared to disconnect any injured or unconscious ropers. Moving rapidly away from the SPIE rope upon dismounting.
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Emergency Procedures
Guidelines
Emergencies can be encountered during SPIE operations. It is important that the following are guidelines to be used in the event of an emergency. However, due to adverse weather, or other unusual conditions, modifications to these procedures may be required. Therefore, personnel must use sound judgment to make a decision in order to determine the most appropriate course of action to be taken for SPIE operations.
Guidelines
If the helicopter experiences engine failure or other aircraft emergency during operations, ropers on the ground must rapidly move from beneath the helicopter to the pre-briefed position. The aircraft commander attempts to land the helicopter by moving forward.
Guidelines
The roper or any other participant may give the emergency signal. When one roper gives the signal, all ropers give the signal until the situation is corrected. During daylight operations, the emergency signal is given by placing both hands on top of the helmet. During night operations, ropers will initiate the pre-briefed emergency signal.
Fouled Rope
After continuous inspections a rope may still become fouled or entangled on ground obstacles while conducting SPIE operations. In the event of a fouled rope, execute the following steps: Ensure all ropers are clear. If possible, descend or reposition helicopter over target to decrease tension on the rope. Release the rope.
If sufficient tension cannot be released in order to release the rope, the aircraft commander may command Cut rope.
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Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Item 1 Through Item 5
For items 1 through 5, match the spaces provided in column 1, place the letter of the phrase from column 2 that defines safety personnel and equipment required during the conduct of SPIE training. Column 1 Safety Personnel and Equipment _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. Column 2 SPIE Training a. One belay man b. One corpsman equipped with medical bag, cervical collar, and backboard with straps c. One SIO d. One navigator to identify the Hot Spots" e. One HRST master per aircraft f. 100 extra feet of Fast Rope g. One safety vehicle with driver h. One 5 pound weight for attachment at the end of the fast rope i. Radio communications with personnel in the insert zone
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Item 6
What is the minimum safe air speed when conducting SPIE operations? a. 80 knots in warm weather operations and 60 knots during cold weather operations. b. 50 knots in warm weather operations and 30 knots during cold weather operations. c. 60 knots in warm weather operations and 50 knots during cold weather operations. d. 70 knots in warm weather operations and 50 knots during cold weather operations.
For items 7 through 11, place the letter of the phrase from column 2 that defines one of the ropers responsibilities into column 1. Column 1 Ropers Responsibilities _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Column 2 Phrase a. Inspecting the safety line. b. Approach the roper on the proper side from the running end of the rope. c. Understanding and complying with all aspects of HRST and emergency procedures. d. Place your safety line and main lift web over your shoulders closest to the rope. e. Use two tie-down rings for each cargo sling. f. Mounting the rope only after it has contacted the deck. g. Moving rapidly away from the SPIE rope upon dismounting. h. Properly donning the SPIE harness, ensuring a snug fit. i. Attach the V-ring of each leg strap to the respective ejector snap.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Answer b c e g i d a c f g h Reference Page 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-13 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16
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LESSON 3 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION Introduction
Purpose
The purpose of this lesson is to provide an overview of basic information on map reading and land navigation skills that are required while conducting patrols or any other operation. Since Reconnaissance Marines are always on the move land navigation is very critical to mission accomplishment and success. If you are deficient in these skills, you are strongly encouraged to take MCI Course 0381D, Land Navigation.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Identify the characteristics of a military map. Describe terrain features on a map. Determine the distance between two points. Plot a grid on a map. Navigate using a map.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Map Characteristics Terrain Features Determining Distance Plotting a Grid Navigation Lesson 3 Exercise See Page 3-21 3-22 3-25 3-28 3-29 3-32 3-36
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Map Characteristics
Definition of a Topographical Map
A topographical map is a mathematically determined presentation of the portion of the earths surface systematically plotted.
Marginal Information
The table below lists marginal information found on a military map:
Item Sheet Name
Sheet Number
Series Number
Edition Number
Series Number Scale
Index to Boundaries Diagram Adjoining Sheet Diagram
Description The name of the map that is generally named after a large settlement contained in the area covered in the sheet. This information is located in the center of the map. A reference number to link specific maps to overlays, operation orders, and plans. It also shows adjoining sheet numbers needed. Sheet numbers are located in the upper right and lower left corners of the map. A series of numbers in sequence to express either a four-digit number (1234), or as a letter and number (M1234). The series number can contain either three or four digits. The age of the map and the maker. For example, Edition 7dmatc indicates that is map is the 7th edition and was made by Defense Mapping Agency Topographical Center. This is located in the upper corners of the map. Named after a large subdivision, the series number is located in the same bold print as the sheet name. A representative fraction that gives the ratio of the map distance to the corresponding distance on the earths surface. This is located in the lower margin. A miniature of the map that shows the boundaries that occur within the map area, and is located in the right margin. Maps at all scales contain these diagrams. The diagram is called the index to adjoining sheets. It contains nine rectangles that are identified by sheet number, and is located in the lower right margin. A miniature characterization of the terrain shown, and is represented by bands of elevation, spot elevations, and major drainage features.
Elevation Guide
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Map Characteristics, Continued
Marginal Information, continued Item Declination Diagram Bar Scales Description The angular relationships of true north, grid north, and magnetic north. It also provides the conversion note for grid to magnetic, and is located in the lower margin. Scales used to convert map distance into ground distance. Maps have three different scales: statute miles, nautical miles, and kilometers. Scales are located in the lower center of the map. The distance between the contour lines. This is located in the center of the lower margin. This is the dictionary of the map, which illustrates and identifies all symbols used on the map, and is located in the lower margin. Any statement of general information that relates to the mapped area. Notes are located in the lower right margin.
Contour Interval Legend
Special Notes
Colors
The colors of a map and their descriptions are listed in the table below:
Color Black Reddish-Brown Blue Green Description Man-made features such as building, bridges, and railroads Road classification, built-up areas, and special features Hydrographic or water features Vegetation such as woods, orchards, and vineyards
Grid Lines
Grid lines are a series of vertical lines (running north and south), and horizontal lines (running east to west) that intersect at right angles to form a series of squares.
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Map Characteristics, Continued
Scales
The size of the scale maps are listed in the table below:
Size Small Medium Large Description Maps of 1:1,000,000 and smaller (the number after the colon will be bigger). Small maps are used for general planning. Maps of 1:75,000 to 1:1,000,000. These maps are used for planning troop movement and operations. Maps of 1:50,000 to 1:75,000. These maps are used to meet tactical needs.
Declination Diagram
A declination diagram shows the angular relationship, represented by prongs, among the three Norths. It is used to determine the angular difference between the three. The items in the declination diagram are listed in the table below:
Item True North Description A line from any point on the earths surface to the North Pole. All lines of longitude are true north lines. On a compass, a star usually represents true north. The direction to the north magnetic pole, as indicated by the north-seeking needle of the magnetic instrument. A line ending with a half arrowhead usually symbolizes magnetic north. Established by using the vertical grid lines on the map. The letters GN or the letter Y may symbolize grid north. The G-M angle is the angular difference that exists between grid north and magnetic north. The G-M angle is needed to convert magnetic azimuths to grid azimuths or vice versa.
Magnetic North
Grid North Grid-Magnetic (G-M) Angle
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Terrain Features
Terrain Designation
All terrain features are derived from a complex landmass known as a mountain or ridgeline. Listed below are different types of terrain features: Elevation Contour Lines Slopes Major features (mountains, valleys, etc.) Minor/Supplementary features
Elevation
Elevation is the height or vertical distance of a point above or below sea level. Before the elevation of any point can be determined, you must first know the contour interval for the map you are using. The contour interval measurement given in the marginal information is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.
Contour Lines
Contour lines are the most common method of showing relief and elevation on a topographical map. Contour lines represent an imaginary line on the ground, above or below sea level. All points on a contour are at the same elevation. The elevation represented by the contour lines is the vertical distance above or below sea level. The table below lists contour lines and what they indicate:
Lines Index Description Starting at zero elevation or sea level, every fifth contour line is a heavier line. These are known as index contour lines. Each index contour line is numbered at some point. This number is the elevation of that line. The contour lines that fall between the index lines. These line are finer and do not have their elevation given. There are normally four intermediate lines between index lines. These resemble dashes. They show sudden changes in elevation of at least the contour lines.
Intermediate
Supplementary
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Terrain Features, Continued
Contour Lines, continued Contour Lines Gentle slopes Steep slopes Description Contour lines showing a uniform, gentle slope are evenly spaced and wide apart. Contour lines showing a uniform, steep slope are evenly spaced, and close together. Remember the closer the contour lines, the steeper the slope. Contour lines showing a convex slope are widely spaced at the top of the terrain feature and close at the bottom of the feature. Contour lines showing a concave slope are closely spaced and the top of the feature and a spaced widely and the bottom of the feature.
Convex slopes Concave slopes
Major Terrain Features
Major terrain features are designated as listed in the table below:

Feature Hill Description An area of high ground. From a hilltop the ground slopes in all directions. A hill is shown by contour lines forming concentric circles. The inside of the smallest closed circle is the hilltop. A dip or low point between two areas of higher ground. If you are in a saddle, there is high ground in two opposite directions and lower ground in the other two directions. An hourglass normally represents a saddle or figure eight shaped contour line. A stretched-out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or rivers. A valley begins with high ground on three sides, and usually has a course of running water through it. Contour lines forming a valley are either U- or V-shaped. A sloping line of high ground. From the center of the ridge, you will normally have low ground in three directions and high ground in one with varying degrees of slope. Contour lines forming a ridge tend to be U- or V-shaped. The closed end of the contour line points away from the high ground. A low point in the ground or a sinkhole. A depression could be described as an area of low ground surrounded by higher ground in all directions. Usually, only depressions that are equal to or greater than the contour interval will be shown. On maps, depressions are represented by closed contour lines that have tic marks or slashes pointing towards the low ground.
Saddle
Valley
Ridge
Depression
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Terrain Features, Continued
Minor/ Supplementary Terrain Features
The table below describes how minor and supplementary terrain features are designated on a map:
Part Draw
Spur
Cliff
Cut
Fill
Function A less developed stream course that a valley. In a draw, there is essentially no level ground and therefore, little or no maneuver room within it confines. The ground slopes upward in three directions and downward in the others. A draw can be considered as the initial formation of a valley. A short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge. The ground will slope down in three directions and up in one. A vertical or near vertical feature. It is an abrupt change of land. A vertical cliff is depicted on a map when the contour lines converge into one single line, the contour line will have slashes pointing towards low ground. A man-made feature resulting from cutting through high ground, usually to from level bed for a road, or railroads. Cut are shown on a map when they are at least 10 feet high A man-made feature resulting from filling a low area, usually to form a bed for a road or railroads.
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Determining Distance
Graphic Bar Scale
Graphic bar scales are used to convert a map distance to a ground distance. There are three types of bar scales: meters, nautical miles and statute miles. Each graph scale is broken down into two smaller scales: Primary scale Located to the right of the zero and is marked in full units of measurement. Extension scale Located to the left of the zero and is marked in tenths of a unit.
Determining Straight Line Distance
A straight-line distance is the shortest distance between two points. Listed in the table below are the procedures to calculate straight-line distance: Step 1 2 3 4 Action Plot your starting and ending points. Lay a piece of paper across your points; make a tick mark at the starting and ending points. Bring the paper down to the graphic bar scale. Read and record that number. Use the extension scale if you have more left over and cannot make a whole number.
Determining Irregular Distance
An irregular distance is the distance along a winding road, stream, or any other curved line. Listed in the table below are the procedures to determine irregular distance: Step Action Plot your starting and ending points. Take a piece of paper and make a tick mark at the starting point. Align the edge of the paper along the straight portion and make a tick on both the map and the paper where the paper leaves the strait portion of the line being measured. Pivot the paper until another straight portion of the curved line is aligned with the edge of the paper. Repeat the previous two steps until the measurement is complete. Convert the map distance into ground distance.
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Plotting a Grid
Combination Protractor
There are several different types of protractors, but the standard one used by the Marines is the square-shaped. The protractor represents an azimuth circle, which is broken down into two separate units of measurement. Along with the two units of measurement the protractor also provides the user with an index point, by which all directions are measured. The scales are listed in the table below: Scale Outer Measure This scale is used to measure MILS. This scale ranges from 0 to 6400 mils; every mark represents 20 mils. There are 17 mils in 1 degree This scale is used to measure DEGREES. This scale ranges from 0 to 360 degrees; every mark represents one (1) degree. This scale is used to divide grid squares more accurately than can be done by estimations. There are three scales used on the protractor: 1:32,500 1:50,000 1:25,000
Inner
Coordinate
Determine Four-digit Grid Coordinate
The designation of a point is based on the military principal, RIGHT then UP. Always read right on the vertical grid lines, and then up on the horizontal lines. A four-digit grid will locate a point within 1000 meters. Use the map reading rules. Follow the steps in the table below to determine a four-digit grid coordinate. Step 1 2 Action Read RIGHT. Follow the vertical line until you reach the vertical grid line that forms the left, or east, boundary of the grid square you want to determine. Follow that vertical grid line to the upper or lower margin and record the two principal numbers. These numbers will be the first two numbers of your four-digit grid.
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Plotting a Grid, Continued
Determine Four-digit Grid Coordinate, continued
Step 4 5
Action Align the vertical line of the coordinate scale with the left edge of the grid square containing the specified point. Utilize the first step of the map reading rule and SLIDE the coordinate scale to the RIGHT until the vertical line is centered on the point. Determine the distance the point is away from the left grid line by reading the numbers on the horizontal line on the coordinate scale. This number should be touching the left grid line. Note: If the point falls between two 100-meter lines on the coordinate scale, round down to the nearest 100-meter line. Write this number as your third digit.
Determine a Six-digit Grid Coordinate
Follow the steps in the table below to determine a six-digit grid coordinate.
Step 1 2
Action Determine a four-digit grid coordinate. Utilize the second step of the map reading rule, and read UP the vertical line of the coordinate scale until you reach the specified point. Determine the distance the point is away from the bottom grid line by reading the number from the vertical line of the coordinate scale. This number should be touching the specified point. Note: If the point falls between two 100-meter lines on the coordinate scale, round down to the nearest 100-meter line Write this number down as your sixth digit. A six-digit grid will locate a point within 100 meters.
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Plotting a Grid, Continued
Determine an Eight-digit Grid Coordinate
This is accomplished, first, by using the coordinate scale to break the grid square down into 100 smaller squares. Then visually break the 100-meter squares down into 10-meter squares. Follow the steps in the table below to determine an eight-digit grid coordinate. Step 1 2 Action Locate the six-digit grid. Write the number down, leaving a space between the third and fourth number. This will become the fourth number in the eightdigit grid: 982__/682. Now make a space after the sixth digit; this will become the eighth digit in the eight-digit grid: 9825/682__. Leave the coordinate scale in the same spot as you did in a six-digit grid. On the coordinate scale, look at the number you wrote as the third digit. Remember that when determining a six-digit grid, if the point falls between the two different 100-meter lines, you round down to the nearest 100-meter line. On an eight-digit grid, you do not round down. Visually break the distance between the two 100-meter lines into tenths. Estimate which 10-meter line the point falls on and write that number as your fourth digit. Note: If the point falls on the 100-meter line, your fourth digit will be zero. To determine the eighth digit, follow the same procedures as you did to determine the fourth digit, except use the vertical line on the coordinate scale, and look at the sixth digit vice the third.
3 4 5
6 7
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Navigation
Orient a Map by Terrain Association
A map is oriented when it is in a horizontal position with its north and south grid lines corresponding to the north and south direction on the ground. Using this method requires careful examination of the map and the ground, and the user must know his approximate location. Observe the ground around you. Look at the topographical features of the area such as lakes, woods, contours, built-up areas, or hills. Look at the linear terrain features such a railroads, streambeds, and roads. Hold the map in a horizontal position, ensuring that the map is approximately parallel to the ground surface. Select nearby features that will help you to identify detail on both the ground and the map. Identify at least three widely separated points on both the ground and map. Rotate the map until the features on the map are aligned with the same features on the ground.
Measuring a Grid Azimuth
Plot your starting point and your ending point on your map. Then with your protractor draw a straight line through the two points, making sure to extend the line past each of the points. Place the center of the protractor over your starting point. With the index point facing north, read the azimuth that intersects the line you drew.
Determine a Back Azimuth
A back azimuth is the opposite direction of an azimuth. Use the LAMS rule to determine a back azimuth. L If the azimuth is LESS then 180 degrees (3200 mils). A ADD 180 degrees (3200 mils). M If the azimuth is MORE than 180 degrees (3200 mils). S SUBTRACT 180 degrees (3200 mils).
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Navigation, Continued
Resection
Resection is locating your position on a map by plotting lines of sight from various objects on the ground back to your position. This is done by Taking the compass azimuth of the sight from your position to the objects Converting them to grid back azimuths Plotting them on the map with your protractor
One-Point Resection
The one-point resection method is the process of locating your position along a road, stream, or similar feature by sighting on a distance point, the laying of that azimuth on your map with the protractor. Follow the steps in the table below:
Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 Action Orient the map using a compass. Identify a visible object on the ground that can be found on the map. Sight a magnetic azimuth to the object with your compass. Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth. Convert this azimuth to grid back azimuth. With a protractor, lay off this grid back azimuth from the object on the map and extend it until it intersects the road. This is your location. Determine the grid coordinates of the location to the desired accuracy.
Expedient Method Without a Linear Feature
If you are not near a road or similar linear feature, you can still locate your position by one point. Follow the steps in the table below:
Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Action Shoot a magnetic azimuth to a prominent feature you can locate on the ground and map. Convert the magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth. Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Plot this back azimuth from the prominent feature. Estimate the distance to that feature. Starting from the prominent feature, measure the distance along the lines and make a tick mark. This is your position. Note: The accuracy depends on your ability to estimate or measure the correct distance, as well as to shoot and plot an accurate azimuth.
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Two-Point Resection
The two-point resection method is the process of locating your position by the intersection of two azimuths plotted from two different distant points. Follow the steps in the table below: Step 1 2 Action Orient your map. Select two visible objects on the ground whose positions can be located on the map. Ensure that the objects are at least 90 degrees apart. Locate the objects on the ground with the compass and read the magnetic azimuth for each. Convert these azimuths to back azimuths. With a protractor, lay off these back azimuths from the objects on the map and extend the lines until they intersect on the map. You are located at the point where these two lines meet on the map. Determine the grid coordinates of the location to the desired accuracy.
3 4 5 6
One-Point Intersection
One-point intersection is similar to resection. The major difference is that intersection employs FORWARD azimuths rather than back azimuths. Frequently, the object to be located may be a road, railroad, power line, or similar feature which is shown on the map. Follow the steps in the table below: Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 Action Orient the map. Shoot a magnetic azimuth with the compass from your position to the enemy position. Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth. With the protractor, plot this azimuth from your position on the map to the object. The location is the point where this line intersects with the road or similar linear feature. Determine the grid of the location to the desired accuracy.
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Two-Point Intersection
Two-point intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least two known positions on the ground and then map sighting on the unknown locations. It is used to locate distant or inaccessible points or objects. Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Action Orient your map. Locate and mark your position on the map. Shoot an azimuth from your first position to the unknown object or position. Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth and plot it on the map. Move to your second known location and shoot an azimuth to this same object or position. Convert your second known azimuth and plot it on the map. The location of the unknown object or position is where the two lines cross on the map; determine the grid coordinate to this point. Note: If your two known locations are too close together, the point of intersection will not be clear. The angle between the two lines that you have drawn on your map should be at least 30 degrees apart.
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Lesson 3 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
What are the four colors found on a military map? a. b. c. d. Reddish-brown, blue, green, gray Red, brown, blue, green Black, reddish-brown, blue, green Black, red, blue, green
Item 2
Which major terrain feature can be described as an area of low ground surrounded by higher ground in all directions? a. b. c. d. Ridgeline Saddle Valley Depression
Item 3
What is used to convert distance on a map into distance on the ground? a. b. c. d. Graphic bar scales Contour lines G-M angles Grid lines
Item 4
A six-digit grid will locate a point on a map within a distance of a. b. c. d. 1 meter. 10 meters. 100 meters. 1000 meters.
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Item 5
What is the acronym used when determining a back azimuth? a. b. c. d. LARS LAMS RALS MALS
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Solutions
The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise. If you have questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 Answer c d a c b Reference Page 3-23 3-26 3-28 3-30 3-32
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STUDY UNIT 4 GROUND RECONNAISSANCE Overview
Scope
Reconnaissance is a mission to obtain information by visual observation or other detection methods, about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or about the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. It also produces tactical information, which is a by-product of all operations. Reconnaissance is performed before and during all combat operations. It focuses on obtaining information for the commander and his staff. This information is evaluated and used to confirm, modify, or formulate plans. We will discuss only three basic reconnaissance missions in this study unit. By learning about these missions, it will better prepare you to be ready when the time comes for you to conduct any of the following missions in this study unit.
In This Study Unit
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lessons Route Reconnaissance Bridge Reconnaissance Ford Reconnaissance See Page 4-3 4-21 4-33
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Study Unit 4
LESSON 1 ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE Introduction
Scope
When missions are being conducted on foreign shores, the maps you have may be very unreliable due to being outdated and changes of the terrain over the years. Prior to the Marine units moving from one point to the other, the route should be reconnoitered. Reconnaissance Marines can perform this type of mission to gather all useful information/intelligence of the route to ensure that Marine units have the latest information on what type of obstacles, manmade or natural, they will encounter. Doing this will greatly contribute to overall mission success.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Identify (write) critical tasks a reconnaissance team may have to accomplish. Identify (label) the symbols in an overlay. Compose a route report (ROUTEREP).
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Mission Statement Methods of Conducting Route Reconnaissance Critical Tasks Route Reconnaissance Symbols Filing a Route Report (ROUTEREP) Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 4-3 4-4 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-14 4-19
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Mission Statement
General
The reconnaissance platoon conducts a route reconnaissance to gain detailed information about a specific route or axis as well as the terrain on both sides of the route that the enemy could use to influence movement on the route. A reconnaissance platoon is usually tasked with this type of reconnaissance when the commander wants to use a certain route, but first wants to make sure that the route is free of obstacles and threat forces and that it will support the movement of his vehicles. Because of the large number of critical tasks associated with route reconnaissance, the platoon normally can conduct detailed reconnaissance of only one route.
Route Reconnaissance
Route reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route.
Route Classification
A route is assigned a classification using factors of minimum width and worst route type, least bridge, raft, or culvert military load classification and obstructions to traffic flow.
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Mission Statement, Continued
Key Information Obtained
The immediate military trafficability of a route can be determined by evaluating certain information about the road which reconnaissance teams obtain from direct measurement and observation. Key Information Identification Example Roads can be identified in two different ways: using a grid reference or a road marking. Grid reference refers to the 6-digit map coordinates of the points on the road where the team begins and ends their reconnaissance. Road marking refers to the civilian and military name or number of the road. Use recognizable points along a road selected from a map. The ground distance between these points are measured by using the graphic bar scale on the map. These points and distances are used as navigational aids. The exact distances are checked during the actual reconnaissance. The rise and fall of a ground form is referred to as a slope. Only those curves that have a radius of less than 30 meters in curvature are reported by reconnaissance teams. Constrictions that might hinder traffic flow along the route (i.e. underpasses) must be recorded using the following information. Map Location Type of Constriction Overhead clearance Bypass information Areas along the reconnoitered route that permit vehicles to enter and park along the route. Areas along the reconnoitered route in which rockslides may present a traffic hazard.
Distance between points
Steep Grades Sharp Curves
Route Constrictions
Drive off areas Slide areas
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Methods of Conducting Route Reconnaissance
Patrolling
Relying on stealth rather than combat strength, reconnaissance patrols gather information about the enemy, terrain, or resources. A variety of methods can be employed to conduct a route reconnaissance by using either aerial or ground assets or combinations of these means. In this lesson, we will only discuss patrolling (mounted or dismounted). Mounted patrols use vehicles to enhance their rate of movement. Vehicles used may range from high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs) to light armored vehicles (LAVs), amphibious tractors (AMTRACs), trucks, or even helicopters. This mode of patrolling is used when speed is paramount and the danger of detection is minimal. Dismounted patrols are conducted on foot. This type of patrolling is used when the area to be patrolled is small enough to cover on foot, when the terrain is unsuitable for vehicular patrols, and when stealth is of the utmost importance.
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Critical Tasks
Personnel
A reconnaissance patrol should be kept to the minimum number of personnel required to accomplish the mission. A mission requiring a patrol to remain away from its unit for a considerable period of time, or one requiring a patrol to send back information by messenger, increases the size of the patrol. Reconnaissance patrols seldom exceed a squad in strength. Unit integrity should be preserved whenever possible. Intelligence personnel, interpreters, and other specialists such as radio operators or engineers are assigned to a patrol if the particular mission requires.
Tasks Needed to be Accomplished
During a route reconnaissance, the reconnaissance platoon/team must be prepared to accomplish a wide range of tasks based on the time available and the commanders intent. Task Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Description Determine the traffic ability of the route. Reconnoiter all built-up areas along the route. Reconnoiter, to the limit of direct fire range, terrain that dominates the route. Reconnoiter, to the limit of direct fire range, all lateral routes. Inspect and classify all bridges on the route. Locate fords or crossing sites near all bridges on the route. Inspect and classify all overpasses, underpasses, and culverts. Reconnoiter all defiles along the route. Locate minefields, and other obstacles, along the route. Locate a bypass around built-up areas, obstacles, restrictions, and contaminated areas. Find and report all threat forces that can influence movement along the route. Report route information.
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Route Reconnaissance Symbols
Overlay Symbols
During your route reconnaissance mission, it is imperative to construct a map overlay of the route that is being reconnoitered. This in return will facilitate commanders in making decisions of what route is the best to take. Use the following illustrations on your map overlays:

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Route Reconnaissance Symbols, Continued
Overlay Symbols, continued

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Material, Facility, Equipment, and Service Symbols
Nearby facilities also have high importance when it comes to reconnaissance missions. Other illustrations that may be needed on your overlays are as follows:
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Filing a Route Report (ROUTEREP)

Instructions
Information collected during the conduct of a route reconnaissance must be converted into a readable and easily understood form before it is submitted to higher headquarters. Begin the report with the subject line of the message followed by the serial number and map sheet details as required. Use the following format and criteria when filing a route report (ROUTEREP).
ALPHA
Units of Measurement. This line contains the units of measurement.
BRAVO
Location. This line provides a grid reference of the start and finish of that part of the route that is actually reconnoitered.
CHARLIE
Type of Route. The type of route is indicated by the following letter code: X Y Z
Route Type
All-weather route Limited all-weather route Fair-weather route

Characteristics
Passable to all traffic in any weather, except in deep snow or during flooding. Normally includes roads with waterproof surfaces only. Volume of traffic may be limited by bad weather, for example, muddy verges or shoulders. Normally includes roads that do not have waterproof surfaces and are considerably affected by rain, frost, thaw, or heat. Roads may have to be closed for short periods. Heavy unrestricted use during adverse weather may cause a complete breakdown of the route surface. Quickly becomes impassable in bad weather. Cannot be kept open by maintenance short of major construction.
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Filing a Route Report (ROUTEREP), Continued
DELTA
Military Classification. This assessment will be made only by qualified personnel, for example, construction/combat engineers: Class 50. Average traffic routes. Class 80. Heavy traffic routes. Class 100. Very heavy traffic routes.
ECHO
Width. The width of the route is reported in two parts. The first is the average width of the traveled way. The second is the average width of the entire route, including grading of the shoulder of the route. These measurements are reported by using the units of measurement designated in line ALPHA. The traveled way is the hard surface of the road/route; the width of grading is the width of the traveled way plus the width of the hard shoulders of the route.
FOXTROT
Route Constrictions. These are listed individually and described in the following sequence: Order Information 1 Nature of constriction. This information is reported by using the following numerical code: Type of Route Constriction Height constriction Width constriction Radius-of-a-curve constriction Gradient constriction Other 2 3 Number Code 1 2 3 4 5
Location of the constriction. Dimension of the constriction, using the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
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FOXTROT, continued
Order Information 4 Bypass potential of the constriction, using the following letter code: Bypass Potential Bypass easylocal detour possible without engineering effort. Bypass difficultbypass possible only after engineering improvements. Bypass impossible. Letter Code P Q R
Note: The critical heights, widths, radius of a curve, and gradients will be reported by using the criteria set forth in the IRs of the reconnaissance plan.
GOLF
Concealment. The availability of concealment from the air will be categorized by using the following numerical code: Type of Concealment Good Concealment. Available at regular intervals along the reconnoitered section of the route. Some Concealment. Available along the reconnoitered part of the route. Little or No Concealment. Little to no concealment available along the route actually reconnoitered. Number Code 1 2 3
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HOTEL
Special Considerations. This line of the report includes any other factors that may have to be considered by any landing force that intends to use the reconnoitered route. The main meteorological obstacles are snow, flooding, and ice. Other considerations could include such problems as refugees and local traffic. Hazards are listed by using the following numerical codes: Type of Hazard Snow (refer to notes below) Flooding (refer to notes below) Ice (refer to notes below) Other (describe) Number Code 1 2 3 4
Note: The following letter codes are used as suffixes to clarify the seriousness of the snow, flooding, or ice condition being reported. Snow Conditions There is no hindrance to wheeled vehicles. Movement is difficult for 4-wheel drive vehicles. Some digging or other route preparation may be necessary in places. Movement is impossible for wheeled vehicles. Flooding Conditions There is no hindrance to wheeled vehicles. Movement is difficult for wheeled vehicles. Some route preparation may be necessary in some places. Waterproofing or fording gear is recommended by the team. Movement is impossible for wheeled vehicles. Letter Code P Q
R Letter Code P Q
R
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HOTEL, continued
Ice Conditions There is no hindrance to wheeled vehicles. Movement is difficult for wheeled vehicles. Some salting or spreading of gravel/sand in places is required to make the route passable. Movement is impossible for wheeled vehicles without route preparation before vehicle use of the route. The condition is temporary; ice should melt off. The letter code is followed by the DTG of when the team expects the ice to melt.
Letter Code P Q
R S
Note: The letter code describing the ice condition should be followed by the depth of the ice on the route. If the condition is temporary and the time/DTG when the ice condition should clear can be estimated, then this estimate is sent.
JULIET
Remarks. Any additional information that may be helpful to operational planning and possible unit deployment, for example, drifting conditions of snow, speed of water during flooding conditions, wind speed and wind chill information, and so on, is provided. Note: Line Bravo says to provide a grid reference of start to finish of that part of the route that is actually being reconnoitered; however, your team might have to recon every 50-100 meters until reaching the finish grid. For every location along the route, the team has to report lines B, C, E, F, G, and J.
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Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Route reconnaissance is vital prior to troop movement; therefore __________ is/are considered to be a critical task. a. b. c. d. clearing the road conducting a convoy reporting route information using mine rollers
Item 2
Identify the above reconnaissance symbol. a. b. c. d. BYPASSES BYPASS (IMPOSSIBLE) BYPASS (Easy) BYPASS (Difficult)
Item 3
The Battalion Commander has to move his entire unit forward along with his support elements. By looking at his map he sees many avenues of approach to the next destination. He has tasked your team to conduct an advance reconnaissance of these avenues. Using this information, what type of report would your team have to submit to accomplish the mission?
a. b. c. d.
SITREP SPOTREP FORDREP ROUTEREP

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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 Answer c c d Reference Page 4-7 4-8 4-4
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LESSON 2 BRIDGE RECONNAISSANCE Introduction
Scope
Bridges become a key element when it comes to strategic employment of troops throughout the theatre of operations. Different parts of the world may or may not have the infrastructure requirements in bridges to support heavy volume of weight. This makes a bridge reconnaissance very important. The purpose of this lesson is to give Marines a better understanding of bridge recognition and how to conduct a bridge reconnaissance during a mission.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Label common bridges. Compose (write) a bridge report (BRIDGEREP).
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Information Required Classifications of Bridges Composing a Bridge Report (BRIDGEREP) Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 4-21 4-22 4-25 4-26 4-31
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Information Required
General Information
During combat operations, commanders must order a bridge reconnaissance to ensure that they know the load-carrying capabilities of each bridge that are along a specific route and/or to determine what material is needed to destroy a bridge if necessary. By doing this it will help vehicle operators to avoid bridge failure by identifying the procedures needed for determining what vehicles can cross a bridge without causing damage. Vehicle operators may cross bridges without restrictions if their vehicles load class (including the load) is less than or equal to the bridges load class. Common types of bridges that the reconnaissance units may encounter include the following: Timber or steel trestle bridge with timber deck Steel stringer bridge with concrete deck Concrete-steel stringer bridge Concrete T-beam bridge with asphalt surface Masonry arch bridge
Essential Information Needed
To classify a bridge, acquire the necessary information concerning the bridges approach, sub-structure, and super structure which you will use to compose a bridge report (BRIDGEREP). Include the following: Approaches (the portions of a route leading to a bridge). Approaches that may be mined or booby-trapped by the enemy, and requiring a thorough investigation of the bridge during a reconnaissance mission. Substructure (lower part of a bridge). The substructure consists of the abutments and intermediate supports that transfer the bridges load to the ground. It is important to measure all aspects of an abutment, including its height, width, and length; the abutment wings; and the intermediate supports for bridge demolition missions if necessary. It may be more feasible to destroy the intermediate supports or abutments when compared to the rest of the bridge structure.
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Information Required, Continued
Essential Information Needed, continued
Superstructure (upper part of a bridge). The superstructure consists of the following components: Stringers. These rest on and span the distance between the intermediate supports or abutments. Stringers are the superstructures main load-carrying members. They receive the load from the flooring and the vehicles and transfer it to the substructure. Flooring system. This often consists of both decking and tread. The decking is laid directly over the stringers at right angles to the centerline of the bridge. The tread is laid parallel to the centerline of the bridge and between the curbs. Curbs. These are placed at both edges of the flooring to guide the vehicles. A vehicle with an axle that is wider than the traveled-way width (between the curbs) cannot cross the bridge. This allowance is called horizontal clearance above the curbs and is a safety factor. Commanders must perform a operational risk analysis before attempting to cross.
Railings. These are located along the bridge to guide drivers and to protect vehicular and foot traffic. Trusses. These are used in some bridge superstructures, either above or below the traveled way, to increase the load-carrying capacity. A truss is a structural element made of several members joined together to form a series of triangles.
Number of members in each span. This is noted where applicable (for example, for stringer bridges and concrete T-beam bridges). Span length. This is measured from center to center of the supports. The bridges classification is usually based on the weakest span. If the weakest span is apparent, no other spans need to be reconnoitered. If the weakest span is difficult or impossible to locate, however, all spans must be classified.
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Information Required, Continued

Traveled-way width. This is measured between the inside faces of the curbs. On a truss bridge, however, the horizontal clearance is measured from a point 1.21 meters (4 feet) above the roadway. Use the illustration below to give you a visual picture of what these parts may look like.
Essential Information Needed, continued
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Classification of Bridges
Types of Bridges
The following graphics name some of the basic bridges that you may encounter during your reconnaissance missions. Note: There are numerous designs of bridges throughout the world. These are only basic designs.
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Composing a Bridge Report (BRIDGEREP)
Components
After gathering all essential information needed, your next step would be to compose a BRIDGEREP for commanders to have a better understanding of what type of bridges lay ahead. At the end of this lesson is a template that you can use for your reports. This report would be standard throughout and would include the information in the following blocks.
ALPHA
BRAVO
Location. This includes the grid reference of the bridge, followed by engineer classification, if known.
CHARLIE
Horizontal Clearance. This line provides the minimum clear distance between the inside edges of the bridge structure from a height of 30 centimeters (1 foot) above the roadway surface and upward.
DELTA
Under-Bridge Clearance. This is reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA and is the maximum clear distance between the underside of the bridge and the surface of the ground or water. If this water is tidal, the DTG of the measurement must also be included in the report.
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Composing a Bridge Report (BRIDGEREP), Continued
ECHO
Spans. Bridge span information will be reported in the following sequence by using the following letter/number codes: Order 1 2 Information The number, material, and type of span construction will be reported for each span by number and letter code. Spans will be listed in sequence starting from the West, or if a bridge is running close to a heading of North/South, the spans will be listed from the North to the South and the letter N will be inserted before the span information. Material of the span construction will be reported by using the following letter codes: Type of Material Steel or other metal Concrete Reinforced concrete Pre-stressed concrete Stone or brick Wood Other material (specify or describe) 4 Letter Code A K AK KK P H M
The type of span construction will be shown for each span by using the following numerical code: Type of Span Truss Girders Beams Slab Arch (closed spandrel) Arch (open spandrel) Suspension Floating Swing Bascule (seesaw-type drawbridge) Vertical lift Other (specify or describe) Number Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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Composing a Bridge Report (BRIDGEREP), Continued
FOXTROT
Length and Condition of Spans. This line provides a list by number of the lengths of individual spans in the order reported in line ECHO. If any spans are damaged, they are classified by using the following letter codes: Amount of Damage Significantly damaged but probably capable of supporting light vehicles. Impassable to traffic but not totally destroyed. Totally destroyed. Letter Code A B C
GOLF
Overall Length. This is reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA and may be different from the sum of the span lengths.
HOTEL
Roadway Width. This is reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
JULIET
Overhead Clearance. This is reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA at the following points and in the following order: 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Left shoulder. Center of roadway. Right shoulder.
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Composing a Bridge Report, Continued
KILO
Bridge Bypass Potential. This information is reported in the following sequence: Order Information 1 Location of bypass by grid reference. 2 Overall bypass potential, using the following letter codes: Bypass Potential Bypass Easy. The obstacle can be crossed within the immediate vicinity of the bridge without any work to improve the bypass. Bypass Difficult. The obstacle can be crossed within the immediate vicinity of the bridge, but some work will be necessary to prepare the bypass. Bypass Impossible. Crossing the obstacle is only possible by using a detour that is some distance from the original site. 3 4 Letter Code P
Nature of bypass, giving a brief description. Restrictions, if any, including dimensions in the units of measurement reported in line ALPHA.
LIMA
Remarks. This line includes any further remarks not already covered in this report that could be important to the overall scheme of maneuver for the unit that the team is supporting, for example, enemy activity in the area around the bridge being reconnoitered, overhead concealment, and so on.
MCI Course 0332H
4-29
Composing a Bridge Report, Continued
Template
BRIDGEREP Template __________________ this is ________________ (receiver) (sender) BRIDGEREP -_________________________________________________ (serial number followed by code name and map sheet details as required) ALPHA -______________________________________________________ BRAVO -______________________________________________________ CHARLIE -____________________________________________________ DELTA -______________________________________________________ ECHO -_______________________________________________________ FOXTROT -____________________________________________________ GOLF -________________________________________________________ HOTEL -______________________________________________________ JULIET - (J1)___________________________________________________ (J2)___________________________________________________ (J3)___________________________________________________ KILO -________________________________________________________
MCI Course 0332H
4-30
Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Name the type of bridge in the graphic below.
a. b. c. d.
Arch Beam Truss Suspension
Item 2
While conducting a route reconnaissance, your team encounters a river with a new bridge that wasnt on the map. Knowing that the infantry units are pushing forward soon what other report must you submit besides your ROUTEREP? a. b. c. d. ROUTEREP SITREP BRIDGEREP SALUTE Report
MCI Course 0332H
4-31
Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer c c Reference Page 4-25 4-26
MCI Course 0332H
4-32
LESSON 3 FORD RECONNAISSNACE Introduction
Scope
While conducting a reconnaissance of a route or an area, you may come across creeks or streams that may interfere with movement of troops or equipment. It is imperative to record the locations and gather the information to see if it is passable. This lesson will provide the basic skills needed in order to be able to record the information of the ford crossing.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Identify the composition of a ford crossing. Fill out a ford report (FORDREP).
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Identifying a Ford Crossing Determining the Composition Composing a Ford Report (FORDREP) Lesson 3 Exercise See Page 4-33 4-34 4-35 4-37 4-40
MCI Course 0332H
4-33
Identifying a Ford Crossing
Definition
A ford crossing is a location in a water barrier where the current, bottom, and approaches allow personnel, vehicles, and other equipment to cross while remaining in contact with the bottom during the crossing. Fords are obstructions to traffic flow and are shown by the abbreviation OB in the route classification formula. While conducting reconnaissance you will have to record the location and what type of traffic the crossing can take.
Low Water Bridges
During high-water periods, low-water bridges are easily confused with paved fords because both are completely submerged. It is important to know the difference between this type of bridge and a paved ford because of corresponding military load limitations.
Classifying a Ford
Fords are classified according to their crossing potential (or trafficability) for pedestrians or vehicles. Fordable depths for vehicular traffic can be increased by providing suitable waterproofing and by adding deep-water fording kits. These kits permit fording depths up to an average of 4.3 meters. You can check the vehicles technical manual (TMs) for further fording information.
Approaches
Record the composition of the approaches. They may be paved or covered with mat or track materials, but they are usually unimproved. The composition and the slope of the approaches to a ford should be carefully noted to determine the trafficability after fording vehicles saturate the surface material of the approaches. Identify the fords left and right approaches when looking downstream.
Current Velocity
Record the current velocity and the presence of debris to determine their effect, if any, on the fords condition and trafficability. Estimate the current velocity using the following categories: Swift (more than 1.5 meters per second) Moderate (1 to 1.5 meters per second) Slow (less than 1 meter per second)
MCI Course 0332H
4-34
Determining the Composition
Fords Composition
The composition of the fords stream bottom largely determines its trafficability. It is important to determine whether the bottom is composed of sand, gravel, silt, clay, or rock and in what proportions. Record whether the fords natural river bottom has been improved to increase the load-bearing capacity or to reduce the water depth. Improved fords may have gravel, macadam, or concrete surfacing; layers of sandbags; metal screening or matting; or timber (corduroy) planking. Determine if material is available nearby that can be used to improve the ford. Record limited ford information, such as the following: Use an arrow to show the fords geographic location from the symbol to the ford location on a map or overlay. The symbol is drawn on either side of the stream. Assign a serial number to each ford for reference (if the map sheet has a pre-assigned serial number, use it). Follow the units standard operating procedures (SOP) in assigning serial numbers. They must not be duplicated within any one map sheet, overlay, or document. Use the letters V for vehicular or P for pedestrian to show the ford type. The type of ford is determined by bottom conditions, width, and water depth. Approaches are not considered in determining the ford type. Express the streams normal velocity in meters per second. Following the stream-velocity notation, list any seasonal limitations, summarizing the factors with these letters: X: No seasonal limitations except for sudden flooding of limited duration (such as flash floods). Y: Serious, regular, or recurrent flooding or snow blockage.
Note: If the Y symbol is used, the route type in the route-classification formula automatically becomes type Z. List the length of the ford, in meters; this is the distance from the near to far shores. Also, list the width of the ford, which is the traveled-way width of the fords bottom.
MCI Course 0332H
4-35
Determining the Composition, Continued

Fords Composition, continued
Express the normal depth of the ford, in meters. This is the depth of water at the deepest point. During a hasty reconnaissance, the actual water depth, as measured, is used. Label the streams left and right banks, as determined looking downstream. Imagine yourself in the middle of the stream and looking downstream. Your left arm would indicate the left bank and the right arm the right bank. In drawing this portion of the symbol, pay attention to the direction of the stream flow. Irregular lines placed on the corresponding side of the basic symbol show a difficult approach. Indicate the nature of the bottom by the most appropriate letter symbol: Letter Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 Description Mud Clay Sand Gravel Rock Artificial paving
Ford Symbols
All elements of the ford symbol are separated by slashes. If you do not know or cannot determine any item of the ford symbol, substitute a question mark for the required information. Use the following graphic as an example:
Serial # Type of Ford Streams normal velocity Nature of the bottom Seasonal limiting factors Normal depth
Stream
Length of Ford
Ford Width
1 15
VP 6.5
1.5 X G .7
Ford #1 is pedestrian and vehicular with stream velocity of 1.5 meters per second and no seasonal limitations, 15 meters long, 6.5 meters wide, gravel bottom, and 0.7 meter deep and has a difficult approach on the right bank.
MCI Course 0332H
4-36
Composing a Ford Report (FORDREP)
Instructions
Begin the report with the subject line followed by the serial number and map sheet details as required. The contents of each line are explained in the following blocks.
ALPHA
BRAVO
DTG. This line reports the DTG of when the ford reconnaissance was completed.
CHARLIE
Location. This line provides the grid reference of the fording site followed by engineer classification, if known.
DELTA
Capabilities. The type of traffic that the ford is capable of supporting is reported by using the following numerical code: Type of Traffic Light infantry Light military vehicles (no snorkeling gear) Light military vehicles (with snorkeling gear) Swimming vehicles Other Number Code 1 2 3 4 5
ECHO
Length of Ford. A measurement of the distance from entrance point to exit point is reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
MCI Course 0332H
4-37
Composing a Ford Report (FORDREP), Continued
FOXTROT
Depth and Velocity of Running Water. These are reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA. This information will be recorded and transmitted in the following sequence: 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Depth of the water at the ford site. Velocity of the water at the ford site. DTG of the sounding.
Climatic, tidal, or other considerations may dictate that several soundings are required for the supported unit to determine the suitability of the ford site to support their scheme of maneuver. If more than one sounding is required, then the soundings will be reported sequentially and individually. Example: F1.3/2 042315H F2.6/7 050340H
GOLF
Ford Bottom Composition. This information is reported by using the numerical code as shown on the table below. Bottom Composition Mud Clay Sand Rock Gravel Artificial pavement Other (followed by description) Number Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HOTEL
Gradient of the Fords Approach and Exit. This information is reported, using a ratio to represent the percentage of slope, in the following sequence: the slope of the ford approach followed by the percentage of the slope for the ford exit.
MCI Course 0332H
4-38
Composing a Ford Report (FORDREP), Continued
JULIET
Composition of the Fords Approach and Exit. This information is reported by using the same number code used in line GOLF and in the same sequence as in line HOTEL. Example: J1.5 J2.4 In this example, the ford approach is composed of gravel, and the ford exit is composed of rock.
KILO
Usable Width of Approach and Exit. This information is reported in the same sequence as lines HOTEL and JULIET, using the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
LIMA
Remarks. Any other information is reported that could be vital to the scheme of maneuver.
MCI Course 0332H
4-39
Lesson 3 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Depth of the ford crossing is measured in __________ at the __________ point. a. b. c. d. centimeters; beginning feet; end meters; deepest yard; deepest
Item 2
Your mission is to reconnoiter an area for the entire regiment to move across the line of departure and continue pushing forward. Your maps shows many creeks and streams; however, the tanks attached the regiment wont cross the bridges due to their weight but they can cross the creeks and streams. What type of report would submit to higher headquarters to continue on with the mission? a. b. c. d. FORDREP SPOTREP BRIDGEREP Foxtrot Report
MCI Course 0332H
4-40
Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer c a Reference Page 4-36 4-34
MCI Course 0332H
4-41
MCI Course 0332H
4-42
STUDY UNIT 5 AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS Overview
Scope
Over five-eighths of the earths surface is covered by water. Reconnaissance Marines can conduct waterborne operations to infiltrate a designated target area from these water-covered areas. Regardless of whether an area of operations (AO) has exposed coastlines, coastal river junctions, or harbors, many areas will have large rivers, lakes, canals, or other inland waterways located within their boundaries. These maritime or riverine features represent exploitable characteristics that reconnaissance Marines can use to their advantage. Waterborne operations are a means to an end. The clandestine nature and high probability of success for these illicit operations mirror reconnaissance Marines requirements for successful infiltrations into, or exfiltrations out of, potentially hostile areas of responsibility (AORs). In this study unit, we will only focus on basic small boat (Zodiac F-470) procedures, how to maneuver in or around inlet waterways, and how to collect information for follow on forces for an amphibious operation.
In This Study Unit
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lessons Operate a Small Craft Riverine Reconnaissance Hydrographic Surveys See Page 5-3 5-15 5-31
MCI Course 0332H
5-1
Study Unit 5
MCI Course 0332H
5-2
Study Unit 5
LESSON 1 OPERATE A SMALL CRAFT Introduction

Scope
Boat training has been based on the inflatable boat, small inflatable landing boats that personnel paddle onto the beach and cache or abandon. Much of todays team organization and duties, as well as the handling techniques, are still based on this craft, the Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC). This lesson also provides information about the Zodiac F-470 in particular the composition, organization, duties, and basic boat-handling drills.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Identify the characteristics of the Zodiac F-470. Define the basic boat handling commands for the Zodiac F-470. Identify the responsibilities of boat teams. Identify the types of transit formations used.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Characteristics and Capabilities Make up of Boat Teams Responsibilities for Team Members Equipment and Boat Lines Inflatable Boat Commands Formations While in the Water Landings and Withdrawals Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12
MCI Course 0332H
5-3
Characteristics and Capabilities
Zodiac F-470
The zodiac is a squad-sized inflatable craft capable of amphibious small-boat operations. The F-470 is made of neoprene-coated, tear-resistant nylon cloth. The F-470 should be loaded to a weight ceiling of 2,000 pounds to allow the craft to perform at its optimum. F-470s are outfitted with aluminum decking to ensure a higher rate of speed, mobility, and maneuverability. The aluminum deck is composed of four lightweight, self-locking aluminum sections and two aluminum stringers. Use the following table to help you with the specifications:
Feature Overall length Overall width Inside length Inside width Tube diameter Maximum number of passengers Maximum payload Maximum hp with standard 40 hp Maximum hp with optional 65 hp Dimensions in bag Weight with standard matted floor Weight with optional aluminum floor Number of airtight chambers Weight of CO2 charged bottle with manifold
Size/Weight/Dimension 4.70 m or 15ft, 5in. 1.90 m or 6 ft, 3 in. 3.30 m or 10 ft, 10 in. 0.90 m or 3 ft 0.50 m or 20 in. 10 1,230 kg or 2,710 lb 40 hp matted floor, short shaft 65 hp aluminum floor, short shaft 1.50 x 0.75 m or 59 in. x 29.5 in. 120 kg or 280 lb 120 kg or 280 lb 8 20.45 kg or 45 lb
MCI Course 0332H
5-4
Make up of Boat Teams
Boat Team Composition
A boat team consists of the crew and passengers. The number of crew and passengers will vary depending on the rated capacity of the boat and motor, mission load, distance to be traversed, sea state, and required speed over the water. Obviously, the more restrictive the qualifiers, the smaller the mission load and the fewer the number of personnel that can be transported in the boat. Boat teams of an inflatable landing boat will normally consist of seven mena coxswain and six paddlers. Three paddlers are located along each gunwale, and the coxswain is located in the stern.
Numbering of Team Members
There are two methods of numbering paddlers: the long count and the short count. When the numbering of the boat team is by pairs, it is known as the short count; when the numbering of the boat team is by individuals, it is known as the long count. When using the long count, starboard (right side) paddlers are numbered 1, 3, and 5; port (left side) paddlers are numbered 2, 4, and 6 counting from bow to stern. The coxswain is team member Number 7. When using a short count, paddlers are numbered in pairs from bow to stern. The coxswain will issue commands to all boat team members using their respective number. As an example, when the coxswain issues a command to an individual paddler, he will use that team members number. When addressing a pair of paddlers, he will use the short count terms, ones, twos, or threes, indicating team member Numbers 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6, respectively. When addressing either side of the boat, he will use the terms starboard side or port side. Use the following graphic to give you a better understanding of where team members are placed on the boats. Assistant Coxswain/Navigator
Coxswain
MCI Course 0332H
5-5
Responsibilities for Team Members
Team Member Tasks
The tactics and techniques used in boat handling are similar and generally apply to most operations. However, to operate efficiently, each boat team member must perform the following specific duties, shown in the table below: Team Member # 1 Tasks The stroke sets the rate of paddling and maintains the paddling rhythm as directed by the coxswain. He assists the coxswain in keeping the boat perpendicular to the breaker line when beaching or launching the boat. He assists the coxswain in avoiding obstacles in the water. He also assists the coxswain in keeping the boat perpendicular to the breaker line and in avoiding obstacles. He handles the towline and quick-release line during towing operations. They lash and unload equipment in the boat. They are used as scout swimmers during tactical boat landings if scout swimmers are not carried as passengers. They assist in lashing and unloading equipment in the aft section of the boat. They also assist the coxswain in maneuvering in swift currents, and rigging and handling the sea anchor. The coxswain oversees the teams performance, the handling of the boat, and the distribution of equipment and passengers in the boat. He issues all commands to team members, maintains course and speed, and operates the outboard motor (OBM) if it is used.
3 and 4
5 and 6
During training, all team members will not display the same aptitude for boat handling, nor do all members need to acquire the same degree of boathandling proficiency. When a boat team is formed for an operation, as opposed to a boat training exercise, the man chosen as coxswain should be the one with the greatest ability as a boat handler. The one chosen as the stroke should be selected for his strength and ability to maintain a steady rhythm.
MCI Course 0332H
5-6
Equipment and Boat Lines
Individual Equipment
The unit leader specifies the uniform and equipment carried by each boat team member. All boat team members must wear adequate flotation, either rigid or inflatable life jackets. Every man wears a knife and a distress light or marker on his life jacket during night operations. Inflatable life preservers are usually more comfortable and less restrictive. Unfortunately, they require additional maintenance which is more susceptible to damage that would render them useless, and require activation before they will provide flotation. The boat team members must perform an in-water float test to determine if the life preserver provides enough flotation to support the swimmer and his combat load; for example, weapon and any additional exposure protection. This need will be particularly important when operating in a riverine environment where the team may be in close proximity to hostile forces.
Cold Weather Gear
For cold-weather operations, personnel should wear suitable exposure protection. This may include neoprene wet suits or dry suits, either of which will provide considerable warmth and buoyancy while in the water. These suits; however, can restrict paddlers movements and may cause chafing in the armpits making it uncomfortable for personnel. Rubber sole boots should be considered for foot protection when conducting missions during cold weather. In addition, every Marine should carry an extra field uniform and set of boots, to be worn during extended operations after the landing.
Towing Lines
During waterborne operations, an accident, combat boat damage, or mechanical failure can render an inflatable boat immobile in the water. Continuing with a mission or extracting a damaged vessel to a place of safety requires it to immediately be placed under tow. The boat team does this by pre-rigging the boat for towing, so that a tow can be initiated quickly. There are two types of towing rigs used with the Zodiac F-470.
Factory Supplied Tow Lines
The first type of tow line is the factory-supplied Zodiac towing harness consisting of two 15-foot nylon ropes with eye splices and shackles on each end. This rig is primarily used under relatively calm conditions and when towing short distances. To use it, the crew member attaches the ends of the ropes to the towed boats bow towing D-rings with the included shackles. He then passes the ropes forward to the towing vessel and attaches to that boats opposite stern towing D-rings (port bow to starboard stern, starboard bow to port stern). The ropes should cross (X-fashion) between both boats.
MCI Course 0332H
5-7
Equipment and Boat Lines, Continued
Expedient Harness
The second type of tow line is an expedient harness, permanently tied onto each vessel during mission preparation. This is the preferred towing rig for operational use. It distributes the tow stresses over the entire structure of the boat allowing towing at higher speeds, over extended distances, and in rougher sea states. The expedient harness is made using approximately 60 feet of 7/16th climbing rope or 1-inch tubular nylon webbing. For each boat, you must double the rope and tie a figure-8 loop on the bight. The loop is placed in front of the bow and extends one leg of the harness down each side of the boat. The crew member passes the rope from the top of the carrying handle through the bottom, continuing through all handles to and through the rear towing D-ring. The crew members work any slack in the harness forward toward the bow, extend the figure-8 loop to the front of the boat, and ensure it is centered on the bow. The excess of the harness is secured by doing a daisy chaining or coiling, and correctly stowing it in the bow for rapid deployment without tangling. An example is shown in the graphics below:
MCI Course 0332H
5-8
Inflatable Boat Commands
Boat Team Terminology
All boat team members should be knowledgeable of operational commands to ensure they respond or react appropriately during waterborne operations using inflatable boats. The specific commands used when handling inflatable boats are as follows: Preparatory Commands. The coxswain issues preparatory commands to indicate who will execute the command to follow. In some instances the preparatory command includes the expression stand by to. followed by the command given. Boat-Handling Commands. These commands should be understood by all boat team members during waterborne operations: LOW CARRY. Team members form up at boat stations and face the bow of the boat. On command, they lift the boat by the carrying handles to about knee height. HIGH CARRY. Team members form up at boat stations and face the stern of the boat. On command, they lift the boat to shoulder height while simultaneously rotating their bodies under the boat so that they face forward with the boat resting on their inboard shoulders. Team members maintain their grip on the carrying handle with the outboard hand. GIVE WAY TOGETHER. Paddlers stroke in unison, following the rhythm set by Number 1. HOLD WATER. Paddlers hold their paddles motionless in the water with the blade perpendicular to the direction of motion. BACK WATER. Paddlers paddle backward in unison with Number 1. REST PADDLES. Paddlers rest their paddles across their legs.
MCI Course 0332H
5-9
Formations While in the Water
Transit Formations
While conducting any type of waterborne operations, whether they are training exercises or live operations, transit formations are used to control several boats operating together. These formations are determined based on the distance to be traveled, the sea state, and the enemy situation. Commanders should select the formation that provides the greatest control while still ensuring the flexibility and mutual support necessary to react to enemy contact. However, boat teams should use prearranged hand signals to change formations (if required) without using communications while en route. Unit leaders should review the enemy situation to anticipate formation changes while en route. The navigator uses the following formations when encountering the conditions described: Formation File Wedge Condition Tight areas When expecting contacts from flanks Very dark and low visibility All-around defense Can move to more of a diamond with four boats Echelon (left or right) Open areas High visibility Flexible response Formed away from sea obstacles
Note: Additional formations are discussed in the section on riverine movement.
MCI Course 0332H
5-10
Landings and Withdrawals
Landings
As the boat teams approach the surf zone, the unit leader orders the coxswain to lie outside the surf zone and maintain position relatively close to the beach. The unit leader then orders the coxswain to send in his scout swimmers. The scout swimmers then determine the presence of enemy in the landing area. When the scout swimmers have determined that the landing area is free of enemy personnel, they advise the boat team using a predetermined signal that will be clearly visible and unmistakable to the boat teams waiting. Upon receipt of the scout swimmers signal, the unit leader orders the coxswain to beach his boat at the point from which the signal originated. After the boat is beached, the team leader orders it hidden and camouflaged.
Landing Signals
Signaling methods that are used must also take into consideration the threat of detection by the enemy. One method is by using a filtered (infrared), hooded flashlight with a prearranged light signal. After signaling the boat teams, the scout swimmers move in opposite directions from the landing point to listening and observation positions.
Withdrawals
Upon completion of the mission at the beach, the boat teams conduct a security halt short of the withdrawal area or cache site. The team leader then orders a pair of scouts forward to determine if the withdrawal area is clear of enemy personnel. After the scouts report that the area is clear, the team leader orders the coxswain to prepare the boat for withdrawal. During this preparation, the team leader posts security just short of the limit of visibility from the cache to warn if the enemy is approaching. When the boat is prepared for withdrawal, the coxswain informs the team leader, who then orders the coxswain to launch the boat.
Launching the Boat in Surf
The coxswain launches the boat in surf during a period of relatively light breakers. He takes advantage of rip currents if they are present. As each pair of boat team members embark, they shift forward in the boat to put as much weight as possible in the bow. Number 1 sets a fast, strong cadence without waiting for orders from the coxswain. In moderate or heavy surf, the boat team has little chance of successfully transiting the surf zone if the boat is not through before the next series of relatively heavy breakers arrives.
MCI Course 0332H
5-11
Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
The Zodiac F-470 is a/an __________ inflatable craft capable of amphibious small-boat operations. a. b. c. d. self squad-sized fire team-sized automatic
Item 2
The following definition belongs to which boat-handling command? Team members form up at boat stations and face the bow of the boat. On command, they lift the boat by the carrying handles to about knee height. a. b. c. d. GIVE WAY TOGETHER LOW CARRY HOLD WATER BACK WATER
Item 3
This member of the boat team assists the coxswain in keeping the boat perpendicular to the breaker line and in avoiding obstacles. a. b. c. d. Number 1 or Number 2 Number 3 or Number 4 Assistant coxswain Assistant navigator
Item 4
What is considered when determining what transit formation to use during a mission using the F-470 Zodiac boat? a. b. c. d. Sea state, enemy situation, and distance Sea state, fuel consumption, and enemy situation Mission situation, sea state, and enemy situation Fuel consumption, enemy situation, and distance
MCI Course 0332H
5-12
Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 Answer b b a a Reference Page 5-4 5-9 5-6 5-10
MCI Course 0332H
5-13
MCI Course 0332H
5-14
LESSON 2 RIVERINE RECONNAISSANCE Introduction
Scope
In some areas of the world that have limited land transportation infrastructure and abundant water surfaces, inland waterways provide natural transportation routes. Since peripheries of waterways are also logical places for the development and growth of population centers, water routes are also operationally important to an insurgent or enemy force, particularly in situations where an external aggressor supports and directs an internal insurgency; therefore, it is important to conduct riverine reconnaissance to get any intelligence about the area.
Purpose
Reconnaissance Marines operating in underdeveloped regions of the world may find themselves using riverine techniques for their own transport and protection or for training indigenous forces as part of a counterinsurgency aid program. This lesson will cover some aspects of riverine operations and those techniques that a reconnaissance platoon or team might find useful in planning and executing small-scale riverine reconnaissance operation.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Select the factors that determine the method of riverine reconnaissance formations. Compose a river/estuary report (DELTAREP).
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Concept of Riverine Operations Formations for Riverine Movement Piloting Intel Collecting of a River Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-19 5-22 5-29
MCI Course 0332H
5-15
Concept of Riverine Operations
Environment
Weather, terrain, and hydrography of an area take on more importance in riverine operations than in conventional land and sea operations and, under some circumstances, may be controlling factors in any concept of operations. Consequently, thorough knowledge and consideration of the environment assume great importance in planning riverine operations. Conducting riverine operations in an area with the goal to achieve or maintain control of a waterway system and its adjoining land areas, or to deny their use to the enemy. Reconnaissance teams should thoroughly understand the riverine environment when planning a riverine operation.
Concept of Operations
Reconnaissance Marines conduct riverine operations to cope with and exploit the unique characteristics of a riverine area, to locate and destroy hostile forces, or to achieve or maintain control of a riverine area. Riverine operations are not amphibious operations, although many of the techniques applicable to amphibious operations are useful in, and applicable to, the riverine environment. Units conducting riverine operations use water transport, like small crafts, extensively to maneuver troops and equipment throughout the area. Riverine operations normally start from areas where ground forces and watercraft marshal and load and where forces can coordinate. The start point may be at a land base next to a navigable waterway, afloat a base on a navigable waterway, or in an existing area of operations (AO). Once troops are aboard, the watercraft proceeds to designated landing areas within an assigned AO for offensive operations.
MCI Course 0332H
5-16
Formations for Riverine Movement
Riverine Movement
Riverine movement is the use of craft on riverine waterways to provide tactical mobility during riverine reconnaissance. Riverine movement may simply be a means of maneuvering land forces in the AO or may be the means by which patrolling and area control functions are accomplished on waterway systems. Waterways navigable by patrol craft are limited by both natural elements and man-made obstacles. Some of the natural elements include: Currents. The river current along a route will have a significant effect on fuel consumption and speed capability. Depth of Waterways. The depth of the various waterways in an AO will affect route selection as well as anticipated SOA. The lower the depth, the greater care needed to avoid grounding. Tides. In many riverine areas, tides will be an important factor in riverine movement planning and execution. Delta tides generally are semidiurnal, with two highs and two lows daily. The daily tidal variations in a delta region can be significant (as much as 12 to 14 feet or greater in some areas). Many waterways will be navigable by larger craft (those with drafts over 4.5 feet) only at high tide. Conversely, high-tide water levels can restrict under-bridge clearances. During dry seasons, some waterways will only be navigable during high-tide periods. Tidal changes will also have an effect on currents. Natural Obstacles. Natural obstacles in the riverine environment include floating debris, rapids or whirlpools, low-hanging branches and limbs, underwater stumps and roots, and sandbars.
Formations
Reconnaissance teams must also determine the type of formation to use in riverine reconnaissance operations. Factors that will affect formation selection are as follows: The physical characteristics of the waterway itself (width, depth, current, and shore terrain). Perceived enemy capabilities and current area threat. Size of the force. Patrol firepower requirements Patrol detection avoidance requirements
MCI Course 0332H
5-17
Formations for Riverine Movement, Continued
Formations, continued
After considering the above factors, the reconnaissance teams can decide the type of formation that will best suit the operation. The basic formations are: Column Staggered column Online Wedge Diamond
Types of Movement
Reconnaissance forces may use several different types of movement to maximize security and firepower. A typical movement will entail a combination of techniques and formations over its course. They are as follows: High Speed. Used in AOs with low to medium threat level, good visibility, and in an area that the force is familiar with the waterway. Low Speed. Used in all threat levels, poor visibility, unfamiliar waters, and waters that provides restricted maneuverability. Bounding Overwatch. Used in AOs with a high threat level where maneuverability, channel width, visibility, and fields of fire are limited.
Local area knowledge, customs, and practices are imperative to the successful completion of the assigned mission. The immediate identification of the abnormal is essential to maintaining an effective security posture and to gaining the tactical advantage over a potential threat. To identify the abnormal, the force must understand what is normal for the AO.
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Piloting
River Piloting
These guidelines will provide general river piloting information that is appropriate for safe and effective riverine reconnaissance operations and areas of the riverine environment. The unit leader should take into consideration the following factors when planning any movement using the rivers and estuaries. Currents. The strength of river currents varies widely from river to river, and from season to season for a particular river. Speeds on some sections of river can range 5 or 6 kts under average conditions. At extreme highwater stages, current strengths may be much greater9 kts or more in narrow and constricted areas. Speed. River currents sometimes attain such speeds that navigation upstream is not feasible, although capably handled boats can be taken down safely. Some vessels have power enough to ascend certain rapids, but as a general rule, rapids should be avoided in favor of canals and locks that bypass them, unless the coxswain has local knowledge or engages the service of a local guide or pilot. Characteristics. River current characteristics are of the utmost importance to larger deep-draft vessels. The surface current acting on a small boat may actually be contrary to that which grips a deep-draft vessels keel near the river bottom. Even surface currents vary from bank to midstream. Friction of the bank and bottom slows the water. Techniques. If the detachment uses small craft, it must remember the following guidelines: Use the strength of midstream current for downstream run. When headed upstream, run as close to the bank as safely possible, even turning into small coves, to take advantage of the countercurrent. Cut running time and conserve fuel by running courses that make the rivers current work for the detachment, or minimize its adverse effect. At each bend, follow the curved line roughly running the trend of the river as a whole. Keep about a quarter of the rivers width off the outside bank.
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Piloting, Continued
River Piloting, continued
On some river charts, follow the contour markings showing the topography ashore because it can give clues to the river itself. Contour lines crowded close together indicate a cliff rising steeply from the bank. This feature will usually mean there is a good chance of deep water close under the bluff. The proper study and use of available charts and maps can also be used to: Determine landmarks to steer by. Provide course and fire support checkpoints. Help identify potential danger areas.
Piloting Guidelines
Reconnaissance Marines can use these guidelines for river piloting during riverine reconnaissance. They are as follows: A compass is of little use on most rivers. Generally, the most useful items are an updated chart or map and the proper use of binoculars to sight from one navigational aid to the next. Do not dispense with compasses on all inland rivers; some are wide enough that the unit can continue in a fog using a compass, speed curve, watch or clock, and due caution. In addition, some rivers feed into large lakes, bays, or the sea. Rivers are particularly prone to seasonal or irregular changes; if the unit is new to a specific stretch of river, it should take every chance to get intelligence about hazards or recent changes. Perhaps the greatest asset of a boat coxswain in the riverine environment is the power of observation. Much of river piloting depends on the acquired skill of reading the river, interpreting what is seen or observed. In general, lightly rippled water, where no wind is blowing, usually indicates shallow water. A long undulating wave indicates deep water and fast current. A smooth surface usually indicates deep water that is slower moving. However, no flat statement can be made about what certain surface conditions reveal about relative water depths.
MCI Course 0332H
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Piloting, Continued
Piloting Guidelines, continued
In unfamiliar waters, the wake of the vessel can give a clue to the safety of the course. As it rolls off into shallow water, its smooth undulations give way to sharper formations, even cresting on the flats in miniature breakers. When the waves reach a shoal or a flooded area where submerged stumps are close to the surface, the difference will show. If the wake closes up to the stern, and appears short and peaked, the coxswain should make a definite course change away from the side of the channel where this telltale sign appears, and make it as quickly and as safely as practical. When a river cuts a channel behind a section of bank, a towhead is formed. Sometimes these are filled in or dammed across at the upper end by river deposits, forming a natural protected harbor that can be entered from the lower end. Channels normally run deeper near steep banks and shallower near swamps or banks with shallow gradients. When moving from one channel into another that is perpendicular to the first, the coxswain should navigate at right angles to the head-on current. He should pass on the downstream side of the perpendicular current, proceed upstream a short distance, and then turn back into the flow of the new oncoming current. A powerboat should never move into fast water at full throttle, but enter the current at about half throttle until the coxswain is sure of what lies ahead. When anchoring or beaching on or near an island or sandbar, the crew should use the downstream rather than the upstream end. If the anchor drags or the boat somehow goes aground on the upstream end, the current will push the vessel harder ashore. Water at the downstream end is likely to be quieter.
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Intel Collecting of a River
Intelligence Requirements
Gathering certain information is necessary to help the unit commander to direct operations, detect and prevent enemy movement by waterways, and to reduce the threat of mines and ambushes to friendly forces. Some of the intelligence requirements include, but are not limited to, the following: Hydrographic information, including waterway depth, width, bottom composition, currents, tidal ranges and currents, and bank characteristics. Navigational hazards, including natural and man-made waterway obstacles such as vegetation, debris, fish traps, and barricades. Location of bridges and under-bridge clearances. Location, strength, and activities of enemy units in the objective area at the beginning of and during operations. Loading points and departure points for hostile watercraft. Identification of points where the enemy usually crosses rivers and canals. Enemy mining and ambush operations (with particular emphasis on early warning of ambush sites) and tactics. Identification of guerrilla, paramilitary, or similar groups in the objective area. Weather, to include temperature, precipitation, humidity, visibility, winds, fog, cloud cover, ice incidence, and effect of weather at various seasons on river characteristics.
Upon gathering necessary intelligence about the area, Reconnaissance Marines can put this critical information in a standard DELTAREP in which it would help the unit commanders make decisions of how to best maneuver through the area and also know about enemy situation.
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Intel Collecting of a River, Continued
DELTAREP
As mention before, after gathering critical intelligence information from a river, it is put into a standard format for unit commanders to utilize for current or future operations. Use the following format when composing a river/estuary report (DELTAREP).
ALPHA
Units of Measurement. Provide the unit of measurement on this line.
BRAVO
Location. This line provides grid references of the beginning and end of the section of the river/estuary actually reconnoitered by the team.
CHARLIE
Main Channel. This information is reported in the following numbered sequence: Sequence 1 2 Information Location. The grid reference of the entrance to the main channel is provided. Seaward Approach. The bearing from seaward of the approaches to the main channel (using the angular unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA) is provided. If this information is already known and has not changed, report (NC). If this information does not apply to this mission, then report NIL. If the team was unable to determine this information because of the enemy situation or other considerations, they will report NAR (not able to record) and explain the reason in line KILO (remarks) of this report.
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CHARLIE, continued
Sequence 3
Information Reference Points. The entrance to the main channel may be fixed by means of transits and/or bearings of prominent features that can be observed from seaward. These features must also be recognizable on a map or chart (these reference points may be pre-coordinated and assigned code names or other designations before the team is inserted). This information is reported in the following sequence. A. Prominent Features. This includes the description and location of the feature followed by its bearing from seaward at the entrance to the main channel. If more than one feature is being used to get a resection for the channel entrance, then the features are numbered sequentially and described individually. They are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on. or B. Transits. Transits are two points that are recognizable when viewed from seaward and can be located on a map/chart. Transits will line up one behind the other when the boat is on the correct azimuth to the entrance to the main channel. Transits are reported by giving a brief description of each point and its location so that it can be plotted on a map/chart. If more than one set of transits will be used to locate the channel entrance, they will be reported individually and numbered sequentially 1, 2, 3, and so on.
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DELTA
Navigation Aids. A local system of buoys (if any) or markers placed by the teams is reported by using the following code: Type of Navigation Aid Starboard hand buoys Port hand buoys (shape and color) Team-placed buoys/markers (description and location) Number Code 1 2 3
ECHO
Hazards. These are reported in numbered sequence followed by the letter code describing the type of hazard then by the grid reference location of the hazard(s). The following letter codes are used to describe the type of hazard being reported. Type of Hazard Sandbars Wrecks Rocks Tidal races Nets (describe) Bridges (report overhead clearance) Other (describe as required) Letter Code A B C D E F G
FOXTROT
Navigational Limits. This line provides the highest point upstream in the main channel with the following depth at low water; this is a six- or eightdigit reference followed by the following letter codes: Navigational Limits 2 meters 1 meter 1/2 meter Letter Code A B C
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GOLF
Beaching/Landing Points and Exits. This information is reported sequentially and in the following format: Sequence 1 2 Information Grid reference of the beaching/landing point. Type of landing craft that can use the landing point, indicated by the following letter code: Type of Landing Craft Landing craft, medium/utility Landing craft, personnel Shallow boats with outboard engines Other craft as required 3 Letter Code A B C D
Overall trafficability of the beaching point and exit, reported by using the following number code: Trafficability Firm. Can be used by 2-wheel-drive vehicles or 4-wheel-drive vehicles with trailers unless heavy, continuous use is intended. Moderate. Can be used by 3- or 5-ton vehicles, which should be able to start from rest by using all-wheel drive. Recommend using beach matting/ roadway. Soft. Four-wheel-drive vehicles cannot start from rest but might be able to cross a soft patch if already on the move. Recommend using beach matting/roadway. Very Soft. Impassable to wheeled vehicles; tracked vehicles may experience difficulty. Use of beach matting/roadway is required. Number Code 1
Notes: If the landing point or its exits are unsuitable for any vehicles, the letter code NIL is reported. If the team confirms that information on suspected beaching/landing points is correct, the team will report NC.
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GOLF, continued
Sequence 4
Information Width of exit, reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
HOTEL
Current. The speed of the current/tidal stream should be indicated in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA. The information is reported in the following sequence: 1st. Velocity of the water. 2nd. Direction in which the current is flowing (use the letter that would indicate the cardinal direction of the water flow at the time of sounding (e.g., N (north), NE (northeast), SW (southwest), etc.). 3rd. DTG and location (grid reference) of the sounding. Note: Several of these soundings may be required at different locations in the waterway to more accurately represent the current as the water flows toward its mouth. Also, several soundings may be required at the entrance to the waterway if tidal conditions are present.
JULIET
Texture of the River Bed. This information is reported in the following sequence: 1st. 2nd. Grid reference of where the bottom sample was taken. Letter code indicating the composition of the river bottom: River Bottom Composition Mud Sand Rock Shingles Vegetation Other (briefly describe) Letter Code A B C D E F
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KILO
Remarks. This line provides any other information that has not been covered in the report and that could have an impact on the riverine operation to be conducted. This type of information should be covered in the IRs. Note: If the patrol is to be extracted before the start of the operation, they should bring back soil samples of the different key portions of the area that the team reconnoitered. These need to be properly labeled and recorded. In this manner, the unit being supported can more accurately estimate the type of conditions under which it will be operating.
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Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
From the list below select a factor that affects the type of formation selection used when conducting riverine reconnaissance. a. b. c. d. Staggered column Size of the force Sea state Natural obstacles
Item 2
This type of report will require information needed to navigate throughout a river. a. b. c. d. CONBEREP SPOTREP ALPHA REP DELTAREP
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 + Answer b d Reference Page 5-17 5-22
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LESSON 3 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS Introduction
Scope
Hydrographic surveys are used in amphibious operations to describe the sea and marginal land areas that can have any effect on the mission. Since, up-todate nautical charts, tide and current data, and photo reconnaissance provide only the minimum data needed; hydrographic surveys are the most accurate means of obtaining detailed and specific information concerning the beach landing site (BLS).
Purpose
The purpose of a hydrographic mission is to collect information about an area in which the landing craft will land to disembark troops. Marine Reconnaissance teams may also be able to supply applicable hydrographic information when other special forces arent available.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Fill out a confirmatory beach report (CONBEREP). Fill out a surf report (SURFREP).
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Beach Selection Criteria Considerations Taken for Planning Confirmatory Beach Report (CONBEREP) Surf Observation Report (SURFREP) Lesson 3 Exercise See Page 5-31 5-32 5-34 5-35 5-41 5-43
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Beach Selection Criteria
Selection Criteria
When conducting large-scale amphibious landings, commanders have to reconnoiter and decide which plan would work best to execute the mission. Reconnaissance Marines can be utilized to collect the necessary information needed for the amphibious landing. Before selecting an amphibious landing site, the reconnaissance teams examine the objective, the BLS, and the shipping and air assets available. The BLS is of primary importance because it must facilitate and support the inlands main objective. The factors that determine the feasibility of a proposed BLS include hydrography, enemy situation, navigational aids, distance from the debarkation point to the BLS, beach vegetation and conditions, and routes of egress from the objective. Hydrography deals with measuring and studying oceans and rivers along with their marginal land areas. Hydrographic conditions of interest to waterborne operations are ocean depth, beach depth, beach gradient, tide and surf conditions, and beach composition. A confirmatory beach report (CONBEREP) contains detailed hydrographic information from a wide variety of sources, to include: Surf observation reports (SURFREP), BLS reports, nautical charts, tide and current data, aerial photoreconnaissance, and hydrographic surveys. The enemys situation and capabilities also have a direct impact on the location of the proposed BLS. Ideally, a BLS would be located away from enemy observation and fields of fire. If this is not possible, the reconnaissance Marines must consider the enemys ability to locate and interdict the infiltration route based on Location of coastal patrol boats Coastal fortifications Security outposts Defensive obstacles Artillery, mortar, and missile positions Armor and mechanized units Major communication and command posts
Enemy Situation
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Beach Selection Criteria, Continued
Distance from Debarkation Point
Reconnaissance teams determine what infiltration technique to use by the distance from the debarkation point to the BLS. For example, if the debarkation point from the primary vessel is 20 nm offshore, the detachment uses a combat rubber raiding craft (CRRC) to bring them within range of the beach. Airdrops or helo-casting can also deliver the team to a debarkation point. If the enemy situation permits, the same delivery systems could transport the detachment within swimming range of the BLS. Regardless of the combinations of delivery craft used, the distance should be no more than what the operational detachment can swim or travel by boat within the time available.
Beach Selection
In addition to the factors that form a suitable BLS already discussed, reconnaissance teams also need the latest detailed information to accurately plan for securing the BLS and for troop movement. These additional factors include: Offshore navigation conditions to include weather, tides, currents, surf, winds, and underwater obstacles or mines. Security precautions. Distance from the launch point to the BLS. Access to the hinterland.
The reconnaissance teams must also plan for an alternate BLS in case, upon arrival, the primary BLS is unsuitable or compromised. This adjustment may be the result of a delay in the operation, unexpected sea conditions, or a change in the enemy situation. The selection of an alternate BLS must meet the same mission requirements as the primary BLS. However, the alternate BLS should have a different azimuth orientation to counter any adverse weather effects on the primary BLS.
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Considerations Taken for Planning
Planning Phases
After approving a plan, the unit commander divides the waterborne operation into seven major phases. These phases include the following: Pre-infiltration preparation Movement to the debarkation point Movement to the launch point Movement to the beach landing site Actions at the beach landing site Movement to and actions at the objective Ex-filtration
There are a few areas of waterborne planning that are vitally important for mission success. First, the infiltration should take place at night to provide the stealth and secrecy that reconnaissance Marines need. Second, the environmental factors produced by tides and currents must be suitable for successful infiltration. Therefore, the teams must accurately plan the mission time to satisfy these two requirements. The graphic below shows nominal planning ranges for infiltration.
As mentioned, gathering updated and latest environmental and landing site factors are very important to success of a mission. In the following pages of this lesson we will discuss two important reports (CONBEREP and SURFREP) needed for an amphibious landing.
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Confirmatory Beach Report (CONBEREP)
CONBEREP Form
The confirmatory beach report (CONBEREP) is important because hydrographic surveys, charts, photoreconnaissance, and tidal data that outline the beach and vegetation conditions may not match conditions at the BLS. Information required on each line of this report is provided below.
ALPHA
BRAVO
Offshore Obstructions. This line should include previously unknown offshore obstructions that show above the water at low tide. These are listed sequentially, and the following information for each obstacle is transmitted individually as shown here: 1. Description of the obstacle. 2. Location of the obstacle, either by grid reference or bearings and ranges from known landmarks that can be plotted on a map or chart.
CHARLIE
Littoral Drift. Littoral drift is a current moving generally parallel to and adjacent to the shoreline. When it differs significantly in velocity or direction from earlier estimates, indicate the new velocity in knots to the nearest tenth of a knot. Direction of the current flow is expressed to the left or right. This information is followed by the DTG of when this information was recorded.
DELTA
DP(s). These are fixed positions to which the sounding lines are referenced. The existing situation will dictate whether one or more DPs will be required. DPs should be designated by letters, for example, DP A, DP B, DP C, and so on, as required. Each DP must be a fixed position/point and should be reported by a grid reference (eight digits if possible) or by bearing and range from other known fixed positions/points that are represented on the maps or charts. These fixed points should be pre-coordinated before the team is inserted and should be assigned some sort of code designator.
ECHO
Sounding Interval. This is the difference between each sounding on the sounding line. The sounding interval may vary by particular units, specific conditions, or commander, amphibious task force requirements.
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Confirmatory Beach Report (CONBEREP), Continued
FOXTROT
Sounding Lines All sounding lines are numberedF1, F2, F3, and so onand information relating to these sounding lines is provided in five sections (A through E); each section reports different information that is pertinent to the individual sounding lines. The sounding line designation consists of three characters. The first character is the letter designating the DP to which the sounding line is being referenced. The second and third characters combine to form twodigit numerals that designate the sequential number of individual sounding lines; for example, A01-A/ALPHA designates the DP being referenced for this sounding line, and 01 designates the sequential number of the sounding line being reported from DP A/ALPHA. Sections A through E provide the following information, which is pertinent to that particular sounding line and is reported in the sequence listed in A through E. Section A Information Locates the waterline at the time of the sounding (WLTS) in relation to the applicable DP and is expressed as bearing and range from the DP. The DP will always be on the bearing of the first sounding line. Indicates the bearing of the sounding line as viewed from seaward. Provides the DTG of when the sounding was taken. This information is important in adjusting the sounding to mean low water (MLW) when the chart is created. The month and year are not necessarily required.
Error! Reference source not found.Continued on next page
B C
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FOXTROT, continued
Section D
Information Indicates the distance (in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA) from WLTS to the back of the beach (BOB) and the vertical rise over this distance along the bearing of the sounding line. If the vertical rise cannot be measured, then the gradient should be estimated and reported by using the following letter codes: Gradient Flat flatter than 1:120 Mild 1:61 to 1:120 Gentle 1:31 to 1:60 Moderate 1:16 to 1:30 Steep steeper than 1:15 Letter Code V W X Y Z
Indicates each sounding to the nearest one-tenth meter or one-half foot, followed by the bottom composition, using the letter code in line HOTEL. The sounding must be reported in linear sequence beginning from WLTS and working seaward.
For the second and subsequent lines, the report will show similar data in the same sequence, except that under the first subparagraph, WLTS A may be expressed/plotted by using any of the following: A. The bearing and distance from WLTS of the previous sounding line. B. The bearing and distance from the DP being used for that sounding line. C. If any sounding line is to be based on a new DP, then the same procedure as in FOXTROT 1A is to be used.
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GOLF
Underwater Obstacles. This paragraph is used to indicate underwater obstacles relative to sounding lines by naming the type of obstacle, its location (use sounding line designation and distance from WLTS), depth of water over the obstacle, and its estimated size.
HOTEL
Beach Composition. This is a general description related to the beach as a whole that is divided into two areas: the foreshore (from MLW to mean high water (MHW)) and the backshore (MHW to BOB). An assessment of underwater composition is provided, as required. The following letter codes should be used: Beach Composition Mud Clay Sand (up to pinhead size) Gravel/shingle (up to top-of-thumb size) Pebbles (up to clenched fist size) Cobbles (up to human head size) Boulders (larger than human head size) Coral Other (describe briefly in this line) Letter Code A B C D E F G H J
If there is a marked variation in composition along the beach, this is to be reported, using code, by reference to designated sounding line numbers; for example, HOTEL 1.A08 to B02 E means that the foreshore from sounding line A08 to sounding line B02 is now composed of pebbles.
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JULIET
Trafficability of the Beach. This is a general description of the beach as a whole. Reports are provided on only two areas: the foreshore (portion of the beach between WLTS and MHW line) followed by the backshore (from the MHW line to the line of first permanent vegetation or BOB). This information will be reported by using these letter codes: Trafficability Conditions Firm. Can be used by 2-wheel-drive vehicles and 4 wheel-drive vehicles with trailers unless heavy and continuous use is intended. Moderate. Can be used by military 3- to 5-ton vehicles, which should be able to start from rest by using all wheel drive. Recommend that beach matting or roadway is used. Soft. Four-wheel-drive vehicles cannot start from rest but might be able to cross a soft patch if already on the move. It is recommended that beach matting or roadway is used. Very Soft. This is impassable to wheeled vehicles. Tracked vehicles may experience difficulty. Beach matting or roadway is required. Letter Code W
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KILO
Exits. This is a description of any new exits or exits that have changed from the latest intelligence estimates. Each beach exit is listed and described individually. The exits are described by reporting the grid reference where the exit meets the BOB, followed by a description using the following letter codes: Type of Beach Exit Infantry. If the exit is usable by infantry only, then the width of the exit is reported following the letter code. Tracked Vehicles. If the exit is usable by both infantry and tracked vehicles, then the width is reported followed by the appropriate trafficability code used in line JULIET of this report and the width of the exit. Wheeled Vehicles. If the exit is usable by infantry and wheeled vehicles, then the information is reported in the same sequence as for tracked vehicles in line. Unusable. This denotes exits that were thought to be usable before the insertion of the team and a proper reconnaissance that determined such information to be incorrect. Letter Code A B
LIMA
Position of the Beach Reconnaissance Patrols. The position of an amphibious reconnaissance team (ART) after completing its reconnaissance is given as a six-digit reference or by some other previously arranged system of reference. This information needs to be transmitted only if the ART will be staying in the vicinity of the beach while the assault is taking place or in some other way may affect the scheme of maneuver or fire support plan of the unit being supported.
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MIKE
Enemy. If the enemy has been observed or contacted, this information is reported sequentially by using the following format: 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Grid reference of the enemy position/contact. Strength/number of the enemy observed. Weapons, especially any weapons or weapons systems that could jeopardize the accomplishment of the amphibious operation.
NOVEMBER
Remarks. Any additional information relevant to this report can be included here. Any essential elements of information (EEIs) or other information requirements (OIRs) should be stated in the patrols operation order (OPORD).
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Surf Observation Report (SURFREP)
SURFREP Form
The surf observation report (SURFREP) is used to conduct a safe and efficient surf passage, which is a critical part of any maritime operation. Surf passages place the detachment in a very vulnerable position. The chances of injury, loss of gear, or damage to the boats and motors are greatest in the surf zone. Because the detachment members are concentrating on safely passing through the surf zone, they become more vulnerable to enemy action. Information required on each line of this report is provided below.
ALPHA
BRAVO
Time. This line provides the DTG of when the SURFREP was completed.
CHARLIE
Significant Breaker Height. This includes the average height (in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA) of the highest one-third of all breakers observed in a 10-minute period (expressed to the nearest one-half foot or one-tenth meter).
DELTA
Maximum Breaker Height. The largest breaker observed is reported in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA.
ECHO
Period. This line provides the time (in seconds) between breakers to the nearest one-half second.
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Surf Observation Report (SURFREP), Continued
FOXTROT
Breaker Types. The number of each type of wave is provided, followed by the letter code of that type of wave, as indicated by using the following letter code: Type of Wave Spilling. The wave becomes unstable at the crest and forms white water at the crest. The white water (foam) expands slowly down the front face of the breaker. Breaker action is mild. Plunging. The wave crest becomes so much faster than the base of the wave that it falls almost into the trough with violent action. The resulting foam almost instantly over the complete front. At times, air is caught in the breaker as it tumbles forward, creating a type of explosion. Surging. The wave crest tends to advance faster than the base of the wave, suggesting the formation of a plunging breaker. However, just breaking completely, the wave base advances faster than the crest and the plunging is arrested with the entire wave breaking on the beach, instead of on itself. These wave types are generally found on beaches with a steep gradient. Letter Code A
GOLF
Angle/Direction. This line includes the acute angle (in degrees) formed between the breaking lines and the shoreline, expressed to the nearest five degrees. The breaker direction is the direction toward which the breakers are moving; it is expressed as R (right) or L (left) of the observer when facing the beach from seaward.
HOTEL
Littoral Drift (Inshore Current). The speed of the current moving generally parallel and adjacent to the shoreline is expressed in the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA. This measurement is followed by the direction, R (right) or L (left), of the current as viewed from seaward. This is the direction toward which the current would push a boat traveling toward the beach.
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Surf Observation Report (SURFREP), Continued
JULIET
Lines of Breakers and Width of the Surf Zone. The number of welldefined breaker lines in the surf zone is reported, followed by the width of the surf zone, by using the unit of measurement designated in line ALPHA. The width of the surf zone is the distance from the outermost breaker line to the extreme limit of wave action on the beach.
KILO
Remarks. This line includes specific factors that could affect the abovereported information, for example, strong winds, restricted visibility, or dangerous marine life off the landing beach, and other information as stated in the patrols IRs.
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Lesson 3 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Factors that determine the feasibility of a proposed BLS such as hydrography, enemy situation, navigational aids, distance from the debarkation point to the BLS, beach vegetation and conditions, and routes of egress from the objective can be found in this type of report. a. b. c. d. CONBEREP Initial Points Landing Points Sea Plots
Item 2
What type of report is needed when your unit commander is trying to get information on the sea states waves? a. b. c. d. WAVEREP SEA Report SURFREP SPOTREP
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer a c Reference Page 5-35 5-42
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STUDY UNIT 6 RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE Overview
Scope
Reconnaissance Marines must identify the surfaces and gaps in overall hostile dispositions to permit the unit commander to shape the battlespace. Reconnaissance and surveillance is conducted when a mission is undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods (electronic devices), information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area.
In This Study Unit
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lessons Set up an Observation Post Panoramic Sketches/Field Sketches Analyze Surveillance Employ Field Photography Employ Remote Sensors See Page 6-3 6-15 6-27 6-35 6-47
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Study Unit 6
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Study Unit 6
LESSON 1 SET UP AN OBSERVATION POST Introduction
Scope
The listening posts/observation posts (LP/OP) are the primary means of maintaining surveillance of an assigned avenue of approach or known area of interest (NAI), it is a position from which reconnaissance Marines can observe any enemy threat and direct or adjust indirect fires against him. From the OP, the reconnaissance Marines can report any enemy movement or situation by sending reports to their commander to provide early warning of enemy or threat activity.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Choose the least prominent terrain feature. Prepare an enemy sighting report.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Fundamentals of Observation Posts Critical Tasks Selecting Observation Posts Scanning for Observation Information Reporting Enemy Sighting Report Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-11
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Fundamentals of Observation Posts
The Use of Observation Posts
An observation post (OP) is a fixed location on the ground from which reconnaissance and surveillance can be maintained or gathered over a particular area or sector. These posts can sometimes be forward of friendly lines and well into enemy territory but is well within the capabilities of a Reconnaissance Marine unit. The information obtained from observation posts can be very critical since it is used to provide any detailed reports of enemy activity that is occurring within a sector observation along the battlespace. This information can be used to prevent enemy surprise, provide security, maneuver against the enemy, and implement the timely use of supporting arms and exploit enemy weaknesses.
Type of Observation Posts
OPs can be executed dismounted or mounted, or as a combination of these two types in which it will be determined by the mission, time, and speed allowed for the mission. The table below shows the types of OPs. Type Dismounted Explanation The dismounted OP provides maximum stealth and thus has the greatest likelihood of remaining undetected by the enemy. The disadvantages of the dismounted OP are the time it takes to remount and move if necessary and, if a ground-mounted thermal device is not available, the lack of optics capability. If rapid movement or displacement is anticipated, the OP should mount or remain mounted. These offer the advantages of rapid movement and vehicle optics and protection. However, because the enemy can easily detect them they are potentially much less effective than dismounted OPs. The platoon can employ an OP that combines the advantages of both the dismounted and mounted types. For example, the vehicle could be used to monitor a particular NAI while other members of the team can dismount to observe an area while dismounted. The combination OP can offset the limitations and vulnerabilities of the other types, but some of these weaknesses may still apply, including lack of mobility and ease of enemy detection.
Mounted
Combination
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Critical Tasks
Observation Post Task
Critical tasks that reconnaissance teams perform while employing OPs include the following: Determine the type of OP (mounted, dismounted, or a combination), depending on requirements for either maximum stealth or rapid movement. Position the OPs either in linear positions or in depth to allow for maximum observation of the assigned area. Select a position for each OP that affords the best possible force protection. Occupy the OP. The reconnaissance team should employ the most secure method of moving into position; dismounted occupation is the preferred method. Man the OP. The unit leader must ensure that each OP has the necessary personnel and equipment. Conduct local reconnaissance patrols when necessary to cover any dead space, provide local security, and observe avenues of approach and/or NAIs from different vantage points. Employ active and passive protective measures. Reconnaissance teams are extremely vulnerable in the OP. Their best self-defense is not to be seen, heard, or otherwise located by the enemy. Improve the positions. Team members can always improve their OPs to protect and prevent any detection from the enemy.
When applying all of these critical tasks, while employing an OP, this will greatly reduce any detection from the enemy and allow for maximum collection of information that is needed for success of the mission on the battlefield.
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Selecting Observation Posts
Selecting an OP Site
Based on the unit commanders guidance, the unit leader selects the general location for the OPs after analyzing the plan. From his analysis, he then determines how many OPs he must establish and decides where they must be positioned to allow long range observation along the avenues of approach assigned by his commander and to provide depth through the sector. OPs should have met the following characteristics: Reconnaissance teams may occupy one or more observation posts. An observation post should not be manned for more than 24 hours. A selected observation post should be observed for 10 to 15 minutes to ensure it is not occupied. Covered and concealed routes to and from the OP. Teams must be able to enter and leave the OP without being detected by the enemy. Unobstructed observation of the assigned area or sector. Ideally, the fields of observation of adjacent OPs overlap to ensure full coverage of the sector. Effective cover and concealment. Teams should select positions with cover and concealment to reduce their vulnerability on the battlefield. They may need to pass up a position with favorable observation capability but with no cover and concealment in favor of a position that affords better survivability. When selecting observation posts, teams should choose the least prominent terrain position. A location that will not attract attention. OPs should not be sited in such locations as a water tower, an isolated grove of trees, or a lone building or tree; these positions draw enemy attention. The OPs should also be located away from natural lines of drift along which a moving threat force can be expected to travel. These locations might include a route on the floor of a valley or a site near a major highway. A location that does not skyline the observers. Avoid hilltops. Position OPs farther down the slope of the hill or on the side, provided there are covered and concealed routes into and out of the position. When radios are used, the antenna should be located to provide clear communications with headquarters but masked from enemy observation.
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Scanning for Observation
Observing
When manning an observation post, use all senses available to you. Be particularly alert for movement, objects, sounds, and smells inappropriate to the surroundings. While observing, avoid all unnecessary movement. If observing from a building, keep back from doors and windows. In daylight, look first at the ground nearest you. Begin observing close to your post and search a narrow strip 50 meters or less deep, going from right to left parallel to your front; then search from left to right a second and similar strip farther away but overlapping the first. Continue to observe until the entire field of view has been searched. At night, use night observation devices like night vision goggles (NVGs) or thermal imagery optics. This kind of technology will help you detect any movement within your area.
Visual Search Techniques
Reconnaissance Marines manning OPs must constantly search the assigned area or sector to identify signs of enemy forces. One Marine with binoculars, or other observation devices, searches the entire area for obvious signs of enemy activity, targets, unnatural colors, dust, shiny objects, outlines, or movement. The Marine will raise his eyes in front of the position to the greatest range of his sector of observation. If the sector is wide, he can divide it into subsectors. The Marine will continue his search with overlapping 50meter-wide strips, alternating from left to right and right to left until the entire area is searched. When a suspicious area is seen or detected, it is thoroughly searched. The map is oriented with the field of view to allow a quick and accurate report and to request indirect fire, if authorized.
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Information Reporting
Verbal Reports
It is imperative that reconnaissance teams accurately and completely report any information that is important about the enemy specifically, the who, where, when, and what was observed to the proper authority upon mission completion. In some cases, a reconnaissance Marine might be manning an observation post and will not be equipped with a radio. Verbal reports should be made when writing is impractical, when the information is not complicated or when the enemy is likely to intercept a messenger carrying a written message.
Written Reports
Written messages, preferred to verbal reports, are recorded in message book blanks issued for that purpose and delivered to the units higher chain of command as soon as possible. The NATO spot report (SPOTREP) should be reviewed as the written message for NATO standard format. The message body is brief, accurate, and clear; facts and opinions are distinguished. If secondhand information is reported, its source is included. Reports include all information of value, first about the enemy, and then about the originator. Messages are printed in block letters. Individual items of information are numbered and separated into paragraphs. Information about the originator or writer should cover: Location at the time of enemy observation (reference to an important terrain feature, by map coordinates, by the back azimuth from each of two definitely located points, or the back azimuth and distance from one known point). Intentions. Remain in position. Continue on the mission. Take other action.
The message is then carefully reread and if possible read by another person to ensure understandability. If a messenger is used, the messenger must read and understand the message in order to answer any questions the unit commander may have. In the following pages we will discuss in detail the information that is needed to compose a SPOTREP.
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Enemy Sighting Report
ALPHA
BRAVO
Size. This line gives the number and type of enemy by using the following letter codes: Type of Observation Infantry Armored personnel carriers (type or describe) Tanks (type or describe) Field artillery (type or describe) Antitank weapons (type or describe) Antiaircraft weapons (type or describe) Military trucks (type or describe) Light military vehicles (type or describe) Helicopters (type or describe) Aircraft (type or describe) Radars (type or describe) Command post (describe) Minefield (dimensions) Other tank obstacles (specify and describe) Other (followed by description) Letter Code A B C D E F G H J K L M N P Q
Note: This information is transmitted by prefixing the letter with the number of each observed. In the case of infantry, the number of men seen is reported; in the case of a minefield, the number of minefields is reported. The dimensions of the minefields are reported by using the unit of measurement from line ALPHA for each minefield.
CHARLIE
Activity. This line describes the activity of the enemy by using the following numerical code: Type of Activity On the move (followed by direction and speed) Stationary, but not dug in In prepared positions Other (describe) Number Code 1 2 3 4
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Enemy Sighting Report, Continued
DELTA
Location. The position of the enemy is provided by using the grid reference or another agreed-on system of position reference.
ECHO
Unit. An identification of the enemy unit is provided if it can be determined. If not, a description is given that might be helpful to the tasking agency. If a positive identification is made, indication is required as to how this was achieved.
FOXTROT
Time. The DTG of the sighting is reported.
GOLF
Equipment. The identity or description of any weapons or equipment observed is provided.
HOTEL
Remarks. Any additional details are included that might help to clarify enemy activities, strengths, or intentions for an intelligence assessment.
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Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Which of the following guidelines are considered when selecting a least prominent terrain feature? a. b. c. d. Effective cover and concealment, doesnt attract attention, doesnt skyline the observers, and has an unobstructed observation Doesnt attract attention, doesnt skyline the observers, has an unobstructed observation, and has no routes Doesnt skyline the observers, has an unobstructed observation, and has no field of view Effective cover and concealment, doesnt attract attention, doesnt skyline the observers, and no field of view
Item 2
Your reconnaissance team has been assigned to gather intelligence about the enemy and report to higher while conducting an observation. What type of NATO report would you expect to submit to higher to support their request? a. b. c. d. CASREP SPOTREP CONTACREP LZREP
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer a b Reference Page 6-6 6-8
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LESSON 2 PANORAMIC SKETCHES/FIELD SKETCHES Introduction
Scope
When gathering information during a reconnaissance mission, sometimes it can be difficult to take photographs due to being detected by the enemy or gear being damaged. When photographs cannot be taken, a simple method of field sketching can be used for obtaining and recording information such as location, orientations, and measurements within the area being reconnoitered. During this lesson we will discuss two types of military sketches (panoramic and simple sketches) and key information needed for these sketches.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Draw a simple (top-view) sketch. Draw a panoramic (side-view) sketch.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Developing a Simple Sketch Constructing a Panoramic Sketch Vanishing Points Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 6-15 6-16 6-19 6-22 6-24
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Developing a Simple Sketch

Definition
Simple sketches show an overhead (top-view) of the terrain or area being sketched. Since reconnaissance Marines are very familiar with maps, interpreting the sketch poses no problem if it is drawn to a suitable scale and all non-standard symbols are explained in a legend. Every detail that is included on the sketch must be referenced to a permanent map or chart featuring a distance and azimuth. The reference point is predetermined from an existing map or chart of the area to be sketched. All the inclusions on the sketch will be measured to their exact width and height if possible. The table below shows three methods that you can use for measuring: Method 1 2 3 Explanation Physically measure the target or object. (least preferred method) Compare the target/object with an object of a known size, such as a man or vehicle. Use the mil relation formula: This is a method that can be used in a situation where they are trying to determine the size of an object at the objective area such as a building. The team must know their exact range in yards/meters from their position to the target to effectively use this method. Range (Unit of Measure) X Size of Object (mils) = Size of Object 1000 (Unit of Measure)
Referencing
Constructing a Simple Sketch
On a simple sketch, all letters and numbers are written in block letters. Use the following guidelines below to help you draw a simple sketch: Study the terrain. Study the crest lines and their proper relations and always ensure you check with the map or chart for accuracy. Determine a scale. Scale is determined by the size of the area to be sketched and the size of the sketching material on hand. Some suitable sizes are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1:360 1 inch = 10 yards/meters 1:900 1 inch = 25 yards/meters 1:1800 1 inch = 50 yards/meters 1:2700 1 inch = 75 yards/meters 1:3600 1 inch = 100 yards/meters
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Developing a Simple Sketch, Continued
Title Box
Title boxes, or marginal data, contain all the information pertaining to the area being sketched and the sketcher. Listed below is the information needed in the title boxes: Write the title/subject of the sketch and its location (six or eight digit coordinates). Date time group (DTG). Scale being used and any contour interval lines being used. Map reference (name, scale, sheet, series, and edition). Classification of the sketch (classified, unclassified, etc.). The classification should be labeled on the top and side of the sketch. Name, rank, and unit of the sketcher.
Legend Box
As mentioned before, any non-standard symbols as well as units of measure that you use in your sketch, should be listed in a legend box. If your reference map or chart has a symbol for the object you are sketching, then use that same symbol to keep simplicity in your sketch.
Draw Features
Once you begin to draw the objects in your sketch, determine the size and distance from the other objects. Binoculars, a pencil, and a sketchpad are all you need to draw your sketch. Use graphing paper, if possible, since this will make it much easier to determine distance. Other important features needed for the simple sketch are as follows: A North seeking arrow An arrow in the direction of the reference point being used from your map or chart with the grid location, distance, and direction The location of the observation post
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Developing a Simple Sketch, Continued
Sample
The graphic below shows an example of a simple sketch.
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Constructing a Panoramic Sketch

Definition
A panoramic sketch is a representation of an area or object drawn to scale as seen from ones perspective. The panoramic sketch shows the horizon, which is always of military importance, and intervening features such as crests, woods, roads, structures, and fences. However, the panoramic sketch only shows one point of view. This could be a disadvantage. When beginning your sketch, carefully study the terrain so that you can distinguish the various crest lines and their proper relationship to one another. The scale used when drawing your panoramic sketch is simple; draw the objects in proper proportion. The following table shows you how to draw a panoramic sketch:
Sketch Preliminary study of terrain Explanation Study the landscape to distinguish prominent features in relation to each other Map of the area should be studied in conjunction with the terrain. Conspicuous and Permanent. An object that is easy to identify and that is not going to move. No Closer Than 500 Yards. Do not use any feature closer than 500 yards. It will make it difficult to fit the remainder of the sketch onto the sketchpad and the sketch will not be in perspective. Reference Point. Hold the pad in a vertical plane 15 inches from the eye and place the upper corners on line with the limits of sector. Then pick the line that is closest to your reference point. Mark this line with a heavy arrowhead at the top and place a zero in the space for deflection. Horizontal Control. Horizontal control is obtained by measuring the deflection to prominent features with either binoculars or a compass, by sighting directly over the top of the sketching pad. To get a uniform measurement of 50 miles between the vertical guidelines, it is necessary that the pad be held 15 inches from the eye. Vertical Control. Vertical control uses the skyline or some horizontal crest as a reference line. Horizontal crest for vertical control should be drawn in first and accurately.
Panoramic Sketching
Selecting Reference Point and Line
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Constructing a Panoramic Sketch, Continued

Panoramic Sketching, continued
Once control has been established, start your sketching techniques. Lightly draw in the features that you see. It may take awhile to obtain this skill. Start with the background and move to the foreground. This will be the easiest way to accomplish the sketch. The background does not need to be well defined. The reason for this is the objective will take on a weak picture. Try and put the sketch into a perspective and draw buildings, trees, hills, valleys, and other items to fit with each other. Overall, the entire sketch should be simple. It should show the area of interest in as much detail as possible. Do not over do it. Follow the steps and take time to put the drawing into perspective. Note: Additional Details and Target Information. Only details that are of military importance should be drawn, i.e., possible targets, objectives, natural obstacles, sector limits or position of troops.
Target Data
Target data is used to identify and reference each target or area observed. It is labeled using alpha numerics and or description, but is the observers preference. Range. The distance from your position as annotated on the sketch to the target being observed. Deflection. This is written as magnetic azimuth, deflection is the difference in mils or degrees from each target.
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Constructing a Panoramic Sketch, Continued
Marginal Information
Marginal data is the information that is written prior to any sketching. Marginal information is listed below: Enter after indicating reference line. Fill in before proceeding with sketch. Determine direction of view. Sketcher's location. Name, rank, and date time group. Scale. Magnetic north.
Panoramic Sketch Examples
The graphic below shows you an example of a panoramic sketch.
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Vanishing Points
Rules
Vanishing points are lines that are parallel on the ground that seem to converge. They recede and appear to meet/vanish at a point in the distance. This is what gives a perspective view to a panoramic sketch. The correct effects of distance, direction and slopes can be illustrated using the following guidelines. The following graphs show vanishing points:
Parallel lines horizontal on the ground; vanish at a point on the horizon.
Parallel lines, sloping upward on the ground away from the observer, vanish at the point above the horizon.
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Vanishing Points, Continued
Rules continued
Parallel lines, sloping downward on the ground away from the observer, vanish at a point below the horizon.
Parallel lines receding to the right vanish to the right, those receding to the left vanish to the left.
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Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
In the marginal information, what information can you find when drawing a simple sketch? a. b. c. d. Methods of locating features Prominent terrain features Name, rank, and date time group List of equipment required
Item 2
When drawing features in a panoramic sketch, what is the minimum distance that feature must identify? a. b. c. d. 450 yards 550 yards 500 yards 495 yards
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer c c Reference Page 6-17 6-19
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LESSON 3 ANALYZE SURVEILLANCE Introduction
Scope
When you are in an observation post (OP), you will be able to observe enemy troops, equipment, and activity. In many instances, you wont be able to identify what unit they belong to. However, if you can identify the units that these individuals are in, it will help higher headquarters make intelligent assessments. Analyzing the available information pertaining to enemy uniforms and equipment, you may be able to tell which unit an enemy soldier is from. If no information is available on what specific units wear, then you will have to tell higher headquarters the specifics about the enemy troops you see in a standard size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment (SALUTE) report.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to State the purpose of conducting an observation. Identify an advantage when conducting a search.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Collecting and Reporting Information Surveillance Requirements Surveillance Assets Surveillance Techniques Lesson 3 Exercise See Page 6-27 6-28 6-30 6-32 6-33 6-34
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Collecting and Reporting Information
Reporting Information
Reconnaissance teams report to their reconnaissance operations center (ROC) when conducting surveillance. These reports are received in the surveillance and reconnaissance coordination center (SARCC) from the ROC. The SARCC also establishes priority reporting criteria for each committed team based on that teams information requirements. Therefore, it is important to analyze all information collected during a surveillance mission before reporting it to higher headquarters.
Information
Information is the non-evaluated material of every description including that material derived from the following: Observation Communications Reports Rumors Imagery Other sources from which intelligence is produced
Intelligence
Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of information which concerns one or more aspects of foreign nations or of functional or geographic areas, and which is immediately or potentially significant to the development and execution of plans, policies, and operations. For Marine Corps use, intelligence is knowledge about the enemy or the surrounding environment needed to support decision making.
Combat Intelligence
Combat intelligence is that knowledge of the enemy, weather, and geographical features required by a commander in the planning and conduct of combat operations. It is derived from the interpretation of information on the enemy (both his capabilities and vulnerabilities) and the environment. The objective of combat intelligence is to minimize uncertainty concerning the effects of those factors listed above, on the accomplishment of the mission, and maintaining the security of the command.
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Collecting and Reporting Information, Continued
Gathered Information
When conducting observation/surveillance, all information gathered will provide facts for a specific intent. One example is when recon teams are issued Commanders Critical Intelligence Requirements (CCIRs) and/or Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs) for a particular mission. Information gathered by the recon team is reported, analyzed, and possibly processed into intelligence for the supported unit. Recon teams gather detailed information on the enemy's troops, equipment, vehicles, and location. This information is used by the commander to plan offensive as well as defensive tactics to engage the enemy.
Observation Process
The process of observation utilizes a particular format also identified as the Eight Rs. Process Realize Recognize Record Recall Review Recite Respond Reassess Explanation Realize what is to be accomplished, the goal, objective, or mission. Recognize the importance of the task and the risk or effort involved. Record information, from general to specific. Recall the most important details for identification or assessment. Review the total information for complete accounting of the situation. Review for retention. Recite vital information, such as names and numbers repetitively. Respond to a call to action based on necessity. Reassess by critically analyzing goal/mission, information gathered.
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Surveillance Requirements
Observation Elements
It is important that you follow the following four elements in the process of observation. They are awareness, understanding, recording, and response. Each of these may be construed as a separate process or may occur simultaneously.
Awareness
Awareness is the process of being consciously attuned to a particular fact. A recon marine should be aware of his surroundings at all times, taking no-thing for granted. The observer must take into account those elements that influence and distort awareness.. This information is used by the commander to plan offensive as well as defensive tactics to engage the enemy. Examples: Incomplete or inaccurate viewing. The size and shape of an object can be misinterpreted if the observer does not view it completely or does not comprehend what is seen. Distractions that occur during observation. Actual participation or degree of interest the observer has toward the situation. Limitations of one's physical abilities regarding the five senses. Environmental changes affecting or occurring at the time of observation. The ability of the observer to add imagination to the reporting or the recalling of facts, either purposely for more accuracy, or inadvertently, causing possible exaggerations and/or inaccuracy.
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Surveillance Requirements, Continued

Understanding
Understanding is derived from education, training, practice, and experience. Examples: This understanding enhances the observer's knowledge about what should be observed, broadens the observer's ability to observe and consider all possible aspects, and aids in the evaluation of information. Distractions that occur during observation.
Recording
Recording is the ability to save and recall what was observed. Usually, the observer will have mechanical aids such as writing utensils; log books, sketch kits, tape recorders, and cameras to support his recording of events. But more importantly, it is the observer's memory. The ability to record, retain, and recall information accurately depends on the mental capacity and alertness of the observer and his ability to recognize what is essential or necessary to record. Additional factors that affect recording include The amount of training and practice in observation. Proficiency through experience. Similarity of previous incidents. Time interval between observation and recording. The ability to understand or convey messages through vocabulary or other communicative processes.
Response
Response is the recon Marine's action toward the information gathered. It may be as simple as filling in a logbook, making communication with the supported unit, or taking that one well-aimed shot.
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Surveillance Assets
Assets Available
Once the unit leader has a thorough understanding of what his surveillance requirements are for that specific mission, he must next determine what assets he has available to execute those requirements. Availability of assets is dependent on how long the mission must remain in place and how the teams are task organized. Among the assets that can enhance the platoons surveillance capability are infantry squads, engineer reconnaissance teams, artillery forward observers (FO), and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assets. If the surveillance mission will be of short duration (less than 96 hours), individual teams can emplace and man separate observation posts (OPs). If the duration of the mission is unknown or longer than 96 hours, the unit leader can assign a two-vehicle section or three-vehicle section for each OP to facilitate continuous operations.
Observation Posts
Gathering information during a surveillance mission can require many assets. However, one main asset that reconnaissance Marines use is the observation post. In lesson 1 of this study unit, we discussed the observation post and their importance in the battlefield. They allow for maximum collection of information. Never to be occupied for longer than a 24-hour mission. Use of cover and concealed routes to get to and from to your observation post. Always use the least prominent terrain feature.
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Surveillance Techniques
Hasty Search
Hasty search is a very rapid check for any enemy activity. The following list shows examples: The observer makes the search with the binoculars, making quick glances at specific points throughout the area, not by viewing the terrain in one continuous panoramic sweep. The observer, when conducting his hasty search, uses what is called side vision or peripheral vision. But in order for this side vision to work, the eyes must be focused on a specific point in order to have this sensitivity. The binoculars are used in this type of search because they afford the observer with a wide view necessary to cover a large area in a short period of time.
Note: The hasty search is effective because the eyes are sensitive to any slight movements occurring within the arc of the object they are focused on.
Detailed Search
If the recon team fails to locate the enemy during the hasty search, they must then begin a systematic and deliberate examination known as a detailed search using the following procedures: The detailed search should start at a point about 50 meters to either flank. The OP team scans in a 180-degree arc searching everything in exacting detail. The depth of the scan may be adjusted to suit the needs of the situation. When the opposite flank is reached, scan back across the front making sure this new scan slightly overlaps the last. Continue making overlapping strips until far limits of the area are reached. This method of observation is called the 50-meter overlapping strip search method. When conducting detailed searches, have optics stable and supported. The observer can also use this technique when conducting periodic hasty searches. Only when the recon team spots a target or a suspicious object will they switch to the spotting scope to make a positive ID or detailed description of the object.
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Lesson 3 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
What is the purpose of conducting an aided observation? a. b. c. d. To observe what the enemy will use to fight you. To ensure no one is trying to penetrate your defensive perimeter. To gather facts and provide information for a specific intent. To seek out the enemy and destroy.
Item 2
What is an advantage for an observer when conducting a search? a. b. c. d. The ability to look at the terrain in a speedy process without being detected. The ability to pick up any slight movements since their eyes are focused on a single point. The time that it takes when conducting it in a non-aided observation. Easy to find enemy targets across their field of view.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 Answer c b Reference Page 6-28 6-32
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LESSON 4 EMPLOY FIELD PHOTOGRAPHY Introduction
Scope
Ground photography is usually the simplest and most reliable way to record information. Using cameras, it helps reconnaissance Marines perform their mission when it comes to gathering and reporting information. Knowing what type of photography is needed helps our intelligence community make better decisions for future operations. Although reconnaissance Marines use a variety of photographing equipment, this lesson will cover only certain photography equipment.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to select the four types of photographic coverage.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Camera Terminology Types of Photographic Coverage Camera Characteristics Lesson 4 Exercise See Page 6-35 6-36 6-37 6-38 6-44
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Camera Terminology
General Photographic Terminology
Although a reconnaissance Marine is trained to observe and report in detail what he has seen, it is not always possible due to enemy contact or restraints. Using cameras can help record data concerning the enemy or object being observed. It is important to understand basic photographic terminology. Use the following table to help you understand photographic terminology. Term ISO Definition International Standards Organization (ISO) refers to how fast film will accept light on the chemical emulsion on the film. ISO ratings range from ISO 100 to ISO 1600. The higher the ISO rating, the less light is required, however the prints will appear grainy when enlarged. With a lower ISO rating, the prints can be enlarged with more detail; however more light is required during the exposure. Also called the F/stop this is the size of the hole in the lens that regulates the amount of light that will pass through the lens. The amount of light is expressed as F/stop numbers that range from 1.0 to 91. The higher the F/stop the smaller the aperture. This allows less light through the lens and is used for brighter conditions. The lower the F/stop the larger the aperture. More light is required to expose the film and is used during darker conditions. Depth of field is the depth in a scene from foreground to background that will be sharp in a photograph. The smaller the aperture you use, the greater the area of a scene that will be sharp. The larger the aperture, backgrounds and foreground become soft and out of focus. This is the opening and closing of a device inside the camera that regulates the length of time the film will be exposed to light. It ranges from 1/4000 of a second to 30 seconds. Fast shutter speed will freeze movement. Slow shutter speed is required for more detail and low light. Note: A tripod is required for shutter speeds less than 1/125 of a second.
Aperture
Depth of Field
Shutter Speed
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Types of Photographic Coverage
Ground Photography
After observation, you will determine which road, beach, or activity has military importance. Once the object is photographed then add some field notes providing details such as geographic location, orientation, time, date, measurements, and height of the object (if applicable). Always keep in mind that this information cannot always be determined from a photograph only.
Concept of a Photograph
To understand the concept of a photograph, you must know the following features: Detail. Focus carefully to show detail. Special features such as the construction of roadbeds, building materials, or fabrication methods should be photographed as closely as the focus will permit. Horizon. Whenever possible, the horizon should be included in panoramic or distant views, especially in beach photography. Scale. Try to include an object of familiar size to provide a point of reference for determining scale.
Techniques of Ground Photography
To understand the techniques of ground photography, you must know the following features: Composition. Only the photographer knows what he wants on film. Draw attention to the subject by centering the subject in the photograph. If it is not, indicate the object by making notes on the print or making an overlay. Never assume that whoever analyzes the photograph will immediately spot the information that you have captured. Coverage. Make your picture tell a complete story; general appearance, relation to the terrain, man-made features, size, shape and construction of the subject. This often requires different views at different angles and ranges. Use the following table to give you a description of the different types of coverage: Coverage Sweep Panoramas Distant View Medium View Follow Close-Up View Detail Description Sweep panoramas are those in which the photographer stands at one point and rotates the camera so that the area in the viewfinder overlaps that covered in the focus will permit. Location shot, orientation view, or the long view. On shot that should show overall appearance. View or structural shot.
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Camera Characteristics
5-D MK2
The following graphic shows the 5-D MK2 camera followed by the specifications and characteristics.
Image Sensor Name Type Pixels Total Pixels Aspect Ratio Color Filter System Low Pass Filter Description High-sensitivity, high-resolution, large single-plate CMOS sensor Effective pixels: Approx. 21.1 megapixels Total pixels: Approx. 22.0 megapixels 3:2 (Horizontal: Vertical) RGB primary color filters Fixed position in front of the CMOS sensor

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Camera Characteristics, Continued
5-D MK2, continued
Specifications of the 5D MK2 are as follows: Description Digital, single-lens reflex, AF/AE camera CF Card Type I and II, UDMA-compliant CF cards, via external media (USBv.2.0 hard drive, via optional Wireless File Transmitter WFT-E4A) Image Format 36.0mm x 24.0mm (35mm Full-frame) Magnification Approx. 0.71x (-1m-1 with 50mm lens at infinity) Depth of Field Enabled with depth-of-field preview button Focusing Auto, One-Shot AF, Predictive AI Servo AF, AI Focus AF, Modes Manual focusing (MF) ISO Speed ISO 100-6400 (in 1/3-stop or 1-stop increments) ISO 100-3200 set automatically Shutter Speeds 1/8000 to 1/60 sec., X-sync at 1/200 sec. 1/8000 to 30 sec., bulb (Total shutter speed range. Available range varies by shooting mode) Self Timer 10-sec. or 2-sec. delay Power Source One Battery Pack LP-E6 AC power can be supplied via AC Adapter Kit ACKE6 with Battery Grip BG-E6 attached. Recording Still: JPEG, RAW (14-bit, Canon original), sRAW1, Image Format sRAW2, RAW+JPEG Video: MOV Note: Exact file sizes depend on the subject, ISO speed, Picture Style, etc. Approx. 6.0 x 4.5 x 3.0 in./152.0 x 113.5 x 75.0mm Approx. 28.6 oz./810g (body only) Name Type Recording Media
Dimensions Weight LCD Monitor Name Type Monitor Size Pixels Coverage
Description TFT color, liquid-crystal monitor 3.0 in. Approx. 920,000 (VGA) Approx. 100% (viewing angle: approx. 170)
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D30 Camera
The graphic below is another version of the camera followed by the specifications that reconnaissance Marines employ while conducting field photography:
Specifications Name Type Recording Media Image Format Magnification Depth of Field Description Digital AF/AE SLR Compact Flash (CF) Card Type I & II 0.89 x 0.59 in./22.5 x 15.0mm (APS-C size sensor) 0.9x (-1 dpt with 50mm lens at infinity) Enabled with depth-of-field preview button
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D30 Camera, continued
Name Focusing Modes Power Source Dimensions Weight ISO Speed
Shutter Speeds Self Timer LCD Monitor Name Type Monitor Size Pixels Coverage Image Sensor Name Type
Description Autofocus: One-Shot AF, Predictive AI Servo AF, AI Focus AF (automatic switching between One-Shot/Predictive AI Servo AF); Manual Focus (MF) One Lithium-Ion Battery Pack BP-511A/BP-514/BP511/BP-512 5.7 x 4.2 x 2.9 in./144 x 105.5 x 73.5mm 24.7 oz./700g (body only) Basic Zone: automatically set by the camera Creative Zone: equivalent to ISO 100-1,600 (in 1/3stop increments, ISO speed can be expanded to ISO 100-3,200) 1/8000 to 30 sec. (1/3- and 1/2-stop increments), Xsync at 1/250 sec. Shutter durability: Approx. 100,000 exposures 10 sec. delay, 2 sec. delay with C.Fn-12-1 (mirror lockup)
Description TFT color, liquid-crystal monitor 2.5 in. diagonal with a viewing angle of approx. 170 vertically and horizontally Approx. 230,000 pixels 100%
Pixels Total Pixels Aspect Ratio Color Filter System Low Pass Filter Fixed position in front of the CMOS sensor
Description High-sensitivity, high-resolution, single-plate, CMOS sensor Approx. 8.20 megapixels Approx. 8.50 megapixels 3:2 (Horizontal : Vertical) RGB primary color filters
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D50 Camera
The graphic below is the EOS D50 version followed by the specifications that reconnaissance Marines employ while conducting field photography:
Image Sensor Name Type Pixels Total Pixels Aspect Ratio Color Filter System Low Pass Filter Description High-sensitivity, high-resolution, large single-plate CMOS sensor Effective pixels: Approx. 15.10 megapixels Approx. 15.50 megapixels 3:2 (Horizontal: Vertical) RGB primary color filters Fixed position in front of the CMOS sensor
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D50 Camera, continued
LCD Monitor Name Type Monitor Size Pixels Coverage Specifications Description Digital, single-lens reflex, AF/AE camera with built-in flash Recording CF Card Type I and II, UDMA-compliant CF cards, via Media external media (USB v.2.0 hard drive, via optional Wireless File Transmitter WFT-E3A) Image Format 22.3mm x 14.9mm Magnification Approx. 0.95x (-1m-1 with 50mm lens at infinity) Depth of Field Enabled with depth-of-field preview button Focusing Modes Auto, One-Shot AF, Predictive AI Servo AF, AI Focus AF, Manual focusing (MF) ISO Speed Basic Zone modes: ISO 100-1600 set automatically Creative Zone modes: ISO 100-3200 (in 1/3-stop increments), Auto, or ISO speed can be expanded to ISO 6400 or ISO 12800 Extension settable (with C.Fn.I-3-1): ISO 12800 High Tone Priority settable: ISO 200-1600 Shutter Speeds 1/8000 to 1/60 sec., X-sync at 1/250 sec. 1/8000 to 30 sec., bulb (Total shutter speed range). Self Timer 10-sec. or 2-sec. delay Power Source One Battery Pack BP-511A AC power can be supplied via optional AC Adapter Kit ACK-E2(with optional Battery Grip BG-E2N or BG-E2 attached, AA-size batteries can be used) Dimensions Approx. 5.7 x 4.2 x 2.9 in./145.5 x 107.8 x 73.5mm Weight Approx. 25.7 oz./730g (body only) Name Type Description TFT color, liquid-crystal monitor 3.0 in. Approx. 920,000 (VGA) Approx. 100% (viewing angle: approx. 160)
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Lesson 4 Exercise
Directions
Complete the item by performing the action required. Check your answer against the one listed at the end of this lesson.
Item 1
What are the four types of photographic coverage? a. b. c. d. Close-up view detail, medium view follow, distant view, and sweep panoramas Medium view follow, distant view, sweep panoramas, and close shot Close-up view detail, medium view follow, distant view, and far view close-up Sweep panoramas, close-up view detail, medium view follow, and double sweep
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Answers
The table below lists the answer to the exercise item. If you have any questions about this item, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 Answer a Reference Page 6-35
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LESSON 5 EMPLOY REMOTE SENSORS Introduction
Scope
Remote sensor operations expand the commanders view of the battlefield by providing a means to economically conduct continuous surveillance of vast areas, contributing key information to the intelligence collection effort. Reconnaissance units have Marines trained to employ this method. A remote sensor system consisting of individual sensors, communications relays, and monitoring devices, provides the capability to conduct remote sensor operations. These operations decrease the number of personnel required for reconnaissance and surveillance operations and reduce the risk associated with these operations.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to Describe the capabilities of remote sensors. Identify the limitations of remote sensors. Select the different methods of employment for remote sensors. Fill out a sensor report (SENREP).
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Fundamentals Remote Sensor Applications Capabilities Limitations Remote Sensor Detector Types Employment Methods Reporting Techniques Lesson 5 Exercise See Page 6-47 6-48 6-50 6-51 6-52 6-53 6-56 6-57 6-62
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Fundamentals
Fundamental Principles
A remote sensor system is a continuous, all-weather surveillance system which provides monitoring of activity in selected areas. The system consists of sensors, relays, and monitoring equipment; system components are emplaced at selected points on the battlefield to provide an integrated sensor network. Key considerations in employing remote sensors are the nature of the target, characteristics of the area or operations, time and resources available for emplacing the sensor network, and the location and connectivity of the sensor monitoring sites. Sensors are placed adjacent to the desired surveillance area, normally a route or point target (objective, helicopter landing zone, or assembly area). Individual sensors are activated by seismic, magnetic, infrared, or optical detections of moving targets. Detections are transmitted by FM radio link directly or via relays to the monitoring equipment. Operators at the monitoring site interpret the detections to determine location, direction, and speed of movement. They may also be able to provide an estimated number of vehicles or personnel detected and a generalized identification of the type of targets detected (e.g., tracked vehicles, wheeled vehicles, or personnel), depending upon the type of sensors employed and the nature of the targets activity. This information is then forwarded to intelligence, operations, and fire support agencies in the form of sensor reports.
Remote Sensor
Remote sensor is the device that detects the physical presence of an object by means of energy reflected or emitted by the object and transmits information from the detection to a specially equipped monitoring site located beyond visual observation range of the sensor.
Remote Sensor System
Remote sensor system is equipment suite consisting of sensors, relays, and monitoring equipment which provides a sensor surveillance capability
Sensor String
Sensor string is a grouping of two or more (usually three to five) remote sensors emplaced within the same area to provide coverage of a specific surveillance target such as a road intersection, choke point, or objective. Sensors are normally employed in strings, since a string can provide significantly more information than an individual sensor.
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Sensor Field
A sensor field is a group of sensor strings within the same geographic area which provide surveillance over a specific portion of the battlefield or a group of related surveillance targets.
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
An IDS (also known as attended ground sensors) consists of sensors and monitoring equipment intended to support local security requirements. Intrusion detection systems are distinguished from remote sensor systems by their short range and the absence of the requirement to establish a special monitoring site.
Sensor Network or Net
A sensor network or net is an integrated network system of sensor strings, relays, and monitoring sites established to provide sensor surveillance over all or part of the area of operations.
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Remote Sensor Applications
General Surveillance
Sensors are used to provide general surveillance to lines of communications, beachheads, helicopter landing zones, assembly areas, objectives, and other named areas of interest (NAIs). Sensor information is used to develop the general enemy situation and support the scheme of maneuver through the detection of enemy activity near insertion points or other objectives.
Early Warning
Sensors are placed along most likely avenues of approach to provide early warning of enemy movement toward friendly positions. Sensor strings may be placed forward, on the flanks, or in the rear of friendly units to facilitate force protection. In this application, sensors should be implanted as far forward of friendly positions as possible, exploiting the extended range of the remote sensor system to provide maximum reaction time.
Target Acquisition
A well-developed sensor network can be used for target acquisition. Sensors are implanted along key enemy lines of communications or NAIs and sensor activations are used to initiate targeting action. The key limitation of sensors in this application is the inability to discriminate between hostile, friendly, and noncombatant activity. As a result, sensor data must normally be confirmed by some other surveillance asset. Sensors do provide an excellent means of facilitating the targeting process through the cueing of other target acquisition sources, and, once a target is positively identified, a well-planned sensor network can track a target as it moves across the battlefield. If used for target acquisition, care must be taken not to compromise the location of sensor strings through repeated attacks on enemy forces located in the same area.
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Capabilities
Capabilities of Remote Sensors
The following are capabilities of a remote sensor: Remote surveillance. Remote sensors provide an extended-range surveillance capability without the requirement to maintain a physical presence in the surveillance area. Through the use of relays to maintain line-of-sight communications connectivity between the sensors and the monitoring site, monitoring operations can be conducted a hundred miles or more from the surveillance area. Target detection and classification. Sensors can confirm or deny the presence of activity in the designated area and give a general indication of the type and volume of activity. Sensors can provide the number, general type, location, direction, and speed of most acquired targets. The degree of detail and accuracy of the target classification is a function of the number and type of sensors used as well as the proficiency of the monitoring site operator. While sensor data alone is rarely sufficient for target acquisition, sensors can be used to cue other surveillance and target acquisition assets to obtain the data required for targeting. Near real-time reporting. Electronic transmission of sensor detections to the monitoring site provides near real time reporting of activity in the surveillance area. Continuous operations. Sensors operate day and night, in all weather conditions. Individual sensors can operate continuously for up to 30 days; relay systems can function for up to 45 days. Battery life is the primary factor limiting sensor/relay endurance; battery life is de-pendent upon the number of activations and transmissions required along with weather and other environmental factors. Stealth. Properly emplaced remote sensors are extremely difficult to detect. Built-in electronic counter countermeasures also make electronic detection and countermeasures against remote sensors unlikely. To enhance system security, individual sensors contain an alarm circuit which notifies the monitoring station if the sensor is tampered with. Flexibility. Remote sensors can be employed in a variety of means to support the concept of operations. Sensors can be hand emplaced by mobile and/or foot patrols or dropped from aircraft. Detections can be relayed and processed in real time or stored by relays for transmission on command.
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Capabilities
Limitations of Remote Sensors
The following are limitations of a remote sensor: Implant operations. The time and resources required to implant sensors and relays are the key limitations on remote sensor operations. The placement of sensors and relays must be planned in detail and accomplished well in advance of when the information is needed. The tactical situation may preclude use of aircraft for implant operations and limit the number of ground patrols which can be employed for implanting sensors. Terrain masking. Remote sensors require radio frequency line-of-sight between sensors and the monitoring site; as a result, they are susceptible to terrain masking which may preclude extended range employment of sensors in mountainous areas. Effective employment requires detailed planning of sensor, relay, and monitoring site locations as well as knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of the transmitters. Limited target discrimination. Using a mix of sensor types can provide a general category of the target, e.g., personnel, wheeled vehicles, or tracked vehicles, but sensors will not be able to determine whether the target is friendly, enemy, or non-combatant. Sensor activations must be combined with other information to provide target identification. Responsiveness. Because of the time required to plan and execute implant operations, remote sensors are generally not responsive to rapidly changing requirements. Advance planning of sensor support through detailed study of the mission, enemy, area of operations, and commanders intent provides the best means of anticipating future sensor requirements. Sensor Positioning. Accurate emplacement of the sensors is crucial to obtaining coverage of the desired area. Knowing the exact location of the implanted sensor is critical to successful relay and monitoring operations. As a result, implants must be done according to a plan and the location of the implants must be accurately reported to the monitoring agency. Inventory. Sensor assets are limited. Failure Rate. Inherent in all electronic systems is the possibility of component failure. Loss of any single electronic component may render the device inoperable and degrade the operation of the overall system.
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Remote Sensor Detector Types
Air-Delivered
Air-delivered sensors are self-contained units, consisting of a seismic detector, encoder transmitter, and antenna in one package designed to bury itself in the ground when dropped from an aircraft. This package is designated for the air-delivered seismic intrusion detector (ADSID). The graph below shows an ADSID.
Seismic
The seismic intrusion detector (SID) is the basic detector. The SID is equipped with a seismic geophone which detects ground vibrations caused when personnel or vehicles pass within the geophones detection range. SIDs has an average detection radius of 25 meters for personnel and 100 meters for vehicles. The detection radius will vary with soil type; the sensors sensitivity may be adjusted to suit specific environmental conditions. The graph below shows a seismic intrusion detector.

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Remote Sensor Detector Types, Continued
Magnetic
Magnetic sensors are confirming sensors, primarily used to detect the presence of vehicles or distinguish between vehicles and personnel. They detect disturbances in a self-generated magnetic field caused by the presence of ferrous metals. They can also determine direction of movement across their magnetic field, i.e., left-to-right or right-to-left. Magnetic detectors have a limited radius: 3 meters for personnel and 25 meters for vehicles. Magnetic sensors cannot be implanted from the air. The graph below shows a magnetic sensor.
Infrared
Infrared sensors are another type of confirming sensor; they are particularly useful for counting the number of objects (personnel or vehicles) moving through a sensor string. Infrared sensors use a passive infrared detector to sense changes in ambient temperature caused by the movement of an object through its field of view. Infrared detectors can also determine direction of movement across their field of vision. Infrared detectors have a unidirectional detection range of 15 meters for personnel and 100 meters for vehicles. Infrared detectors must be above ground with their sensor head sited to provide an unobstructed field of view to the surveillance area. They cannot be implanted from the air. The graph below shows an infrared sensor with an encoder transmitter unit.

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Remote Sensor Detector Types, Continued
Encoder Transmitter Unit (ETU)
ETUs contain the logic, circuitry, and power source necessary for the transmission of sensor detections. A common ETU is used with all three types of hand-emplaced detectors; two detectors can be attached to each ETU. The graph below shows an encoder transmitter unit with seismic intrusion detector and magnetic intrusion detector.
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Employment Methods
Concept of Employment
Sensors are implanted in strings of two to five sensors per string. Whenever possible, a variety of sensors will be used within a string to provide maximum target discrimination data. Strings are implanted according to a coherent sensor surveillance plan, facilitating comprehensive coverage of designated surveillance sites and the general area of operations. Sensor strings are integrated with data relays and monitoring sites, forming a sensor network.
Air
Aerial emplacement of sensors can rapidly establish a sensor network over a large area. Disadvantages of air implant operations include detection and interdiction by the enemy air defense system, inaccuracies in emplacement inherent in the air drop technique, and the limited sensor types available for air drop. Aerial emplacement should be used in areas of low or no air defense threat when the requirement for speed and depth in establishing the sensor network outweighs the need for accurate emplacement and the use of confirming sensor types.
Mounted Patrol
Mounted patrols can also rapidly establish the sensor network over a wide area. However, hand emplacement by mounted patrols overcome most of the disadvantages associated with air-dropping including accuracy of emplacement and employment of confirming sensor types. Mounted patrols are subject to detection and interdiction by enemy defenses and are restricted to areas accessible by vehicle. Mounted patrols should be used to implant sensors whenever the terrain and threat permit the conduct of such patrols.
Foot Patrol
Foot patrols provide a clandestine means to implant sensors forward of friendly lines. The key limitations on implantation by foot patrol are the time and assets required to establish the sensor network. A normal foot patrol can carry two to three sensor strings; it can take 24-72 hours to complete the emplacement of those strings. Unless a large number of patrols can be dedicated to implant operations, only a limited sensor network can be established in a short period of time. Foot patrols should be employed to emplace key sensor strings or relays when the terrain or threat precludes use of other implant methods. Because they are trained to operate at significant depths in front of friendly lines, ground reconnaissance units are the preferred agencies for these implant operations.
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Reporting Techniques
Formats
The sensor report (SENREP) is the standard format used to report sensor data. This format is used for voice, data, and hard copy reports. The general state of the sensor network, changes in the status of specific sensor strings and relays, and planned sensor operations can be reported using the sensor status report. Other information concerning the sensor network and monitoring operations of primary interest (implants, changes in monitoring responsibilities, etc.) is reported using the joint remote sensor report request (JRSR/R). The following pages of this lesson we will discuss the sensor report format and also the sensor status report.
SENREP
The SENREP is a four-line report used to report the activity detected by the emplaced sensor network. Line 1 Title (TITLE). This field is a literal string field which always contains the word SENREP. Sender Identification (SENDER-ID). This field, which can be up to ten alphanumeric characters, denotes the sender of the report. For example 1STSCAMPHQ would identify the sender as the platoon headquarters of 1STSCAMP. For SCAMP originated messages, this SENDER-ID should contain the following components: A three character alphanumeric field containing the numerical identification of the SCAMP (1ST, 2ND, 3RD, or 4TH). The acronym SCAMP. A two character alphanumeric field containing a reference to one of the following subcomponents of the SCAMP: Platoon Headquarters (HQ), First Squad Headquarters Element (10), First Squad, First Team (11) so on and so forth. Sequence Number (SEQ-NO). This field, which consists of three numeric characters, denotes the sequence number of this report. This allows for up to 999 reports/requests each day. Sequence numbers always return to 001 at midnight local time. Each sequence number can only be used by a single sensor report for a given day.
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Reporting Techniques, Continued

SENREP, continued
Classification (CLASS). This field, which can be either one or two alphabetic characters, denotes the classification of the report. Allowable abbreviations include: Unclassified (U), Confidential (C), Secret (S), and Top Secret (TS). Release ability (RELEASABLY). This field, which consists of two alphabetic characters, denotes the release ability of the report. Examples of this field include: Germany (GE), United Kingdom (UK). Date of Release (DOR). This field, which consists of six numeric characters, denotes the date of release for the report. The first two digits represent the year, the next two represent the month, and the last two digits represent the day of the month (YYMMDD). Environment/Operation Name (ENVIR/OPNAME). This field, which can be up to 13 characters, denotes the name of the operation or environment (theater) that the report supports. Examples of this include OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM or OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM. String Number (STR-NO). This field, which consists of six alphanumeric characters, identifies the string that detected the activity. This field must contain the following components: A single alphabetic character to indicate the monitoring component. The following character values are allowed: Air Force (T), Army (A), Navy (N), and Marine (M). A single alphabetic character to indicate the planning or emplacement/implant component. The following character values are allowed: Air Force (T), Army (A), Navy (N), and Marine (M). A single numeric character to denote the sensor field. This allows up to nine fields (1-9) to be active in any sensor operation. Two numeric characters to denote the sensor string number. This allows up to ninety-nine sensor strings (01-99) per sensor field
Line 2
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SENREP, continued
Single alphabetic character to indicate the status of the string. The following character values are allowed: Active (A), Abandoned (D), Planned (P), and Simulated (S). For example, string MM101A would represent an active string, planned and monitored by the Marine Corps, which is the first string in the first sensor field of the operation. Time (TIME). This field, which contains four numeric characters and an alphabetic character, denotes the time that the reported activity started. The first two digits represent the hour, the next two digits represent the minutes, and the last character is a time zone indicator (HHMMA). For example, 1200Z represents 12:00 Zulu (Greenwich Mean) Time. Quantity (QTY). This field, which contains up to three numeric characters, denotes the approximate number of vehicles/personnel detected. Target Type (TGT-TYP). This field, which contains up to six characters, denotes the type of target detected. Examples of this field include: Personnel (PERSON) and Vehicular (VEHICL). Target Subtype (SUB-TYP). This field, which contains up to six characters, denotes the sub-type of target detected. Examples include: TRACK and WHEEL. Target Speed (SPD). This field, which contains up to three numeric characters and up to three alphabetic characters, denotes the speed of target. This field is usually entered using kilometers per hour (KPH). An example of this field would be 50KPH. Direction (DIR). This field, which contains up to three alphabetic characters, denotes the direction of movement of target detected. Allowable values include: N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, and NNW. Column Length (COL-LGTH). This field, which contains up to three numeric characters and up to three alphabetic characters, denotes the approximate column length of target detected
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SENREP, continued
Line 3
Estimated Time of Arrival Location (ETA-LOC). Used only when a sensor string is emplaced/implanted for the sole purpose of target acquisition. This field, which contains up to 16 alphanumeric characters, denotes the pre-planned target coordinates agreed upon. This field accommodates latitude/longitude coordinates or UTM coordinates. For example, the White House is located at 385351N0770211W (latitude/longitude coordinates) and at 18SUJ2337707452 (UTM coordinates). Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA). ETA is used only when a sensor string is emplaced/implanted for target acquisition. This field, which contains four numeric characters and one alphabetic character, denotes the time which the target will arrive at the preplanned target coordinates agreed upon. The first two digits of this field represent the hour, the next two digits represent the minutes, and the last character is a time zone indicator (HHMMA). For example, 1200Z represents 12:00 Zulu (Greenwich Mean) Time.
Line 4
Comments (COMMENTS). This line, which contains up to 60 characters per line, allows textual comments, up to 13 lines, as needed.
The graphic below shows an example of a SENREP with information already on it.
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Sensor Status Report
The Sensor Status Report is a free-text report used by the SCAMP/SCAMP detachment to report the current status of the sensor net. Sensor status reports will be filed when directed by the MAGTF G-2/S-2; they should only be used when the requirement exists to keep the entire force appraised of the status of an extensive sensor net. When used, the normal reporting period is 24 hours. Include the following information when submitting a sensor status report: From: To: Subj: Sensor Status Report 1. Period Covered: 2. Summary of Daily Sensor Activity 3. Status of Sensor Network 4. New sensors/strings emplaced 5. Sensors/strings no longer operational 6. Relay status 7. Activity planned for next reporting period 8. Remarks
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Lesson 5 Exercise
Directions
Item 1
Which of the following is one of the capabilities of remote sensors? a. b. c. d. Able to be emplace by hand or dropped by air Require a line of sight between sensor and monitoring station Able to distinguish between friend and foe Ability to detect any movement from behind a mountain
Item 2
Due to the __________ , remote sensors by themselves cannot provide positive identification. a. b. c. d. responsiveness sensor positioning limited target discrimination inventory
Item 3
Which method of emplacement can be best if you want to cover a large area that has no air defenses in a rapid manner? a. b. c. d. Mounted patrol Aerial emplacement Foot patrol Vehicle patrol
Item 4
When reading a sensor report (SENREP), where can you confirm if the sensor is active? a. b. c. d. Line 1 Sequence number (SEQ NO) Line 3 Quantity (QTY) Line 2 String Number (STR-NO) Line 4 comments
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Answers
The table below lists the correct answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 Answer a c b c Reference Page 6-48 6-49 6-53 6-55
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STUDY UNIT 7 THREAT WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT Overview
Scope
Weapons identification plays an instrumental role in ascertaining the materiel sourcing efforts of threat forces. By identifying the nomenclature of a weapon or weapons systems or related materials, intelligence analysts can potentially pinpoint the manufacturing country and may ultimately identify how the weapon or weapons systems were procured by the threat. This information can link forces in the area of responsibility as well as foreign government or third-party supporters. At the operational level, analysts use this information and intelligence to complete link analysis products, which commanders use to conduct operations in the area of responsibility. This study unit provides an overview of commonly encountered threat weapons, weapons systems, and equipment.
In This
The following lessons are in this study unit: Lesson Small Arm Threat Weapons Threat Equipment See Page 7-3 7-15
Study Unit
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Study Unit 7
LESSON 1 SMALL ARM THREAT WEAPONS Introduction
Scope
Small arms are generally describe as .50-millimeter or smaller weapons. Threat forces prefer small arms because they are easy to conceal and available in large quantities. This lesson outlines the most common features of threat weapons that a reconnaissance Marine may encounter in a hostile environment. Special operations forces and airborne assault, reconnaissance, and insurgent units often use these weapons. Small arms may be classified into the following categories: Personal defense weapons Individual combat weapons Machine guns Sniper weapons Mission-specific weapons
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to identify the different types of threat weapons.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Personal Defense Weapons Individual Combat Weapons Machine Guns Sniper Rifles Mission Specific Weapons Lesson 1 Exercise See Page 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-7 7-10 7-11 7-13
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Personal Defense Weapons
Pistols
Personal defense weapons include pistols and revolvers. Pistols carry cartridges in a detachable (usually) magazine that is normally in the handgrip. However, some pistols have their magazine forward of the trigger guard. Revolvers carry their ammunition supply in a revolving cylinder. The following graphics show two of the most common threat pistols used today.
PM Makarov Pistol Specifications Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o Cartridges Bullet muzzle velocity Effective rate of fire Range Magazine Capacity
PSM Self-Loading Pistol PSM Self-Loading Pistol 5.45mm 5.45x18 MPTs 0.46kg 315m/sec 30rds/min 50m 8 rds
PM Makarov Pistol 9mm 9x18 0.73 kg 3l5m/sec 30rds/min 50m 8 rds
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Individual Combat Weapons
Rifles and Assault Rifles
Individual combat weapons include rifles and assault rifles. A rifle is a small caliber, shoulder-fired weapon chambered for a full-power cartridge that fires a bullet weighing in excess of 150 grains and generates a muzzle energy of 2,500 pounds-feet. Rifles may be operated manually, usually by bolt action or semi-automatic, either by gas or recoil method. A rifle may be capable of full-automatic fire, but this is unusual because the high-energy cartridge associated with rifles makes them essentially uncontrollable on full automatic. Assault rifles are chambered for an intermediate power cartridgein terms of ballistic performance between full power rifle cartridges and pistol ammunition. The assault rifle solves the uncontrollability issue of automatic fire inherent in full-power rifles by using a lower-powered cartridge and combining it with full-automatic or burst fire.
AK-47 Series
The following graphics show different versions of the most common Kalashnikov assault rifles being used by enemy troops.
AK-47 Specifications Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o magazine Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range AK-47 7.62 mm 7.62 x 39 mm 4.3 kg 870 mm 715m/sec 600 rpm 30 Rounds 300 meters
AKS-47 AKS-47 7.62 mm 7.62 x 39 mm 3.9 kg 868mm 715m/sec 600 rpm 30 Rounds 300 meters

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Individual Combat Weapons, Continued

________________________________________________________
AK-47 Series, continued
The following graphics show the Kalashnikov's assault rifle AK-74 (which is a modernized version of AKM) and the AKS-74U. They were adopted in the mid-1970s as AK-74 (Kalashnikov's assault rifle 1974 year model) and intended as a main personal Russian Army infantry weapon and as Special Forces weapons. These assault rifles were intended for new Soviet 5.45 x 39 cartridges.
AK-74 Specifications Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o magazine Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range AK-74 5.45 5.45x39mm 3.07 kg 700 mm 900 m/sec 600 rpm 30 cartridges 500 meters
AKS-74U AKS-74U 5.45 5.45x39mm 2.485kg 730mm 735m/sec 700 rpm 30 or 45 cartridges 300-400 meters
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Machine Guns
Categories
Machine guns are divided into three categories: Light machine gun General-purpose machine gun (GPMG) Heavy machine gun
All machine guns within the three categories are full-automatic weapons used for support at the squad, platoon, company levels, and used by foreign forces.
Light Machine Guns
The RPK, shown below, is the light machine gun version of the AKM, the RPK-74 is a light machine gun version of the AKM-74, firing the same ammunition. The 5.45-mm round of the RPK-74 has a considerably higher muzzle velocity than the 7.62-mm round of the RPK. However, both weapons probably have the same maximum range (2,500 meters) and effective range (800 meters).
RPK-74 Specifications Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o magazine Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range RPK-74 5.45 5.45 x 39mm 4.6 kg 1060 mm 960 m/sec 600 650 rpm 45 cartridges 800 m
RPK RPK 7.62 7.62 x 39 mm 5.6 kg 1040 mm 745m/sec 600 rpm 40, 75 round magazine 800 meters

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Machine Guns, Continued
General Purpose Machine Guns
As a squad support weapon, the PKM compliments the existing design of assault rifles that fire a middle-range version of the same round. A bipod is fitted to the underside of the barrel system for stabilized support and can be folded up when portability is required. The weapons feeds into a system that is similar to the AK system and can fire from 100, 200, or 250 round belt. The graphic below shows a general purpose machine gun.
PKM Description Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o magazine Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range PKM 7.62 7.62 x 54mmR 7.5 kg 1163 mm 825 m/sec 650/850 rpm 100/200/250 round belts 1500 meters
MCI Course 0332H
7-8
Machine Guns, Continued
Heavy Machine Gun
Below are graphics that show the most common heavy machine guns used by foreign forces.
12.7mm DShK heavy machinegun
12.7mm-NSV heavy machine gun Description Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o tripod Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range DShK 12.7mm 12.7 x 108mm 34 kg 1625 mm 850 m/sec 600 rpm 50 round belt fed 2000 meters NSV 12.7mm 12.7 x 108mm 25 kg 1560 mm 845 m/sec 700-800 rpm 50 round belt fed 1500 meters (Air) 2000 meters (ground)
MCI Course 0332H
7-9
Sniper Rifles
SVD (Dragunov) and SKS Sniper Rifles
Sniper weapons are highly developed outgrowths of basic military rifles and have gradually become a specialized class of weapons. Sniper weapons are generally heavier than standard rifles. They are constructed with greater precision for improved long-range accuracy. Virtually all sniper weapons are equipped with optical sights as their primary sighting mechanism and most have provisions for night vision devices. Below is a graphic that shows some of the most common sniper rifles used.
SVD Sniper Rifle (Dragunov)
SKS with Scope
Note: SKS without Scope can be used as an individual assault weapon also. Specifications Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o magazine Weight with scope Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range SVD Sniper Rifle 7.62 mm 7.62 x 54mmR 3.7 kg 4.3 kg 1225 mm 830 m/sec 35 40 rpm 10 rounds 800 meters w/o scope 1300 meters with scope SKS 7.62 7.62 x 39mm 3.75 kg 1020 mm 735 m/sec 35 40 rpm 10 rounds 1000 meters
MCI Course 0332H
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Mission Specific Weapons
Grenade Launchers
Some grenades can be launched using standard infantry rifles by means of an adaptor and special grenade cartridges. There are general-purpose rifle grenades and grenades for specialized launchers, such as the U.S. M203 or Russian BG-25/30. There are multiple-shot individual grenade launchers and fully automatic grenade launchers. The following graphics show single and multi-shot grenade launchers.
40-mm under barrel grenade launcher GP-30
RG-6 Multi-shot Grenade launcher

Specifications Caliber Weight w/o rounds Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Grenade Capacity Maximum Effective Range GP-30 40mm 1.5 kg 275 mm 76 m/sec 5 6 rpm 1 400 meters RG-6 40mm 5.7 kg 780 mm extended 570 mm collapsed 76 m/sec 12 15 rpm 6 Rounds 400 meters
MCI Course 0332H
7-11
Mission Specific Weapons, Continued
Sub-Machine Guns
Submachine guns have been widely fielded among support troops, who require a small, handy weapon capable of delivering a large amount of firepower, and among special-purpose forces, which require high firepower in a compact package. Submachine guns are traditionally chambered in a pistol caliber, for example, 9 19 millimeters, but today many are chambered for intermediate cartridges, for example 5.45 39 millimeters. The following graphics show examples of some sub-machine guns used today.
Kedr PP-91 SMG Specifications Caliber Cartridge Weight w/o magazine Overall Length Muzzle Velocity Rate of Fire Magazine Capacity Maximum Effective Range
Heckler and Koch Ump Kedr PP-91 SMG 9 mm 9 x 18mm 1.4 kg 540mm 300mm w/folded stock 310 m/sec 800 1200 rpm 20 or 30 rnd magazine 50 meters Heckler and Koch UMP 11.43 mm 11.43 x 23mm 2.2 kg 600mm 285 m/sec 600 rpm 25 rounds 150 meters
MCI Course 0332H
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Lesson 1 Exercise
Directions
For items 1 through 4, match the type in column 1 with the small arm threat weapon in column 2. Column 1 Type _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. AK-47 AKS-47 AK-74 Dragunov Column 2 Small Arm Threat Weapon
a. b.
c.
d.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 Answer c a d b Reference Page 7-5 7-5 7-6 7-10
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7-14
LESSON 2 THREAT EQUIPMENT Introduction
Scope
Identifying vehicles, aircraft, or equipment in the battlefield is crucial when it comes to combat. Although Russian equipment has been sold in large numbers worldwide, reconnaissance Marines could find themselves facing British, French, and American-made equipment operating as a threat force. Furthermore, it is likely in any future conflict U.S. forces will deploy as part of a coalition of allied nations which may use a wide variety of equipment. Classifying and categorizing equipment by types is also complicated by the increasing likelihood of having to discriminate between friend/foe and combatant/noncombatant in urban settings. To mitigate against fratricide and unnecessary collateral damage, reconnaissance Marines must use all of the situational awareness (SA) tools available and develop tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for performing target discrimination. This lesson will discuss some important features that are needed to help you identify enemy equipment.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to identify the different features of threat equipment.
In This Lesson
The following topics are in this lesson: Topic Introduction Vehicle Features Air Features Tanks Armored Personnel Carriers/Infantry Fighting Vehicles Anti-Aircraft Weapons Lesson 2 Exercise See Page 7-15 7-16 7-22 7-23 7-24 7-25 7-26
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Vehicle Features
Overview
The features on vehicles determine what type a vehicle is, whether it is friendly or foe. Some features like wheels, tracks, turret, armament, rotors, type of armor, and secondary weapons can be helpful when recognizing the type of vehicle.
Ground Vehicles
The acronym WHAT is a method used to indentify an armored or wheeled vehicle. Wheels/Track Hull Armament Turret
Wheels/Tracks
When looking at the ground vehicles wheels or tracks, there are some questions you need to ask yourself. How many wheels? What type of suspension does the track have? Does it have support rollers? And how many? Is the track supported or unsupported?
The graphic below shows an unsupported track vehicle.
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Vehicle Features, Continued
Wheels/Tracks, continued
The graphic below shows a supported track vehicle.
Hull
The hull is nothing more than the body of the vehicle. When studying the hull of a vehicle there are some questions that you need to ask yourself. What shape is it? Where is the engine located? Where is the driver position? Are there any troop hatches? Are there any external fuel cell?
The graphics below show two different types of hulls.
Boat Shape Hull
Box Shape Hull

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Vehicle Armament
The vehicles armament has features that help determine if the vehicle is friendly or foe. Some questions to consider are listed below: What type/size of main armament does it appear to have? Are there secondary weapons? Where is the bore evacuator? Is there a thermal shroud? Is there a presence of a muzzle break/flash suppressor? Is the main armament short or long? What shape is the mantle, if any?
The graphic below shows what the bore evacuator and gun mantle look like:
Gun Mantle
Bore Evacuator
Turret
Turrets are also helpful key features to vehicle recognition. There are a few questions that you should ask yourself: What shape and size is the turret? Where is the turret mounted on the hull? How many and what shape are the hatches (if visible)? Does the vehicle have a fording snorkel kit? Are grenade launchers present? Are there troop rails visible? Are there reactive tiles?
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Vehicle Features
Overview
Similar to the acronym WHAT for ground vehicles, aircraft uses the acronym FART which stands for Fuselage Armament Rotors/Wing Tail
By using this format, it will help you distinguish what type of aircraft it is. The fuselage is the aircrafts main body section. When examining the fuselage, ask yourself these questions: What shape and size is the fuselage? Are there any weapon sights visible? Are there landing wheels or skids? Where is the exhaust located? What shape is the nose? Are troop doors present? Where are the engines mounted? Does the cockpit appear to be for one pilot or for a crew? Is a large amount of the cockpit glass or other material? Are there any windows visible? Does it have any stub wings? Are external fuel tanks visible? Are there any other dominant features?
Fuselage
Aircraft Armament
Identifying the aircrafts armament can also be helpful to identify the aircraft. Ask yourself the following questions when you are looking at an aircraft: What type of main armament does it have? Are there any secondary armaments? Are the weapons attached to the wings or fuselage? Is the weapon sighting system(s) visible?
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Rotors/Wings
When looking at an aircrafts rotors or wings, the shape or placement can help you identify the aircraft. Consider the questions below: How many rotor blades are there? Is there any type of equipment or sensors above the rotors?
The following graphic shows a rotary wing external sensor.
Tails
The tail is the section at the rear of the aircraft. Consider the following questions: How long is the tail wing? Is there a tail rotor? If so, which side is the tail rotor on? Is it a normal or fenestron tail rotor? Does it have rear horizontal stabilizer wings? Is there an exhaust on the tail? Does it have a rear landing wheel or skid?
The following graphic shows a fenestron tail rotor and a stabilizer wing.
Fenestron Tail Rotor
Rear horizontal stabilizer wing
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Acronyms WHAT and FART
Now that you have learned what to look for in ground and aircraft vehicles, use the following graphics that show what we have discussed to go through the following pages and apply these methods of identification. The following graphics show the acronym WHAT and FART as a whole.
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Air Features
Attack Helicopters
Attack helicopters are military helicopters with the primary role of an attack aircraft that have the capability of engaging targets on the ground, such as enemy infantry and armored vehicles. Weapons used on attack helicopters can include auto-cannons, machine-guns, rockets, and guided missiles such as the Hellfire. Some of today's attack helicopters have two main roles: first, to provide direct and accurate close air support for ground troops, and the second, in the anti-tank role to destroy enemy armor. The following graphics show attack helicopters used by some enemy forces.
Mi-24 Hind
Mi-28 Havoc Specifications Mission Gun Anti-tank Guide Missiles Rockets Bombs Range w/normal payload Crew Passengers Mi-24 Hind Attack helicopter 30 mm or 12.7 mm AT-2c AT-6c 57 mm or 80 mm 250 kgs 500 kgs 480 km 2 8 Mi-28 Havoc Attack helicopter 23 mm or 30 mm AT-6 AT-9 AT-16 57 mm N/A 470 km 2 N/A
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Tanks
T-Series Tanks
A tank is a tracked, armored fighting vehicle designed for front line combat in which it combines operational mobility, offensive, and defensive capabilities. The firepower that a tank carries is provided by a large-caliber main gun and secondary machine guns located in a rotating turret, while heavy armor provide protection for the tank and its crew. There have been many designs of tanks since they were first used in the battlefield. The following graphics only show some of the most common enemy used tanks.
T-72
T-55
T-90 Specifications Crew Weight Overall Length Main Gun Machine Gun Combat Load T-72 3 41 tons 9530 mm 125 mm 1 x 7.62 mm 1 x 12. 7 mm 39 main gun 2000 x 7.62 mm 300 x 12.7 mm T-55 4 36 tons 9000 mm 100 mm 2 x 7.62 mm 1 x 12.7 mm 34 main gun 3500 x 7.62 mm 200 x 12.7 mm T-90 3 46.5 tons 9530 mm 125 mm 1 x 7.62 mm 1 x 12. 7 mm 43 main gun 2000 x 7.62 mm 300 x 12.7 mm
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Armored Personnel Carriers/Infantry Fighting Vehicles
APC
Armored personnel carriers (APCs) can sometimes be mistaken for tanks or infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) due to their design and look; however, their armament and capabilities are completely different from one another. APCs are troop transporters and some are also amphibious. The graphic below shows an APC.
BTR-70 General Data Role Crew Armament BTR-70 Amphibious and personnel carrier 3 + 8 Passengers 1 x 7.62 mm PKT machine gun 1 x 14.5mm machine gun
IFV
Infantry fighting vehicles have a more direct combat action than that of an APC. Many tank units have IFVs alongside them for protection against infantry round troops and other armor vehicles as well. The graphic below shows an IFV that is commonly used by enemy forces.
BMP-2 General Data Role Crew Armament BMP-2 Amphibious infantry fighting vehicle 3 + 7 Passengers 1 x 7.62 mm PKT machine gun 1 x 30mm cannon
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Anti-Aircraft Weapons
ZSU-23-4
Air defense systems are used to protect ground forces and other targets from an attack by enemy fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters. There are three general categories of air defense vehicles: Surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. Anti-aircraft (AA) gun systems. These vehicles may be used to engage ground targets as well. Gun/missile hybrid systems.
These anti-aircraft vehicles have a sensor package that may consist of one or more radars, direct view optics, and electro-optics systems. The most important aspect of air defense systems is the sensor package since they perform the surveillance and tracking functions. At times an anti-aircraft vehicle can be easily recognizable since you can easily see the radars they have. The following graphic shows an anti-aircraft vehicle.
ZSU-23-4 General Data Role Crew Armament Radar ZSU-23-4 Low-level air defense 4 4 x 23mm automatic cannons Detection range 12 miles Tracking range 6 miles
MCI Course 0332H
7-25
Lesson 2 Exercise
Directions
Items 1 Through Item 4
For items 1 through 4, match the spaces provided in column 1, place the letter of the phrase from column 2 that defines the correct small arm threat weapon. Column 1 Column 2 Threat Equipment _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. Mi-24 Hind BMP-2 BTR-70 ZSU-23-4
e.
f.
g.
h.
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 Answer b d a c Reference Page 7-22 7-24 7-24 7-25
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MCI Course 0332H
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APPENDIX USING THE AN/PYQ-10 FOR COMMUNICATION OPERATIONS OVERVIEW
Purpose
This appendix will discuss the operational capabilities of the AN/PYQ-10 and provides information on how to use the AN/PYQ-10 to provide COMSEC on certain radios that are used throughout the Marine Corps.
In This Appendix
The following topics are in this appendix: Topic Introduction General Characteristics Using the SKL to load AN/PRC-117F with Traffic Encryption Keys (TEK) /Key Encryption Key (KEK) Use Simple Key Loader to load AN/PRC-117F with SINCGARS FH Data Load key into AN/PRC-148 Radio with AN/PYQ-10 Simple Key Loader (SKL) Use Simple Key Loader to Load an AN/PRC-150 Use the SKL to load an AN/PRC-152 See Page A-1 A-2 A-4 A-7 A-8 A-13 A-15
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Appendix
General Characteristics
Equipment Description
The AN/PYQ-10, also known as the Simple Key Loader (SKL), is a hand held minicomputer/Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). It uses all the functions of a desktop computer but with the added features of portability on the battlefield and the ruggedness to withstand the rigors of a combat environment.
Capabilities
The purpose of the Simple Key Loader is to replace the Data Transfer Device (DTD) that is currently fielded to support the Electronic Key Management System (EKMS) architecture. The SKL is backward compatible with existing End Cryptographic Units (ECUs). The SKL provides for the receipt, display, transmission, preparation, storage, and accountability of key material (to include Black Key Packages), EP material, and SOI information.
Controls, Connectors, Indicators and their Functions
The graphic below shows the location of components pertaining to the AN/PYQ-10:
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Appendix
General Characteristics, Continued
Controls, Connectors, Indicators and their Functions, continued
The table below describes the indicators and locations of the AN/PYQ-10 simple key loader (SKL) components.
Component Stylus
Power Button General Purpose Buttons (1-4)
Description The SKL includes two high resolution inductive sensor ruggedized styli. The stylus uses inductive touch panel technology which creates a magnetic field above the displays surface. The power button controls the SKL power These buttons are programmed by the manufacturer to perform certain actions. Button 1 is set up to open the start menu. Button 2 opens the selected application menu. Button 3 places the device into Night Vision mode. Button 4 activates Mouse mode These buttons are used to navigate the menus of the SKL.
There are two buttons below the 5-way Control Buttons. The one on the right will increase the screen brightness and the one on the left will decrease the brightness. Crypto-Ignition The CIK access area allows the operator to remove or Key (CIK) replace the CIK. The CIK is used to control access to the Access secure domain. The SKL cannot be operated without a CIK. Zerorize Button Pressing this button activates the Zerorize function and zerorization will commence immediately. Fill Port The fill port is a standard 6-pin fill connector used on the DTD and other communication devices. A standard fill cable is used to connect the SKL to other COMSEC equipment. KOV Light When this light is steady on, the KOV-21 card is powered on and working properly. If it is blinking, there could be a potential problem with the KOV-21 card. Battery Pack The battery pack can be one of two types. The first type is the Lithium-ion Polymer cell. The second type is a AA battery container that holds 8 AA Alkaline batteries.
5-Way Control Buttons Brightness Controls
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Appendix
Using the SKL to load AN/PRC-117F with Traffic Encryption Keys (TEK) /Key Encryption Key (KEK)
Prepare the Radio
The tables below list the steps to successfully accomplish load procedures. Before loading, you need to prepare the radio to receive SINCGARS ICOM fill. Step 1 2 3 4 Action Rotate function switch to LD Select KYK-13 as the fill device (even if loading from an ANCD or SKL.) Press Enter. Press enter to initiate screen displays.
Prepare the SKL to Transfer TEK/KEK
Use the following table to continue the load procedure.
Step 1
Action Select the Plats Tab and highlight the desired platform.
Example
Select File Transmit Load

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Appendix
Using the SKL to load AN/PRC-117F with Traffic Encryption Keys (TEK) /Key Encryption Key (KEK), Continued
Prepare the SKL to Transfer TEK/KEK, continued
Step 3
Action Select ICOM transfer. If time is desired place a check in the Include Time box. Click OK.
Example
Connect one end of the fill cable to the Audio, Data, Fill port on the PRC-117F and the other end to the fill port on the SKL. Even though the equipment type reads RT1523click NEXT to continue to load the PRC-117F. When loading the PRC-117F disregard the instructions in the following menu. These instructions are for loading an RT-1523. To load the PRC117F click SEND.
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A-5
Appendix
Using the SKL to load AN/PRC-117F with Traffic Encryption Keys (TEK) /Key Encryption Key (KEK), Continued
Prepare the SKL to Transfer TEK/KEK, continued
Step 6
Action The Press LOAD Button screen will appear even though LOAD was initiated while preparing the radio to receive the ICOM fill. The SKL will automatically begin to load the radio at this time.
Example
The following window will appear when the SKL has finished loading the PRC117F. Select NO.
This window indicates that the operation was successful. Click the OK button in the upper right-hand corner of the window and the Plats tab reopens.
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Appendix
Use Simple Key Loader to load AN/PRC-117F with SINCGARS FH Data
Prepare the SKL to Transfer SINCGARS ICOM FILL
The procedures for preparing the SKL to transfer a SINCGARS ICOM fill are the same as the previous procedures to transfer TEK/KEK. The table below lists the steps to prepare the radio for a SINCGARS ICOM fill.
Step 1 2 3
Action Rotate the function switch to LD Select the CYZ-10 RDS Fill Device. Press Enter. The screen should display FILL IN PROGRESS
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A-7
Appendix
Load Key into AN/PRC-148 Radio with AN/PYQ-10 Simple Key Loader (SKL)
AN/PRC-148 Loading Procedures
The table below lists the steps to load a key into the AN/PRC-148 (MBITR) Radio. Step 1 2 Action Turn on SKL, Login and launch UAS From SKL Main Display, Select the Keys tab
3 4
From the Keys tab, select a key to load choose short title From the Main Menu, select File >> Transmit >> Load
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Appendix
Load Key into AN/PRC-148 Radio with AN/PYQ-10 Simple Key Loader (SKL), Continued
AN/PRC-148 Loading Procedures, continued
Step 5
Action The Key Load Settings screen is displayed
Using the drop down list, select the transfer Protocol. Available options are DS-101, DS-102 or RS-232. If DS-101 is the default then you must select DS-102. It is suggested the DS-101 be avoided as DS-102 protocol is easier to use.
When the DS-102 Protocol is selected, the following options are available: Activate Mode: specifies the physical interface specifications of the fill port. Selectable options are DS-102, KYK-13, KYK-15, KEMPLE, KOI-18, NCD LD, SINC M1 ICOM, GOE-2, or MAGR. Select KYK-13.
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Appendix
AN/PRC-148 Loading Procedures (continued)
Step 8 9
Action From the Key Load Settings screen, select OK. The Ready to Send Key screen displays: Connect to Receive Equipment (Place AN/PRC-148 to LD) Short Title Edition Display for Every Key option when checked (default), the Ready to Send Key screen is displayed for every key assigned
10
Set up MBITR to accept key Press Alt and Mode together to access the menu Select Key Fill, then hit enter Select Comsec, then hit enter Select the proper TEK you want to load The radio will display "PTT TO LOAD". On the SKL dialog box, select OK
11 12
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Appendix
Step 13
Action SKL will display the following Status screen:
14 15 16 Load 17
Connect the SKL to the MBITR audio/keyfill connector with FILL Cable Press PTT on MBITR MIBTR will change to the next TEK when fill is complete When the key is loaded, an SKL dialog box appears with the message "Operation Successful." Select OK.
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Appendix
Step 18
Action The SKL Main Menu is displayed.
19
Repeat the steps to load a key if more keys are required. If no more keys are required, then hit the ESC button 3 times to return to the main menu.
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A-12
Appendix
Use Simple Key Loader to Load an AN/PRC-150
Prepare the Radio
You will first need to prepare the radio to receive COMSEC keys. The table below lists the steps to prepare the radio for COMSEC keys. Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Action Rotate the Cipher Switch to LD Select FILL Device KYK-13. (Use the up/down arrow to view fill devices). Select CRYPTO MODE. (Use up/down arrow key to select desired mode). Select KEY TYPE .(Use up/down arrow key to select TEK/KEK) Select KEY NUMBER = 01 to 25. (Use the up/down arrow). The screen displays Press ENT to initiate FILL. At this time connect the SKL to the radio.
Prepare the SKL
Use the following table to complete the loading process of the AN/PRC-150. Step 1 2 3 4 5 Action Start by selecting the keys tab. It doesnt make any difference which Short Title is highlighted when you open the Keys Tab. With the Keys Tab open, select FileTransmitLoad Selected Keys. Select the assigned key you wish to load. Once selected, click the OK button. The Key Load Settings screen will appear. Select DS-12 or KYK-13 for both Protocol and Activate mode and then click OK The Ready to Send Key screen will appear. This screen displays the key you have selected to load into the equipment. It displays Short Title Edition Segment Text ID
Once you have determined your selections and verified the key to be loaded, click on the OK button.
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Appendix
Use Simple Key Loader to Load an AN/PRC-150, Continued
Complete Loading Procedures
When you have completed preparing the radio and the SKL, use the following table to complete the process of loading the AN/PRC-150 from the KDU. Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Action Press ENT to initiate FILL. Display shows IN PROGRESS. Display shows TRANSFER SUCCESSFUL. Display shows MORE FILL DATA? YES Press CLR twice (CLR, CLR) Select CRYPTO TYPE. (Use the up/down arrow key to select desired TYPE). Select KEY TYPE. (Use the up/down arrow key to select TEK or KEK). Select KEY NUMBER = 01 to 25. (Use the up/down arrow key to select 01-25). Displays shows TRANSFER SUCESSFUL.
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Appendix
Use Simple Key Loader to load AN/PRC-152 SINCGARS Waveform

Prepare the Radio
As discussed before for different loading procedures using the SKL, preparing the action radio is part of the first step. The table below lists the steps to prepare the radio to load a SINCGARS Waveform. Step 1 2 3 Action Rotate Cipher Switch to LD Select FILL Select WAVEFORM to Load (Use the up/down arrow keys to view waveforms). Waveform options are VULOS SINCGARS HAVEQUICK Select FILL DEVICE SKL[MODE 2/3] (use up/down arrow keys to view fill devices). Screen displays INITIATE FILL AT FILL DEVICE. Note: At this point you will STOP and prepare the SKL to transfer the SINCGARS Data.
4 5
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Appendix
Use Simple Key Loader to load AN/PRC-152 SINCGARS Waveform, Continued
Prepare the SKL
Once you have prepared the radio to receive the data, you can prepare the SKL for transfer. The following table lists the steps for this process. Step 1 Action From the Plats Tab, highlight the desired platform to load as shown in the figure below. Example
From the SKL Main Menu, select FileTransmitLoad. The window in the figure SINCGARS Mode opens. When the ICOM Transfer is selected, the Include Time field is open and available to be selected as shown in the figure below. The decision to load the time from the SKL into the SINCGARS is up to the operator. Once the correct selections are made, tap on the OK button. The window in the figure appears. This window displays the equipment type you are about to load and the equipment name. Connect the SKL to the Fill port on the AN/PRC-152 radio and then tap on the Next > > button.
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Appendix
Prepare the SKL (continued)
Step 4
Action The next screen to appear is Profiles. Disregard this screen and click Send.
Example
When the Status screen opens, the operator does not need to do anything; the radio should begin loading automatically.
Once the radio has finished loading, a Re-load Equipment window will appear. Select No, disconnect your fill cable, and rotate the cipher switch to CT.
A window appears indicating the operation was successful. Click the OK button in the upper right hand corner of the screen. The SKL closes this screen and the Plats tab re-opens.

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Appendix
Store Keys at Radio
Upon completion of setting up the SKL, store the keys in the radio. The table below lists the steps to store keys. Step 1 2 3 4 5 Action Select the CLASSIFICATION = unclassified/secret. (Use the up/down arrow to select the classification.) The display indicates it is completing the FILL The display then shows LOADED. (Use up/down arrow key to view all items.) Press ENTER to continue. The Load Another Key? Yes or No window will appear.
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Appendix
REVIEW LESSON EXAMINATION Review Lesson
Introduction
The purpose of the review lesson examination is to prepare you for your final examination. We recommend that you try to complete your review lesson examination without referring to the text, but for those items (questions) you are unsure of, restudy the text. When you finish your review lesson and are satisfied with your responses, check your responses against the answers provided at the end of this review lesson examination. Select the ONE answer that BEST completes the statement or that answers the Item. For multiple choice items, circle your response. For matching items, place the letter of your response in the space provided. A Force Reconnaissance Company has the ability to conduct __________, __________, and limited-scale raids in support on the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). a. b. c. d. amphibious reconnaissance; scouting ground reconnaissance; amphibious patrolling amphibious reconnaissance; surveillance ground reconnaissance; air reconnaissance
Directions
Item 1
Item 2
How many teams compose a force reconnaissance platoon? a. b. c. d. 5 4 3 6
Item 3
To provide amphibious and ground reconnaissance operations in support of a Marine division is called what? a. b. c. d. Force Reconnaissance Secondary Mission Platoon Level Reconnaissance Primary Mission of a Reconnaissance Battalion Team Level Reconnaissance
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Review Lesson Examination
Review Lesson, Continued
Item 4
How many recon teams does a company consist of? a. b. c. d. 27 18 9 3
Item 5
The use of __________ may increase the difficulty or even prevent the use of Landing Zone (LZ) preparation fires due to the presence of friendly troops in or around the LZ. a. b. c. d. Helicopter Support teams Evacuation teams Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG) teams Subordinate Unit teams
Item 6
A(n) __________ is defined as a point within a landing site where one helicopter or vertical takeoff and landing aircraft can land a. b. c. d. landing point initial terminal point initial point control point
Item 7
An Initial Terminal Guidance team can perform insertion and extraction by a. b. c. d. walking foot patrol, SPIE, vehicular, landing craft. parachute, helicopter landing; vehicle; landing craft, infiltrate. boat, surface swim, helocast, rappelling. fast roping, rappelling, SPIE, submarine lock-in.
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Item 8
Indicate _________ in the vicinity of the landing sites either by radio or low intensity markers. a. b. c. d. enemy combatants the color of smoke being used obstacles other aircraft
Item 9
Wind direction is reported by a. b. c. d. using a compass to find a direction. stating which cardinal direction the wind is coming from. using a radio to call the pilot. using a weather report.
Item 10
The __________ is a Ni-Cad battery that provides up to 12 hours of operational life. a. b. c. d. BB-390 BB-590 BB-5590 BB-5950
Item 11
When loading COMSEC using a CYZ-10 on a PRC-119, if the transfer was successful, you will receive a message that states: a. b. c. d. Sending. Secured try again. Obtaining GPS. ICOM transfer successful.
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Item 12
Which of the following have the power output of 1-20 Watts? a. b. c. d. 30-90MHz FM and 400-512 MHz FM 400-512 MHz FM and 400-512 MHz AM UHF SATCOM and DAMA SATCOM DAMA SATCOM and 90-400 MHz FM
Item 13
Which of the following steps are in the correct order when loading a SINCGARS mode 2/3 fill with a CYZ-10 on a PRC-117? a. Select CRYPTO TYPE, press enter, select MORE FILL DATA, select KEY TYPE, press ENT b. Rotate function switch to LD position, select FILL DEVICE as CYZ-10 RDS, and radio displays press ENT to initiate and then radio displays FILL IN PROGRESS c. Select KEY TYPE press ENT, Select CRYPTO TYPE press ENT, Select FILL DEVICE press ENT d. Press ENT to initiate the fill, Select MORE FILL DATA, and select KEY TYPE press ENT
Item 14
What are the two versions of the PRC-148? a. Version 1 (Maritime) is immersible to 20 meters for two hours, and version 2 (Urban)is immersible to 2 meters for 30 minute b. Version 1 (Maritime) is immersible to 10 meters for two hours, and version 2 (Urban) is immersible to 2 meters for 30 minutes c. Version 1 (Maritime) is immersible to 10 meters for two hours, and version 2 (Urban)is immersible to 2 meters for 40 minutes d. Version 1 (Maritime) is immersible to 30 meters for two hours, and version 2 (Urban)is immersible to 2 meters for 30 minutes
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Item 15
What is your first step when loading a keyfill using a CYZ-10 on a PRC-148? a. Turn on the CYZ-10. b. Turn on the PRC-148 and make sure iCom is highlighted on the screen. c. Access the KEYFILL menu by pressing ALT+MODE KEYFILL and select either FILL MODE COMSEC or FILL MODE TRANSEC. d. Choose either FILL MODE COMSEC or FILL MODE TRANSEC to include time or not.
Item 16
What is the frequency range of the AN/PRC-150 radio? a. b. c. d. 1.6 MHz to 59.9999 MHZ in 100-Hz steps 1.6 MHz to 69.9999 MHZ in 100-Hz steps 2.6 MHz to 69.9999 MHZ in 100-Hz steps 2.6 MHz to 59.9999 MHZ in 100-Hz steps
Item 17
Which of the following steps are in the correct order when loading COMSEC using a CYZ-10 on a PRC-150? a. Select CRYPTO TYPE, press enter; select MORE FILL DATA; select KEY TYPE, press ENT. b. Rotate function switch to LD position, select KYK-13, and then press [ENT]. Select the desired CRYPTO TYPE of VINSON, ANDVT or KG84, and press [ENT]. c. Select KEY TYPE press ENT, Select CRYPTO TYPE press ENT, Select FILL DEVICE press ENT. d. Press ENT to initiate the fill, Select MORE FILL DATA, and select KEY TYPE press ENT.
Item 18
What channel must you be on if the PRC-152 is not in a FH net to contact the Net Control Station of a FH net? a. b. c. d. Single Channel Double Channel Cue Channel ESET
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Item 19
What are the different waveforms that you can use when loading fill data on a PRC-152 using a CYZ-10? a. b. c. d. VULOS, HAVEQUICK, SINCGARS, and HPW HAVEQUICK, SINCGARS, HPW, and P25 SINCGARS, HPW, P25, and VULOS HPW, P25, VULOS, and HAVEQUICK
Item 20
What antennas would you use to transmit in opposite directions? a. b. c. d. Slopping vee, mobile wire, and end-fed half-wavelength End-fed half-wavelength, wire antennas, and vertical half-wavelength End-fed half-wavelength, wire antennas, and slopping vee Mobile wire and end-fed half-wavelength
Item 21
Which of the following are considered to be the best field expedient insulators? a. b. c. d. Wood, bottle neck, button, and nylon rope Plastic spoon, nylon rope, button, and wood Nylon rope, rubber, cloth, and button Plastic spoon, button, bottle neck, and plastic bag
Item 22
What type of action do ropers perform immediately upon reaching the deck? a. b. c. d. Fast run or roll execution only when rope is vice vertical Roll into line of the next roper Run or roll out of the path of the next roper Depart the rope after checking anchor points are not exceeded
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Item 23
One of the many ropers responsibilities is to maintain __________ with the __________ at all times prior to grabbing the rope. a. b. c. d. eye contact; HRST master balance; uppermost roper movement; pilot actions; SPIE roper
Item 24
Which of the following personnel and equipment are required during the conduct of SPIE training? a. b. c. d. One SIO, one HRST, one navigator, and one safety vehicle One SIO, one HRST, one corpsman, and one navigator One SIO, one HRST, one belay man, and one navigator One SIO, one HRST, one corpsman, and one safety vehicle
Item 25
During warm weather SPIE operations, the airspeed shall not exceed __________ knots. a. b. c. d. 80 70 60 50
Item 26
Which part of a map is also known as the dictionary of the map and illustrates and identifies all symbols used on the map? a. b. c. d. Legend Special notes Edition number Elevation guide
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Item 27
A less developed stream course than a valley is known as a a. b. c. d. draw. spur. cliff. cut.
Item 28
What is used to convert distance on a map into distance on the ground? a. b. c. d. Contour lines G-M angle Graphic bar scales Grid lines
Item 29
An eight-digit grid will locate a point on a map within a distance of? a. b. c. d. 1 meter 10 meters 100 meters 1000 meters
Item 30
When conducting a two-point resection, you must ensure the two visible objects on the ground are at least __________ degrees apart. a. b. c. d. 30 45 90 180
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Item 31
Which phrase is one of the possible critical tasks a reconnaissance team may have to accomplish during a route reconnaissance? a. b. c. d. Determine the trafficability of the route. Locate minefields, and other obstacles, along the route. Find and report only major threat forces. Maintain the capability to deploy independent air traffic control teams/units.
Item 32
Roads can be critical to mission accomplishment. What type of report is needed for the roads to be determined safe for use? a. b. c. d. NBC report ROUTEREP SALUTE report SURFREP
Item 33
A(n) __________ bridge is supported by low flat-bottomed boats; some of the major components contain a saddle assembly. a. b. c. d. floating arch (open spandrel) wood truss
Item 34
The __________ is the line that provides the minimum clear distance between the inside edges of the bridge structure from a height of 30 cm above the roadway surface and upward. a. b. c. d. under-bridge clearance under-bridge distance span horizontal clearance
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Item 35
The type of ford is determined by __________, width, and water depth. a. b. c. d. approaches bottom conditions distance length
Item 36
Your mission is to reconnoiter an area for the entire regiment to move across the line of departure and continue pushing forward. Your maps shows many creeks and streams; however, the tanks attached the regiment wont cross the bridges due to their weight but they can cross the creeks and streams. What type of report would you submit to higher headquarters to continue on with the mission? a. b. c. d. BRIDGEREP SPOTREP Foxtrot report FORDREP
Item 37
What is the Zodiac F-470s maximum payload? a. b. c. d. 1230 kg 1130 kg 1340 kg 1240 kg
Item 38
Which team member(s) from the following assist in lashing and unloading equipment in the after section of the boat? a. b. c. d. Number 2 Number 1 Number 5 and 6 Number 3 and 4
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Item 39
Which term belongs to the Boat-Handling Command Team members that form up at boat stations and face the bow of the boat? On command, they lift the boat by the carrying handles to about knee height. a. b. c. d. GIVE WAY TOGETHER LOW CARRY HOLD WATER BACK WATER
Item 40
Which type of formation is used to control several boats operating together? a. b. c. d. Echelon File Transit Wedge
Item 41
What are the basic formations that will best suit a riverine reconnaissance operation after all factors have been considered? a. b. c. d. Online, wedge, diamond, column, and ranger file Range file, wedge, diamond, online, and echelon Echelon, wedge, diamond, online, and skirmish Column, staggered column, online, wedge, and diamond
Item 42
This type of report contains information needed to navigate throughout a river. a. b. c. d. CONBEREP SPOTREP ALPHA REP DELTAREP
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Item 43
Factors that determine the feasibility of a proposed BLS such as hydrography, enemy situation, navigational aids, distance from the debarkation point to the BLS, beach vegetation and conditions, and routes of egress from the objective can be found in this type of report. a. b. c. d. CONBEREP Initial Points Landing Points Sea Plots
Item 44
Information reported on a __________ includes breaker types, breaker height, and width of the surf zone. a. b. c. d. SURFREP SPOTREP DELTAREP CONBEREP
Item 45
Where would be a good location to have an observation post? a. b. c. d. Along a route on the floor of a valley In a lone building Down a slope of a hill or the side On a hilltop
Item 46
Your reconnaissance team has been assigned to gather intelligence about the enemy and report to higher while conducting an observation. What type of NATO report would you expect to submit to higher to support their request? a. b. c. d. CASREP CONTACREP SPOTREP LZREP
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Item 47
From the following, determine which tools are needed when drawing a simple sketch. a. b. c. d. Binoculars, pencil, and sketch pad Pencil, eraser, and radio Mile ruler, eraser, and white out Colored pencil set, sketch pad, and job-aid
Item 48
When constructing a panoramic sketch, where can you find the time, date, name, and unit on the actual sketch? a. b. c. d. Top right Bottom left Center right Bottom right
Item 49
Apart from having all the necessary tools to conduct an aided observation, i.e. writing utensils, logbooks, sketch kits, tape recorders, and cameras, it is important for members to have a. b. c. d. a set of reserve batteries for the tape recorder. a high amount of motivation. good recording materials. a good memory.
Item 50
At 50 meters, what type of search will begin when conducting an un-aided observation? a. b. c. d. Detailed Hasty Speedy Specific
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Item 51
Which photographic coverage would you use when you stand at one point and rotate the camera so that the area in the viewfinder overlaps that covered in the focus? a. b. c. d. Distant view Close-up view detail Medium view follow Sweep panoramas
Item 52
Sensors can confirm or deny the presence of activity in the designated area with a. b. c. d. near real time reporting. continuous operations. target detection and classification. remote surveillance.
Item 53
Light Armored Reconnaissance (LAR) would be used as the primary unit in which method of implanting sensors? a. b. c. d. Aerial Foot patrol Mounted patrol Reconnaissance patrol
Item 54
Identify the threat weapon shown in the picture above. a. b. c. d. AK-47 AKS-47 AK-74 SKS
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Item 55
Identify the threat equipment shown in the picture above. a. b. c. d. ZSU-23-6 ZSU-23-4 ZSU-24-3 ZSU-24-4
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Answers
The table below lists the answers to the review lesson examination items. If you have questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Answer c c c c c a c c b b d d b a c a b c a b d c a d b a a c b c Reference 1-8 1-7 1-10 1-11 1-16 1-15 1-19 Through 1-23 1-18 1-28 2-9 2-10 2-15 2-20 2-29 2-31 2-38 2-42 2-48 2-48 2-53 2-57 3-6 3-8 3-12 3-13 3-23 3-27 3-28 3-31 3-34
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Answers, continued
Item Number 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Answer a b a d b d a c b c d d a a c c a d d a d c c b b
Reference 4-7 4-14 4-25 4-26 4-35 4-38 5-4 5-6 5-9 5-10 5-17 5-23 5-32 5-42 6-6 6-8 6-17 6-21 6-31 6-33 6-37 6-51 6-56 7-5 7-25
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MCI 0332H

MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

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MCI Course 0332H

Table of Contents, Continued

Review Lesson Examination.............................................................................................

MCI Course 0332H

Number and Title

MCI 0332H RECONNAISSANCE MARINE

2d Reconnaissance Battalion PSC Box 20138 Camp Lejeune, NC 28542-0138

Reserve Retirement Credits (RRC)

MCI Course 0332H

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MCI Course 0332H

Your Personal Characteristics

MCI Course 0332H

Study Guide, Continued

Beginning Your Course

Leafing Through the Text

The First Study Unit

Reading the Learning Objectives

Completing the Exercises

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Study Guide, Continued

Preparing for the Final Exam

MCI Course 0332H

Study Guide, Continued

Tackling the Final Exam

Completing Your Course

MCI Course 0332H

STUDY UNIT 1 MISSIONS Overview

In This Study Unit

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MCI Course 0332H

LESSON 1 THE COMPOSITION OF RECONNAISSANCE UNITS Introduction

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Force Reconnaissance Company

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Force Reconnaissance Company, Continued

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Reconnaissance Battalion, Continued

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Reconnaissance Battalion, Continued

Engage selected targets with supporting arms and organic weapons

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

There is a total of ________ platoons in a force reconnaissance company. a. b. c. d. 5 6 7 8

How many reconnaissance companies are in a reconnaissance battalion? a. b. c. d. 3 2 6 4

MCI Course 0332H

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise