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AN ANALYSIS ON SYNTHETIC MODEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN KRAMA SCHOOL OF SAIVISM

The different systems of Indian Philosophy generally analyse the enjoyment of absolute freedom through different methods and principles.Even though Saivism deserves a prominent place among the doctrines of Indian Philosophy, it has not been considered as a philosophical system.This paper tries to analyse the synthetic model of consciousness in Krama school of monistic Saivism originated in Kashmir. Consciousness is a phynomenon or a kind of stream in which various mental states such as feeling, desire,hope etc. exist1 .Modern theories describe consciousness in different ways.It is a quantitative aspect of life, which cannot be defined in precise terms and cannot be treated as a mechanical form of process generated by the interactions within the human mind. Studies on consciousness possess importance in Indian Philosophical Systems. It is particularly categorised into two viz.,synthetic model and transcendental model. The synthetic approach-both as philosophy and discipline-of Tantra has great significance. The highest end according to Tantra way of practical realisation is purnatakhyati(In Saivism nothing is distinct from consciousness. It is considered as the basic stuff of the universe, cause of universe, energy, god, inner most nature, light, material world, object of meditation, subject, perfect and unexplored)2 .This pure consciousness is Siva who only exists in all activities of creation, preservation, absorption, and revelation.Everything in the universe is his own manifestation.

The experience of distinct existence of various manifestations of Siva is believed to be originated from the impurities(malas)-the cause of bondage.Tantric yoga is a path to liberation.Yoga is the theological practice which helps in attaining the absolute reality.Upaya is the term used to indicate the means for the entering of individual consciousness in to the universal consciousness.There are three Upayas viz.,Sambhava(the Supreme means), Sakta(the medium means), and Anava(the inferior means)4. Among the four Schools of Kashmir Savism, here the discussion is concentrated on Krama(gradation) school because of its triple significance.First it is a Tantric system, second it is a monistic system and third it marks the emergence of Sakta tendency in Saiva philosophy. Sakta has been defined as a practice in refining

ideation(vikalpa sanskara) ie.a process of bringing about gradual perfection in the correct conceptual knowledge of the person. Anantarahnikoktesmin svabhave paramesvawre/ Praviviksurvikalpasya kuryatsamskaramanjasa// Vikalpah samskrtam sute vikalpam svatmasamskrtam/ svatulyam sopi sopyanyam sadrsatmakam//5 There are various metaphorical names associated with

Saktayoga.Several types of deep and constant imaginative contemplation known

symbolically

as

sacrifice(yaga),

oblation(homa),

repitation(japa),

vow(vrata),

union(yoga) etc.(Another symbolic name is Sattarka- the yoga of correct reasoning.It also known as Bhavana that brings into existence the correct understanding of the truth. Astinastivibhagena nisedhavidhiyogatah/ jnanatmana jneyanistha bhavanam bhavanabalat// yatha svapnanubhutarthan pabuddho naiva pasyati/ tatha bhavanaya yogi samsaram naiva pasyati// 6 Since Saktayoga is a practice in correct conceptual knowing, in which the practice of mental ideation dominates,it is also called jnanayoga. Tattadrupataya jnanam bahirantah prakasate/ jnanadrte narthasatta jnanarupam tato jagat// na hi jnanadrte bhavah kenacidvisayikrtah/ jnanam tadatmata yatametasmadavasiyate// 7 Saktopaya requires a very deep and complicated form of contemplation, which absorbs simultaneously practice is so all phinomenal that existence only the into most

practitioners.I-consciousness.This

difficult

accomplished yogins like Abinavagupta can use it successfully. Alam vatiprasangena bhuyasatiprapancite/

Yoyobhinanavaguptosmin kopi yagavidhau budhah//8 Sakta is a practice in pure ideation(Suddha vikalpa), the yoga of self contemplation, imagination, meditation etc.In this practice, one uses the mind and imagination to constantly contemplate the real nature of self.One is supposed to think repeatedly that one is everything, and all creation is the manifestation of ones own independent will, not aided by anything else.One is to imagine oneself as omnicent and omnipotent pure consciousness.The developed firm belief in divinity, infiniteness and purity of ones real nature, the past impressions of limitation would be removed away. The Krama system assrets that the purification of determinate idea takes place through certain stages, to attain the perfect purity and clarity.These successive stages, from obscurity to perfect clarity is also known as Katinaya, 9 because this system admits that the ultimate reality is Kali,performer of five functions ksepa,jnana,prasankhyana,gati and nada.It is also believed that Katinaya is an easier type of Saktopaya developed by Sivanandanatha. 10 Practitioners of katinaya have to imagine themselves to be the masters of the wheel of divine powers(sakti cakras).They visualise the trinity of subject, object and the means of knowing(pramatr,prameya and pramana) in twelve varieties appearing in creation, dissolution, and absolute position.These twelve divine powers are known as twelve katis. Abinavagupta manifests all subject,object and says Kalasankarsini as parasamvit who

means of knowledge.The twelve kalis are

Srstikali,Raktakali,Sthitinasakali,Yamakali,Samharakali,Mrtyukali,Mahakalakali Mahabhairavacandograghorakali.Practitioners imagine themselves as

and having

assimilated all these phenominal varieties one by one into their own selves through their 12 divine powers visualised as the 12 kalis absorbing them. Saktayoga-as being a practice in self hypnotism,is criticized by certain logicians.The method of practice here is very much similar to hypnotism.But all beings are alreadyhypnotised by the effects of impurities, and Saktayoga helps to vanish that limitation by means of deepening the impression of vidya-the correct knowledge. Krama doctrine of twelve kalis is an important element of three upayas and integral part of Trika system.The main principle of twelve kalis has been applied not only to Saktopaya but also to Sambhava as well.It also has been discussed as an important element of the Dhyana type of Anavopaya.The absolute supreme consciousness is attained by the yogin through successive stages of Krama.He has to pierce through the great illusion of duality, to attain the fruit of yoga. Sukhadukhadivijnanavikalpanalpakalpitam/ Bhitva dvaitamahamoham yogi yogaphalam labhet//

Monistic Saivite philosophy concentratesidea that Siva is the consciousness and consciousness is everything. The Kalinaya or the theories like Pranakundalini etc. in this specific system(as any monistic saivite school) leads to a conclusion that the seperate identity of two categories of consciousness is not to be considered. As consciousness is knower, knowledge, knowable and known, there is no need of categorisation.Yoga model of consciousness is commonly treated as the synthetic model.Savism follow the belief that the people whose personal consciousness does not become merged into blissful pure consciousness, is said to be heartless,So it is observed that no modulation of consciousness is to be considered in case of Saivite philosophical systems.

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