NAME : QOMARUDIN NPM: 09.0348.I Class of PBI Sore A in the Linguistic Subject QUESTION 1.

What is the definition of word formation process? 2. Mention the types of word formation process! please explain and give 3 examples of each type! ANSWER 1. By Kamil Wisniewski July 06th, 2007, word

thing. For example flower-pot is a compound made of two words: flower and pot, but it does not denote two things, it refers to one object. Some English compounds include: windmill, waterfall, fingerprint, scarecrow. Compounds are pronounced as one unit, but sometimes

difficulties in writing arise: some compounds are written with hyphens: full-time, good-looking; some are written separately: bank account, mini skirt; and some can be written in both ways. d. Blending is very similar to compounding, but it is characterized by taking only parts of words and joining them. Famous English examples include: smog which combines smoke and fog, motel made of motor and hotel, Spanglish which is combination of Spanish and English; and

formation denotes the processes of creation of new lexical units. Although it seems that the difference between morphological change of a word and creation of a new term are quite easy to perceive there is sometimes a dispute as to whether blending is still a morphological change or making a new word. 2. There are ten types of word formation processes: a. Word coinage (or invention) is the process whereby new words are created outright, either deliberately or accidentally, to fit some purpose. Usually, words are coined to express new ideas, processes, products, etc. in the language. For example, brand names such as Xerox, Kodak, Exxon, Kleenex, Nylon, Dacron, etc.; pooch, snob, nerd, blurb, googol, etc. b. Borrowing is taking a word from one language and incorporating it into another. The English language has been very absorbent and took over words from all over the world, some of them include: biology, boxer, ozone from German; jackal, kiosk, yogurt from Turkish; pistol, robot from Czech. There is also a special type of borrowing called calque or loan translation. Here there is a direct translation of the elements that a term consists of in the source language into the target language. For example the English word worldview is thought to be the calque of the German Weltanschauung, Antikrper. antibody calques German

guesstimate, from guess and estimate.

e. Clipping is shortening or reducing long words. It is very common in English which can be seen on the following examples: information is clipped to info, advertisement to advert or ad, influenza to flu, telephone to phone.

f. Back-formation is the process by which new words are formed by the deletion of a supposed affix from an already existing word (cf. Quirk et al., 1985; Fromkin & Rodman, 1983; Richards et al. 1985). For example, the verbs peddle, edit, hawk, enthuse, stoke, swindle, televise, donate, sculpt, buttle have been created form the preexisting nouns peddler, editor, hawker, television,

enthusiasm,

stoker,

swindler,

donation, sculptor and butler, respectively. The nouns have been thought to be derivatives of verbs on the analogy of cases such as revision, creation, formation, transmission, to name a few, which are true derivatives form the verbs revise, create, form, transmit, respectively. Notice that this process normally involves the transformation of one part of speech into another. g. Conversion is the process by which new words are created by using a word in new functions

c. Compounding is a process in which two different words are joined together to denote one

(i.e., by shifting, changing or converting its original grammatical class to another class), without any change in its form (cf. Godby et al., 1982; Byrne, 1978; Pei, 1966). For example, when the word water is used in the follow- ing sentence Give me some water, please it is used as a noun, which is probably its original (and more common) use. But when water is used in the sentence The children water the plants every morning, it is used in a new syntactic function, namely, as a verb, and no change in spelling or pronunciation has been made. h. Abbreviations and acronyms Abbreviations are the process whereby a new word is formed by shortening words. There are two abbreviations in English, they are acronyms and initialisms. Acronyms are pronounced as single word, while initialisms are pronounced as a sequence of letters. Acronyms and initialisms can be devided into groups: Acronyms containing non-initial letters (Interpol International Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging) Pronounced as a combination of initialism and acronym (CD-ROM, JPEG) Recursive initialisms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself (PHP - PHP hypertext preprocessor) Pseudo-initialisms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words (IOU I owe you, CU See you). This kind of initialism is frequently seen on the internet. Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway (PIN number)

English prefixes include for example re-, un-, mis-, pre-, dis-; suffixes include for instance -ful, less, -able, -or. It seems that infixes in English are confined to curse words such as:

absofuckinglutely, in fuckingcredible. The above mentioned word formation processes are the most frequent or important in the English language, but it is rarely the case that only one process occurs in one word. Words can be loaned and then backformed, later on gaining an affix. There are practically no boundaries to those processes other that human ingenuity. j. A metaphor is a combination of vocabulary items we use to express a particular feeling or encourage imagination, e.g.: her sunny smile, have a big head, purr with delight, a sundrenched beach, pull strings. 1. Compound adjectives and nouns as metaphors some compounds are always metaphorical they have a meaning that each part of the compound doesnt have. A bloodbath is never a bath full of blood; the compound has only the meaning of a massacre. Other examples that are always metaphorical include: mind games, nutcase, thought reader (BrE) / mind reader (AmE), hit the roof, paint the town red, walk in someones shoes, have a bone to pick with someone, narrow-minded, warm-hearted, hard-bitten, green-fingered (BrE) / have a green thumb (AmE), soul-searching, dead-end 2. Single words used metaphorically, we can also use many single words in metaphorical contexts: I hope this will have cushioned your loss. 3. Idiomatic phrases, some idiomatic phrases are combinations of two words connected with and or or, for example come rain or shine. The pairs have a fixed order:

i. Derivation (adding affixes) Derivation is probably the most common word formation process in the English language. It is achieved by adding affixes: prefixes are added at the beginning of a word, suffixes added to the end of a word, or infixes which are inserted inside a word, but infixes are unusual in English.

She was the soul and life of the party/ life and soul of the party. Everyone has their highs and lows. Making mistakes is part and parcel of growing up. Ill move heaven and earth to achieve my goal.