CHAPTER-6 NEWTONS

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION:-

GRAVITATION

am =

T=27.3 days=2.36x10 6sec (time taken to complete one revolution) Rm is orbit radius of moon=3.84x10 5Km, am=2.2x10-3s/sec2 The radius of moon is 27% of earths radius and its mass is 1.2% of the earths mass. Gravitational acceleration on moon is 1.613m/sec 2 which is 6 times less than gravitational acceleration on earth. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the moon provided the basis for the mathematical formulation of the law of universal gravitation.

4 2 Rm T2

(Centripetal acceleration of moon)

F=

The value of gravitational constant G was determined accurately by Cavendish in 1798. MASS AND AVERAGE DENSITY OF EARTH:ME = R2g E = 5.98 10 6 m R E = 6.38 x 10 6 m G
OF

Gm 1 m 2 r2

G = 6.673 10 11 Nm 2 / Kg 2

ME = 5.5 10 3 Kg / m 3 V

V=

4 R 3 E 3

VARIATION

WITH ALTITUDE:-

Greater the value of h the smaller is the value of g' or value of g decreases with altitude. VARIATION
OF

2h g ' = g1 RE

g' = value of g at height h.

WITH DEPTH:-

d g ' = g1 RE

Value of g decreases with depth from surface of earth. It follows that at the center of earth, where d=RE the value of g will be zero. Value of g at Islamabad is less than the value of g at Karachi. Value of g will be somewhat less in mountainous regions than at sea level regions. If we go away from surface of earth a distance equal to the radius of earth, the value of g will become one fourth. WEIGHTLESSNESS IN SATELLITES:If the apparent weight of body becomes zero then one should feel weightlessness.

Fw - mg = ma or Fw = mg + ma DOWNWARD MOTION mg - Fw = ma or Fw = mg - ma
UPWARD
MOTION

w =m(g +a ) F w =m(g ) F a

Fw >W Fw <W

Where Fw is apparent weight or reaction R. Suppose, if the cable supporting the elevator breaks, the elevator will fall down with an acceleration equal to g. The net force will be

Fw = mg - mg [a = g] Fw = 0 a c = 4 2 f 2 R

ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY:In order to produce an artificial gravity in the space craft, the laboratory of space craft is rotated with suitable frequency about its own axis. As

1 ac Where is frequency of spinning satellite. R is radius of circle. 2 R

When ac=g, then =

If increases apparent weight increases and if decreases apparent weight decreases.

1 g 2 R

1.99x10 30Kg. Thus the mass of sun is 3x105 times the mass of earth. GM E m mv 2 GM E 1 1 = V = v2 = v = Orbital speed of satellite. 2 2 R R R R R INVERSE SQUARE LAW: A law relating the intensity of an effect to the reciprocal of the square of the distance from the cause. e.g. Coulombs law, gravitational law, fall off illuminants of a screen placed normal to the right direction assuming a point source. All the electromagnetic waves obey inverse square law sound waves too and nearly all the waves. INTENSITY OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD:MASS
OF SUN=

Gravitational force per unit mass in gravitational field. G =

F mg = =g m m
LM

SHAHEED

RANI GHAREEB NAWAZ COACHING CENTER

MITHI

13