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Principle of p p prestressing g
Basics Secondary Moment y Force Diagram - Extensions

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Basics

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static system g g external loading:selfweight g prestressing: profile and force

cross-section crossexternal static forces on concrete acting forces due to prestressing fibre stresses

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Load case prestressing

Prestressing creates an internal stress state, which can, if suitably arranged, effectively compensate fully or partially for stresses induced into structure by external loading. Prestressing limits deformation by actively counterbalancing part of the external load and by limiting cracking of concrete Prestressing allows use of high strength tensile steel with 4x higher strength than passive reinforcement

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How to estimate required prestressing for a simple beam

External

moment M P Prestressing: parabolic profile, t i b li fil eccentricity e at midspan Rectangular cross section: b x h

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Cross sectional area: A = b x h Section modulus: S = (b x h2)/6 Core value: k = S / A = h/6 Permissable tensile stresses = zero

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Basic formula for flexural bottom fibre stress at p midspan: fbot = M / Sbot - P x (1 / A + e / Sbot) Required prestressing for zero tensile stress at midspan: P = M / Sbot x { A x Sbot / (Sbot+A x e) } = =Mx{1/( (Sbot / A + e) } = ) = M x { 1 / (k + e) }

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Example: b = .5m 5 h = 1.0m e = .15m l = 20.0m -> Mg = {.5 x 1.0 x 25 x 202} / 8 = 625 kNm k = h / 6 = .167m P = 625 x 1 / {.167 + .15} = 1972 kN number of strands: with Pav=115 kN per .5 strand b f t d ith P 115 5 t d -> 1972 kN / 115 kN = 17.1 strands P / A = 1972 / {1.0 x .5} = 3.94 MPa
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PT layout I

PT layout II

PT layout III y

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Which PT layout gives biggest upwards deflection?

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Uplift of profile III > uplift of profile I > uplift of profile II

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Why do we need high strength steel for prestressing ? Why do we have to stress this high strength steel? Prismatic concrete beam, 40 m l b long, centrically prestressed with prestressing force P p g P/A= 6 Mpa Modulus of elasticity: Ec= 30 x 10E3 Mpa Creep value: 2 Shrinkage value: 150x10E-6 150x10E-

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Creep and shrinkage of concrete: Delta Epsilon=6/30x10E-3x2 + 150x10E-6 = 550x10E-6 Epsilon=6/30x10E150x10E550x10E-

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Case I: Use normal reinforcement with fy = 460 Mpa and Es = 195 x 10E3 Mpa stressed to 75% x fy= fy 345 Mpa -> Force loss in % of initial force: {550 x 195 x 10E-3}/345 = 31 1% 10E31.1%

Case II: Use prestressing strands with fpu = 1860 Mpa and Ep = 195 x 10E3 Mpa stressed to 75% x fpu= 1395 Mpa -> p Force loss in % of initial force: {550 x 195 x 10E-3}/1395 = 7.7% 10E-

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StressStress-strain diagram g for deformed rebars and prestressing steel

Flexural strains o er cross Fle ral over section for beam reinforced with passive reinforcement, non stressed prestressing steel and stressed prestressing steel
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Conclusions

Use of high strength steel is a must in order to minimize force loss due to long term shortening of concrete If high strength steel is used, it must be stressed in order to fully utilize its ultimate strength

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Secondary moment

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External load (selfweight)

Prestressing layout

Loadcase prestressing modelled with externally applied anchor and deviation forces

Deformation of individual spans

Secondary moment due to prestressing moment

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Force diagram - extensions g

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Prestressing losses

Friction losses relaxation of PT steel elastic shortening, if more than 1 cable is stressed creep shrinkage

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Friction losses

Px = Po x 1/eE{ x + k x l} 1/eE{
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Friction p parameters

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Calculation of summation alpha

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Calculation of summation alpha for parabolic profile

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Wedge - draw - in

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Extensions E t i

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Basic formula: P(x) dx l = Ep x Ap

Indirectly proportional to modulus of elasticity and area of steel, which are both not guaranteed physical properties extension measurement can only serve as rough guide to evaluate if a cable has been adequately stressed or not measured extensions may vary from theoretical extensions by +/- 11 % +/excessive measured extension has a theoretical limit corresponding to zero force diagram
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Anchorage f A h force = d i force x design f (anchorage loss correction factor) Applied pressure at jack inlet= pp p j anchorage force x (jack loss factor) / piston area

Note: design force Po = jacking force as stated in BS 5400, cl. 6.7.1 g j g ,

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Assumption: stressing force correct linear force diagram (actual and theoretical) total net extension is 25 % lower than theoretical extension i fl influence length of Delta wc < l/2 l th f D lt

Length l

Question: By how much is tendon force at midspan lower than design force i case of one end stressing? f in f d t i ? By how much is tendon force at mispan lower than design force in case of two end stressing?
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25% FORCE

50%
1-end stressing

LENGTH 50% FORCE

2-end stressing

LENGTH
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