2011

GILGIT CITY

Report by: Architect Marium Karrar Architect Affan Iqbal

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Report on Gilgit City

(OCT 2011)

Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. Noman Ahmed And Architect Asiya Polack Research Partner An assignment undertaken by the U.N-Habitat & Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering and Technology (DAP-NEDUET), Karachi Research Team Members Architect Mariam Karrar, Architect Affan Iqbal, Architect Aisha Rasheed DAP-NED-UET Report Writing & Compilation Architect Mariam Karrar, Architect Affan Iqbal, Architect Sarosh Mubarak DAP-NED-UET
Address: Urban Research & Design Cell (URDC), Depart ment of Arch itecture and Planning, City Campus NED University of Engineering and Technology, Maulana Din Mohammed Wafai Road, Behind DJ. Science College, Karachi Contact numbers: 92-21-2620793, 92-21-9213058 (fax) E mail: coccdcrd@neduet.edu.pk affan.iqbal@live.co m

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive summary...12-13 1. Describing the context...14-47 1.1 Governance ....14-19 1.2 Environment 20-36 1.2.1 Climate 1.2.2 Air Quality 1.2.3 Mountains 1.2.4 Water shed areas 1.2.5 Scenic sites 1.2.6 Natural resources 1.2.6.1. Water resources 1.2.6.2. Minerals 1.2.6.3. Precious and semi precious stones 1.2.6.4. Vegetation/Forest cover 1.2.7 Natural disasters 1.2.8.1. Seismology 1.2.8.2. Floods 1.2.8.3. Land sliding 1.2.8.4. River and stream bank erosion 1.2.8.5. Avalanches 1.3 Economy 37-41 1.3.1. Water- hydro power 1.3.2. Agriculture 1.3.3. Tourism 1.3.4. Labor force 1.3.5. Land utilization 1.3.6. Production output 1.4 Culture and heritage .41-47 1.4.1 Links to ancient civilizations 1.4.2 Tourism 1.4.3 Heritage 1.4.4 Skills 2. Describing the city 48-70 2.1 Geographical context .....48-52 2.2 Landuse 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 zones.53-59 Residential Commercial Amenities
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2.2.4

Agriculture

2.3 Transport.60-64 2.4 Evolution of city .65-67 2.5 Categorization of housing ..67-68 2.6 Social mapping ...69-70 2.6.1 Religion 2.6.2 Languages spoken 3. Introduction to the case studies..71-75 Objectives Research Methodology Cases selection About the Cases within region Major findings 4. Inte rvention areas.76-100 a) Mechanism/ Responsibility....76 b) Implementing Agency..76-78 1. Land and housing..79-82 i. Present situation ii. Present Support iii. Intervention 2. Water supply and sanitation.....83-90 2.1. Water supply i. Present situation 2.2. Sewerage system i. Present situation ii. Present Support for Water and Sanitation iii. Intervention 2.3.Municipal solid waste i. Present situation ii. Intervention 2.4. Drainage system i. Present situation ii. Intervention 3. Energy...91-94 i. Present situation ii. Present Support
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iii.

Intervention

4. Traffic and transport.94-96 i. Present situation ii. Intervention 5. Urban horticulture97-100 i. Present situation ii. Present Support iii. Intervention 5. Impact Analysis..101-110 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Land and housing Water supply and sanitation Municipal solid waste (SWM) Drainage system Energy Traffic and transport Urban horticulture Socio-economic analysis..105-110

Appendices .....111-243 Appendix 01: Cases of housing111-157 Case study no 01: Inner city- City center.111-127 Case study no 02: City- Mujahid Colony.128-143 Case study no 03: Periphery Daniyor....144-157

Appendix 02: Matrices.158-166 Matrix 1: Environmental Conditions Matrix 2: Housing Conditions Appendix 03: Indicators Matrices167-169 Appendix 04: Bibliography..170-171 Appendix 05: Presentation thumbnails 28th July 2011.172-176 Appendix 06: Design intervention proposal.177-184 Appendix 07: Socio-economic data..185-209 Appendix 08: Socio-economic data graphs..210-243

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LIST OF FIGURES: S.NO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

TITLE Map showing the mountains of Asia Map showing situation of Gilgit City within the context of Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly Map showing districts of Gilgit-Baltistan Views showing environment of the Gilgit city Mountains of the northern areas Gilgit Bridge Daniyor suspension bridge Gilgit River Views of vegetation in the city Map showing potential hazard area of Gilgit District Landslide in 2010 caused damage to a home in Naikoie Condition after land sliding Map showing potential landslide areas of Gilgit District

PG.NO 12 14 15 16 20 21 22 23 25 27 30 32 32 33

Map showing hazard types, risks and class in the union council of Nomal- 34 Nalter Level of risk from natural disasters to critical facilities in the Gilgit district Level of risk from natural disasters to livelihood sources in the Gilgit district Pie-chart showing economic division of sectors in the city Road map to Gilgit showing important destinations Karakoram, Hindukush and Himalayan Mountains View of Nanga Parbat Mountain Views of Baltit Fort, Hunza Passing through a road in Gilgit city 35 35 39 42 43 44 46 48

16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23

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24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Map showing Mountain ranges of Gilgit Baltistan Map showing primary roads of Gilgit city Views of Gilgit River Views of Gilgit River Map showing connection between different areas of city Views of Residential areas of the city Views of main commercial area of the city Aga Khan School for boys, Gilgit View of Polo Ground Views of different recreational spaces View of Agricultural lands View of a major road Different modes of transport Views of various bridges in the city BACIP low cost construction method for a house View of a garbage dump inside a housing colony Condition of drainage line along the road View of a Hydropower plant Map showing projects in operation in Northern Areas View of a road Map showing bigger loop- Public transport Map Showing Smaller Loop Public Transport View of agricultural land Map showing major roads of Gilgit city and the case study area # 01 Picture showing entrance of NLI (Northern Light Infantry Regiment) Market Picture showing Ghari Chowk

48 50 50 51 53 53 54 56 57 57 58 60 60 62 80 86 87 91 93 94 96 96 97 112 114 114

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50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

Picture showing NLI road Picture showing G+4 Commercial building View of NLI market View of condition of Nagaral colony Construction of a new RCC bridge to link to the north bank Map showing Landuse of the Case study area Map showing Amenities of the Case study area Map showing road networks of the Case study area View of Mujahid colony Map showing major roads and location of case study area no 2 Morphology of the area View of a street Map showing landuse of the Case study area Map showing amenities of the Case study area View of garbage dump along the street Map showing road networks of the Case study area View of open spaces inside the area View of a house of the area Map showing major roads and location of the case study area no 3 View of Daniyor Pul and suspension bridge View of Gilgit River View of internal streets of the area Map showing road networks of the Case study area Map showing landuse and amenities of the Case study area Map showing major roads of the Case study area View of a house of the area

115 115 115 116 116 118 120 123 129 129 130 130 131 135 136 137 140 142 145 146 146 146 148 150 152 156

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LIST OF MAPS: S.NO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tehsil and city boundary Topography Landuse Zones Landuse Transport Planned- unplanned Sectarian division Open- built map Water supply system Drainage system

TITLE

PG.NO
19 49 52 59 64 68 70 82 83 89

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LIST OF TABLES: S.NO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Showing districts of Gilgit Baltistan Showing population statistics of Gilgit districts Showing rural-urban distribution of Gilgit district Showing population comparison of Gilgit district in 1981, 1998 and 2001 Showing projected population of Gilgit city Showing sect wise population of Gilgit Baltistan and Gilgit city Temperature variations throughout the year Estimated air pollutants by sector Forest cover area in Northern areas Gilgit district forest cover area, type and significance Forest Nurseries in Northern Areas, 1997 Forest Under Government Jurisdiction, 1997 Northern Areas Types of disasters and their related statistics Types of disasters and their frequency in Gilgit Earthquake dates and statistics Stream Flow Measurements in the Upper Indus River Information about hydropower plants Information about hydropower plants Status of Agriculture in Northern Area (2001) Statistics for hotel industry in Gilgit

TITLE

PG.NO
16 17 17 18 18 18 20 21 27 28 28 28 29 29 31 37 37 38 39 39

22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29

Percentage of Migrants from other Province / Within Northern Areas by Rural / 40 Urban, 1998 Land use in Agricultural Sector 41 Land Utilization Statistics Tourism related statistics of year 2008 and 2009 Peaks of northern areas and their altitudes Glaciers of Northern areas Information on archaeological heritage of northern areas Showing health facilities in Gilgit city Showing cholera cases and deaths reported in Gilgit city 41 43 44 45 47 55 55 Page | 10

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Showing educational facilities in Gilgit city Showing educational facilities in Gilgit city Showing number of farms and cultivated land area Showing number of cultivated land area for different vegetables Shows Numbers and Types of Vehicles in Northern Areas, 2000 Showing number of vehicles in Gilgit city from year 1995-2010 Land price of 1 kanal plot in inner city, main city and periphery Gilgit city population and projected water demands Gilgit villages sanitation related statistics Major government and non-government water supply schemes in Northern Areas and Chitral by 2001 a summary Gilgit city population and power consumption /person/day Gilgit city existing and proposed population and power consumption /person/day Gilgit city current demand for electricity and its production statistics Gilgit district farmlands area Gilgit district farmlands and livestock land utilization

56 56 58 58 61 62 80 83 85 85 87 87 91 97 98

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is part of the Eight Secondary Cities of Pakistan, supported by the UN Habitat project and the NED University Department of Architecture and Planning. The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive data on the significance of these cities as urban centres within their respective provinces. The following report is the case of Gilgit City, the administrative and commercial capital of the province Gilgit-Baltistan. The unique feature about this city and its surroundings is the backdrop of one of the most ecological sensitive, scenic, ancient inland trade routes. Gilgit- Baltistan is situated within the Karakorum Range, consisting of the three largest glaciers outside the Polar Regions, and highest mountain systems of the world that include the Karakorum, Himalayas, Pamirs, and the Hindukush. This high altitude region is also a politically strategic region with borders sharing with Afghanistan, China's, India. (See map below)

Figure 1: Map showing the mountains of Asia

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Geologically the Karakorum is also considered as the highest desert in the world. However, the water ways and the glacial add greenery to the valley before joining up with the Indus River. It is this mighty Indus that runs down stream all the way to the Arabian Sea that acts as the water source and life line for the entire country. Therefore anything that impacts the delicate ecological balance of the environment has its bigger impact on the entire country and the region. Within this contrasting geographical setting situated along the ancient Silk Route is the Gilgit City. Gilgit City is the biggest commercial hub, trading centre from pre British times, and beyond which there is no big town or city within a distance of about 450 Kilometers in any direction. This aspect adds to the strategic economic, political and social hub of the GilgitBaltistan. The last 30 years has seen a revolutionary development in the area by the construction of the Karakorum Highway and the development initiatives by the Aga Khan Development Network. This has been coupled with the patronage of recent provincial status and autonomy in 2009 and Gilgit City became the provincial capital of Gilgit Baltistan. With the growing political, economic status, Gilgit is facing the pull of population and growth pressure. The following report is an attempt at compiling data on the urbanization process of Gilgit and tapping in the natural potentials of one of the most resourceful and scenic regions of Pakistan.

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1. DESCRIBING THE CONTEXT Gilgit-Baltistan

1.1. GOVERNANCE: Gilgit-Baltistan formerly known as the Northern Areas is the northern most political entity within Pakistan. It is situated between 34-04 north latitudes and 72-30 to 77-50 east longitudes. Gilgit Baltistan is now considerd as a separate province. Till 2009, the region was ruled under the NWFP/FATA government. 1 The announcement of the Gilgit-Baltistan empowerment and selfgovernance order by the government in 2009 enabled this region into Pakistans political mainstream. 1.1.1. National Asembley / Provincial assembly
Figure 2: Map showing situation of Gilgit City within the context of Pakistan

Under the current dispensation a newly elected assembly has elected a chief minister and a governor that is appointed by the federal government. The Governor, who is the constitutional head of provincial government, assisted by an executive Chief Minister and its council of ministers. It is for the first time that the region enjoys its own setup with an empowered legislature under the Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly (GBLA). The local government system is based on a Legislative Council (Provincial Assembly), elected by people in all six districts through voting, headed by a speaker. The Chief Secretary is administrative head of all departments, controlling all the affairs on behalf of chief minister Government of Pakistan. The main judicial structure in Gilgit- Baltistan comprises a High Court, composed of three judges selected by the government, supported by the Supreme Appellate Court. Inspector General of Police, currently, heads the police department, with deputy superintendents in all seven districts.

http://202.83.164.27/wps/portal/Cabinet/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_hQN68AZ3dnIwML82BT AyNXTz9jE0NfQwNLE_2CbEdFACM6vXU!/?WCM_PORTLET=PC_7_UFJPCGC20OUQE02ET9FMPJ30O0_WCM&WCM _GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/CabDivCL/division/aboutdivision/pphi

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Figure 3: Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly

1.1.2. Jurisdictions The province of Gilgit-Baltistan is divided into 7 districts. The names of the districts are as follows: 1. Ghanche 2. Skardu 3. Gilgit 4. Diamir 5. Ghizar 6. Astore 7. Hunza- Nagar

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Table 1: Showing districts of Gilgit Baltistan

Figure 4: Map showing districts of Gilgit-Baltistan

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Meanwhile, the adminstration at the district level is being headed by the local government system is based on a Legislative Council (Provincial Assembly), elected by people in all six districts through voting, headed by a speaker. From 2009 onwards the district adminstration was elected, and headed by the District Nazim and the Naib Nazim. Gilgit District is one of the districts of the federal territory of Gilgit-Baltistan in northern Pakistan. It was formed in 1970 when Gilgit-Baltistan was federally administered as the "Northern Areas". The Gilgit District includes 3 sub divisions of Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar. It also includes many small villages like Minapin, Hope and Hispar etc. Gilgit-City is administrated by the elected Town Nazim and the Naib Nazim. However the administration of the city is under the Town Municipal Authority, headed by the Town Municipal Officer. The various responsibilities of the TMO include solid waste management, water supply, sanitation, civic law enforcement, maintenance of roads and infrastructure. 1.1.3. Demographics According to the 1998 census report the overall population of Northern Areas (Gilgit- Baltistan) is 8, 84,000 with an average growth rate of 2.56% per annum. Out of this total, 85.7% (757200) reside in the rural areas while only 14.3% (126600) reside in the urban centers. The average annual growth rate of urban and rural population during 19811998 is 5.88 and 2.16 percent respectively. The overall literacy rate of Gilgit-Baltistan is 37.85%. The population density for the province of Gilgit- Baltistan is 24.8 persons per sq km. According to which the total population of Gilgit District is approximately, 0.2 million and 85% of the total population lives in rural areas, with literacy ratio up to 53%. It is one of the most densely populated districts with 28% of the Gilgit Baltistan population residing in this District with an annual growth rate of Gilgit District being 2.74%. Average household size is approximately eight people. The population density for Gilgit District is 6.4 persons per sq km.
District No of Households 31,065 Male Female Total Avg. Annual Growth rate 2.66 Area (Sq.km) 38,000 Population Density (Person per sq.km) 6.4 Elevation (ft) 4921

Gilgit

128,028

115,296

243,324

(Population Census Organization, 1998) Table 2: Showing population statistics of Gilgit districts
District

Household
Rural Urban 7426

Population Rural 186,623 Urban 56,701

Household Size Rural 7.9 Urban 7.6

Gilgit

23,639

(Population Census Organization, 1998) Table 3: Showing rural-urban distribution of Gilgit district
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District

Population in 1981

Population in 1998

Projected Population in 2011

Gilgit

228,185

243,324

342,289

(Azam, July, 2009) Table 4: Showing population comparison of Gilgit district in 1981, 1998 and 2001
Urban Area 1998 Population after 10 years Population after 20 Years

Gilgit city

56,701

72,350

92,365

(Population Census Organization, 1998)

Table 5: Showing projected population of Gilgit city

The following table gives a brief overview of the sectarian division of population residing in Gilgit District. The city of Gilgit is the epicenter of sectarian clashes resulting in one of the major shortcoming in the progress of the area.
Sect wise Population pe rcentage District G.B Gilgit Shia 39 54 Sunni 27 19 Ismaili 18 27 Noor Bukhsi 16 Table 6: Showing sect wise population of Gilgit Baltistan and Gilgit city

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1.2. ENVIRONMENT: The environment in its broader sense, covers all natural, physical, chemical and human resources. The human environment is usually defined by ecologists as the conditions and processes affecting the life and the development of human beings. 1.2.1. Climate Weather conditions for Gilgit are dominated by its geographical location, a valley in a mountainous area, southwest of Karakoram Range. The prevalent season of Gilgit is winter, occupying the valley eight to nine months a year.

Figure 5: Views showing environment of the Gilgit city

Gilgit lacks significant rainfall, averaging in 120 to 240 millimeters (4.7 to 9.4 in) annually, as monsoon breaks against the southern range of Himalayas. Irrigation for land cultivation is obtained from the rivers, abundant with melting snow water from higher altitudes. The summer season is brief and hot. The piercing sunrays may raise the temperature up to 40 C (104 F), yet it is always cool in the shade. As a result of this extremity in the weather, landslides and avalanches are frequent in the area.

Site

Yrs

Max/ Min Min. Max

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Extreme Daily Variatio n

Gilgit 1490m

30

-2.4 9.1

0.6 12.1

5.8 17.8

10.0 23.6

12.0 28.0

15.2 34.0

19.0 35.0

18.4 35.6

13.3 31.7

7.2 26.2

1.2 17.9

-1.4 11.0

-9.5 45.4

Table 7: Te mpe rature variations throughout the year

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1.2.2. Air quality: An air quality survey carried out by IUCNP and SUPARCO revealed that current air quality of urban settlements in Gilgit is good as compared to the big town and urban settlements of Pakistan. However, Gilgit is faced with massive air pollution partly due to road building and other construction. (Quantity/Reference) There are deposits of CO, CO 2 and SO 2 in the atmosphere due to wood burning and traffic pollution.

Table 8: Estimated air pollutants by sector Homes in the Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountains are cold and smoky in the harsh winters, when large amounts of wood are used for heating and cooking. Deforestation is serious: locally it leads to increased damage from flooding, and nationally it reduces water supply because the region is the watershed for much of the country. 2 1.2.3. Mountains The bulk of the area in the region is occupied by a series of three mountain ranges, Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush. Most elevations in the region are minimum 1,500m above sea level with more than half the area above the 4,500m level (World Bank, 1987). The region contains many of the highest peaks in the world including K-2, Nanga Parbat, and Rakaposhi. Towering above Gilgit is Mount Rakaposhi at 7,788 meters (25,551 ft.). The highest peak in the district of Gilgit is Distaghil Sar (7,885m) which is the seventh highest peak in Pakistan and 19th

2 3

Ashden Awards case study | AKPBS, Pakistan | Summary http://www.horizon-guesthouse.com/HGHGilgit.html | Gilgit info areas Figure 6: Mountains of the northern

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highest on earth. 1.2.4. Water Shed areas The forests in Northern Areas are important watersheds of valleys below where agriculture is practiced and settlements exist, and Indus River and some of its tributaries. This water is the main stay for agriculture and hydropower for the flood plains in Pakistan. Many species of wild animals and plants depend on these forests. Thus these forests are important for the rich biodiversity in Northern Areas. Some of the species and habitats have national and global significance. Their role as carbon sink like any other long- living trees needs no emphasis. Almost entire Northern Areas fall in the watershed of Tarbela Dam with the exception o f Minimerg Tehsil, which drains, into Neelam River. The mountains in the areas are very fragile. The soil is susceptible to rapid erosion if the vegetative cover is denuded. The forests have vital importance for their watershed value at local and national levels. Their environmental role including watershed is far greater than their wood production role. Besides enhancing the life span of Tarbela Dam, they prevent local floods, maintain local water supplies and conserve soils. 1.2.5. Scenic sites Gilgit city is one of the two major hubs for all mountaineering expeditions in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. There are several tourist attractions and scenic sites relatively close to Gilgit. They are as follows: i. Gilgit Bridge:

The bridge over the fast flowing Gilgit River, at the end of its traditional bazaar, is the largest suspension bridge in Asia (182 metres long and 2 metres wide) permitting enough room for one jeep at a time to cross.

Figure 9: Gilgit Bridge

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ii.

Kargah Buddha:

Karagah Nala is one of the ancient Nala that runs clear all the year. It is the larger valley just 10 km west of Gilgit. At the mouth of valley, carved into a cliff face is the Karagah Buddha. This is a famous attraction of the Gilgit area. No one is sure how it was carved into the cliff side, but the deep holes in the rock around the carving may have been used to support scaffolding. The Buddha was probably carved about 7th century A.D. when Buddhism was the chief religion of the area. 3 iii. British Cemetery

The British Cemetery is a very interesting glimpse into the history of Gilgit and the Northern Areas. The British pioneers and soldiers, who are buried there, played a huge part in the development of Gilgits history and culture. With its big shade trees and greenery, the cemetery is very nice place to visit in the summer. iv. Jutial Nala

Jutial Nala is the narrow valley behind the Serena Hotel. Jutial Nala provides much of Gilgit drinking and irrigation water. At the mouth of the valley one can find a trail that follows the stream for about an hour, then crosses and continues up a hill to a small forest. This is a great place for a picnic lunch. Beyond the forest up the hill another half hour is a small meadow with green grass and a small stream running through it. This is also an excellent lunch spot. Along the way one will have amazing views of Rakaposhi (7700m) across the Gilgit valley. v. Kashmiri Bazaar and Bridge (Old Town) Kashmiri Bazaar as the name implies is filled with shops owned mostly by Kashmir natives and is a great place to take pictures and meet locals. One will find mostly small items such as jewelry, trinkets, and junk in this bazaar and some great snacks from roadside vendors. Just before the bridge are the hat shops, filled with every color and style of traditional hat. This is the best and cheapest place to buy them and they make great souvenirs. The bridge connects Gilgit with the town of Kon-e-das on the opposite side of the Gilgit River and is always a very busy route. Below the bridge on the Gilgit side you can see a goat market, where trading is always happening. vi. Danyore Suspension Bridge and Tunnel Danyore is the large village across the river from Gilgit. It is a plain fertile plateau to the east of River Hunza and the north of River Gilgit. The name of this area is kept after the Daniyor Nalla a source of water supply for agriculture and potable water for areas on either side of the Nalla. It is predominantly rich agricultural land with plots sizes demarcated according to the sizes of personal holdings.
Figure 10: Danyore suspension bridge
3

http://www.horizon-guesthouse.com/HGHGilgit.html | Gilgit info

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Along the back route into Danyore is a swinging suspension bridge that allows vehicles to cross the Hunza River. This is a very unique experience and can be a little bit frightening. It is made of wood and seems ready to break at any moment. Across the bridge, the road immediately enters a very narrow, dark tunnel. There is only enough room for one vehicle and sometimes even one vehicle seems like too much. vii. Jutial Water Channel This large water channel follows the mountainside parallel to the main road in Gilgit. It was built some time ago, but most of it remains unused. This makes it a great route for a scenic stroll above Gilgit. You can reach the water channel from Upper Jutial, near the Serena Hotel. It is a casual 2 to 3 hour walk along the channel to its end near the Kargah Buddha. viii. Monument of Taj Mughal:

A victory monument of Taj Mughal, built 700 years ago, is 30 km. jeep drive from Gilgit town. ix. Sher Qilla

It is 38 km. from Gilgit - Trekking route links with Naltar valley. Trout fishing can be enjoyed in Sher Qilla Nullah and a small lake. Some other sites are: Naltar Valley with Naltar Peak Hunza Valley Ferry Meadows in Raikot Shigar town Skardu city Haramosh Peak in Karakoram Range Bagrot-Haramosh Valley Deosai National Park Astore Valley Rama Lake Juglot town Phunder village Yasin Valley Kargah Valley

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1.2.6. Natural Resources Gilgit-Baltistan is blessed with diverse kinds of resources including precious gems, gold, uranium, copper, molybdenum, mica, forests, glaciers, lakes and rivers. 1.2.6.1.Water Resources Glaciers and seasonal snow deposits are the principal sources of all flowing water in the Gilgit. The melted water enters streams called nullahs, which subsequently ingress in rivers. The main rivers in the District are:

Figure 7: Gilgit River

Khunjerab River - flows south along the Karakoram Highway from the Khunjerab Valley, known as Hunza River in the south of Sust Hunza River - flows further south and falls into Gilgit River just in the northeast of Gilgit town Gilgit River - enters Gilgit District from west in the south of Bichhar Pass (Naltar Valley) and flows west through the Gilgit town. Indus River - enters Gilgit District from Skardu District about six kilometers north of Jaglot where Gilgit River falls into Indus River and the Indus flows south along the Karakoram Highway. Astor River

There are many tributaries of the above main rivers, some of which are Ghujerab River, Shimshal River, Hispar River, Naltar River and Yaheen River. A large number of small ravines emerge from various glaciers, springs and lakes that eventually mix in these rivers. Seasonal variations create significant effect on the discharge of primary rivers resulting in significant decrease in the discharge flow in peak winter seasons. The flow is greatest from July to September, when snow melts in the mountains, while southwest as well as northern monsoon brings torrential rain resulting in land sliding, high flood levels and increase in the turbidity of water Nallas
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Almost every village and town in the Northern Areas and Chitral has a network of water channels, feed by streams locally called as nullahs. These channels are 2-4 feet wide and of similar depth. These channels are a symbol of the regions ancient history; indigenous art and collective effort, since many of these were built centuries ago, cutting through rocks and difficult terrain. In Gilgit Town there are five drinking water supply complex are situated in the south of Gilgit, charged by two water channels built around 30 years ago. The main Nallas around the Gilgit city are Jutial Nala, Kanudas Nala, Kargah Nala and Daniyor Nala. 1.2.6.2.Minerals Following minerals, precious and semi precious stones are found in the province of Gilgit Baltistan. - Gold - Platinum - Palladium - Copper - Lead - Zinc - Cobalt - Nickel - Bismuth - Molybdinum - Arsenic - Iron Ore 1.2.6.3.Precious and Semi Precious Stones - Ruby - Emerald - Sapphire - Spinal - Aquamarine - Topaz - Tourmaline - Epidote - Moonstone
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- Pargasite - Garnet - Amethyst - Marganite

1.2.6.4.Vegetation/ Forest Cover The forests in Northern Areas are mostly limited to southwestern parts of NA in the distric ts of Diamir, Baltistan, Gilgit and Ghizar. The wide variety of climatic conditions in the Northern Areas, coupled with the extreme variations in altitude and aspect, has lead to an equally wide array of vegetation and ecological zones.

Figure 8: Views of vegetation in the city

Five distinct zones can be identified. These Ecological zones include Alpine Meadows and Alpine scrubs, Sub Alpine Scrub, Dry Temperate Coniferous Forest and Dry Temperate Evergreen oak scrub.
Forest Area Sq. miles and 848 120 96 36 1,100

Chilas, Darel Tangir Astore Sub Division Gilgit, Punial and Nagar Baltistan Total forest area

sq. km 2,171 307 246 92 2,816

ha 217,088 30,720 24,576 9,216 281,600

Table 9: Forest cover area in Northern areas

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Area under protected forests (conifers) in Northern Areas is 64,512 ha. Total (scrub) forests are 381,200 ha but further classification into private or protected forests is not reported.
District Gilgit (Gilgit and Nagar) mile2 66 Area km2 ha 169 17028 Forest Type Montane Dry Temperate and sub alpine Significance Subsistence timber, firewood, grazing and other NTFP; biodiversity, Watershed, ecotourism, forest PA and logging for civil works Rights 1. Free grant of timber and fuel wood in Nagar area to the local right holders as per notification of 1974. 2. In Gilgit, the timber is supplied on concessional rates to the locals but firewood from dead and dying trees is free.

Table 10: Gilgit district forest cover area, type and significance

Area Gilgit

Nursery Development No. of nurseries (ha) Area covered 71 19,24

Afforestation Program No (Millions) Area (ha) 4.00 1339.52

Table 11: Forest Nurseries in Northern Areas, 1997

District Gilgit

Government (Nurseries) 7

Area (ha) 5.5

Government Plantation (No.) 4

Area (ha) 254

Table 12: Forest under Gove rnment Jurisdiction, 1997 Northern Areas 1.2.7. Natural Disasters Northern Areas on account of physical location and geo-physical nature of the terrain could easily be counted as the most hazardous region in Pakistan. NA's are exposed to both natural and manmade hazards. Coupled with peculiar hazardous environment, the risks are further accentuated on account of vulnerabilities in terms of political structure, institutional mandate and capacities and the particular socio-economic context. A disaster Inventory has been compiled based on information available with the NA Home Department and is given below in the table:

S. No.

Disasters

Date / Years

Location

Damages & Losses (Human Losses, cattles, crop, land etc)

Estimates of Financial Impact of Disaster (In Rs)

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1 2

Floods and Landslide Civil Conflicts Civil Conflicts Floods

25/11/2005 June 2004 to mid Oct 2005 Oct to Dec 2005 June to Aug 2006

Gilgit, Skardu, Diamer, Ghizer, Ghanche, Astore Gilgit, Skardu

Deaths= 08, House= 3250, Cattle Head=113 Deaths= 17, Injured= 22, Property Damage Deaths= 56, Injured= 81 Deaths= 26, House Damage= 563, Crops Affected (Acres)=8375.9

38.81 million 7.3 million, 78.463 million paid & 32.16 million to be Paid. 16.8 million 50.19 million

3 4

Gilgit, Skardu Gilgit, Skardu, Diamer, Ghizer, Ghanche, Astore

Table 13: Types of disasters and their related statistics

Type of Disasters

Gilgit

Yes / No High
Earthquake Landslide / Rock fall / Mudflow Glacial Movement / Avalanches Flash Floods/Riverine Floods Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Snow Storm Wind Storms Lightening Drought No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Frequency Medium

Low

Ep idemics Cross border firing Road Accidents Wild Fires Ethnic & Sectarian Vio lence

Yes Yes

Yes No Yes

Table 14: Types of disasters and their frequency in Gilgit

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Page | 30

Figure 11: Map showing potential hazard area of Gilgit District Source: "Report on Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Gilgit District by WWF-UNDP

1.2.7.1.Seismology The seismic map of the region prepared by Pakistan Meteorological Department, Geophysical Centre, Quetta, indicates that Gilgit lies in a very active seismic zone and the seismic factor in this zone has been evaluated as Zone of noticeable seismic danger with acceleration values of 0.05 to 0.15 g. and to the immediate north and north-west lies the Zone of significant seismic danger with acceleration value of 0.15 to 0.2g. Two devastating earthquakes occurred in the Northern Areas in near past on 28th December 1974 and 12th September, 1981 near the villages of Pattan and Sazine with magnitudes 6.1 and 5.7. Considerable Loss to the building was experienced in Gilgit as well during the Sazine earthquake (1981). There is no observatory in the seismically active belt of Gilgit. This region is sparsely populated and very little attention has been given to their develop ment in the past and as such the need for a seismic hazard data was hardly realized. Now when major development schemes involving sizeable engineering works are being planned and are underway, an accurate knowledge of seismicity is essential especially in the wake of recent earthquake.

Table 15: Earthquake dates and statistics 1.2.7.2. Floods The hazard identification and assessment process shows that flood is the major hazard in the district of Gilgit and is of various kinds; the cloud burst flood, flash floods, glacial lake outburst floods and the River Floods.

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According to the hazard map, the tidal settlement area is 136.436 Sq km out of which 15.67354 sq. km is under flood. Amongst the twelve union councils, the major floor area are 0.3846 Sq. Km lies between Jutial and Jaglot but most vulnerable are Sakarkoie, Konadas, Nalter, Jutial and Jaglote Goroo. The flood nullahs are very near to settlements and average speed on set is just 27 minutes, gives the community very little time to evacuate themselves. As compare to above mentioned union councils, Haramosh, Sai Aglote, Charkorcot and Damot have been gone through floods but the average speed on set is one and half hour, thus causing less harm to the communities. The frequency of floods is usually 2 to 3 times a year and usually from end of June to mid-August. There are 110 flood points in the whole district including Nullahs, rivers and channels, amongst them 21 are in Sharote Shakyot over an extended area, 16 in Municipal and 15 are in Nomal, which covered less area and this cause more damage to the settlements. According to the community and history profile; severe floods over the last few decades occurred in the district in 1980, 1994, 1996 and 2010. 1.2.7.3. Land sliding Land sliding is the second major hydro metrological hazard in the district and triggered as a secondary hazard of heavy rainfall in summer and intense snow fall in winter. According to the community observations, the average frequency of landsliding is 5-6 times a year and usually stays for 1 hour. In this duration in usually cause harm to homes especially in Sakarkoie and even to human lives in Kargah and Nalter valleys (shams-urRehman). Social forestry, agricultural

Figure 12: Landslide in 2010 caused damage to a home in Naikoie

land and cattle sheds are under threat of landslides in all most all the union councils. The hazard map shows 23 potential landslides points in the whole district with 4 in Sharote-Shakyot and Haramosh and 3 in each of municipal area, Bagrot and Charkorcot. The average speed on set for landslide is every short i.e. 8.07 minutes. The landslide point is Naiko Gilgit is highly threatnin as the speed on set is just 02 minutes and average duration is 1 hour and as a result of 2010 rain it caused damage to 07 houses (Mohammad Ismail from Naikoi). The landslides in Nalter and Jutial Nullah are also very potential and even can enter the homes in Nalter but in case of Jutial the speed on set are 30 minutes and the plantation on its
Figure 13: Condition after land Page | 32 sliding

way gets damaged but serves as barriers to reduce the harm to homes, cattle sheds and human lives (Sher Nadeer from Jutial)

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Figure 14: Map showing potential landslide areas of Gilgit District

Source: "Report on Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Gilgit District by WWF-UNDP

1.2.7.4. River and stream bank erosion River bank erosion is again triggered as a secondary hazard of floods and increase in temperature in summer. The erosion rate depends on volume of water and is usually ver y high from JuneSeptember. An Average of 2216 kanal is ruined every year as a result of erosion especially along the banks of Shrot, shakyot, Bargo, Thingee, Hanzal, Baseen, Sakarkoie and Konadas by the Ghizer river. Erosion to the agricultural land is very high in Sakwar and Nalter as result of flow of nallah water in high volume and speed. 1.2.7.5. Avalanches Avalanche is again a major identified hydro metrological hazard in the district. It usually occurs in winter when there is heavy snow fall and frequency could be 5-7 times such as in Nomal-Nalter. The speed on set is just few seconds to few minutes (Akber Husain Nalter). According to the hazard map there are 10 avalanche points in the district with 01 in Sharote, 01 in the Haramosh, 02 in Bagrot and 06 in Nalter, covering an area of 1.8601 sq. km. The potential avalanches usually cause a huge damage to the natural forest and cultivable land in Nalter.

Figure 15: Map showing hazard types, risks and class in the union council of Nomal-Nalter S ource: "Report on Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Gilgit District by WWF-UNDP

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Figure 16: Level of risk from natural disasters to critical facilities in the Gilgit district

Even though the prosperity and rapid development resulted by the KKH, however environmental problems certainly increase since no attentions was given to address the basic needs of water,
Figure 17: Level of risk from natural disasters to livelihood sources in the Gilgit district

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sanitation, solid waste and proper sewerage systems. Similarly, rapid depletion of natural resources could be observed in the area due to easy accessibility. Natural forests are one of the significant areas affected by construction of roads to remote valleys. (IUCN Raza, 2003)

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1.3. ECONOMY The economy of a region can be considered to be the backbone in terms of development of a region. The economic activities in a region refer to the evolution of production and consumption processes in this region. These are also reflected on the movements of people and goods inside, to/from the region. Two sets of activities are identifiable: a) those carried out for subsistence or local consumption and; b) those intended to be exported from the region for national or international consumption. An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area; the labor, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. An economy may also be described as a spatially limited and social network where goods and services are exchanged according to demand and supply between participants by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network. Major sources of economy in Gilgit are as follows: 1.3.1. Wate r Hydro Powe r Water is the main potential and source of economy in overall Gilgit- Baltistan and Gilgit. Water is not only used for cultivation but the advantage of waterfalls is tapped through hydro-electric power generation. In the vicinity of Gilgit, 27of hydro power projects that generate18.03 MW amount of electricity. Total Hydro power projects in Northern Areas in operation are 98 that generate 133 MW amount of Electricity. 4 The various power plants are along, the Konodas Nalla, Naltar,, SherQila, Haramosh, Daniyor, Nomal, Pari, Jaglot Sai, Jalalabad, Ja glot, and number of projects along the Kargah nala. Various projects are installed in areas Chilas, and Skardu, Ghizer and Hunza.
River Station Area (km2) Mean Annual Flows of the Upper Indus River (m3/sec) (mm) (billion m3) 287 750 9.05

Gilgit

Gilgit

12,095

Table 16: Stream Flow Measurements in the Upper Indus River

Provi nce/ Territory Projects in Operation (MW) Projects Under Implementation Public Private Sector (MW) Sector Provi nce Federal (MW) Level Level Solicited Sites (Projects with Feasibility Study Completed) (MW) Projects wi th Raw Sites (MW) Total Hydropo wer Resource s (MW)

Gilgit 133 Baltistan

11876

40

534

8542

21125

Table 17: Information about hydropowe r plants

Hydro Power Resources of Pakistan Feb 2011 | by Private Power and Infrastructue Board

Northern Areas: State of Environment and Development, 2003 Government of Pakistan, Northern AreasAdministration and IUCNThe World ConservationUnion.

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The power supply drastically fluctuates between the summer and winter seasons. The difference between the two seasons is a short fall of -8.340 MW. 6
Area No. of Operation Stations. 27 Installed Capacity (MW) 18.03 Power Demand 21.930 Energy Available Hydal 11.09 Thermal 2.5 -8.340 Shortfall

Gilgit

Table 18: Information about hydropowe r plants According to the estimates of Aga Khan Rural Support Program, with the help of small hydro power plants and turbines Gilgit Baltistan can supply 22,000 MW as a whole. 1.3.2. Agriculture The other source of economy of Gilgit is Agriculture. Only two per cent of the region is believed to be cultivable. Of this area, just over one per cent is already in use for the production of grain crops, fruit and vegetables. Approximately nine per cent of the Northern Areas is occupied by natural forests and scrub, and 22 per cent by rangelands (primarily alpine pasture). Agriculture sector is based on traditional methods which lead to low level outputs and yields. The crop and livestock resources are limited. However, recent efforts are being made for producing high- yield variety of potato with an output of 85000 tonnes. 7 The principal food crops are wheat, maize, barley, potatoes, vegetables and fruits. Livestock are an integral component of the agricultural system; in 1996, the tota l livestock population of the Northern Areas was estimated to exceed two million animals. 8 The various fruits and dry fruits that are abundantly found in this part of the region are: - Apricot - Apple - Grapes - Pears - Peaches - Pomegranate - Cherry - Mulberry - Walnut - Almond
6

ibid

AGRICULTURE SECTORINVESTMENT POTENTIALS IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN, http://www.gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/images/stories/bus-pot_pdf/Agric ulture.pdf 8 ibid

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However, due to lack of investment, marketing and proper packaging a lot of fruits get perished without reaching the market. For example out of 107803 MT of 41644 MT of apricots get wasted. 9
District Gilgit Area under Cereals (ha) 10,194 Area under Fruits (ha) 4,602 Area under Vegetables (ha) 3,232 Area under Fodders (ha) 18,741

Table 19: Status of Agriculture in Northern Area (2001) 10 1.3.3. Touris m Tourism is one of the major sectors of the Gilgits economy, providing employment and income to a large segment of the population. . Family income gets additional support from tourism and allied professions as Gilgit is known for its tourist potential for local and foreign tourists especially interested in serious mountaineering. 1.3.4. Labor force Majority of the people are being involved directly or indirectly with border trade as well as hoteling and transport. Only in Gilgit town there are more than 22 hotels and around same number of restaurants, working round the year.
C i t y / Town Gilgit Number of Hotels 2000 2001 24 38 Number of Rooms 2000 2001 500 683

Table 20: Statistics for hotel industry in Gilgit The other sources of income include labor, services in government or non-government organizations. (IUCN Raza, 2003) According to census report of 1988, Economy following are the basis of employment in Gilgit. - Services 42.38 % Com. Social 15% Services - Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting Agri, Forest etc 45% and Fishing 21.19 % 17% - Finance, Insurance, Real Estate 23% Finance, Real and Business Services + Estate Construction 15.63 % Wholesale Trade - Whole-sale Trade, Restaurants and Hotels and Transport, Figure 18: Pie-chart showing economic division of sectors in the city
9

AGRICULT URE SECT ORINVESTMENT POTENTIALS INGILGIT-BALTIST AN,http://www.gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/images/stories/buspot_pdf/Agriculture.pdf 10 Northern Areas : State of Environment and Development, 2003 Government of Pakistan, Northern Areas Administration and IUCNThe World Conservation Union.

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Storage and Communication 14.27 % Generally in Gilgit migration from rural areas to urban area is not as high as it is found in lower Pakistan, but still the figure is quite high considering the existing facilities in urban area. Better education, health facilities, and broader job opportunities both for skilled and unskilled labors, are the main encouraging factors for rural population to migrate in Gilgit urban town, headquarter of urban district. As far as the educated people are concer ned those prefer to stay in their respective villages or regions as most of them are employed either with health or education department. Another reason of migration is business opportunities. Majority of non- local business community have migrated from villages of NWFP and Punjab. 11 Place of Previous Residence All Areas Rural Urban All Areas 100 100 100 Within Northern Areas 39.99 26.39 52.00 Azad Jammu Kashmir 4.39 7.58 1.58 NWFP 16.52 13.46 19.23 FATA 0.95 0.00 1.79 Punjab 18.04 22.73 13.89 Sindh 0.58 0.36 0.75 Baluchistan 0.23 0.38 0.11 Islamabad 0.18 0.19 0.17 Other Countries 2.13 2.58 1.74 Not Reported 16.98 26.32 8.73 Table 21: Percentage of Migrants from other Province / Within Northern Areas by Rural / Urban, 1998 1.3.5. Land Utilization Agricultural Sector: The Northern Areas of Pakistan are located between 35-37 N and 72-75 E. The majority of the area is mountainous and covers over 72,496 square kilometers with a population of one million in 831 villages scattered all over the area. Human settlements are on alluvial fans and terraces from 4000 ft. to 11500 ft. elevation on either side of the Indus and its tributaries where water is available for agriculture. Density is of 14 persons / km2. Roughly 0.86 per cent area is under agriculture, do uble of this is arable, 4.0 per cent under forest and the rest is covered by range lands, glaciers and mountains. Small land holdings (1-2 kanals or 0.073 to 0.074 ha/capita) and existence of 75 per cent agricultural land in single cropped area and 25 per cent in double cropped area in the arid mountains confine the production below subsistence level. Agriculture is irrigated owing to scanty precipitation and
11

Northern Areas: State of Environment and Development, 2003 Government of Pakistan, Northern Areas Administration and IUCNThe World Conservation Union.

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subsequent aridity all over the mountain region. Land holdings in the northern areas are small, reported to be below one hectare (on the average 0.124 ha to 0.075 ha). 12
District No. of Farm 17573 Farm Area (ha) 21624 Farm Area uncultivated (ha) Cultivated Cultivable Forests Land (ha) Waste 11900 18073 17028

Total 35101

Gilgit

Table 22: Land use in Agricultural Sector

District Cultivated Area 11,900 Cultivable Area 18,073 Cropped Area under other (hectares) Crops. Cereal Potato Other Fodders Fruits Veg. 10,821 574 634 3,679 1,399

Total 17,107

Gilgit

Table 23: Land Utilization Statistics 1.3.6. Production output The per capita per annum income of Gilgit-Baltistan is one fourth of Pakistans national average and more than half of the regions population lives below poverty line. Several studies show that families spend more than one third of their annual income on purchasing firewood during the freezing winters. There is no industry in the region and private sector is very small to provide jobs to tens of thousands of jobless youth. Few flour mills owned by Pakistanis do exist but often remain shut due to lack of grain-supply. Many youngsters also join Pakistani military, non-profit organizations or become porters for the tourists to earn subsistence income.

1.4. CULTURE AND HERITAGE CULTURE: Culture is a term that has many different related meanings. It can be described as: An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning or The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, o rganization, or group. HERITAGE: Heritage refers to something inherited from the past and then it comes to a genie. The word has several different senses, including: Natural heritage, an inheritance of fauna and flora, geology, landscape and landforms, and other natural resources

12

Northern Areas Strategy for Sustainable Development Second Draft | June 2002 | Background Paper on Agriculture and Food Security | By IUCN

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Cultural heritage, the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society: Industrial heritage, monuments from industrial culture Tradition, customs and practices inherited from ancestors

The Northern Areas are one of Pakistans most important international tourism destinations. The region is renowned for its natural beauty, including its rugged valleys, high mountain peaks and massive glaciers; these features attract a significant number of trekking and mountaineering expeditions every year. Other tourism assets include the regions diverse flora and fauna, its rich architectural heritage and its ancient archaeological sites. 1.4.1. LINKS TO ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS The Karakorum and Hindukush have always been rather porous barriers, offering shorter, seasonal routes between South and Central Asia. Traders, conquerors, religion and ideas have been passing through this route over 4000 years. Evidence of human activity can be traced in this region in the form of worlds largest collection of rock carvings dated from 7th century. 13 However, the main attraction of ruling this area was the control of the trade routes. Flow of Silk from China and spices from India flowed west, and the great overland trade routes known as the Silk Routes blossomed. Throughout the ages we see struggle over the control of trade routes between the neighboring Central Asian states, the kingdoms of Northern Area and the Chinese Empire. It is through this link that this region became the eastern most extent of the Greek Empire in 327 BC. This was followed by the Great Asoka Empire along with the Buddhist leanings in 272-235 BC. Consequently, we see the development of the great Gandharan civilizations as a result of fusion between Greek and Buddhist ideas. 1.4.2. TOURISM Tourism is one of the major sectors of the Gilgits economy, providing employment and income to a large segment of the population. However, without careful planning and regulation, tourism can have negative impacts on both the natural and cultural environment. The challenge faced by policy makers and planners is to develop tourism in such a way that it ensures conservation of the very assets upon which the industry is based.
Figure 19: Road map to Gilgit showing important destinations

13 Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway

By Sarina Singh, Lindsay Brown, Paul Clammer, Rodney Cocks, John Mock

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Gilgit city is one of the two major hubs for all mountaineering expeditions in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Almost all tourists headed for treks in Karakoram or Himalaya Ranges arrive at Gilgit first. Many tourists choose to travel to Gilgit by air, since the road travel between Islamabad and Gilgit, by the Karakoram Highway, takes nearly 24 hours, whereas the air travel takes a mere 4550 minutes. The tourism department of Gilgit is making efforts to promote domestic tourism. Before the incident of September 11, 2001 (World Trade Center), it was an open campaign site for Tourists. Gilgit has larger number of Mineral forests. It is the largest province of rock art in the world. The Province also has International Peace Park in Tashpur. The tourism department is revising the set of policies. It has now become the part of Provincial Government. By 2014, it is expected that there will be direct International flight operate from Gilgit. Rituals of Gilgit like Rafting and Paragliding are renowned in all over the world. Inspire all of this; the officials face Financial and Security problems in promoting Tourism. In terms of security, one solution is to promote the Community Based Tourism. 14
During 2008 Area During 2009 Number of Tourist Area Visited 34,921 Gilgit Number of Tourist Visited 36,505 Trend Increase/ Decrease 1584 (Increased)

Gilgit

Table 24: Tourism related statistics of year 2008 and 2009 Tourism Assets in the Northern Areas: The Northern Areas possess some of the most dramatic mountain scenery on earth. Three of the worlds greatest mountain ranges the Karakoram, the Himalaya and the Hindu Kush meet in the Northern Areas. Of the worlds 14 summits above 8,000 meters, five are located in the Northern Areas, including K-2, the second highest mountain in the world. 15

Figure 20: Karakoram, Hindukush and Himalayan Mountains

14 15

Interview fro m the Touris m Directorate, Yasir | April 2011 www.tourism.gov.pk/mountaineering.ht ml

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S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Table

Altitude (metres) K-2 (Chogori) 8,611 Nanga Parbat 8,125 Gasherbrum I 8,068 Broad Peak 8,047 Gasherbrum II 8,035 Gasherbrum III 7,952 Gasherbrum IV 7,925 Distaghil Sar 7,885 Kunyang Chhish 7,852 Masherbrum NE 7,821 Rakaposhi 7,788 Batura 7,785 25: Peaks of northern areas and their altitudes

Peak

Range Karakoram Himalaya Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram Karakoram

World Ranking 2 9 11 12 14 15 17 20 22 24 27 28

In addition to the regions mountain landscapes, the Northern Areas are endowed with some of the largest glaciers outside the Polar Regions, sweeping valleys, and other natural features such as forests, rivers, lakes and meadows. The Northern Areas also support a rich array of biodiversity, including several species of flora and fauna which are considered to be globally endangered. Four national parks and three wildlife sanctuaries have now been established to protect this biological heritage. S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Name S ia c he n Ba ltoro B ia f o H is p a r Panma h Chongo Lungma Bat ura Khurdopin and Yukshin Gardan Bra ld u Barp u Ya q g h i l Vi r j e r a b
Figure 21: View of Nanga Parbat Mountain

Area (km2) 685 529 383 343 254 238 220 135 123 123 11 4 11 2

Length (km) 72 62 65 49 42 44 56 37 36 33 31 38
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13. Mohmil 14. Gas herb r u m 15. M a la n g ut t i Table 26: Glaciers of Northern areas Source: MoI, 1991. 1.4.3. HERITAGE

68 67 53

26 25 22

The Northern areas contain various heritage sites as it had been ruled by different civilizations dated from 7th century including Greek Empire, Asoka Empire, Buddhists and Gandharan civilizations, Mughal Empire and Sikh empire. Evidence of human activity can be traced in this region in the form of worlds largest collection of rock carvings. Cultural Heritage

The Northern Areas have been influenced by a variety of cultures and civilizations during their turbulent history. The main trading route between India, China and Central Asia, known as the Silk Route, passed through the Northern Areas, making the region a meeting place for traders, pilgrims and explorers. Emperors and conquerors from Central Asia and Persia were attracted to the region, and Buddhist monks from India used the Silk Route to travel to China to spread their teaching. Today, the Karakoram Highway links Pakistan and China, and follows that segment of the Silk Route which once passed through the Northern Areas. As a result of this varied history, the Northern Areas possess a particularly diverse and interesting cultural heritage. Architectural Heritage

The NAs architectural heritage includes palaces, forts, mosques and shrines. Particularly important sites include: Altit Fort; Baltit Fort; Khaplu Fort and Palace; Shigar Fort and Palace; Mamorokutz Mosque; and Amburiq Mosque. Due to a strong hold of Muslims over the region, it consists of several examples of Islamic architecture especially mosques. Very few mosques older than 100 years have been preserved in the entire Gilgit Agency. The finest examples of old wooden mosques can be found in the Darel and Tangir valleys resembling those in Swat and lndus Kohistan The oldest mosque in Nager (Kamal Masjid in Uyum Nager) bears the inscription 8211 which could mean 1128 Hijri, i.e. 1716 A.D. There are also some abandoned old Shii mosques in the villages of central Hunza. The best known tombs of Muslim saints are those of Sayyid Shah Sultan Arif in Danyor (opposite Gilgit), of Sayyid Shah Wali in Ghulmet (Central Nager) and of Baba Ghundi in the Chupursan valley.

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Figure 22: Views of Baltit Fort, Hunza

Archaeological Heritage

Important archaeological sites include cave paintings, megalithic stone circles, and Buddhist stupas and monasteries numerous ancient rock carvings and inscriptions have also been discovered throughout the NA, particularly along the Silk Route. The history of the Northern Areas has been reconstructed based upon this rock art, and there is a high likelihood that more sites await discovery. The Gilgit manuscripts are among the oldest manuscripts in the world, and the oldest manuscript collection surviving in Pakistan, having major significance in the areas of Buddhist studies and the evolution of Asian and Sanskrit literature. The manuscripts are believed to have been written in the 5th to 6th Century CE, though some more manuscripts were discovered in the succeeding centuries, which were also classified as Gilgit manuscripts. This corpus of manuscripts was discovered in 1931 in Gilgit, containing four sutras from the Buddhist canon, including the famous Lotus Sutra. The manuscripts were written on birch bark in old Sanskrit language in the Sharada script. The Gilgit manuscripts cover a wide range of themes such as econometric, folk tales, philosophy, medicine and several related areas of life and general knowledge.
Location Alam Bridge District Gilgit Description Rock inscriptions and drawings on boulders near the bridge. The inscriptions are in Indian script, reflecting Indian influence on the region; the drawings suggest a Central Asian influence. Archaeologically unexplored area, but some sites confirm the presence of ancient graves and other features of interest. Inscriptions and engravings on rocks and boulders dating from the 5th millennium B.C. through to medieval times. These inscriptions Page | 46

Astore Valley Chilas

Diamir Diami

Gilgit

Gilgit

Hunza Shigar Valley Shin Nala Skardu Yasin

Gilgit Baltistan Diamir Baltistan Ghizar

reflect Chilas importance as a meeting point throughout the ages for traders and pilgrims. Several archaeological sites, including the Kargah Buddha, the Noorpur stupas, the Mughal Minar and the Danyor Inscription (a huge boulder bearing inscriptions from the 7th/8th century A.D.) This is the only archaeological site in the Northern Areas which is currently protected under the Pakistan Antiquities Act. The Sacred Rock of Hunza. Many remains, including a Buddhist monastery, paintings and carvings from the 4th/5th century A.D. Buddhist complex with images, stupas and carvings from the early Buddhist period of 4th/5th century A.D. The Manthal Rock, engraved with Buddhist inscriptions and showing the influence of Tibetan rule in the area. Several megalithic stone circles dating back to the 1st millennium B.C.

Table 27: Information on archaeological heritage of northern areas Living Cultural Expressions

The Northern Areas have a rich variety of living cultural expressions, as reflected in the regions languages as well as its traditional music, foods, festivals, sports, arts and handicrafts. In Baltistan, for example, an archaic form of Tibetan is spoken, while to the north, near Rakaposhi, there are five separate language groups along just 150 kilometers of the Hunza River. Polo is the most popular traditional sport in the region. Patronized by local Rajas and Mirs for generations and played throughout the Northern Areas, but is particularly popular in Baltistan. The Shandur Polo Festival, in which polo teams from Gilgit compete with Chitral, attracts thousands of spectators each year. The Northern Areas are also known for their cultural festivals (such as the famous Mindok Ltanmo or Flower Festival, a music and dance ceremony performed in Khaplu to welcome spring) and a wide array of other traditions, such as the making of pattu (hand-woven, woolen cloth, used in jackets, coats and shirts). 1.4.4. SKILLS: The main occupations of the people of Gilgit city are trade, mining and agriculture. The majority of the population is engage in these occupations. Other occupations are related to horticulture, livestock and its related products. However in late 1980s after the inauguration of Karakoram Highway with China and Pakistan brought economical revolution as majority of the people are being involved directly or indirectly with border trade as well as hoteling and transport. The other sources of income include labor, services in government or non- government organizations.

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2.

DESCRIBING THE CITY

Gilgit is the capital city of the province of Gilgit-Baltistan. It is the administrative and commercial centre of the Gilgit- Baltistan. It is situated in the foot hills of the Karakorum mountain range. 2.1.GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT Gilgit city is situated between 34-04 north latitudes and 72-30 to 77-50 east longitudes. The city is surrounded by steep vertical mountains 500m to 1500m surrounded by 2000m to 3000m high mountains. Gilgit city is located in a valley of the Karakorum Mountains, surrounded by high peaks ranging from 1600 m to 2000m on either side of the valley. The origin of the valley goes to the Shandur Pass in the west. The place where the valley comes to a stop is the intersection of the Gilgit River and the Hunza River locally known as the Duo Pani. It is the place where Gilgit River meets Hunza River. One special feature that distinguishes District Gilgit from rest of the districts of Pakistan is that it has the confluence point of the three mightiest mountain ranges viz-a-viz Himalaya, Karakoram and Gilgit town Hindukush. 16 In the North- District HunzaNagar In the South- District Diamer In the East- District Skurdu In the West- District Ghizar
Figure 23: Passing through a road in Gilgit city

Figure 24: Map showing Mountain ranges of Gilgit Baltistan

16

Presentation - Briefing of District Gilgit by Deputy Commissioner Gilgit - 2010

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Figure 25: Map showing primary roads of Gilgit city

Gilgit lies about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) off the Karakoram Highway (KKH). The KKH connects it to Chilas, Dasu, Besham, Mansehra, Abbottabad and Islamabad in the south. In the North it is connected to Karimabad (Hunza) and Sust in the Northern Areas and to the Chinese cities of Tashkurgan, Upal and Kashgar in Xinjiang. Beyond Gilgit there is no big town or city in any direction within a distance of about 450 Kilometers in any direction. Thereby, making Gilgit the trade center of the Northern Areas.

Figure 26: Views of Gilgit River

According to the Gilgit Master Plan 1977, (Pakistan Enviornmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Limited, 1977) Gilgit and its immediate hinterland may be divided into six areas by function and physical location as follows:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Town Nucleus Kunadas Plateau Danyor Plain (+ Gujar Das) Jutial Basin

The overall city is longitudinally spread along the North and South bank of the Gilgit River. Subsequent to the topographic contours, Gilgit expand from bottoms up to steep slopes. The south bank consists of the historic city centre with commercial areas, the administrative buildings, the bus stand, the airport and the old settlements along with open recreation areas of the old and new polo ground. The north bank consists of the administrative core called the Kunudas. This plateau has been feed by the Kunudas Nalla. It is connected by the road that runs parallel to the River Hunza. Near this is the informal settlement called Mujahid Colony 10 km along the North bank lies the recently construction of Karakorum International University.

Figure 27: Views of Gilgit River

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2.2.LAND USE ZONES: Gilgit town, though is an unplanned city, but has an order and pattern. There are defined residential, commercial, administrative and farm land area. There are three major roads namely River View Road, University road, Shaheed-e- Millat road which links East part of the city to the West. Similarly, there are six bridges that link north part to south across the Gilgit River. Land use zones include market area, housing, industrial, amenities facilities, cantonment zones, universities etc.

Figure 28: Map showing connection between different areas of city

2.2.1. RESIDENTIAL: Presently in all urban settlements within Gilgit, an unplanned and uncontrolled construction is in practice. The size of residential plots ranges from ten marlas to 2 kanals albeit small fractions of population have constructed households in 3-5 kanals.

Figure 29: Views of Residential areas of the city

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Unplanned construction following the contour of the land, sizes and shapes of agricultural fields has lead to haphazard growth and expansion in irregular shapes of plots. These areas also have narrow streets and lack of infrastructure facilities to the need of the growing population. These streets thus developed internally are narrow and zigzag which are only used by pedestrians and in some areas it is quite difficult to address the basic infrastructure facilities of urban population such as sewerage, drainage, provision of electricity and easy access to rescue services in case of emergencies. The residential plots have a lesser degree of plot coverage. Only in Gilgit town 51% of the plots have covered an area of up to 25% and as many as 84% have site coverage of up to 50%. On average only 3% of the urban population have double story buildings. Only 2% of the households have one room, 22% have up to 2 rooms whilst 74% households have more than 3 rooms. On average 60% of the households are semi pacca, 35 percent are pacca and the remaining 5 are kacha houses. (IUCN) 17 2.2.2. COMMERCIAL: The city center of the Gilgit considered as the main commercial hub of the city as it contains a large number of shops. This part of the city is considered to be a settlement from the British period, based on the colonial style of nuclei planning. It acts as the nucleus of the city which is generated by the intersection of the Shaheed Millat Road (running parallel to the Southern Mountain Ridge) and the Raja Bazaar Road. The shops are selling a variety of goods that include textile, shoes, bags, kitchen utensils and spices. Most of the textile, shoes and crockery are mainly imported from China. Sometimes, hand carts encroached the road, however, on a temporary basis.

Figure 30: Views of main commercial area of the city

The commercial core of the city center seems to have shifted towards the east at the intersection of the Saddar Bazaar Road and Babar Road. This intersection is marked by the NLI (Northern Light Infantry Regiment) Market. These shops are related to jewelry, stone and gems, crockery, textile and traveler bags. The NLI market mostly consists of goods that are brought in from China. There are however, shops that house textiles brought in from down south of the country along with a few local handicraft shops. There are number of cooperate banks in NLI market. On the south of the node, there is a Jamat Khana Bazaar. It

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mostly comprises 15 to 20 feet wide shops that are selling daily use items i.e., bakery, general store, vegetable, fruits and meat. 2.2.3. AMENITIES: i. HEALTH

Gilgit city is one of the main destinations for medical emergencies for the entire province. The total number of hospitals is 6 in number with 1 district health Quarters and five civil hospitals. Following table gives a detail of health facilities found in Gilgit City.
Health Facilities Hospitals Basic Health units Dispensaries First Aid Posts Bed Strength Doctors Medical Officers Lady Medical Officer Specialists Dental Officers Paramedics Lady Health visitors Gilgit 6 4 22 36 269 (1998) 59 27 4 16 7 308 370 (1 DHQ Hosptial + 5 Civil)

304 (in 2008)

20 (in 2008)

Table 28: Showing health facilities in Gilgit city Awareness about health and hygiene is still under achieved among remote communities and therefore is a strong focus of interventions by authorities and projects. However, the Aga Khan Health Services extensive program on health and hygiene within Gilgit City and the province has brought a considerable change and awareness regarding health related issues. In January 2000, Army Hospital Gilgit circulated a report on the incidence of cholera cases in five districts. According this report 17,625 cholera patients were treated in different hospitals of the Gilgit, out of which 55 were died.
District Gilgit DHQ Hospital DHO Total Cases 11,186 06,439 17,625 Deaths Reported 43 12 55

Table 29: Showing cholera cases and deaths reported in Gilgit city

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ii.

EDUCATION

The literacy level in Gilgit city is comparatively high with respect to other districts of Gilgit Baltistan. It has large number of educational institutions from primary education level to higher secondary education. Some of the famous colleges in the tow n are F.G Degree College Jutial, F.G Degree College for women, Army Public School and College, Public School and Colleges Jutial, the Aga
Figure 31: Aga Khan S chool for boys, Gilgit Khan Education Services, and Aga Khan School for Boys. A Karakorum International University has been established recently in 2002, for graduate and post graduate programs.

Education Facilities Male Primary Middle High High Secondary Schools Colleges IT Centers Universities 427 136 111 3 10 2 -

Number of Schools Female Co.Edu Total Male 201 70 34 1 4 2 868 112 42 2 1 1496 318 187 6 14 4 1 88456 21288 7890 114 2115 120 285

Enrollment Female Total 64234 11613 3192 47 573 87 129 149690 32901 11082 161 2688 207 414 Male 1507 791 1323 37 237 9 44

Teachers Female 726 245 350 15 61 5 7 Total 2233 1036 1673 52 298 14 51

Table 30: Showing educational facilities in Gilgit city

Table 31: Showing educational facilities in Gilgit city

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iii.

RECREATIONAL

In Gilgit there are two public parks i.e. Chinar Bagh which covers an area of 8.5 acres and the City Park at the extension of Airport for recreational activities. However, polo which is a traditional game of the North is a popular sport and for that reason there are 3 polo grounds used for holding polo games as well as other cultural and social activities. A large number of spectators come to watch such events in summer times of the year. However, armed forces and local administration have their own complexes areas that are designated only for officials. Furthermore, there are three cinema halls with a total seating capacity of 800 seats. (IUCN)18
Figure 32: View of Polo Ground

Figure 33: Views of different recreational spaces

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2.2.4. AGRICULTURE: According to the Gilgit Master Plan of 1977, it is stated that the main landuse within the Gilgit city consists of agricultural land. Due to the mountainous terrian throughout the provinvce nay available land of ragriculture is a scarcity, hence with a lot of of value. However, due to the rapid growth of the city the agricultural land is being gradually taken over (Refer to the Danyor case study). Nonetheless most of the residences consists of livestock, kitchen gardens and small patch of cultivated land.(Refer to Mujahid Colony case study)

Figure 34: View of Agricultural lands

District

Farm (Nos)

Farm Area (Ha) 21624 Cultivable Area 18073

Cultivated Land (ha) 11900

Cultivated Waste 18073

Forests

Total

Gilgit District

17573 Cultivated Area 11900

17028 Fodders

35101 Fruits Total

Table 32: Showing number of farms and cultivated land area

Cereal Potato Other Veg. 634

Gilgit

10821

574

3679

1399

17107

Table 33: Showing number of cultivated land area for diffe rent vegetables

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2.3.TRANSPORT There are three major roads namely River View Road, University Road, Shaheed-e- Millat Road which links east part of the city to the west. Similarly, there are six bridges that link north part to south across the Gilgit River. The urban settlement has metal and un- metal roads ranging from 60-70 Kilometers of paved roads consisting of radial roads, distributaries links and access roads. Encroachment on the right of way especially in the central business areas is common. In some urban areas the roads are very narrow ranging from 20 to 45 feet e.g. Karimabad centre some parts of Gilgit. The haphazard onstreet parking by various modes of transport is also very common. The loading and unloading activities both by heavy and light transport can be seen easily.
Figure 35: View of a major road

The number of vehicles plying on the roads is increasing with the passage of time while the roads widths remain same, and the effective carriageway widths on certain roads sections are unable to meet the present day requirement.

Figure 36: Different modes of transport

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S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Type of Vehicles Motorcycle / Scooters Motorcars Jeeps Station Wagons Tractors Buses / Mini Buses Motorcar Cab Delivery Van Public Carrier Truck Private Carrier Truck Pick-up Datsun Ambulance Oil Tankers Water Tanker Suzuki Pick-up Grand Total

Registered 4,014 3,000 3,563 700 1,557 330 39 54 7,939 47 767 12 179 2 1,799 24,002

On Road 3,986 2,974 3,552 690 1,487 329 39 50 7,917 47 762 12 172 2 1,755 17,774

Table 34: Shows Numbers and Types of Vehicles in Northe rn Areas, 2000

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Figure 37: Views of various bridges in the city

The number of vehicles becomes higher in summer season due to tourism and opening of boarder trade with China. Similarly vehicles used by armed forces are not included in this data as exact figures are not available.
District 1995 1996 (% ) 1997 (% ) 1998 (% ) 1999 (% ) 2000 (% ) 2010

Gilgit city

14,825

15,142 (2.13)

15,386 (1.61)

15,615 (1.49)

15,723 (0.69)

15,928 (1.30)

17,042 (14)

Table 35: Showing number of vehicles in Gilgit city from year 1995-2010 Gilgit lies 10 kilometer off Karakorum Highway. Karakoram highway connects Gilgit to rest of the Pakistan as well as with China and now the south East Asia. The road travel between Islamabad and Gilgit, by the Karakoram Highway, takes nearly 24 hours. Gilgit also has a small domestic Airport situated in the east of Gilgit. A number of buses run between Gilgit and Islamabad with a large number of passengers every day. There are 2 Fokker flights everyday between Gilgit and Islamabad, carrying up to 40 passengers per flight. However, due to unfavorable weather conditions the flights get

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cancelled and usually there is backlog of several days. Most of the people prefer to travel by air, as it takes a mere 4550 minutes.

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2.4. EVOLUTION OF THE CITY: Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia. It was ruled for centuries by the local Trakhn Dynasty, which ended about 1810 with the death of Raja Abas, the last Trakhn Raja. It was then captured by number of rulers until the Gilgit Agency was formed by the British rulers. The Gilgit Agency was a political unit of British India, which administered the northern half of the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Gilgit Agency was created in 1877 and was overseen by a political agent of the Governor-General of British India. The seat of the agent was Srinagar. In 1935, the Gilgit Agency leased the territory comprising the agency from the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, for a period of sixty years. This lease and the Gilgit Agency ceased to exist when Pakistan and India became independent countries in 1947. Subsequent to the Partition of India in 1947 and the First Kashmir War, the name "Gilgit Agency" was adopted by Pakistan to refer to the territory which formed a de facto dependency of Pakistan from 1947 to 1970, but the name ceased to be used when the territory was merged into the Northern Areas. This Pakistani "Gilgit Agency" was administered directly from Islamabad, separately from the neighboring state of Azad Kashmir and the princely states of Hunza and Nagar. It did not include the district of Kargil and the subdivision of Ladakh which had been a part of the British Gilgit Agency. The Pakistani Agency bordered the Sinkiang region of China to the northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the south, Baltistan to east, and the North-West Frontier Province to the west. 19 History: Gilgit had been a flourishing tract but prosperity was destroyed by warfare over the next fifty years after the death of Raja Abbas, and by the great flood of 1841 in which the river Indus was blocked by a landslip below the HatuPir and the valley was turned into a lake. After the death of Abas, Suleiman Shah, raja of Yasin, conquered Gilgit. Then, Azad Khan, raja of Punial, killed Sulaiman Shah, taking Gilgit; then Tair Shah, raja of Buroshall (Nagar), took Gilgit and killed Azad Khan. Tair Shah's son Shah Sakandar inherited, only to be killed by Gaur Rahman, raja of Yasin of the Khushwakhte Dynasty, when he took Gilgit. Then in 1842, Shah Sakandar's brother, Karim Khan, expelled Gaur Rahman with the support of a Sikh army from Kashmir. The Sikh general, Nathu Shah, left garrison troops and Karim Khan ruled until Gilgit was ceded to Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846 by the Treaty of Amritsar, and Dogra troops replaced the Sikh in Gilgit. 20 Nathu Shah and Karim Khan both transferred their allegiance to Gulab Singh, continuing local administration. When Hunza attacked in 1848, both of them were killed. Gilgit fell to the Hunza and their Yasin and Punial allies, but was soon reconquered by Gulab Singh's Dogra troops. With the support of Gaur Rahman, Gilgit's inhabitants drove their new rulers out in an uprising in 1852. Gaur Rahman then ruled Gilgit until his death in 1860, just before new Dogra forces from Ranbir Singh, son of Gulab Singh, captured the fort and town. In 1870s Chitral was threatened by Afghans Maharaja Ranbir Singh was firm in protecting
19 20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Agency http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit

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Chitral from Afghans the Mehtar of Chitral ask for help, In 1876 Chitral accepted the authority of Jammu Clan and in reverse get the protection from the Dogras who have in the past took part in many victories over Afghans during the time of Gulab Singh Dogra. 21 Prior to establishment of Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir by the Dogra rulers in the mid - nineteenth century, the Gilgit region had been ruled by princes who were styled Raas. The rulers of the neighboring Baltistan region used the Tibetan title of rGyal-po, having been founded as a western Tibetan kingdom in the thirteenth century. Gilgit and Baltistan, together with their neighbours Hunza, Nagar and Ladakh, became vassals of the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, but maintained considerable autonomy. After formation of the Gilgit Agency by the British in 1877, these territories, including the Wazarats of Gilgit and Ladakh, were administered directly by the British, though the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir retained sovereignty. Due to the British control over Gilgit, the Gilgitis became subjects of the British government, therefore, efforts were undertaken by the British to free Gilgiti and KunjutiHunzaenslaved in China After being freed due to the efforts of British authorities in China, many slaves such as Gilgitis in Xinjiang cities like Tashkurgan, Yarkand, and Karghallik, stayed rather than return Hunza in Gilgit. Most of these slaves were women who married local slave and non-slave men and had children with them. Sometimes the women were married to their masters, other slaves, or free men who were not their masters. There were ten slave men to slave women married couples, and 15 master slave women couples, with several other non-master free men married to slave women. Both slave and free Turki and Chinese men fathered children with Hunza slave women. A free man, Khas Muhammad, was married with 2 children to a woman slave named Daulat, aged 24. A Gilgiti slave woman aged 26, Makhmal, was married to a Chinese slave man, Allah Vardi and had 3 children with him. The local rulers of these territories continued to appear at the Jammu and Kashmir Durbars until 1947. The events of Partition and the subsequent invasion of Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistani tribals during the First Kashmir War led to most of the former Gilgit Wazarat becoming part of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, but most of the Ladakh Wazarat, including the Kargil area became part of Indian-administered Kashmir. The Line of Control established at the end of the war is the current de facto border of India and Pakistan. Initially, the Gilgit Agency was not absorbed into any of the provinces o f West Pakistan, but was ruled directly by political agents of the federal government of Pakistan. In 1963, Pakistan entered into a treaty with China to transfer part of the Gilgit Agency to China, (the TransKarakoram Tract), with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute. The dissolution of the province of West Pakistan in 1970 was accompanied by change of the name of the Gilgit Agency to the Northern Areas. In 1974, the states of Hunza and Nagar and the independent valleys of Darel-Tangir, which had been de facto dependencies of Pakistan, were also incorporated into the Northern Areas. 22 Pakistan and India continue to dispute the sovereignty of the territories that had comprised the Gilgit Agency.On 29 August 2009, the Gilgit- Baltistan Empowerment and SelfGovernance Order, 2009, waspassed by the Pakistani cabinet and later signed by
2121 22

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Agency

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the President of Pakistan. The order granted self-rule to the people of the former Northern Areas, now renamed Gilgit-Baltistan, by creating, among other things, an elected legislative assembly. There has been criticism and opposition to this move in Pakistan, India, and GilgitBaltistan. 23 2.5. CATEGORIZATION OF HOUSING

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2.6 SOCIAL MAPPING: Gilgit is considered to be home to a number of diversified cultures, ethnic groups, languages and various backgrounds. 2.5.1. RELIGION More than 97% of the population is Muslims belonging to Shia, Suni, Ismaili and other sects. On Religious basis, the major communities belong to Ahle Tashee, Ahle- Sunnat and Ismaili group. These communities exist in close proximity to each other. The religious tension in Gilgit has crippled the whole area since 1988. Although these areas are culturally rich but law and order situation has badly damaged its tourism and economy as mostly populations livelihood was dependent on tourism. The city center is considered to be the highly charged area. More dire issue occurs in this area during times of sectarian clashes. The area comes under immense strain due to the presence of Jama Masjid e Ahle Tashee and Jama Masjid e Ahle Sunnat. The two mosques facing each other across the length of the polo ground becomes the center of violence during sectarian tensions in the city. (Refer to the City Center case study) 2.5.2. LANGUAGES SPOKEN The local languages of Gilgit Baltistan are Shina, Balti, Khowar, and Broshiski. Shina language is dominant in Gilgit, district.

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3. INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDIES

Objectives:
The objective of the surveys was: 1. To document the physical aspect of the cases areas identified. 2. To develop a better understanding of critical urban issues affecting slum dwellers and urban poor, including issues related to climate changes.
3.

To identify the potential and constraints of the selected case study areas.

4. To identify disaster affected areas and to study existing condition of the selected areas for revitalization of those areas.

Research Methodology:
The research has been supervised by Architect Fazal Noor and Architect Mariam Karrar. U.NHabitat engaged the Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering and Technology (DAP-NED UET), as a partner in this research through case study documentation, analysis and design alternatives formulation. The research was divided into 2 parts, namely, the physical and the social surveys and their analysis. The research team members Architect Affan Iqbal & Architect Aisha Rasheed of the NED UET conducted the physical surveys under the guidance of Architect Mariam Karrar at the department and helped in tabulating the data. Information was gathered through; mapping, interviews, questionnaire surveys and photographic documentation. Data gathered was converted in to tables and drawings which have been analyzed and tabulated as matrices by the NED UET team. All analysis draws from primary research material.

About the Cases within region:

Based on the above criteria, 3 cases have been identified from Gilgit and its surrounding areas. The first case is taken from the city centre. This centre is the historic and commercial core of the city. The second case is a low income, mixed ethnic and sectarian settlement in the vicinity of the main city centre of Gilgit City. The third case is taken from the periphery. In this case the development and changes occurring in the Daniyor Plateau are under discussion.

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The physical, social and environmental changes have been identified in all the respective cases in detail in the following chapters. PERIPHERY DANIYOR is an agricultural land just outside the Gilgit city accessible from the main Gilgit Road. The reason of choosing the case of Daniyor is because of its real estate value and increasing growth in population. The issues identified were; 1. The change in land morphology and land use with the construction of KKH passing through the area, thereby resulting in: - Increase in commercial activity - Congestion in the city center - Rise in the land value. 2. The pull of the population from the Gilgit City towards Daniyor due to availability of water and the construction of Karakorum Highway. 3. The changing ratio of built versus open land over the passage with time. - Reduction of plot sizes with the passage of time. CITY MUJAHID COLONY is located at the northern bank of the Gilgit River. This colony over the last ten years has been designated for low income housing by the local government. The reason of choosing the case of Mujahid Colony is because of its mixed ethnic character along with grid layout. Issues under discussion are; 1. Mixed community with limited sectarian clashes. 2. Lack of potable water for the residents. 3. Well maintained locality with secondary lanes cleaner than the primary lanes. 4. Problems resulting from landslide. 5. Proximity to city centre.

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 INNER CITY CITY CENTER is considered as the main historic and commercial hub of the city. This part of the city is considered to be a settlement from the British period, based on the colonial style of nuclei planning. Issues under discussion are; 1. Highly charged with sectarian clashes 2. Limited pedestrian access (unfriendly for pedestrians in terms of lack of footpaths, unregulated vehicular traffic, and lack of shade) 3. Limited space for future expansion due to single lane road width. 4. Open and green spaces hidden behind high walls and commercial outlets 5. With the construction of the new RCC Bridge, the city centre activities will spill over the North bank.

Case studies are analyzed and described based on complete physical documentation of the selected areas including observations of the use of space, and facilities available within the area (potential/constraints).

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 Major findings:
Based on the physical documentation and observation is can be concluded that the environmental conditions of city center are much better than any other area of the city. It is the commercial hub of the city. This part of the city is considered to be a settlement from the British period, based on the colonial style of nuclei planning. The planning principles have been implemented adequately but the controls are weak which lead to dependency on cars and non utilized open spaces. City center houses a variety of land uses ranging from retail to wholesale to residential to institutional. Introduction of recreational and entertainment facilities in the form of parks can lead to richer social setups. The infrastructure of the locality is well. The road, SW disposal and sewerage drains are well maintained as compared to other localities of Gilgit. But the sewerage directly falls into the Gilgit River without being treated or recycled which affects the environment of the city. The area is considered as highly charged in terms of sectarian clashes. The city center has important religious centers of the three communities. i.e. Jama Masjid e Ahle Tashee, Jama Masjid e Ahle Sunnat and the Jamat Khana. The area comes under immense strain due to the presence of Jama Masjid e Ahle Tashee and Jama Masjid e Ahle Sunnat. The two mosques facing each other across the length of the polo ground becomes the center of violence during sectarian tensions in the city. Moreover, the area is unfriendly for pedestrians in terms of lack of footpaths, unregulated vehicular traffic, and lack of shade. The widths of the streets should be made more to avoid future congestion and to promote future expansion. There is also conservation and urban morphological issues which need to be addressed and stricter bylaws for conservation of heritage buildings and tress need to be imple mented. The second case study of Mujahid Colony is situated on the north bank of the city. The settlement is developed by the government for low income group over the last 10 years along the Nomal Road. Unplanned residential area built on and around a hill following grid planning with
back to back houses. The area suffers from lack of water supply which is the source of tension in the area.

The condition of the area is better in terms of SWM and drainage system. Since the area is built on a hilly site therefore the natural slope helps the drainage of rain water. Like other areas of the city, there is a problem related to sewerage waste which is directly thrown to the Gilgit River without being treated. Hence the area needs improvement in terms of providing recreational facilities which could be developed in the leftover open plots being used as garbage dumps.

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Lastly the third case study Daniyor is an example of the peripheral settlements and is predominantly rich agricultural land with plots sizes demarcated according to the sizes of personal holdings. The internal pressure of land sub-division over generations has overall reduced the extent of the agricultural land. Based on the physical documentation and observation is can be concluded that the settlement has the potential to develop as a self sustaining housing scheme as it has a large number of agricultural lands. The fact that the settlement is embedded in agricultural land and there is a trend of the residents being engaged in urban farming is a big potential which can be explored and developed upon further to generate large scale environmental and economic benefits for the residents. The need is to develop amenities and other recreational spaces in the area. The case study areas have been faced by the improper distribution of civic facilities and amenities which needs to be focused upon. The major issue which should be solved on immediate basis is the treatment of sewerage before flowing into the Gilgit River.

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4. Intervention Areas
a) MECHANISM/ RESPONSIBILITY: On an official level the responsibility for constructing water supply schemes, hydro projects, water channels, roads and other infrastructure services in the Gilgit-Baltistan lies with the NAPWD (Northern Areas Public Works Department). The department is also responsible for the interventions being regulated, monitored and executed properly. A number of government and non- government organizations like the Northern Areas Public Works Department (NAPWD) along with WWF-Pakistan, IUCN Pakistan, AKDN and MIES have been working in the field of infrastructure. Natural Resource Management (NRM) and a number of studies and surveys in Gilgit-Baltistan have been conducted in the past. Despite some efforts to compile the existing information like the Northern Areas Strategy for Sustainable Development (NASSD), there is still a need for scanning through the data available, compiling it and putting it in one place so that future NRM interventions are made easier and successful. 24 Various government and non- governmental organisations implementing and donor agencies working in the Region include: National Rural Support Program, NESPAK, Aga Khan Development Network: Aga Khan Rural Support Program AKRSP, Aga Khan Planning and Building Services Pakistan (AKPBSP), Aga Khan Cultural Services Pakistan (AKCSP) , Aga Khan Education Services Pakistan (AKESP), Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) United Nations: UNICEF, UNDP, UN Habitat, WHO International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Wildlife Fund (WWF) World Bank Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

b) IMPLEMENTING AGENCY: i. NAPWD

Northern Areas Public Works Department (NAPWD) is the main government organization that is responsible for providing and monitoring infrastructure services in GB. Within Gilgit, it is mainly involved in construction of roads, public buildings, and construction of power supply stations (hydro power, thermal).

24

http://www.wwfpak.org/nap/dnap_introduction_rationalestudy.php

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However, the aforementioned working areas, the environmental impacts have not been considered seriously due to lake of awareness, resources and time constraints. In addition to this NAPWD is also responsible to construct and maintain drinking water supply systems, unfortunately due to lake of resources (both financial and skills) quantity and quality of drinking water in urban settlements doesnt match with WHO standards set for developing countries. 25 ii. Municipalities

Municipalities are primarily political institutions at grass root levels and are involved directly to maintain urban environment. Five municipalities are functional at the mome nt in districts headquarters of GB. According to Local Bodies and Rural Development Department (LB&RDD), municipal committees are responsible to carry out all kinds of development works in their respective jurisdiction vis--vis other service utilities i.e. water supply, electricity, MSW management, town planning, enforcement of laws re garding building and constructions. However, in GB due to financial and human resources especially technical staff all municipal committees in GB are currently responsible only for keeping cleanliness, solid waste management, and traffic laws in main urban settlements of GB. 26 iii. Non Governmental Agencies (NGOs)

Aga Khan Development Network AKDN AKDN has been in the region for almost twenty years (since 1982) and is recognized internationally as a community based organization with the mission to alleviate poverty through promoting sustainable livelihoods, health, education and conservation practices in the mountain communities. As the region moves from being extremely underdeveloped and traditional to being more modern and relatively more developed, the strategic objective of the program is to develop human resources and institutional capacities that will allow the people of the program area to better manage this process of change. AKDN AKRSP AKPBSP BACIP, WASEP AKES AKHS AKRSP, AKPBSP, AKHS and AKHS fall under AKDN which is a broader network for the development of cities. AKRSP has fostered a network of almost 4000 local organizations where men and women have an opportunity to participate in a range of collective development initiatives. These activities are
25

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26

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related to constructing and maintaining infrastructure, managing natural resources and asset creation. Health, education and conservation efforts are supported by government and Aga Khan Health Services, Aga Khan Education Services, and Aga Khan Trust for Culture. BACIP/ WASEP: The Building and Construction Improvement Program (BACIP), and Water and Sanitation Extension Program (WASEP) operating in Gilgit- Baltistan of Pakistan, is a project under the Aga Khan planning and Building Services, Pakistan (AKPBSP). The objective of the Building and Construction Improvement Program (BACIP) has been to make sustainable improvements in their living conditions through improved technologies. Some of the technologies developed for home improvement range from: BACIP stove to reduce smoke from the stove in the interiors of the house. Skylights to bring in sunlight, especially during harsh winters Double glazed windows to bring in sunlight, especially during harsh winters Seismic construction development of manuals to improve strength and quality of construction in local building technology. These constructions technologies are designed to make buildings seismically resistant.

WASEP was initiated with the aim of providing integrated water supply infrastructure services to local communities and to help prevent water related diseases though improved hygiene and sanitation practices. Development of community capacity in design and maintenance of these services is a key element of WASEPs integrated approach. . This should not only allow them to optimize their investment in built-environment-related aspects but also result in improving their quality of life.

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1. LAND AND HOUSING

i. Present situation:

In Gilgit City, there are no defined rules as per settlement, therefore pattern is mostly unplanned, scattered, semi-scattered and congested depending upon the availability and contouring of land. Households are constructed in clusters in the basin of the mountains and or near river banks, because of mainly two reasons a) easy accesses to available water sources and b) form where they can use natural resources at a maximize level both in winter and summer. Various households formed clusters known as Mohallas based on ethnical religious or sometimes tribe formation. Household size varies region to region, depending upon the prevailing economical, cultural and religious norms of that particular area. Construction design and material also varies depending upon the prevailing climatic, economical and environmental situations as well as availability of local material and absence of basic infrastructure. Earthen blocks and wood are the main construction material due to sever winters and high cost of stone cutting or its unavailability, In some conditions, where economical conditions permit, stone is fairly available as compared to soil and then stones are used as a construction material. In Gilgit City, major portion of the land is community own land or private land. The plot sizes vary from one another. The size of residential plots ranges from ten Marlas to 2 kanals although a small fraction of population has constructed households in 3-5 kanals. There are two kind of constructions i.e., formal and Informal. The informal are those which have no rights, and lay in the form of a katchi abadi. One of the major issues with informal settlements is water availability. Water rights are available to natives only. The societies are mostly introverted. (IUCN) 27 The real estate value of land is different with respect to different areas. The prices have reached their peak value and now almost constant in areas of inner city i.e., old city and other city areas like Jutial. The price of 1 Kanal plot is expected to be 50 lac Rupees in Jutial. In case of periphery, the real estate value is not constant. It is increasing day by day. 28 Therefore the urban growth is putting pressure on the agricultural land. With increase price of land value and increase in population growth (2.74%) over time the agricultural land is being consumed by rapid construction. Moreover, limited building strength and technology is forcing people to spread horizontally instead of vertically.
District Gilgit City Inner city Old City Main City Jutial (2005) Danyor Periphery (2011) Danyor

27

IUCN Report on Urban Environment | By Haider Raza | 2003 Physical Survey Conducted in Gilgit City by NED Tea m | April 2011

28

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I Kanal Plot

40 Lac

50 Lac

15 Lac

20 Lac

Table 25: Land price of 1 kanal plot in inner city, main city and periphe ry Better education, health facilities, and broader job opportunities both for skilled and unskilled labors, are the main encouraging factors for rural population to migrate in the city. These migrated people mostly belong to Skardu, Hunza, Swat and NWFP The city is completely occupied at western side till Basin. The only Available land for expansion is at Eastern side. ii. Present Support

The Aga Khan Planning and Building Services under BACIP has developed housing construction methods that are low-cost, seismic-resistant, and energy- and resource-efficient. BACIP engineers work to create stable building materials for traditional stone, so il block and cement block constructions. The work uses low-cost wire mesh technology specially designed for Pakistani homes. There is also an emphasis on replacing traditional roofs which are made of a large amount of timber and clay and which can be very dangerous when they collapse, with lightweight roof beams. 29

Figure 38: BACIP low cost construction method for a house

29

Article on Building and Construction Improvement Program in Pakistan by BACIP

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iii.

Inte rvention

In order to reduce the foot print of the constructed areas, the construction quality and technology should be strong enough to go for vertical construction.

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2. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 2.1. Wate r supply: i. Present situation Glaciers and seasonal snow deposits are the principal sources of all flowing water in Gilgit City. The melted water enters streams called nullahs, which subsequently ingress in rivers. There are two rivers in Gilgit vicinity, named as Gilgit and Hunza River. The channels which subsequently ingress in Gilgit and Hunza River are of 2-4 feet wide and of similar depth. 30 A large number of small ravines emerge from various glaciers, springs and lakes that eventually mix in these rivers. Seasonal variations create significant effect on the discharge of primary rivers resulting in significant decrease in the discharge flow in peak winter seasons. The flow is greatest from July to September, when snow melts in the mountains, while southwest as well as northern monsoon brings torre ntial rain resulting in land sliding, high flood levels and increase in the turbidity of water. 31 In areas where no pipeline exited, nearby households fetch water for domestic consumption. The surplus water in the channels generally discharges into the river flowing in the valley bottom. In villages the activities like washing clothes, utensils and foodstuff is undertaken along the channel edge. In Gilgit, there are five drinking water supply complex, which are situated in the south of Gilgit, charged by two water channels built around 30 years ago. For population living in the north side of the Gilgit, main source of water for piped water delivery system is river. However in the some parts of Gilgit town, dug wells are also in used for drinking purposes. Socio-economic survey conducted in 1994 by government of Pakistan revealed that 92% of the households in Gilgit have piped connections.
Urban Area 1998 Population after 10 years 72,350 Population after 20 Years 92,365 Water Demand after 10 years(Gal) 1.125444 Water Demand after 20 years(Gal) 1.436789

Gilgit City

56,701

Table 26: Gilgit city population and projected water de mands The drinking water supply complexes in Gilgit City are as follow. Burmus water supply complex, Majini Mohalla, Gilgit Jutial, water lift system Sonikot Jutial, lift water supply complex (Zulfiqar Colony) Water supply complex Danyore Chikas, Choke Area Gilgit City filtration plants i.e., APC (Aquatic Plant Control) Filtration Plant and DHQH (District Headquarter) Filtration Plant.

30 31

http://www.horizon-guesthouse.com/HGHGilgit.html | Gilgit info IUCN Report on Urban Environment | By Haider Raza | 2003

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2.2.SEWERAGE SYSTEM i. Present situation Owing to rapid socio-economic development almost every households in urban settlements have pour- flash latrines. Due to lack of any proper sewerage system on-site disposal (sockpits) of sewage is a common practice. The settlements which are along the river have open drains running along the side of the streets, and ends up in the river without any treatment. 32
Area No of Villages covered for sanitation facilities 16 Population Covered 15631 No. of Pour Flush latrines completed 1131 No. of Sanitation and Hygiene Workers trained 99

Gilgit

Table 27: Gilgit villages sanitation related statistics ii. Present Support for Wate r and Sanitation

In most urban areas water delivery systems have been around since the early 1980s but there has been a problem of continuity and quantity of water supplied to the homes. Water demand depends on the socio-economic status of the population, its density, the quality of raw water available and so on Because of interventions by NGOs and the government the situation with water supply has improved over the years. Over the last two decades many government and non-government organizations have been involved in water supply and development schemes. Below is presented a summary of their work supplied by WASEP. 33

Table 28: Major governme nt and non-government wate r supply sche mes in Northe rn Areas and Chitral by 2001 a summary WASEP was initiated in 1997 with the aim of providing integrated water supply infrastructure services to local communities and to help prevent water related disease s though improved hygiene and sanitation practices. Development of community capacity in design and maintenance of these services is a key element of WASEPs integrated approach. Communities also take the responsibility of the operation & maintenance of the scheme, as

32 33

IUCN Report on Urban Environment | By Haider Raza | 2003 http://www.wwfpak.org/nap/dnap_freshwater_schemes_currentsituation.php

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well as contribute to a fund for salaries of community scheme based operators, health monitors, and spare parts. 34 NESPAK has proposed two water supply proposals NESPak proposal (1970s, 1980s) that could be revitalized to improve the existing conditions of water supply in the town. (The drawings and other information is attached in the appendices) iii. Inte rvention

To avail the natural resource of water, and drainage in order to develop an integrated water and sanitation scheme at the city and community level.

2.3. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL (SWM) i. Present situation Gilgit being the largest city of GB faces more solid waste related problems than other cities within the region. A strategy is proposed to tackle this growing problem with emphasis on institutional strengthening of the line departments, making SWM financially sustainable and raising awareness among the general public, so that they can assist the Municipal Corporation. The solid waste is collected with the help of Municipal tractor trolleys and transferred to the dumping site behind Karakorum International University (KIU). In main town Figure 39: View of a garbage dump inside a housing colony areas where provision of dustbins are available (mostly in bazaar areas) people dispose of wastes in these dustbins. In Gilgit City households situated along the water channels dispose off their garbage directly into nearby water channels. According to a survey conducted by IUCNP the average MSW generation (estimated) in Gilgit town is around 0.4 kg of waste per person per day. According to IUCNP survey conducted in 1998 the estimated MSW generation only in Gilgit town is around 70- 80 tons per day. 35 Municipal Corporation is short of capital, manpower, and indispensable equipment such as collection vehicles. Lack of monetary assets, the existing infrastructure cannot be maintained, skilled professionals cannot be hired, and equipment and other necessary procurements cannot be made.

34 i

http://www.akdn.org/akpbs_pakistan.asp ibid

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District Gilgit

Urban Area Gilgit City

Population 56,701

MSW Generation (in tons) @ 0.4 Kg/person/day 23

Table 29: Gilgit city population and powe r consumption /person/day Projected population and estimated MSW generation after 10 and 20 years is as follow.
Urban Area Gilgit City Population 1998 56,701 MSW Generation Tons 23 Population after 10 Years 72350 MSW Generation Tons 29 Population after 20 years 92365 MSW Generation Tons 36

Table 30: Gilgit city existing and proposed population and power consumption /pe rson/day ii. Inte rventions: Invigorate solid waste recycling at neighborhood level. Identifying collection points for solid waste. Set up recycling plant near the dumping site. Raising awareness by encouraging use of recyclable goods / materials for amiable environment and discouraging use of the goods materials that are hazardous to environment.

2.4.DRAINAGE SYSTEM i. Present situation The settlements either urban or rural are situated on slope of the valleys towards river. Every urban settlement has a network of roadside sanitary drains downtown area constructed by NAPWD, and is being maintained by MCs. These kinds of drains could also be observed alongside KKH constructed by Frontier Works Organization (FWO). These drains are not constructed for grey water effluent from the households but instead are basically for roads to collect storm water. The household drains in mohallahs or cluster of mohallahs are collected in katcha paka drains constructed by self- help basis by the inhabitants or by members of MCs. Frequent blockage and over flowing of all kinds of drains whether roadside drains or drains for collection of household waste water could be observed due to common practice of garbage being thrown in these drains by the inhabitants or due to improper maintenance. This drainage water is used for irrigation of fields as well at various
Figure 40: Condition of drainage line along the road

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locations whilst, surplus water is naturally disposed off in nearby rivers or streams without treatment thus polluting the fresh water bodies. It is worth mentioning that in Gilgit City two big water channels constructed in ancient time now becomes open sewers but the most alarming thing is that these two water channels i.e., Jutial Nala and Konudas Nala are the major source of drinking water complexes for Gilgit town.

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ii. -

interventions: On a neighborhood and household level, linking up the sewerage waste for agriculture / urban farming. On a city level, create a reservoir for vegetation. Before entering the river, the drainage channels should be collected at one point for sewage treatment before discharging into the river water. (Case study AKRSP, Hunza)

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3. ENERGY i. Present situation

In Gilgit, surface water is abundant and there is good potential of hydropower generation. At the moment there are 80 power stations (hydro and thermal) functional in five districts of NA. The capacity of these power stations is 43 MW, partially fulfilling the requirement of 45% of the total population of NA. The current electricity demand only in Gilgit town is estimated as 24 MW@ 1.25 KW per household whereas present hydropower generation is 8 MW only in summer and only 2.7 MW in winters.36 (IUCN)
District Current Demand Current Production Summer Gilgit 24.0 8.00 Winter 2.70
Figure 41: View of a Hydropower plant

Difference Summer 8.00 Winter 13.30

Table 31: Gilgit city current demand for electricity and its production statistics Source: (NAPWD) It is worth mentioning that above electricity demand has been calculated only on household bases. If small scale industries and commercial consumption like hotels, restaurants taken into account that this figure might be doubled. In winter season the consumption of electricity is doubled in urban areas due as majority of the people living in urban areas use electricity for heating, cooking and other domestic facilities like warming water etc. In summer season electricity consumption also increases as due to increase in the commercial purposes like hotels, small industries and even in shops where refrigerators are used for cooling down the cold drinks. Similarly in household the use of refrigerator is a common practice nowadays and almost every fifth household has this facility. ii. Present Support:

Mountain Infrastructure & Engineering Services abbreviated as MIES is a Consulting Engineering firm based in Gilgit with its head office at Al-Sabah Chowk SoniKot. During the period of association with AKRSP, the MIES Company, then called MIES section, has been developing feasibility reports, designed and supervised construction of different kinds of Infrastructure projects funded by international donors e.g. DFID, GTZ, CIDA, NORAD,

36

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OXFAM, Japan Embassy, Australian Embassy, AKF and PPAF etc. in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. 37

37

Report by Mountain Infrastructure related to its project

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38

38

Hydal Potential in Pakistan by Power & Infrastructure board

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Figure 42: Map showing projects in operation in Northern Areas

iii.

Inte rvention

To avail the natural resources of water, gradient and pressure in order to develop hydro power units.

4. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

i. Present Situation:

Based on the physical survey of different areas of Gilgit City, it seems that currently, there are as such no congestion issues, as the existing number of vehicles can be easily accommodate in the existing road network. However, it may not fulfill the requirements in the near future as the population of the area is rapidly growing with annual growth rate of 2.56%. There are three major roads namely River View Road, University Road, Figure 43: View of a road Shaheed-e- Millat Road which links east part of the city to the west. Similarly, there are six bridges that link north part to south across the Gilgit River. Considering the city center of Gilgit town, the streets in the market are accessible by vehicles and are in the form of U shapes or courtyards. The minimum street width observed was 20 feet and the maximum street width was 35 feet, which allows vehicular and pedestrian access though there are no formally designed footpaths in internal streets. The parking of cars on either side of the streets reduces the width of streets but doesnt give a sense of compactness due to low profile of surrounding structures. People can get access to public transport that includes Cart, wagons, Suzuki wagon and taxis from the informal stand locally termed as adda near the market. Streets of city center are completely active during day time. Considering the residential areas of Gilgit, they are usually along the primary roads. The widths of the internal road are 10-20 ft on average. The secondary and tertiary roads are in the form of katcha road and pacca road. The maximum street width observed to be 20 ft. that is of secondary roads allows vehicular and pedestrian access though there are no formally designed footpaths. The internal streets are completely pedestrian in nature. Their width varies from 8 to 10 ft. Based on the observations, the absence of street furniture i.e. designed footpaths weakens the pedestrian linkages. The public transport also seems to be limited in terms of its quantity and accessibility.

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ii.

Inte rventions:

The transport system can be made more effective through following interventions. To design bus route in three phrases

Public transport includes private taxis, vans and datsun pickups Design public stops on important nodes. Linking public transport with pedestrian routes. Creating one way traffic flows in the commercial area, thereby, decongesting the city center.

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Figure 44: Map showing bigger loop- Public transport

Figure 45: Map Showing S maller Loop Public Transport

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5. URBAN HORTICULTURE i. Present situation

Cultivation in the GB is dominated by the production of cereal crops, fruits, vegetables and fodders. Table presents a summary of agricultural land- use in the Northern Areas in 2001. In that year, the area under cereals amounted to some 52,837 ha, with Diamir, Baltistan and Gilgit Districts accounting for over 76 per cent of the total. The area under fruits was estimated to be 12,056 ha; Gilgit District was the most important fruit producing area, accounting for over 38 per cent of the Figure 46: View of agricultural land total. The area under fodder production amounted to 47,558 ha, with Gilgit District again accounting for over 39 per cent of the total. Vegetable production amounted to 10,638 ha.39
District Area under Cereals (ha) 10,194 Area under Fruits (ha) 4,602 Area under Vegetables (ha) 3,232 Area under Fodders (ha) 18,741

Gilgit

Table 32: Gilgit district farmlands area In urban areas of Gilgit district, major trend that is found in residential areas is that there is a Kitchen Garden in each unit where different crops are cultivated. People use to keep live stock animals like cow, goat and hens in their houses. The predominant agricultural areas are now slowly being transformed. The internal pressure of land sub-division over generations has overall reduced the extent of the agricultural land. Plot sizes of the agriculture land have reduced along with increase in the built structures, housing cattle and residences units for family. Since all construction that takes place on ground only, any additional construction that takes place encroaches over the agricultural land.

39

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Table 33: Gilgit district farmlands and livestock land utilization Issues and trends Agriculture and food security within the Northern Areas are confronted by a number of important issues and constraints, including: ii. Lack of cultivable land; Lack of awareness about improved agricultural management practices; Lack of quality seeds; Crop diseases and insect pests; Poor storage and processing; Weak marketing and poor access to markets; Weak extension services; Insufficient access to micro-credit; Insufficient public sector investment and insufficient Involvement of the private sector; Insufficient and inappropriate research. Present Support:

Government Line Departme nts The key government line department involved in cultivation in the Gilgit-Baltistan is the Department of Agriculture. It is responsible for providing extension services fo r the development of crops, forage, fruits and vegetables. The department operates 47 fruit nurseries and nine seed farms. The production of fruit tree seedlings is relatively low, however, and is currently estimated to be only 150,000 plants per year. Seedling quality is also reported to be variable, and as a result, the plants are difficult to sell to farmers, in spite of widespread demand. Seed production is also low and has proven to be
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insufficient to ensure the effective dissemination of new varieties to farmers. With the assistance of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), four green houses, a number of screen houses and a tissue culture laboratory have been established at Gilgit for the production of virus- free, pre-basic, potato mini-tubers. Production is at a level of about 30 tones of pre-basic seed per year. This seed is then multiplied by private seed companies under contractual arrangements with farmers located in the disease- free, higher altitude zones. Extension activities are largely focused upon the provision of training in pre- and post- harvesting techniques to farmers. There are no training facilities or pre-service training programs for departmental staff in the Northern Areas. Non-Governme ntal Organizations: The Aga Khan Rural Support Program is actively involved in agricultural development in the four districts of Gilgit, Baltistan, Ghanche and Ghizar, and in the subdivision of Astore (Diamir District). At the end of 1995, AKRSP had established some 1,950 Village Organizations in its area of operation. Approximately 73 per cent of the total rural population is actively engaged in AKRSP programs. AKRSPs agricultural activities have focused upon the dissemination of improved crop technology, the promotion of forage and fodder production, horticultural development, and animal production and health. The main thrust of this model is to organize village groups, assess their needs on a participation-response basis and provide the required services through AKRSP staff, thus by-passing the various line departments. This approach has proven to be very effective but has raised concerns about long-term sustainability. Agricultural Research Institutions The Karakoram Agricultural Research Institute for the Northern Areas (KARINA) is part of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC). Established in 1984, it is the only research institute currently located in the Northern Areas. KARINA is located in Juglot Sai (near Gilgit), and has three substations in Chilas, Astore and Skardu. The Institute has a staff of 13 researchers working in the fields of agronomy, fodder crops, cereals, pulses, fruit crops and vegetables. 40 iii. Inte rventions:

There is a deficiency of a body or a platform in the area which can gather all the research and knowledge related to all the fields. Providing such platform in the form of a Networking Cell would be helpful for improvement of various aspects. Gathering Information and Resources between various Government and NonGovernment Organizations.

40

State Of Environment & Development | IUCN Pakistan, 2003 | Scott Perkin

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Providing a platform for sharing of knowledge and basis for its development. Integration of water, sanitation, waste disposal with the urban horticulture. The sewerage waste on neighborhood and household level would be linked up for agriculture and urban farming. The drainage channels would be collected at one point before entering the river and treated before discharging into the river water. The treated waste water would also be used for irrigation of farmlands which will result in improving the economy of the city.

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5. IMPACT ANALYSIS
An integrated approach is required between all the proposed intervention areas. The overall aim of the below described proposals is to improve the urban environment and quality of life of the resident and visiting population.

1. LAND AND HOUSING

1.1 In order to reduce the foot print of the constructed areas, the construction quality and technology should be able to be strong enough to uphold vertical construction. Based on the trend of increase land prices, and horizontal expansion of the built structures, it is suggested that technology should be developed to promote vertical growth of the structures. The impact of intervention is going to increase availability of land for cultivation and agriculture output. This is going to have a direct impact on environment and reduce the overall pollution and carbon footprint of the area. Meanwhile, it will have an indirect impact on urban poverty. Fruits and vegetables are available for free of cost to the residents, along with reducing the cost of marketing and transportation of food items from agricultural fields to the market places, overall reducing the cost vegetables and fruits. Meanwhile, the surplus produce can be used to get cash. 2. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 2.1 To avail the natural resource of wate r, and drainage in order to develop an integrated water and sanitation scheme at the city and community level. The general trend within Gilgit City is that sewerage from the households is directly being discarded in the fresh water. This is polluting the river water consequently, contaminating the drinking water as well. It is projected that with increase in population growth and industrialization, contamination of the water will increase to an unsustainable level. As a result this will directly affect the human, and livestock population and overall ecology of the region. Treatment of household grey water at the household and mohalla level will overall reduce the infrastructure and management cost of water and sanita tion at the city level. Meanwhile, the same waste water can be used for home grown cultivation. The household waste being rich in nutrients of the plants can act as fertilizer for the home grown vegetation. Thereby, resulting in better produce and yield that will have a direct impact on urban poverty. Meanwhile, the reduced contamination of the river water will have a direct impact on health and hygiene of the overall city. Containment of waste will also have a direct impact on the environment of the area.

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3. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL (SWM) 3.1 Invigorate solid waste recycling at neighborhood level. 3.2 Set up recycling plant near the dumping site. 3.3 Raising awareness by encouraging use of recyclable goods / mate rials for amiable environme nt and discouraging use of materials that are hazardous to environme nt. Solid waste is not a noticeable component in Gilgit City. Due to limited consumer oriented lifestyle, the solid waste produced per person is contained to 0.4 kg. This is added by an efficient municipal system that constantly checks the upkeep of the city. The solid waste on regular intervals is picked up from the city centre and neighbourhoods and dumped at the dumping site next to the University. As per the above mentioned proposal, it is suggested that the solid waste should be sorted and recycled. It is hoped that this proposal will have a direct impact on the environment and indirectly the income generated and job opportunities from the recycling industry will have a positive impact on the economy and hence alleviate urban poverty of the area. 4. DRAINAGE SYSTEM 4.1 On a neighborhood and household level, linking up the sewerage waste for agriculture / urban farming. 4.2 On a city level, create a reservoir for vegetation. 4.3 Before entering the river, the drainage channels should be collected at one point for sewage treatment before discharging into the river water. (Case study AKRSP, Hunza) The drainage system needs to be integrated with water and sanitation system. For impact analysis refer to water supply and sanitation proposal. 5. ENERGY 5.1 To avail the natural resource of water, gradient and pressure in orde r to develop hydro powe r units. (Case study AKRSP, Hunza) The province of Gilgit-Baltistan is the ideal location for hydro power production with abundance of water, and steep gradients. Gilgit is already being supplied electricity through 80 Hydro and thermal power plants. The AKRSP is already developing hydro power units at the village level. They are cases in Hunza valley where village is exporting electricity and using the surplus for village development activity.

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In the same league it is suggested that development of hydro power plants at community level can have a direct impact on energy efficiency and sustainability. It may also lead to a boost in economic generation through exporting of electricity.

6. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

6.1 The transport system can be made more effective through following interventions. - Design public stops on important nodes. Linking public transport with pedestrian routes. Creating one way traffic flows in the commercial area, thereby, decongesting the city centre. An

To design a transport system for Gilgit a three phrase approach has been suggested

overall transport network plan has been suggested based on the compactness of the city, making it potentially a walk able city in the backdrop of scenic beauty of the surrounding context. Gilgit is longitudinally spread over 5 kilometres and 2 kilometres across. A public transport system is suggested along with integration of pedestrian routes. This compact city transport proposal is aiming to have a direct positive impact on the urban environment and ecology. The integration of public transport system will aim to create a more efficient and user friendly approach, that will decrease the congestion in the city centre. It is hoped that this will add to the cities potential as a tourist destination, thereby also indirectly impact on the economy of the area. 7. URBAN HORTICULTURE 7.1 Integration of water, sanitation, waste disposal with the urban horticulture. 7.2 The sewerage waste on neighborhood and household level would be linked up for agriculture and urban farming. The drainage channels would be collected at one point before entering the river and treated before discharging into the river water. The treated waste water would also be used for irrigation of farmlands which will result in improving the economy of the city.

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It is suggested that the water, sanitation, drainage should be integrated with urban horticulture and farming. The direct impact of this would have a positive effect on the ecology, environment, and overall health of the city. Last but not the least, the enhanced quality of the environment will have a positive impact on user friendliness and increase the cities potential as a tourist destination. This will eventually have a positive effect on the economy. 8. KNOWLEDGE SHARING 8.1 Gathering Information and Resources between various Government and NonGovernment Organizations. 8.2 Providing a platform for sharing of knowledge and basis for its development. There is a deficiency of a body or a platform in the area which can gather all the research and knowledge related to all the fields. Providing such platform in the form of a Networking Cell would be helpful for improvement and dissemination of effective and good practices.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS- GILGIT CITY

A Socio Economic Survey was conducted in Gilgit city in the year 2011 as part of the Sustainable Urbanization component within the Joint Program on Environment (JP-E4), which envisions building capacity to provide an effective and sustained improvement in urban poor living conditions, including urban issues relating to climate change. As part of this program 3770 Socio-Economic questionnaires were filled in Gilgit City. The questionnaires were divided over the City, Inner city and Peripheral localities within Gilgit City. The data collected from these questionnaires was then tabulated and analyzed. Following are the major findings of the socio-economic survey for Gilgit city. These have been categorized according to the sub heads used in the questionnaire. House Hold Characteristics A total of 3783 respondents were interviewed out of a population of ---- in Gilgit City. The cross section of the socio-economic analysis is based on a sample survey that has been carried out in the inner city, city and periphery of the city. The distribution of the sample survey is based on the respective density of the population found in the city. Of the total sample population it was found 48% of the household members were under the age of 25, while only 9% of the population was found to be under the age of 50%. Surprisingly 32% were under 16. This creates a large portion of the population that is dependents. Even though the majority of the population (32%) cited above is under the marriageable age (under 16), yet, it is noted that a surprising number of people are still unmarried. This trend can indicate towards a higher education, a sign of economic growth and upward social mobility. After evaluation of the trends in different parts of the city; it seems that a similar trend is visible throughout. However, slight deviations of 5% increase in the unmarried status is indicative between the inner city that is more urban than the periphery which can be bending towards the rural culture. The total percentage of literate people out of the sample population comes up to 78%. However, it is interesting to note that only 1% of the population claimed to be unable to read or write. The rest of the respondents gave no response. If we sum up the percentage of literate people than it overall comes to 79% literate in the inner city, 83% in the city, 74% in the periphery. However, a rising trend of education can be deduced with 33% of the population attending primary school as compared to 31% in the inner city and 30% is seen in the periphery. Almost all the respondents have received education through the conventional schooling system, except for a negligible number from the madarsah in the periphery area. 63% of the population has recorded to be unemployed according to the survey. The largest numbers of people employed were in the Government and the Private sector followed by teaching. Interestingly, only 1 percent of the population is in the agriculture sector. It seems that more people seem to be employed in the service sector economy. 45% of the population are employed within Gilgit city and the greater city region. Out of which 35% are working within the city centre. 4% of the resident population are working in the bigger cities of Pakistan.

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Most of the residents are working within the inner city and the city centre (a total of 80%) while 23% (?) of the population is working in the periphery region. If we plot the places of work on the map, it seems that most of the work places seem to be east of the city centre. Average monthly income of a household (number of members?). The household comprises of ---individuals, the average income of the household is Rupees 36840. It is obvious from the figures that most of the high income group resides in the city area. (Refer to table 5 and 6) from the table it is also indicative that 46% of the city residents are under the 30,000+ category. However, the surprising aspect is that within this income category 63% of the residents are said to come under the unemployed category. (Refer to table 5) 7% of the monthly income comes under the minimum wage Rs 7500. The rest 42% lie in the between the 10,000 and 30,000 rupees category. Out of the entire population only 25% of the population uses any form of motorised vehicle. Meanwhile, it is interesting to note that 35% of the population is unable to comprehend or even give an answer to the stated question. 40 % of the respondents walk, indicative of the compact nature of the city. Since the periphery is at a considerable distance from the city centre, there is a slight increase of use of vehicular transportation. Overall it can be deduced that most people tend to live near their places of work. Another important indicator from the table is next to the pedestrian linkages, is the use of contract buses to transport passengers. All these indicators verify the need of developing pedestrian linkages within the city and to connect the outer limits of the city with the city centre through a public transport system. The daily travelling cost does not correspond with the mode of transportation used by the residents (as indicated in the table 8: Travel Mode). It could be that the idea of spending money on travel is not a major expense amongst the residents of Gilgit. This is indicated by 76% of no responses by the sample survey. Mother Tongue 96% of the respondents belong to the local ethnicity (33% Brushaski, and 58% Shina speaking, Khuwar 3% and Wakhi 2%). The only language spoken outside the Northern Areas is Pashto (2%). Similarly this trend seems to be constant throughout the city. However a slight increase in present in the periphery area as compared to the inner city area. It is probable that the inner city is attracting migrant from the KhyberPakhtunkhwa for trade and commerce. Period of Residence Most of the population as started is residing in their homes for more than 36 years (35%). However, it is worth noting that 20% of the population has recently occupied their places of residence, indicative towards a shift in demographics within the city. Household Expenditure and Savings Overall, only 22% of the population is spending less than Rs 5000 on food, is indicative either of the poverty level or the fact that this number of people are leading a subsistence life i.e. growing their own food. Page | 106

However, a sizable income is being spent of food, thereby indicating a trend towards a cash economy. There is no information that will help deduce a co-relation between the monthly expenditure and the household income. If one compares spending of a household between the scale of Rs 0 - Rs 5000, the spending on food (67%) education (76%), utility (90%), and, health (92%) is in the progressive order. The overall spending on health can be indicative of issues related to the quality of built environment, water, sanitation and hygiene related issues. If one looks within the 0-5000 bracket then the spending on utility and power seems comparatively more in the inner city as compared to the city and the periphery region. However, within the Rs 5000 Rs 7000 bracket, relatively more is spent in the periphery compared to the inner city (3%) and the city (6%). It is interesting to note that the cost of utilities (average 2%) hardly exceeds the Rs 75000 mark. It is an interesting point to note that an average population of 49% of the sample population is spending monthly Rs 1000 Rs 5000 on the education of children. Meanwhile overall 67% of the population is spending between Rs 1000 to above 10,000 on the childrens education. Even though the percentage of school going age is high, even then this shows the awareness of the importance of education and the tendency towards upward social mobility. As mentioned earlier, percentage wise a large health seems to be the major expense in Gilgit city. It is even more surprising since a large part of the population is still young and should presumably with little health problems. The number of people is spending money on the health facilities. If one looks at the overall picture an average of 49% of the population is spending between Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 every month of health related expenses. The overall house rent or maintenance lies within Rs 10,000 bracket. However, it is difficult to deduce whether the money spent is on rent or on maintenance.

Housing Characteristics
Nonetheless, based on the sample questionnaire, it can be assumed that at least 33% of the population live in their owned houses. We can cross check this fact with the Period of Residence (Table 11) which says that up to 35% of the population has been living in their places of residence for more than 36 years. This trend of living in owned homes is more obvious towards the periphery area (51%) and considerably lower towards the main city centre (11%). This is indicative towards a sizable number of migrant population or population that is based elsewhere and coming towards the city for trade or work. A sizable percentage (49%) of the population is spending less then Rs 1000 on entertainment. However, 24% of the population is spending between Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 on social and entertainment expenses. Page | 107

This trend is more evident in the main city area (30%). Meanwhile, it gets less towards the main city centre (16%), with (20%) in the city centre. This table corresponds with the Daily Travel Mode (Table 8), Travel Time (8A), and Travel Time per Trip (Table 9). Generally it can be said that 25 % are paying between Rs 1000 Rs 10,000 at a household level for travelling. The rest 75% are paying less than then Rs 1000 per month. Based on the survey 30% of the respondents are practise saving. This trend is similar with slight deviation throughout the city. Most of the household saving is less than Rs 2000 (31%), which is most evident in the periphery areas (47%), compared to the city (33%) and inner city (12%). Meanwhile a further 29% of the savers are saving between Rs 2000 - 5000. This time more savings are occurring within the city (33%) compared to the periphery (31%) and the inner city (20%). According to Table 21, as per the intended reason for saving, education comes first, with (47%) of those who are saving. The second on the list is marriage (32%) followed by house construction (25%) and debt serving (23%). The trend in this approach seems to be similar in all the areas within the city. This analysis of this table is in continuation with the Period of Residence Table 11 and Home Rent and Maintenance Table 16. However, according to the above table 72% of property is owned, while only 27% is rented. This trend is more obvious in the periphery area where 96% of the property is owned compared to the inner city (63%) and the city (61%). According to table 23, most of the houses on an average consists of the 3 (30%) to 4 (24%) rooms. However, the general trend is that houses with same or number of rooms are found more on the periphery areas as compared to the city and inner city areas. Meanwhile, based on the findings of Table 24, the houses tend to sprawl horizontally then vertically. With only 11% of the houses consist of ground plus 1while predominantly 87% of the houses are spread over the ground floor. It is also important to note that within the 11% of ground plus 1 construction; most of it is situated within the inner city and the city area. Table 25 shows the variation of plot sizes within the Gilgit city. Based on the figures it can be deduced that there are no fixed type or sizes found in the city. Overall there is a higher concentration or trend of plot sizes. Although larger plot sizes of 10 marlas and above seem to be more concentrated towards the periphery areas. The type of planning is around the courtyard houses. The open private areas within the houses. Majority of the houses 84% have courtyards while only 12% do not. Overall, there is a rising trend in the construction of concrete and RCC technology within the city. However, this trend is more obvious in the inner city areas (43%) and the city (41%) as compare d to the periphery (18%).

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Even though the material of construction is overall drastically changing from stone and rubble (27%) to concrete blocks (70%), yet it is interesting to note that with change in material the change in structure is not so obvious. For example, overall, 43% of the houses are still opting for the load bearing structures as compared to the 35% of the RCC structures. Moreover, overall, 51% of the structures still have wooden roofs. However, this type of roofing is more evident in the periphery (69%) as compared to the inner city (49%) and city (42%). Generally, it can be said that even though resources and material are being used are most recent, yet the structure doesnt have the capacity to hold super structure, thereby resulting in more horizontal sprawl (87%) that vertical growth (11%). The latrine (87%) and kitchen (84%) construction technology is indicative towards a developed infrastructure. The other reason for this is the extreme weather conditions of Gilgit- Baltistan. The two dominant assets owned by majority of the residents of Gilgit seem to the TV (82%) and cell phone (91%). Apart from that it is even more interesting to note that very few people actually own any form of vehicle for transportation. The ownership are as cars (17%), Jeep van (7%), motorcycle (15%), bicycle (6%). This trend is evident throughout the different areas of the city. However, one of the biggest anomalies out of the list of assets is that 72% percent of the respondents have ownership of washing machines. This trend is more or less present throughout the various areas of the city.

Utilities available in the area

Generally it can be said that water related infrastructure is sufficient. 87% of the respondents claimed to have sufficient water for domestic consumption. This water is being supplied by piped system (81%). A small percentage (6%) of the respondents get water supplied through water tanks. However, what is worth noting is that (72%) of the respondents felt that the water supplied was not fit for human consumption. Even though majority of the respondents felt that the water was not good enough for drinking purposes, nonetheless, 73% of the population do not perform any kind of processing to improve the water quality. Only 16% of the respondents boil water, while 5% filter water, and another 5% use other cleaning techniques. The quality of water can be correlated with the health expenditure amongst the respondents. Overall the respondents show a general un-satisfaction with the operation and maintenance within the city. Amongst the responses, 14% out of the total still feel satisfaction with the O and M performed by the government municipality. Little input is identified by the community related organisations (overall 13% input documented). 78% of the respondents state that the sewerage waste is directly discharged through open drains. However, this trend is more evident in the inner city and city area (86% and 88% respectively). The

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sewerage system of the city goes directly in the river water, adding to the overall contamination of fresh river water. Eventually leading to health and hygiene related issues for the resident population. In the periphery area, since the river is at a considerable height from the resident population, an equal % of the waste is disposed off in the septic tanks (46%). Sufficient disposal of garbage is an issue within the city. Most of the garbage is rid of in open plots either near the source or at designated disposal sites. Out of which the garbage is either burned or shifted to the designated municipal dumping sites. The municipal collection is 28% compared to the self initiated dumping at 62%. As indicated almost all (99%) electricity is supplied by the government developed facility (WAPDA). Road infrastructure seems to be lacking in terms of metalled roads. Most of the roads (as stated in the table) are kacha or un-metalled. However, this can also be looked in relation to the limited vehicular movement within the city. Overall, all the respondents have accessibility to the basic needs of health, education, recreation and market facilities. It is worth mentioning that education, either in the form of school or madarsa (97% each respectively) are the most available of all the services in the city. This is indicative of the demand for education that is reciprocated by its supply.

Issues Related to Housing and Development Preferences

It is worth noting that poor sanitary conditions (77%) seem to be the most important aspect within issues related to housing. This is followed by threat of seismic activity (68%). The seismically weak structures can be further categorized by poor construction quality (51%) within the structures. The primary issues identified are bad quality of water (68%) followed by poor sanitary conditions (52%). Similarly, the development preference stated by the residents indicates towards infrastructure development. Predominantly clean drinking water seems to be a major is a major need amongst 54 % of the respondents; this is followed by issues related to drainage and sewage system (27%), and quality of construction of the roads (24%). Reason for health and education (21%) could be since there already exists an infrastructure for these two facilities in Gilgit city.

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APPENDIX 01

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CASE STUDY # 1: INNER CITY - CITY CENTER

Physical Description (Location\Context):
The city center of Gilgit is considered as the main commercial hub of the city as it contains the large number of shops. This part of the city is considered to be a settlement from the British period, based on the colonial style of nuclei planning. It acts as the nucleus of the city which is generated by the intersection of the Shaheed Millat Road (running parallel to the Southern Mountain Ridge) and the Raja Bazaar Road.

Figure 47: Map showing major roads of Gilgit city and the case study area # 01

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The overall description of the case study on the city center will be explained into four parts: 1. The historical nuclei of the city. 2. The shift of the nuclei. 3. Linkage with the historical neighborhood. 4. The proposed link to the north bank through the construction of the new RCC Bridge. The Historical Nuclei of the City: Colonial Period Planning This part of the city is considered to be a settlement from the British period, based on the colonial style of nuclei planning. The nucleus is generated by the intersection of the Shaheed Millat Road (running parallel to the Southern Mountain Ridge) and the Raja Bazaar Road (Refer to Map no.--). This intersection is marked by the presence of the British Cemetery on the plan of the area. On the opposite side of the cemetery is the Aga Khan Polo Ground, along with the existence of the Masjid e Ahle Tashee and Masjid e Ahle Sunnat on the respective length of the polo ground. The extent of the Raja Bazaar Road starts from the British Cemetery and goes up to the intersection of the Gilgit Pull Road in the east. The extent of this road is approximately 1360 or 0.42 km. The north of Raja Bazaar Road is also linked with the north bank of the city through the link road known as Gilgit Pul Road. The street facade on both sides of the 40 wide Raja Bazaar Road is dominated by 15 to 25 feet wide shop fronts (with the depth of 30 ft). While the open spaces like polo ground and cemetery are hidden from the main road. The shops are selling a variety of goods that include textile, shoes, bags, kitchen utensils and spices. Most of the textile, shoes and crockery are mainly imported from China. On both sides of the road, random cars are parked that belong to the shop owners and area residents. Sometimes, hand carts encroach the road, however, on a temporary basis. The narrow width of the road, can lead to congestion at times, with little or no infrastructure for pedestrians. This creates problems for the pedestrian movement on the road. More dire issue occurs in this area during times of sectarian clashes. The city center comes under immense strain due to the presence of Masjid e Ahle Tashee and Masjid e

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Ahle Sunnat. The two mosques facing each other across the length of the polo ground becomes the center of violence during sectarian tensions in the city. The Shift of the Nuclei: NLI Market The commercial core of the city center seems to have shifted towards the east at the intersection of the Saddar Bazaar Road and Babar Road. This intersection is marked by the NLI (Northern Light Infantry Regiment) Market. The name of this area has been kept keeping in mind the name of the infantry that fought in the independence of the Kargil war. The Raja Bazaar Road extends towards the east and is referred as the Saddar Road (after the Gilgit Pul Road intersection). This road then diverges into a fork intersection marked by a stone clock tower and an old maple tree. Because of the presence of the clock tower, this intersection is also referred to as Ghari Chowk.

Figure 48: Picture showing entrance of NLI (Northern Light Infantry Regiment) Market

Figure 49: picture showing Ghari Chowk

From this intersection the road that continues in the east west direction is referred as NLI road, linking the NLI market to the airport. Meanwhile, the north-south road is referred to as Baber road which is expected to extend on to the north bank of the Gilgit River after completion of RCC Bridge. There is another important node as we move towards the south from the intersection. This node is known as NLI Chowk marked by a traffic island followed by an entrance portal marking the limits of the market on either ends. The street profile of NLI market is majorly consists of G+ 1 structure, with the exception of the office building that is G+ 4.
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The ground plus 4 office building consisting of offices for transport companies, mobile phones companies, traders. The NLI road is 40 ft wide with the presence of infrastructure consisting of street lights and footpath.

Figure 50: picture showing NLI road

Figure 51: Picture showing G+4 Commercial building

The NLI market is designed in a mix of U shaped blocks and double loaded corridor aligned perpendicular to the main NLI Road. The shops are a mix of ground and ground plus one marked by series of 15 to 25 feet shop fronts. The U shaped plan exists on the north side of the road with 65 by 150 feet of open space in the middle also used as parking plaza. These shops are related to jewelry, stone and gems, crockery, textile and traveler bags. The NLI market mostly consists of goods that are brought in from China. There are however, shops that house textiles brought in from down south of the country along with a few local handicraft shops.
Figure 52: View of NLI market

There are number of cooperate banks in NLI market. On the south of the node, there is a Jamat Khana Bazaar. It mostly comprises 15 to 20 feet wide shops that are selling daily use items i.e., bakery, general store, vegetable, fruits and meat. The linkage with the historical neighborhood: The commercial center is linked to the old town situated parallel to the Shaheed-e-Millat Road. (Map) The old town is situated in between the southern mountainous range and shaheed millat road. It is linked to the city center through Khasanna road and Jamat
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Khana road along a north-south axis. Overall the old town consists of three neighbourhoods: Nagaral Colony in the south and Majini Mohallah and Haider Pura on east side. The Nagaral Colony has the oldest polo ground in the city. 41 The polo ground has an interesting morphology as it is located away from the main Shaheed-e-Millat Road and completely surrounded with old residential settlements.

Figure 53: View of condition of Nagaral colony

The houses are made up of stones, sand and straw. The secondary and tertiary lanes within the settlement are not aligned. The area has basic infrastructure but in poor condition. The streets are maintained and clean, paved with stones and compacted earth. Drainage lines are open and end up in the river without treatment. The theft of electricity is a common issue in an area. Future Expansion: Link to the north bank through the construction of the ne w RCC bridge The city center is linked to the new settlement that is constructed ten years ago. It has old town on the south and Mujahid Colony on the North, i.e., on the opposite side of Gilgit River. The case study area is linked to the northern bank of the Gilgit River through Gilgit Pul that intersects Rajah Bazaar Road at one side and Nomal Road on another side. The approx length of this link road will be 800 ft.
Figure 54: Construction of a new RCC bridge to link to the north bank

However, the under constructed extension of Babar Road in the form of New RCC Bridge will become an important link between the two areas as it will connect nucleus of the town to the North bank of the city.

41

The favorite sport in Gilgit is polo which local folks claim originated here. It's more rugged, free-style version than the sedate variety known in the plains.

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PLANNING MATRICES OF CITY CENTER:

Indicators Approximate Date Planning layout Zoning Dominating Planning Feature Important Landmarks Linkages to the significant neighboring settlements Linked to old city via Shaheed e Millat Road. The old city constitutes of old residential settlements around the Old Polo Ground

The city centre of Gilgit

Colonial period planning with post colonial additive land use. (Need to verify through source)

Nuclear Planning. Converging of Raja Bazaar Road and Shaheed e Millat Road. River view road running parallel to the main city centre.

Mixed use. Including commercial outlets, administration, public and religious buildings

Shaheed e Millat Road is following the mountain ridge line on the south. While Raja Bazaar is intersecting the Shaheed e Millat Road at the Nucleus (Gilgit Master Plan, 1977)

Aga Khan Polo Ground, Masjid Ahle Tashi and Masjid Ahle Sunni Jammat

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Figure 55: Map showing Landuse of the Case study area

The amenities found in the area of the city center include: o Hospital: The area has the main district hospital known as DHQ Hospital. It is located along the main Hospital road just before the commercial hub started. It is offcentrally located in the area. It is the only government hospital in Gilgit, other five hospitals are civil. o Educational Institutions: A government girls college is located along the Khassana Road, which later intersect the Shaheed-e-millat road. The students from this school belong to the residents of old town including Nagral colony and Majini Mohalla. The department of Directorate of Education is also located in the same area, on the intersection of Jamat Khana Road and Saddar Bazaar Road, opposite to NLI Market.

o Private\ Government Organistions: The Government sectors also have keen interest
in the development of the area. However, there is no Gilgit Development Authority to look after these matters. (Shigri, 2011)

o Open spaces: The map of city center shows a number of vacant/open spaces. These
open spaces are in the form of Polo Ground, graveyard, or green patches. There are two polo grounds in the area. One is the Agha Khan Polo Ground, opposite to the British Cemetry. Another is located in old town of Nagral Colony and surrounded with residential settlements. There is also large number of green patches. However, with the growth of the city these patches are converting into constructed land.

o Important Features: The city center has important religious centers of the three
communities. i.e., Jama Masjid e Ahle Tashee, Jama Masjid e Ahle Sunnat and the Jamat Khana. The area comes under immense strain due to the presence of Jama Masjid e Ahle Tashee and Jama Masjid e Ahle Sunnat. The two mosques facing each other across the length of the polo ground becomes the center of violence dur ing sectarian tensions in the city.

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Figure 56: Map showing Amenities of the Case study area

 Activities in and around the Streets

In the area of city center, there are different markets in which most Prominent is the NLI Market. There are two nucleuses in the City center; one is generated by the intersection of the Shaheed Millat Road (running parallel to the Southern Mountain Ridge) and the Raja Bazaar Road. This intersection is marked by the presence of the British Cemetery on the plan of the area. Another important node is east at the intersection of the Saddar Bazaar Road and Babar Road. This intersection is marked by the NLI (Northern Light Infantry Regiment) Market. It served as the main commercial hub to the city. The residents of Gilgit are dependent on this bazaar for all their needs. The Raja Bazaar road is 40 wide. The street facade on both sides is dominated by 15 to 25 feet wide shop fronts (with the depth of 30 ft). It is encroached with random parked cars due to which its width is reduced to 30 ft. Sometimes, hand carts also encroaches the road, however, on a temporary basis. Another major road is the Babar road which intersects main Saddar Bazaar Road and lies on north south axis. Its width is 30 feet. The Raja Bazaar road is mainly used by the truck and other loaders to carry good from and to the market and go-downs. The roads in the Bazaar area are metalled and paved. Internally, the streets in the market are accessible by vehicles and are in the form of U shapes or courtyards. The minimum street width observed was 20 ft. and the maximum street width was 35 feet, which allows vehicular and pedestrian access though there are no formally designed footpaths in internal streets. The parking of cars on either side of the streets reduces the width of streets but doesnt give a sense of compactness due to low profile of surrounding structures. People can get access to public transport that includes hand pushed carts, wagons, Suzuki wagons and taxis from the informal stand locally termed as Adda near the market. It is located near NLI chowk. Streets of city center are completely active during day time.

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CONDITION OF STREETS:

Indicators

Major / Minor Streets Major Street: Raja Bazaar and Shaheed e Millat. Minor Street: Name of minor streets to be verifies and inserted

Modes of Transportations Suzuki pickup, cars, taxis, motor bikes, 4 wheel drives, hand carts, along with few horse drawn carts.

Street Facade Ground and ground plus one with a mix of 15 to 25 front shops.

Street Widths Raja Bazaar: 40wide, single lane two way road. Shaheed e Millat: 30 wide, single lane two way road.

Street Maintenance Open drains, with random cars parked on the road side. The street does not seem to have any encroachment with little or no solid waste on the street. Pedestrian movement restrained due to lack of foot paths; however, due to light vehicular traffic it is possible to walk along the street.

Presence of Vegetation/Animals Presence of old maple tree as a marker of the street. However compared to the rest of the city it is sparsely vegetated.

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Figure 57: Map showing road networks of the Case study area

 Open Spaces and their Use:

The areas of Nagaral Colony and Majini Mohalla are the oldest towns in Gilgit and have secondary lanes converging of Raja Bazaar Road and Shaheed e Millat Road. The commercial area and the residential area, both have breathing spaces between the structures. These breathing spaces are in the form of U shaped parking lots, or green patches, polo ground, graveyards, farms or a vacant land in residential area. In residential areas, vacant lands or streets are used by the children for playing activities. The sizes of vacant plots vary from one another and can also be developed as small community parks. It is obvious from the research that there is only one park available in Gilgit city known as Chinar Bagh.

Infrastructure:
Wate r Supply: Water supply in this area is not an issue. The water is supplied to the residents through Gilgit River which is treated through different filtration plants. Sewerage: The sewerage waste of the area is directly being dumped in the River at various points along the river. Electricity: Electricity is generated through hydro power. The two hydro electricity plants are situated along the Kargah Nalla and the Konodas Nalla. Due to shortage of spring water in the winters electricity short fall is primarily witnessed during the winter. Fuel: Due to the inaccessible terrain, it is not possible to provide Gilgit City with the gas line. However, LPG cylinders are imported from Rawalpindi on a regular basis. Other forms of fuel generations are fire wood and in case of availability of electricity, electric stoves are also used. Telephone: Communication system is also well equipped in the area. Telephone service providers are Special Communication Organization (SCO) & Pakistan Telecom Company Limited (PTCL) and the leading mobile network. (Ufone, Mobilink, Telenor, Warid and Zong).

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Significance of the City Center: It is the commercial hub for the Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Gilgit City. This is the commercial centre that consists of shops selling textile, shoes, bags, kitchen utensils and spices. The Gilgit District Headquarter Hospital is located in this area that is used to cater all Gilgit citizens. This part of the city has historical value that belongs to the era British Era. The extension of the centre is home to the Gilgit Cantonment. Gilgit Bazaar has no income based demarcation with respect to prices, although it has different cluster with respect to specialized items. People can get access to public transport that includes cart, wagons, Suzuki wagons, and taxis easily from the market area.

Repercussions of Urban Pressure: The historic maple trees from the British era are being are being cut down to accommodate new roads and construction. The existing width of the streets will be insufficient in the near future, as the number of cars is increasing day by day.

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Indicators Area of Case Study

Electricity Theft of electricity is common. Load shading occurs for 8 to 12 hours

Gas The use of LPG gas is through cylinders. The gas cylinders are available in abundance from Rawalpindi through local suppliers.

Water Water is supplied to the area residents through Gilgit river treated with different filtration plants.

Sewage/ Drainage Open drains are passing through lanes and end up in Gilgit river.

Telephone Communication system is well equipped in the area. Telephone service providers are Special Communication Organization (SCO) & Pakistan Telecom Company Limited (PTCL) and the leading mobile network. (Ufone, Mobilink, Telenor, Warid and Zong).

Solid Waste Waste is collected with the help of tractor trolleys and transferred to the dumping site behind Karakorum International University (KIU).

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 Real Estate and Land Value:

The city center has shops of different sizes. These shops usually have 15 to 25 ft wide shop fronts with 30 ft depth. The plot size of residential plots ranges from ten marlas to 2 kanals although a small fraction of population have constructed households in 3-5 kanals. The prices have reached their peak value in this area and almost constant now. The real estate value in this area for 1 kanal plot is equal to 40 lacs.

Condition of Building/Houses:
The city center has different type of constructions. The market area has usually G+ 1 buildings that are made up of RCC, with plastered walls. There are few buildings that are made up of stone or earth blocks. On the other hand, in residential area, the houses are made up of stones, sand and straw. The secondary and tertiary lanes within the settlement are not aligned. The area has basic infrastructure but in poor condition. The streets are maintained and clean, and paved with stones and compacted earth.

Social Set Up:

Main bazaar area is an interactive space for the entire city. Currently, most of the people use the space in front of their shops, courtyards and the overall streets for socializing. Street is preferred by almost all the shopkeepers as an immediate open space and its use is much higher .The reason for this space use and preference is that people feel sense of security and belonging to their respective streets where everyone is known to them.

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CASE # 2: CITY MUJAHID COLONY

Physical Description (Location\Context):
Mujahid Colony is situated on the north bank of the city. The settlement is developed by the government for low income group over the last 10 years along the Nomal Road. This road is also known as University Road and is one of the major roads on the north bank of Gilgit River, as it connects the east part to the University and Daniyor in the west. It is laid on a steep slope; where flat land is hardly available. It
Figure 58: View of Mujahid colony consists of people of mixed ethnicities coming from the GB region as well as Khyber Pukhtunkhwa as well as far as Afghanistan.

Figure 59: Map showing major roads and location of case study area no 2

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Planning and Morphology: Mujahid Colony is located at the northern bank of the Gilgit River, along the University Road. The dominating feature in the area is the old police settlement laid on grid planning along the University Road. The same grid pattern is then repeated in the rest of the Colony. The houses are arranged in grid system with secondary road running from south to north wide enough for vehicular access, while pedestrian lanes run from east to west. The area follows the line of the northern mountainous ridge on one side and the Gilgit River on the other side.

Figure 60: Morphology of the area

Land use As far as land use is concern, the area is purely residential in nature. The commercial strip is limited to the major corridor, Nomal Road. Majority of the houses are Ground or G+1. The amenities are provided within the area vicinity on secondary roads.

Figure 61: View of a street

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Figure 62: Map showing landuse of the Case study area

Link to the City Center: The case study area is located adjacent to the city center. Mujahid Colony is linked to city center through Gilgit Pul Road that intersects Nomal Road at one side and Raja Bazaar road on another side. Therefore, people of Mujahid Colony have easy access to the hub for livelihood and other purposes. The under constructed extension of Babar Road in the form of the new RCC Bridge will also become an important link between the two areas as it will connect nucleus of the town to the North bank of the city. The Extension of Babar road will intersect Nomal Road on the other side. The approx length of this link road will be 800 feet.

Konudas Nalla Konudas Nalla is use to supply drinking water to surrounding areas. Water is stored in the reservoir from Gilgit River and after treatment, and then drains into Konudas Nalla. The Mujahid Colony has certain legal rights issues due to which the residents get useable water for only half an hour daily.

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Indicators Approximate Date

Area of Case Study

Planning layout

Zoning Majorly its a residential area, including amenities Masajids, Jamat Khana, and Schools. There are chief court and Supreme Affiliated court on the opposite side of Nomal Road.

Dominating Planning Feature The settlement follows the grid pattern of the planned amenities belong to armed forces along the Nomal Road.

Important Landmarks Police ground which is used as the play ground for the settlement. Chief court / Supreme Affiliated court.

Important Linkages The Gilgit pull links this area to the City center. Another under construction bridge Garhi Bagh Pull will also link it to the same area.

Newly Constructed Grid pattern, laid within ten years by parallel to the the local Government. Nomal Road, following Ridge of mountainous range on North side.

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The amenities found in the area of Mujahid Colony include: o Residential Units: Kitchen gardening is found in most houses for daily use of vegetables and fruits. Live stock like cow, goat and chickes are also usually found in individual houses. o Religious Institutions: Mujahid Colony has different small masjids which belongs to Ahl e Sunnat community. The prominent mosque in this area is the Ahl e Sunnat Masjid in the area is Dar-ul Irfan Masjid. It is located near centre in the area. There is also a central Konudas Jamat Khana for Ahl e Tashee community. o Educational Institutions: There are different madrassas in the area which are also serving as p schools. One of the prominent madrassas in the area is Nasrat-ul-Uloom and Orphan Madrassa. Beside these, there is F.G Girls school for primary education. Similarly, other small Institutions are also located within the locality. A Bagrot Hostel for boys is also located on main Nomal Road. o Health Cente rs: There is no government or private health centers, clinics or hospitals in Mujahid Colony. o Commercial Area: Small commercial belt in the form of small shop is present on Nomal Road, which is a daily needs grocery shops serving the residents of the area. o Recreational Cente rs: There is a police ground along the Nomal Road which is used by the community for playing activities. It has an area of approx. 4.5 acres. o Regulatory Institutions: The Chief Court and the Supreme Affiliated Court of Gilgit Baltistan are located in this area along the River side of Nomal Road.

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Figure 63: Map showing amenities of the Case study area

 Activities in and around the Streets

The area of Mujahid Colony, is along the major primary road i.e. Nomal Road which is connecting Konudas to the outskirt areas mainly Daniyor. It is majorly used for two major Functions. First, it is highly used by the residents of Mujahid Colony as it is the only primary road that passes through the area and links it to rest of the Gilgit. Secondly, this road is used by the residents of the Gilgit to approach Karakorum international University. The width of this road is 30 ft. wide. The secondary and tertiary roads are in the form of katcha road and pacca road. The maximum street width observed was 20 feet which allows vehicular and pedestrian access though there are no formally designed footpaths. The internal streets are completely pedestrian in nature. Their width varies from 8 to 10 ft. People can get access to transport facilities like taxis and private cars i.e. which are majorly available on primary road i.e. Nomal Road and few secondary roads. Streets of Mujahid Colony are active in day timings and evenings. As mentioned previously, its a multi ethnic colony; therefore it has no sectarian clashes.

Maintenance of the lanes: The internal street widths of area are 10 to 15 feet. The streets are unpaved. At the intersection of secondary and pedestrian lanes, IF there is any open space available, it usually turned into Garbage dump space. This is because of lack of ownership of these open spaces. If there would be a sense of ownership for the whole area. There would be no such garbage heaps in the lanes that affects the overall hygiene of the area. Other important problem for an area is running water in open drainage lines passing through the lanes and ends up in Gilgit River without treatment. These drainage lines should be covered.

Figure 2: View of garbage dump along the street

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Figure 65: Map showing road networks of the Case study area

CONDITION OF STREETS:
Indicators Major / Minor Streets Modes of Street Facade Transportations Car and Taxi can access the area through secondary roads. Internal movement is pedestrian or possible with motorbikes. Majorly structures are Ground. Few of them are G+1. This includes Jamat khana, Masajids and court area. Street Widths Street Maintenance Open drains, Little or no solid waste on the street. The street does not seem to have any encroachment. The street does not have any foot path; however, due to light vehicular movement it is possible to walk along the street. Presence of Vegetation/Animals The area has number of livestock and green patches. People have farmlands with the vicinity of their houses.

Area of Case Major street: Nomal Study Road.

Minor Road: secondary roads passing through the area from south to north.

Nomal Road is 40 wide Secondary roads are 10 15 ft wide and have vehicular access.

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A Fe w Observations Regarding Mujahid Colony The traffic flow is almost negligible in this colony. Further, available traffic is mostly limited to main Nomal Road; therefore it keeps the internal area free of traffic congestion, air pollution and noise pollution. Open pathways with grid planning allow natural light and air circulation. Due to multi-ethnic behavior of colony, the area remain save from sectarian violence. Water is a major issue in this area. According to law, water rights are limited to natives only. Therefore, residents have to buy water for their daily use. No public transport like wagons or buses serves the area keeping in mind that the area has low income settlement. People without cars have to walk large distances to get on a public transport. The area of Mujahid Colony is along the flood way therefore this area is subjected to a threat of land sliding and water shed zone.

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 Open spaces and their Use:

The major active zone in Mujahid Colony is the police ground adjacent to 40 wide Nomal Road. It is the most active open space in the Colony used for sports like cricket and football. It has an area of approx. 4.5 acres. These facilities are exclusively for men as the local culture does not allow women to take up such activities. Within the colony, there are few vacant plots in the cluster of houses, which, due to the sense of nonownership, are in poor condition and got turned into heaps of garbage. These left over vacant, open and barren land in the area have potential to be developed and planned as recreational spaces or supporting amenities like health facilities. Beside this, open\ green spaces are present in the form of an open area within the housing boundaries used for kitchen farming.
Figure 66: View of open spaces inside the area

Real Estate and Land Value:

Mujahid Colony is the only residential colony located along the northern bank of the Gilgit River and has been developed by the government as a low income settlement. House sizes varies from 5 Marla to10 Marla. A house having two rooms, two washrooms and a Kitchen would be rented for 2500 2600 Rs per month. There are small scale commercial outlets like small shops proximity to the residences which is catering daily needs of inhabitants.

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Indicators
Area of Case Study

Electricity Theft of Electricity is common. Load shading occurs in alternate days.

Gas The use of gas Is through cylinders. The gas cylinders are available in abundance from Rawalpindi through local suppliers.

Water Water is first collected in the Konudas reservoir at top of the mountain and then supplied to the area residents.

Sewage/Drainage Open drains are passing through lanes and end up in Gilgit river.

Telephone Communication system is well equipped in the area. Service Providers are Special Communication Organization (SCO) & Pakistan Telecom Company Limited (PTCL) and the leading mobile network. (Ufone, Mobilink, Telenor, Warid and Zong).

Solid Waste Waste is collected with the help of tractor trolleys and transferred to the dumping site behind Korakoram International University (KIU).

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 Condition of Houses:
The arrangement of houses happened to be in cluster format back to back and attached with other in a grid pattern. They are made up of various materials like RCC, with plastered walls, stones, concrete blocks or earth blocks. Peoples are using vernacular material and techniques to build their houses themselves depending upon the status of their income group. Courtyard house plans, with kitchen gardens Majority of houses in the area are Ground or G+1 and have typical house plans. All houses are constructed around a courtyard, used to grow fruits and vegetables along with rearing of domestic animals. The house size varies 10 to 15 Marla. Each unit is consisting of a visitors room, private bedroom s, toilets and a kitchen constructed around an open courtyard. The drawing room and bedroom are constructed as separate blocks.
Figure 67: View of a house of the area

Social Set Up:

In Mujahid Colony, Mostly single family is living in one house which compromises of four to six persons. The male to female ratio in the area is almost equal. This shows a trend towards nuclear family setups and individual family housing (as average number of families per plot is not more than 1). As mentioned previously, its a multi ethnic colony; therefore it has no sectarian clashes. People prefer socializing behavior with each other. There is a Police ground along the Nomal Road which is used by the community. Most of the women stay home for the larger part of the day and are involved in daily chores. Women face problems with regards to recreation and communal spaces because there are no such separate areas for them.

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 Infrastructure:
Wate r Supply: One of the major issues related to the case study area is related to supply of portable water. Although, Konudas Nalla is passing through the area but the residents have no rights to use its water. The government line supplies water for only half an hour daily. Because of this, people have to buy tankers which cost 800 Rs for one week. For domestic use like washing clothes, people access the Gilgit River. Electricity/ Fuel/ Telephone/ Sewe rage: Similar to that of the main city center. Land Sliding: Another issue is related to land sliding. Since the settlement is situated in the base of the mountain, the settlement faces land sliding and rock falls during heavy rains and seismic disturbances.

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CASE # 3: PERIPHERY - DANIYOR

Physical Description (Location\Context):
Daniyor Plateau is a fertile area to the east of River Hunza and the north of Gilgit River. The name of this area is kept after the Daniyor Nalla a source of water supply for agriculture and potable water for areas on either side of the Nalla. It is predominantly rich agricultural land with plots sizes demarcated according to the sizes of personal holdings. Daniyor is predominantly agricultural land, with a city center at the crossing of the Gilgit Road and the Karakorum Highway. This predominantly agricultural area is now slowly being transformed. The internal pressure of land sub-division over generations has overall reduced the extent of the agricultural land. Plot sizes of the agriculture land have reduced along with foot print of built structures, and resident units for family. Since all construction that takes place on ground only, any additional construction that takes place encroaches over the agricultural land.

Figure 68: Map showing major roads and location of the case study area no 3

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Apart from the internal pressure, the improved linkages in the form of the two bridges na mely the Daniyore Pull and Suspension Bridge, between Gilgit City (along Nomal Raod) and Daniyor has opened the way for further expansion towards the Daniyor side. Reason being that up till now Daniyor has been self sufficient in water supply whereby areas around Gilgit have been suffering from lack of portable water supply.

Figure 69: View of Daniyor Pul and suspension brigde

It is also expected that the construction of KKH (by 2012) passing through the city center will act as magnet of commercial activity in the area. Consequently, the land value and prices will go up, making Daniyor an important point along the Karakorum Highway. Overall it can be said that with the proximity of the facilities in Gilgit Town, the Univeristy, and the availability of water, Daniyor tends to show indication of future urban hub for the city of Gilgit.

Figure 70: View of Gilgit River

Figure 71: View of internal streets of the area

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PLANNING MATRICES OF DANIYOR Indicators Peripheral area Daniyor Approximate Date The traces of settlement belong to 20th century. Initially, the settlement was limited to Chikaskot and later spread out towards Do darya. Planning layout Agricultural land with field demarcation following the natural contour of land. The houses are constructed within the demarcated fields. Daniyor market is the central node of activity, with the proposed Karakorum highway passing through it. Dominating Planning Feature Daniyor Nalla acts as a water supply for settlements (Sultanabad, Daniyor) on either side of the Nalla. Therefore, agricultural fields dominate either side of the Nalla. Important Landmarks Do darya where River Hunza and Gilgit River meet up. Daniyor Nalla acts as an irrigation canal for the area. Daniyor Market that becomes the central node along the proposed KKH. Daniyor Pull linking the Daniyor to Nomal Raod. Important Linkages Daniyor links to rest of the city via Danyour Pull Bridge that joins KKH to Nomal Road over River Hunza.

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Figure 72: Map showing road networks of the Case study area

The amenities found in the area of Daniyor include: o Religious Institutions: Daniyor has Jamia Masjid which is along the central node known as Daniyor Market. There are different Graveyards like Shangot Graveyard and Sultanabad Graveyard. The remarkable Chinese Cemetery is also situated in Daniyor along the main Karakorum Highway. It houses graveyards of Chinese Engineers and labor who passed away during the construction of the Karakorum Highway. o Educational Institutions: There are large numbers of Primary schools like Shaheen Model School for Boys and Colleges like Global Higher Secondary school and College etc along the main Gilgit Road. o Health Cente rs: There is no hospital (private or government) in Daniyor. However, small scale clinics and Health centers belong to NGOs are available.
o

Commercial area: A small commercial hub along the intersection of Karakoram Highway and Gilgit Road is available to cater basic needs of the residents of Daniyor. This commercial hub is known as Daniyor Market or Baig Market.

o Private\Government Organisations: Many of the NGOs are working for the development of Daniyor i.e. AKRSP (Aga Khan Rural Support Programmme), AKESP (Aga Education Support Programme).
o

Recreational Cente rs: Daniyor Plain is a fertile plateau located to the east of River Hunza. For recreational, there is Daniyor Polo Ground which is used by the residents to play their tradition game along with a Karakorum Highway Memeorial. Important Features: Do Darya is located in the west of Daniyor. It is a point where the two Rivers, Gilgit River and Hunza River merge up with each other.

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Figure 73: Map showing landuse and amenities of the Case study area

The Activities in and Around the Streets:

There are two important and major road passed through the center of this area i.e. Karakoram Highway which connects Gilgit to rest of Pakistan on one side and to China on other end, and Gilgit Road, which connects Daniyor to the Gilgit City. The Karakoram Highway was massively used to transport goods betwee n China and Gilgit but got destroyed due to floods of 2009. The width of Karakoram highway is _ feet wide. The secondary and tertiary roads are mostly in between the agricultural lands and are in the form of katcha road. The maximum street width observed was 15 ft. and the minimum street width was 8 feet, which allows vehicular and pedestrian access though there are no formally designed roads. It is predominantly open land, with cultivation on either side of the road. Public transport or private cars are less in number in this area. People can get access to public transport i.e. taxis, only from main roads i.e. Karakoram Road and Gilgit Road and the intersection known as Daniyor market.

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Figure 74: Map showing major roads of the Case study area

CONDITION OF STREETS: Indicators Peripheral area Daniyor Major/Minor Streets Karakorum Highway passes through the center of the area. All other streets are not well defined. Mode of Transportation People keep their own cars as smuggled cars are available on low price. Some of the private car owners also use their cars as taxi. Street Widths The Karakorum Highway is 20 wide in this area. Other pedestrian lanes are 10 wide that passes between the agricultural fields. Street Maintenance The pedestrians lanes are un paved but have no litter. The commercial hub Daniyor Market is encroached with hand carts in peak hours. Vegetation/Animals Daniyor is an agricultural land. It has plenty of green patches in the form of farms, pastures, grazing fields and parks. Livestock includes cows, goats, horses, buffaloes, hen, duck etc.

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 Open spaces and their use:

It has vast open land with cluster of houses at large distances. The typology of these open spaces ranges from graveyard, space for tube well, waters tanks, and a Polo ground. It has plenty of green patches in the form of farms, grazing fields and parks. A Pasteur land is situated above Daniyor at 12 hour walking distance. The arrangement of houses happened to be in cluster format back to back and attached with other irregular pattern, giving rise to irregular pattern of streets. Streets are mostly unpaved. The wide street also adds to the openness and congestion free environment of the area. There is large open sandy belt along the side of River Hunza. There are Mohan settled on this belt and extract Gold from the sand.

Infrastructure Conditions:
As mentioned earlier potable water is availability here is better than other areas within Gilgit. The drinking water is provided by the Daniyor Nalla to the area residents through the treatment plant installed at Chikaskot. Water from the Daniyor Nalla is also used to irrigate land of Sultanabad and Daniyor for agricultural production. There is no systematic system of sewerage lines in this area. Soak pits are constructed for the purpose of waste. The soak pits are 10 feet deep the ground and 10 to 15 feet depth. One soak pit is enough for 15 to 20 years. If there is sand below, than a soak pit is enough for 30 to 40 years. However, this is a source of ground water contamination as waste water seeps inside the ground. For Solid waste, sanitary workers collect solid waste from individual houses and dump it on site behind Karakoram International University.

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INFRASTRUCTURE: Indicators Electricity Gas The use of gas is through cylinders. The gas cylinders are available in abundance from Rawalpindi through local suppliers. Wate r The drinking water is provided by the Daniyor Nalla to the area residents through the treatment plant installed at Chikaskot. Water from the Daniyor Nalla is also used to irrigate land for agricultural production. Sewage/Drainage People have made soak pits 10 deep in the ground. Since the locality is situated on a plateau the ground water is low and a soak pit lasts up to 20-30 years. Telephone Communication system is well equipped in the area. Service Providers are Special Communication Organization (SCO) & Pakistan Telecom Company Limited (PTCL) and the leading mobile network. (Ufone, Mobilink, Telenor, Warid and Zong). Solid Waste Waste is collected with the help of tractor trolleys and transferred to the dumping site behind Korakoram International University (KIU).

Area of Case People have proper Study electric connections. However, load shading occurs for 8 to 12 hours.

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 Real Estate and Land Value:

This is an area which is present at the periphery of Gilgit city. It is an agricultural land, but due to urban pressures of expansion .The green land is converting into constructed land.. Costs of plots are increasing day by day i.e. Price in 2005 = Rs 1500, 000/ Kanal Price in 2011 = Rs 2000,000 / Kanal

This is affordable for middle to higher income people. The area of Daniyor is not planned according to any land use percentages or byelaws.

Condition of Houses:
The arrangement of houses happened to be in cluster format back to back and attached with other irregular pattern, giving rise to irregular pattern of streets Theses cluster of house are away from another. They are made up of various materials like RCC, with plastered walls, stones, concrete blocks or Earth blocks. None of the houses are designed by architects or any professional urban planner. Peoples are using vernacular material and techniques to build their houses themselves depending upon the status of their income group. People keep Livestock in therir houses. Livestock includes cows, goats, horses, buffaloes, hen, duck etc.

Social Set Up:

Figure 75: View of a house of the area

In Daniyor, the social set up consists of Extended families. There is equivalent ratio of male to female gender in the area with 10-14 peoples per house which is the average household size for the area of Daniyor (as average number of families per plot is more than 1). This trend of having 2 to 3 generations living in a house is possible due to the fact that, the plot sizes in Daniyor give the possibility of horizontal extensions. They are constructing G+1 structure through RCC Construction. Further, the area has no sectarian demarcation, therefore, safe from any such terrible violence.

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The Daniyor Plateau has following advantages with respect to Gilgit City. Traffic congestion is limited to main road; therefore it keeps the internal area of Daniyor Plateau free of traffic congestion, air pollution and noise pollution. Open pathways allow natural light and air circulation. The width of the streets makes them more interactive. The Gilgit town has no more land capacity for expansion, therefore major construction and expansion is taking place in west of Gilgit town, including Daniyor. Therefore, the real estate prices of the area are increasing day by day. The Karakoram International University is situated in the vicinity of Daniyor. There are few disadvantages also: The increasing urban pressure on the area, reducing the agricultural land. Non accessibility to emergency care.

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Appendix 02: Matrices Matrix 1: Environme ntal Conditions

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Matrix 01: Environmental Conditions

Case Study Settlement layout CITY CENTER The intersection of the two main roads in the city creates a nucleus. The settlement follows the road grid of Raja Baazar Road and the Shaheed Millat Road. MUJAHID COLONY Unplanned residential area built on the Kunadas Plateau following grid planning with back to back houses DANYOR Haphazard planning following the land contours and field patterns on the Danyor Plateau

Built area Open area (voids which are either open spaces or un constructed plots) Noise Level Control (traffic and general noise)

Fair Since there is little congestion of vehicular traffic therefore the noise level is acceptable Fair Average air quality due to location in the valley. The low story construction helps in ventilation of the overall area. Fair No garbage dump seen on the streets and side lanes. The City Municipality looks after the

Good As the settlement is on the mountain side and there is less vehicular access so there is very less noise pollution. Good Settlement has no vehicular traffic, added by it is away from any city congestion.

Good Scattered residential units within respective fields.

Air and Ventilation

Solid waste disposal

Fair Only unattended open plots have solid waste collected. Otherwise no garbage seen in the lanes. The upkeep of side

Fair The Danyor city center is relatively congested. However, houses away from the main road are surrounded by green fields, thereby increasing the air quality. Good Overall little garbage is seen in the commercial center otherwise no solid waste is visible in the residential
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maintenances and upkeep of the area. Drainage during rain Good The natural slope of the terrain helps the drainage of rain water which eventually falls in the Gilgit River. Fair Water supply is adequate and regular and is supplied to the area through the Municipality Sanitation Fair There are open nallas along the street, moreover, the sewerage system directly fall in the Gilgit River, without being treated or recycled. Electricity Security of Area Fair Fair

lanes is taken care by the resident population. Fair The natural slope of the terrain helps the drainage of rain water.

settlements.

Fair The natural slope of the terrain helps the drainage of rain water.

Wate r supply

Poor In-adequate and irregular supply of municipal water, which is divided over a substantial population, becomes a source of tension in the area. Fair There are no open nallas and sewerage lines visible on the street, however, the sewerage system is either collected in soak pits or it is directly disposed off in the Gilgit River, without being treated or recycled. Fair Good

Fair Water supply is adequate and regular and is supplied to the area by the Danyor Nalla. Fair There are no open nallas and sewerage lines visible on the street, however, the sewerage system is either collected in soak pits thereby contaminating the soil and soil water. Fair Good

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During the time of sectarian clashes the city center becomes the center of this violence with the mosques of Ahl e Tashee and Ahl e Sunnat facing each other.

The mixed population especially migrant population residing in the area reduces is not prone to any stressful incidences during the time of sectarian clashes in the city.

The issue of sectarian clashes was not under discussion as a large number of residents of this area belong to Ismailia community.

Parking for cars

Fair The primary streets are wide enough to accommodate cars. Cars cannot enter secondary streets. Fair Little or no traffic congestion was noticed in the area

The roads are not wide enough to accommodate cars.

Traffic condition

Good Negligible vehicular activity was noticed

Fair The KKH is the primary road that will pass through the area. The secondary roads are wide enough to accommodate individual cars. Good Commercial center had narrow roads; however with the upcoming construction of KKH, the traffic flow is expected to increase. Good Overall the Danyor Plateau is an agricultural area with vegetation in the form of trees and agriculture.

Landscaping and vegetation

Poor Little or no vegetation in the city center, except for the old maple trees planted during the British times. However, due to road widening and construction of bridges the green heritage is under threat.

Poor Roads have no space for plantations.

Area parks

Good 2 polo grounds: The Old Polo

Fair A football field attached to the

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Dominant land use and consequent street condition

Ground and the Aga Khan Polo ground These grounds are especially active especially during the summers. Commercial use is on the main road and residential on secondary lanes.

settlement along the Nomal Road. It was observed to be active with sports activity during the day. Primarily residential. With a few scattered shops selling daily use items on the secondary roads. The main road includes amnesties and commercial outlets; however the residential area does not have any commercial activity except for agricultural activities.

Note Good is an indication of above average working conditions in the given context. Fair is an indication of average working conditions in the given context where there are some problems or irregularities. Poor is an indication of below average working conditions where there are more irregularities and major problem

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Appendix 02: Matrices Matrix 2: Housing Conditions

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Matrix 02: Housing Conditions

Case Study CITY CENTER MUJAHID COLONY 150-160 sq. meters One to two room layout of single household around a private internal courtyard. Separate blocks for visitors toilet, kitchen and livestock. DANYOR Varying sizes Large size plots sizes where the built structure is separated by varying sizes of fields.

Average Varying sizes plot/apartme nt size Layout of houses/ A variety of plot sizes varying from apartme nts one to two room layout of single household around a private internal courtyard which is connected to the toilet, kitchen. In some cases a small cultivation patch is also attached. Average size household Mostly extended families G Fair to good Little solid waste was found in the city center. Also due to the gradient in the land, there was no issue of stagnant water. The overall environment un

Average number of families per plot Average number of rooms Average Built up floors Land value per square meter Livability conditions of the locality

A mixture of single families and joint families G and G+1 Fair to Good Little solid waste was found in the locality. The overall ambiance was well organized. However, the major drawback being lack of water and water distribution within the area.

Mostly extended families G Good Overall pleasant living conditions surrounded by green fields and abundant water supply from the Danyor Nalla. However, the sewage waste is an issue as it gets disposed off in soak
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congested and though pedestrian movement was difficult in the city center. However, there were pleasant areas in the residential neighborhoods.

This leads to tension amongst the pits. residents of the area. The internal layouts of the houses were fairly spacious, well maintained and ventilated.

Availability of open spaces Use of Roof Use of Compound/ Courtyards Use of Street

Fair Good Fair

Fair Good Fair Good Mix of load bearing, bricks and R.C.C structures R.C.C Concrete finish Plastered and paint finish

Good Bricks, Block masonry and RCC Mix of timber, stone, mud and R.C.C Concrete finish, and Mix of unplastered and paint finish

Use of Nearby Ground Good Overall Building Stone, bricks, Block masonry and Material RCC Roofing Mix of timber, stone, mud and RCC Flooring Faade treatment Concrete finish, rammed earth Mostly unplastered, somewhere Plastered and paint finish.

Boundary walls Indicator Incre mental Growth

In the residential areas the The boundary walls were raised to 7 The boundary walls were raised to boundary walls are raised 7 to 8. to 8. 7 to 8. of Yes No The extension of the settlement gets Extension of family houses to more haphazard towards the accommodate new generations. mountain top. Also reduction in agricultural sizes Fair Fair

Ventilation of Houses/ Apartment

Fair

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Privacy

Shops facing wide fronts. Also the Courtyard houses facilitated courtyard houses facilitates in ventilations. ventilation. Good Good

in Courtyard houses ventilations. Good

facilitated

in

As such no issues of privacy As such no issues of privacy violation Since the violation were visible. People were were visible. People were respectful respectful of each other. Only old of each other. men and women and children were seen in the lanes within the residential settlements. House Development Fair Good Good and Maintenance Since the market and the settlement Since the locality was developed over Depending on the economic are oldest within the quality of the last 20 years the quality and capacity of the residents construction was primarily local maintenance of construction is fairly vernacular construction. good. Note Good is an indication of above average working conditions in the given context. Fair is an indication of average working conditions in the given context where there are some problems or irregularities. Poor is an indication of below average working conditions where there are more irregularities and major problem.

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Appendix 03: INDICATORS MATRIX CASE OF CITY CENTER, GILGIT Indicator Land & Housing Trend Due to limited space within the city centre, the trend is that the city activities are slowly shifting towards west. Potential Heritage and cultural value both in terms of built environments and natural environment. Human scale. Natural beauty. Booming real estate. Good infrastructure conditions. Threat Sectarian tension Weak regulations. Lack of space for expansion. Pressure on heritage structures and vegetation due to growth pressures in the city. Open spaces under developed. Design Strategy Develop an integrated strategy for pedestrian network and transport within the city.

Traffic Transport

&

Water Sanitation

&

Inter city transport network is in the form of private taxis, and wagons. High private car ownership. Untreated sewage water ends up in the River.

Development of transport Unregulated traffic stops. flow Lack of availability of Linear growth of the city helps transport stops lead reduce haphazard road to confusion in the networks. city center. Small city size. Piped distribution of water. Contamination of river water. Gradient supports rain water drainage. Household sewage waste. Lack of industrial waste Household cultivation and vegetable gardens

Develop an integrated strategy for pedestrian network and transport within the city.

An integrated approach should be devised of a waste supply, sanitation and urban horticulture programme.

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CASE OF MUJAHID COLONY, GILGIT Indicator Land & Housing Trend Settlement pattern extending towards the mountain top. Mixed communities. Lack of potable water. Soak pits used for sewage waste. Potential Threat Design Strategy

Water Sanitation

&

Traffic Transport

&

Low car ownership. People prefer walking and talking public transport.

Maintenance of the settlement Land sliding fro m Any further the mountain top. development activity Mixed and harmonies should look into land communal living Unclear sliding and seismic development Literate and educated related issues of the directions. community. area. Gradient of locality providing Lack of potable An integrated natural drainage for rain water. water. approach should be devised of a waste Household sewage waste used Contamination of supply, sanitation for cultivation or recycling. the soil and sub soil and urban water due to seepage horticulture of sewage waste. programme. Extremely low car ownership. Non metallic roads. Develop an integrated strategy Public transport available at Narrow road widths. for pedestrian walking distance. Emergency access network and difficult and not transport within the possible. city.

168

CASE OF DANYOR, GILGIT Indicator Land & Housing Trend Construction of KKH will have a direct impact on the land value of the area. Irregular plot sizes. Land sub-division over generations. Housing taking over agriculture land. Undefined framework for land development. & Soak pits used for sewage and sanitation purposes. Good water supply system supplied by the Danyor Nalla. & Construction of KKH in the near future will open up the city to down country traffic. Potential Commercial activity Fertile and well irrigated land. Clear ownership patterns. Potential to grow vertically. Increased land value. Threat Design Strategy

Unregulated Better construction commercial growth techniques to promote vertical Encroachment of construction. agricultural land by built structures. Land value for commercial activity.

Water Sanitation

Traffic Transport

Gradient of locality providing Contamination of An integrated natural drainage for irrigation soil and subsoil approach should be and water supply. water through the devised for usage of soak pits. waste supply, Household waste fit for sanitation and cultivation. cultivation. Increase in real estate value. Increase in traffic Devising regulations flow. to maintain the Increase in commercial natural assets and activity Unregulated traffic reduce the expected flow and congestion congestion within the in the area. area by implementation of policy and regulations.

169

Appendix 04 BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL INTERVIEWS Shigri, Environmental Protection Agency, Gilgit Yasir , Directorate, Tourism Department, Gilgit Jahangir Ahmed, Principle, Daniyor College, Daniyor Ali Ahmed Jan, Field Assistance, Agriculture Department, Gilgit Rashid ud din, Chief Directorate, DC office, Gilgit Ali, World Wild life Federation, Gilgit Zulfiqar Ahmed, Town Muncipal Officer, TMA, Gilgit Khalid, College Lecturer, Upper Jutial, Gilgit Huzur Ali, Carpenter, Resident of Yaseen Colon y, Gilgit

REPORTS: coordinator), I. A. A breif profile of Larkana. larkana: Small & Medium Enterprise Development Authority. Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2011, from http://maps.google.com/ IUCN Raza, H. (2003). Northern Area Strategy for Sustainable Development. Gilgit: IUCN. Pakistan Enviornmental Planning and Architectural Consultants Limited. (1977). Gilgit Master Plan. Lahore. Popiulation Census Organization, P. (1998). District Census Report. Gilgit: Population Census Organization.

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BOOKS: Arif Hasan, M. R. (2011). Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Holzwarth, W. (2006). Sources of Gilgit, Hunza and Nager History (1500-1800) and Comments on the Oral Roots of Local Historiography. In H. Kreutzmann, Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development and Ecology in the Hunza Valley (p. 171). Karachi: Oxford University Press Neil, J. M. (1996). Trekking in the Karakoram and Hindukush. Hawthorn: Lonley Planet Publications.

WEB SITES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan#Geography_and_climate, Accessed on, 17th -March-2011 http://www.ibadat09.blog.com/

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Appendix 05 Presentation thumbnails 28th July 2011

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Appendix 06 GILGIT CITY DESIGN INTERVENTION PROPOSAL Executing Agency: UNDP Design of Project: Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University Project Area: Gilgit City, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan INTRODUCTION UN-Habitat Islamabad is responsible to demonstrate an infrastructure project for upgrading urban living conditions in the target areas of Gilgit city which aims at improving urban indicators through strengthening partnership between communities and Government. The project is based on the idea of water treatment and waste recycling model. The local community and NGOs would be sharing their ideas at one platform and then approach the government agencies like the local TMA. This will result in solving out the water and sanitation problems and eventually the city will get economic boost and urban poor will get economic empowerment. VISION: To enhance Gilgits amiable environment through capitalizing on its natural assets and resources. OBJECTIVE: To improve the environmental condition of the city using advance technologies. URBAN TRENDS IDENTIFIED Shortage of accessible water, electricity and gas to residential areas - Un equal water distribution affecting especially low income settlements. Change in land morphology and land use under urban pressure with the passage of time (i.e. reduction of built versus open agricultural land with time, and plot sizes over time.) Affordability of land value - Eastern side of the city have increasing land value pattern whereas it is constant on the southern side. Open and green spaces hidden behind high walls and commercial outlets. Limited pedestrian access (Unfriendly for pedestrians in terms of lack of footpat hs, narrow road widths, unregulated vehicular traffic, and lack of shade). Growth of the city is towards the East (KUI, proposed GB Secretariat, Daniyor).

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CHARACTERISTICS OF GILGIT: POTENTIALS Human Resource Level of education

THREATS Sectarian strife

Due to the different ethnic groups, diversified cultures and close proximity to each other, the There is comparatively high level of education city is mostly under sectarian tension, leading and awareness in the city with respect to other to law and order break down, hindering future districts of Gilgit Baltistan. planning possibilities. Amiable and conducive work culture (willingness to share and exchange experiences and knowledge) Role of NGOs

Many NGOs work very actively in the city. Local initiative and community building through the presence of organizations like the AKDN Sense of community

People of the city has a strong sense of community

Natural Resource Wate r quality

Fresh water contamination

The waste disposal into the river causes the contamination of fresh water which is used by Fresh water quantity is abundant in the form of the residents of the city causing health rivers and streams, therefore possibility of problems. hydro power generation. Gradient of the landscape Agriculture land

The city has a vast area comprises of agriculture land which is one of the natural resource and a source of income for the people.

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Life style

People of the city have a simple lifestyle which can be seen through their culture. Urban Resource Sewerage water Open spaces (Polo grounds) Solid waste disposal

Pollution is generating due to the improper waste disposal esp. along the river banks which is causing health and environmental problems.

Since polo is the traditional game of the North thats why there are a large number of polo grounds used for holding polo games and other social and cultural activities. Reduction of agricultural land

Due to the city expansion and change in land morphology, the agricultural land area is continuously being taken over by the urban pressure. Lack of powe r supply in winters

The consumption of electricity during winters is doubled than the summer which causes the lack of power supply. Prone to disasters

The city has a specific type of topography which makes the area faced by flood and land sliding esp. during the snow melting season. Furthermore, the deforestation leads to increased damage from flooding. STRATEGY: Strategy would be to design / develop projects / schemes that first satisfy basic needs, than it should also have a capacity to benefit the city also in the long run.

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STRATEGY MODEL:

The strategy model is based on water supply and sanitation in which water treatment and supply and waste recycling would be majorly dealt with. This model would surely be helpful in improving the environmental conditions and health status of the people of the city and secondly the agriculture production of the city would be raised. Hence due to all these betterment, the overall economy of the Gilgit city would drastically increase. PHYSICAL RESEARCH FINDINGS: After Physical and Socio Economic surveys, it has been concluded that: Issue related to water contamination, comes out to be the basic indicator. Treatment to the issue can benefit the city at various levels.

DESIGN PROPOSALS 1. UN as a networking cell between all the development agencies 2. Sewerage waste recycling 3. Solid waste recycling 4. Compact city for ease of pedestrian and vehicular movement

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PHASES OF THE PROJECT: Phase I - Networking Cell In this phase, information and resources would be gathered between various government and non-government organizations. In this way, a platform would be provided for sharing of knowledge and basis for its development. Phase II - Sewerage Recycling Waste In this phase, the sewerage waste on neighborhood and household level would be linked up for agriculture and urban farming. Secondly, the drainage channels would be collected at one point before entering the river and treated before discharging into the river water. Furthermore, a reservoir would be created for the vegetation of the city. Phase III - Solid Waste Recycling In this phase, first of all, awareness on the importance and benefit of solid waste recycling at the neighborhood level would be established. After then collection and formalize points for solid waste would be made. And lastly a recycling system near the dumping site would be created.

Phase IV - Compact City for Improved Linkages A bus route would be designed in 3 phases: 1. First of all, a big loop would be established along the river, catering the Gilgit region by linking the three major parts of the city. 2. In second phase, small loop would be established which will be along the city center, serving the commercial needs.

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3. In third phase, pedestrian linkages would be defined, linking the neighborhood to commercial and recreational activities. Furthermore, the other strategies of this phase would be: o Defining public transport modes which would comprise of private taxis, vans and dats un pickups. o Designing Public Stops on important nodes. o Linking Public transport with pedestrian routes. o Creating one way traffic flow in the commercial area, thereby, decongesting the city center.

Figure 3: Map showing proposed linkages of bigger loops

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Figure 4: Map showing proposed linkages of smaller loops

IMPACTS: The intervention areas may impact in the following way. The basic need i.e. good quality of water would be fulfilled through the deve lopment of this proposal. Urban Poverty would be reduced by increasing in income through generating economic activities. Health of the residents would be better when the environment would be free from pollution and the water free from contamination.

Economy would get positive effect when people get job opportunities and the agriculture/ urban farming would be improved through ample supply of water. The implementation of this project would drastically reduce the contamination of water thus resulting in improved environmental conditions.

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 Employment opportunities would be generated through and after the implementation of this proposal as the people would be getting labor and engaging in other activities.

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APPENDIX 07 TABLE-01 Relation to Head of Household

TOTAL Count BASE:All responses Wife Relation to Head of Household Son Daughter Others 3783 555 1351 873 1004 % 100% 15% 36% 23% 27% Inner City Count % 1039 148 367 269 255 100% 14% 35% 26% 25% Area Type City Count % 1777 246 656 400 475 100% 14% 37% 23% 27% Peripherry Count % 967 161 328 204 274 100% 17% 34% 21% 28%

Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

TABLE-02 Age of Household Members

TOTAL Count BASE: All responses 0-5 6 - 10 11 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 45 46 - 50 51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 65 and above No Response 3783 287 420 498 598 488 401 260 243 168 152 79 94 37 57 1 % 100% 8% 11% 13% 16% 13% 11% 7% 6% 4% 4% 2% 2% 1% 2% 0% Inner City Count % 1039 82 109 169 176 115 82 55 70 49 43 29 22 11 26 1 100% 8% 10% 16% 17% 11% 8% 5% 7% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 3% 0% Area Type City Count % 1777 149 197 216 251 251 199 132 111 80 74 36 44 17 20 0 100% 8% 11% 12% 14% 14% 11% 7% 6% 5% 4% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% Peripherry Count % 967 56 114 113 171 122 120 73 62 39 35 14 28 9 11 0 100% 6% 12% 12% 18% 13% 12% 8% 6% 4% 4% 1% 3% 1% 1% 0%

Age of Household Members

Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

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TABLE-03 Marital Status

TOTAL Count BASE: All responses Unmarried Marital Status Married Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT 3783 2284 1499 % 100% 60% 40% Inner City Count % 1039 659 380 100% 63% 37% Area Type City Count % 1777 1065 712 100% 60% 40% Periphery Count % 967 560 407 100% 58% 42%

TABLE-04 Education / Literacy

TOTAL Count 3783 28 % 100% 1% 31% 18% 13% Inner City Count % 1039 100% 0 0% 334 192 123 32% 18% 12% Area Type City Count % 1777 100% 28 2% 533 347 245 30% 20% 14% Periphery Count % 967 100% 0 0% 320 155 134 33% 16% 14%

BASE: All responses

Illiterate Primary School (Class V ) 1187 Secondary School (Metric) 694 HSC ( 12th Class) 502 University Education / Literacy Graduate (BA / Status BSC / BE / B com) 418 Masters Degree and Above 199 Madrassah / Religious Education 13 No Response 742 Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

11% 5% 0% 20%

119 64 0 207

11% 6% 0% 20%

228 104 0 292

13% 6% 0% 16%

71 31 13 243

7% 3% 1% 25%

TABLE-05 Occupation
TOTAL Count 3783 2374 39 48 6 24 1 % 100% 63% 1% 1% 0% 1% 0% Inner City Count % 1039 100% 695 67% 4 5 2 6 0 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% Area Type City Count % 1777 100% 1116 63% 20 15 2 6 1 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% Periphery Count % 967 100% 563 58% 15 28 2 12 0 2% 3% 0% 1% 0%

BASE: All responses Un-employed Daily wage Labor Driver Occupation Office Worker Shop Keeper Agricultural Worker

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Self Employed 40 1% School / College Teacher 128 3% Mechanic 21 1% Government Employee 314 8% Private Service 329 9% Self Farmer 16 0% Transporter 1 0% Professional (Doctor, Engineer, Accountant etc) 34 1% No Response 408 11% Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

13 35 8 66 92 1 1

1% 3% 1% 6% 9% 0% 0%

23 56 5 157 177 7 0

1% 3% 0% 9% 10% 0% 0%

4 37 8 91 60 8 0

0% 4% 1% 9% 6% 1% 0%

5 106

0% 10%

21 171

1% 10%

8 131

1% 14%

TABLE-06 Occupation Place

TOTAL Inner City Count BASE: All responses Amphary Basin Chinar Bagh Danyore Domial Gilgit Govt School Hunza Islamabad Jutial Gilgit Occupation Place Karachi Kashrote Khomar KIU Konodas Lahore Nagaral Sakawar Sunikot Zulfiqarabad Others No Response Figures are column percentages 3783 17 111 12 281 30 1318 17 17 66 363 38 137 50 13 133 20 12 54 11 47 259 777 % 100% 0% 3% 0% 7% 1% 35% 0% 0% 2% 10% 1% 4% 1% 0% 4% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 7% 21% Count 1039 1 0 0 0 30 454 2 10 17 70 3 137 3 11 19 3 0 0 0 0 97 182 % 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 44% 0% 1% 2% 7% 0% 13% 0% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 18% Area Type City Count 1777 16 45 12 6 0 645 15 7 34 250 23 0 47 2 114 17 12 0 11 47 116 358 % 100% 1% 3% 1% 0% 0% 36% 1% 0% 2% 14% 1% 0% 3% 0% 6% 1% 1% 0% 1% 3% 7% 20% Periphery Count 967 0 66 0 275 0 219 0 0 15 43 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 46 237 % 100% 0% 7% 0% 28% 0% 23% 0% 0% 2% 4% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 5% 25%

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SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

TABLE-7 MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME (IN GROUP)

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents 601 % 100% 1% 0% 3% 3% 8% 3% 8% 2% 10% 3% 7% 1% 8% 42% AREA TYPE Inner City Count 160 2 0 7 4 19 4 10 2 15 4 7 1 15 70 % 100% 1% 0% 4% 3% 12% 3% 6% 1% 9% 3% 4% 1% 9% 44% City Count 281 2 1 8 8 21 13 24 2 24 7 15 5 22 128 % 100% 1% 0% 3% 3% 8% 5% 9% 1% 9% 3% 5% 2% 8% 46% Periphery Count 160 1 0 3 9 11 0 12 8 21 7 18 0 13 57 % 100% 1% 0% 2% 6% 7% 0% 8% 5% 13% 4% 11% 0% 8% 36%

HOUSEHOLD INCOME (IN GROUP)

No Response Below 2500 2501 - 5000 5001 - 7500 7501 - 10,000 10,001 - 12,500 12,501 - 15,000 15,001 - 17,500 17,501 - 20,000 20,001 - 22,500 22,501 - 25,000 25,000 - 27,500 27,501 - 30,000 30,000+

6 1 18 21 51 17 46 12 60 18 40 6 50 255

Average Monthly HH Income Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

36840

34397

40133

33509

TABLE-08 Travel Mode

TOTAL Count BASE: All responses Walking Bicycle Motorcycle / Scooter Car Bus / Wagon / Pickup Contract Bus / Carrier No Response 3783 1513 2 92 272 103 486 1315 % 100% 40% 0% 2% 7% 3% 13% 35% Inner City Count % 1039 488 0 39 59 32 93 328 100% 47% 0% 4% 6% 3% 9% 32% Area Type City Count % 1777 681 2 47 129 48 236 634 100% 38% 0% 3% 7% 3% 13% 36% Periphery Count % 967 344 0 6 84 23 157 353 100% 36% 0% 1% 9% 2% 16% 37%

Travel Mode

Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

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TABLE-08-A Daily Travelling Cost

TOTAL Inner City Count BASE: All responses 00 - 25 26 - 50 51 - 75 Daily Travelling Cost 76 - 100 126 - 150 176 - 200 Above 250 No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT 3783 192 444 27 157 13 63 29 2858 % 100% 5% 12% 1% 4% 0% 2% 1% 76% Count 1039 14 122 7 43 1 18 18 816 % 100% 1% 12% 1% 4% 0% 2% 2% 79% Area Type City Count 1777 142 211 9 59 8 15 7 1326 % 100% 8% 12% 1% 3% 0% 1% 0% 75% Periphery Count 967 36 111 11 55 4 30 4 716 % 100% 4% 11% 1% 6% 0% 3% 0% 74%

TABLE-09 Travel Time per Trip

TOTAL Count 3783 1071 1116 127 74 1 5 % 100% 28% 30% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 36% Inner City Count % 1039 100% 352 34% 313 30% 20 2% 5 0% 1 0% 1 0% 4 343 0% 33% Area Type City Count % 1777 100% 407 23% 560 32% 86 5% 66 4% 0 0% 4 0% 4 650 0% 37% Periphery Count % 967 100% 312 32% 243 25% 21 2% 3 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 387 0% 40%

BASE: All responses 00 - 15 16 -30 31 - 45 46 - 60 Travel Time 61 - 75 Per Trip 76 - 90 Above 90 Minutes 9 No Response 1380 Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

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TABLE-10 MOTHER TONGUE CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 2 13 1 3 198 1 348 16 13 6 % 100% 0% 2% 0% 0% 33% 0% 58% 3% 2% 1% Inner City Count % 160 100% 0 0% 6 4% 1 1% 2 1% 27 17% 1 1% 119 74% 2 1% 1 1% 1 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 1 0% 7 2% 0 0% 1 0% 121 43% 0 0% 129 46% 6 2% 12 4% 4 1% Periphery Count % 160 100% 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 50 31% 0 0% 100 63% 8 5% 0 0% 1 1%

BASE: All respondents Urdu Pashto Punjabi Hindko Brushaski MOTHER TONGUE Kashmiri Shina Khuwar Wakhi NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-11 PERIOD OF RESIDENCE CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents 0-5 6 -10 11-15 16 - 20 PERIOD OF 21 - 25 RESIDENCE 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 above Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 119 83 56 69 21 27 13 213 % 100% 20% 14% 9% 11% 3% 4% 2% 35% Inner City Count % 160 37 25 13 16 4 6 3 56 100% 23% 16% 8% 10% 3% 4% 2% 35% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 54 38 28 37 14 6 10 94 100% 19% 14% 10% 13% 5% 2% 4% 33% Periphery Count % 160 28 20 15 16 3 15 0 63 100% 18% 13% 9% 10% 2% 9% 0% 39%

TABLE-12 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - FOOD CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 % 100% Inner City Count % 160 100% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% Periphery Count % 160 100%

BASE: All respondents

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Below Rs.5,000 Rs.5,001 - 10,000 EXPENDITURE ON FOOD Rs.10,001-15,000 Above Rs.15,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

130 269 130 68 4

22% 45% 22% 11% 1%

51 60 32 17 0

32% 38% 20% 11% 0%

31 146 59 41 4

11% 52% 21% 15% 1%

48 63 39 10 0

30% 39% 24% 6% 0%

TABLE-7 MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME (IN GROUP)

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents 601 % 100% 1% 0% 3% 3% 8% 3% 8% 2% 10% 3% 7% 1% 8% 42% AREA TYPE Inner City Count 160 2 0 7 4 19 4 10 2 15 4 7 1 15 70 % 100% 1% 0% 4% 3% 12% 3% 6% 1% 9% 3% 4% 1% 9% 44% City Count 281 2 1 8 8 21 13 24 2 24 7 15 5 22 128 % 100% 1% 0% 3% 3% 8% 5% 9% 1% 9% 3% 5% 2% 8% 46% Periphery Count 160 1 0 3 9 11 0 12 8 21 7 18 0 13 57 % 100% 1% 0% 2% 6% 7% 0% 8% 5% 13% 4% 11% 0% 8% 36%

HOUSEHOLD INCOME (IN GROUP)

No Response Below 2500 2501 - 5000 5001 - 7500 7501 - 10,000 10,001 - 12,500 12,501 - 15,000 15,001 - 17,500 17,501 - 20,000 20,001 - 22,500 22,501 - 25,000 25,000 - 27,500 27,501 - 30,000 30,000+

6 1 18 21 51 17 46 12 60 18 40 6 50 255

Average Monthly HH Income Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

36840

34397

40133

33509

TABLE-13 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Utility and Energy Cost CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 299 239 41 13 9 % 100% 50% 40% 7% 2% 1% Inner City Count % 160 100% 89 56% 63 39% 5 3% 2 1% 1 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 135 48% 111 40% 18 6% 9 3% 8 3%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs. 2,000 Rs.2,001 - 5,000 UTILITY AND Rs.5,001 - 7,500 ENERGY COST Above Rs. 7,500 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

Periphery Count % 160 100% 75 47% 65 41% 18 11% 2 1% 0 0%

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TABLE-14 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Children's Education CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 162 292 73 17 18 39 % 100% 27% 49% 12% 3% 3% 6% Inner City Count % 160 100% 47 29% 72 45% 23 14% 5 3% 6 4% 7 4% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 71 25% 129 46% 37 13% 8 3% 11 4% 25 9% Periphery Count % 160 100% 44 28% 91 57% 13 8% 4 3% 1 1% 7 4%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 - 5,000 Rs.5,001 - 7,500 CHILDREN'S EDUCATION Rs.7,501 -10,000 Above Rs.10,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-15 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Health Care CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 257 293 35 4 6 6 % 100% 43% 49% 6% 1% 1% 1% Inner City Count % 160 100% 70 44% 81 51% 6 4% 1 1% 0 0% 2 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 117 42% 127 45% 25 9% 3 1% 6 2% 3 1% Periphery Count % 160 100% 70 44% 85 53% 4 3% 0 0% 0 0% 1 1%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 - 5,000 EXPENDITURE ON Rs.5,001 - 7,500 HEALTH CARE Rs.7,501 -10,000 Above Rs.10,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-16 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Home Rent and Maintenance CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 227 140 21 12 1 200 % 100% 38% 23% 3% 2% 0% 33% Inner City Count % 160 100% 63 39% 64 40% 11 7% 5 3% 0 0% 17 11% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 91 32% 71 25% 9 3% 7 2% 1 0% 102 36% Periphery Count % 160 100% 73 46% 5 3% 1 1% 0 0% 0 0% 81 51%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs.2,000 Rs.2,001 - 5,000 EXPENDITURE ON Rs.5,001 - 7,500 HOME Rs.7,501 -10,000 RENT/MAINTENANCE Above Rs.10,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

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TABLE-17 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Debt Repayment CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 76 50 14 43 418 % 100% 13% 8% 2% 7% 70% Inner City Count % 160 100% 15 9% 23 14% 10 6% 4 3% 108 68% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 43 15% 20 7% 3 1% 39 14% 176 63% Periphery Count % 160 100% 18 11% 7 4% 1 1% 0 0% 134 84%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 - 5,000 DEBT REPAYMENT Rs.5,001 - 7,500 Above Rs.10,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-18 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Social Entertainment Cost CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 293 147 22 17 122 % 100% 49% 24% 4% 3% 20% Inner City Count % 160 100% 98 61% 30 19% 3 2% 1 1% 28 18% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 132 47% 85 30% 17 6% 16 6% 31 11% Periphery Count % 160 100% 63 39% 32 20% 2 1% 0 0% 63 39%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 - 5,000 Rs.5,001 - 7,500 Rs.7,501 -10,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey SOCIAL ENTERTAINMENT COST

TABLE-19 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Fare and Transport CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 287 124 16 6 4 164 % 100% 48% 21% 3% 1% 1% 27% Inner City Count % 160 100% 84 53% 36 23% 5 3% 1 1% 2 1% 32 20% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 159 57% 59 21% 8 3% 4 1% 2 1% 49 17% Periphery Count % 160 100% 44 28% 29 18% 3 2% 1 1% 0 0% 83 52%

BASE: All respondents Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 - 5,000 FARE AND Rs.5,001 - 7,500 TRANSPORT Rs.7,501 -10,000 Above Rs.10,000 NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

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TABLE-20 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Saving Committee CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents Yes SAVING No Based: Those respondent saving Below Rs.2,000 Rs.2,001 5,000 Rs.5,001 SAVING COMMITTEE 7,500 Rs.7,501 10,000 Above Rs.10,000 Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 183 418 183 57 53 3 32 38 % 100% 30% 70% 100% 31% 29% 2% 17% 21% Inner City Count % 160 50 110 50 6 10 1 16 17 100% 31% 69% 100% 12% 20% 2% 32% 34% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 84 197 84 28 28 0 10 18 100% 30% 70% 100% 33% 33% 0% 12% 21% Periphery Count % 160 49 111 49 23 15 2 6 3 100% 31% 69% 100% 47% 31% 4% 12% 6%

TABLE-21 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - Purpose of Savings CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents Yes SAVING No Based: Those respondent saving House Construction Marriages Education Purpose of Savings Debt Serving Others No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 183 418 183 46 58 86 43 15 8 % 100% 30% 70% 100% 25% 32% 47% 23% 8% 4% Inner City Count % 160 50 110 50 5 16 30 11 4 0 100% 31% 69% 100% 10% 32% 60% 22% 8% 0% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 84 197 84 31 25 33 19 5 4 100% 30% 70% 100% 37% 30% 39% 23% 6% 5% Periphery Count % 160 49 111 49 10 17 23 13 6 4 100% 31% 69% 100% 20% 35% 47% 27% 12% 8%

TABLE-22 Status of Housing CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents 601 % 100% Inner City Count % 160 100% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% Periphery Count % 160 100%

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Owned Rented STATUS OF Jointly owned HOUSING Others NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

427 160 7 2 5

71% 27% 1% 0% 1%

101 57 0 2 0

63% 36% 0% 1% 0%

172 98 6 0 5

61% 35% 2% 0% 2%

154 5 1 0 0

96% 3% 1% 0% 0%

TABLE-23 Number of Rooms CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 8 115 181 146 66 83 2 % 100% 1% 19% 30% 24% 11% 14% 0% Inner City Count % 160 100% 4 3% 34 21% 46 29% 36 23% 20 13% 20 13% 0 0% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 4 1% 57 20% 87 31% 60 21% 29 10% 42 15% 2 1% Periphery Count % 160 100% 0 0% 24 15% 48 30% 50 31% 17 11% 21 13% 0 0%

BASE: All respondents 1 Room 2 Rooms 3 Rooms NUMBER OF 4 Rooms ROOMS 5 Rooms 6 Rooms & more NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-24 Number of Stories CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 523 66 1 11 % 100% 87% 11% 0% 2% Inner City Count % 160 100% 143 89% 13 8% 0 0% 4 3% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 227 81% 49 17% 0 0% 5 2% Periphery Count % 160 100% 153 96% 4 3% 1 1% 2 1%

BASE: All respondents 1 Storey 2 Stories NUMBER OF 3 Stories STORIES NA/No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-25 Plot Sizes (Marla) CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 Less than 3 marlas 42 % 100% 7% Inner City Count % 160 100% 7 4% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 23 8% Periphery Count % 160 100% 12 8%

BASE: All respondents PLOT SIZE (MARLAS)

Page | 195

3 - 5 marlas 5 - 7 marlas 7 - 10 marlas 10 - 15 marlas 15 - 20 marlas 20 marlas & above Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

93 51 130 51 90 144

15% 8% 22% 8% 15% 24%

34 10 46 17 22 24

21% 6% 29% 11% 14% 15%

57 40 49 13 30 69

20% 14% 17% 5% 11% 25%

2 1 35 21 38 51

1% 1% 22% 13% 24% 32%

TABLE-26 Houses with Courtyards CITY/DISTRICT-Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents Houses with courtyards Houses without COURTYARD courtyards NA/No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 502 70 29 % 100% 84% 12% 5% Inner City Count % 160 129 31 0 100% 81% 19% 0% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 243 22 16 100% 86% 8% 6% Periphery Count % 160 130 17 13 100% 81% 11% 8%

TABLE-27 Construction and Technology - Structure CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 211 71 256 1 62 % 100% 35% 12% 43% 0% 10% Inner City Count % 160 100% 69 43% 6 4% 65 0 20 41% 0% 13% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 114 41% 65 23% 62 1 39 22% 0% 14% Periphery Count % 160 100% 28 18% 0 0% 129 0 3 81% 0% 2%

BASE: All respondents RCC Frame RBC Frame CONSTRUCTION Load AND TECHNOLOGY Bearing - STRUCTURE Others NA/No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-28 Construction and Technology Walls CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents Stone/Bricks CONSTRUCTION AND Mat 601 160 2 % 100% 27% 0% Inner City Count % 160 62 1 100% 39% 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 47 1 100% 17% 0% Periphery Count % 160 51 0 100% 32% 0%

Page | 196

TECHNOLOGY WALLS

Mud Blocks

16 423

3% 70%

10 87

6% 54%

6 227

2% 81%

0 109

0% 68%

Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-29 Construction and Technology - Roofs CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents RCC RBC CONSTRUCTION Girder-Tier AND CGI TECHNOLOGY Sheets ROOF Wooden NA/No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 155 58 5 73 308 2 % 100% 26% 10% 1% 12% 51% 0% Inner City Count % 160 50 1 3 28 78 0 100% 31% 1% 2% 18% 49% 0% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 77 57 2 26 119 0 100% 27% 20% 1% 9% 42% 0% Periphery Count % 160 28 0 0 19 111 2 100% 18% 0% 0% 12% 69% 1%

TABLE-30 Construction and Technology - Latrine CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 521 80 % 100% 87% 13% Inner City Count % 160 100% 151 94% 9 6% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 226 80% 55 20% Periphery Count % 160 100% 144 90% 16 10%

BASE: All respondents CONSTRUCTION AND Covered TECHNOLOGY Semi LATRINE Covered Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-31 Construction and Technology - Kitchens CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 504 55 42 % 100% 84% 9% 7% Inner City Count % 160 100% 148 93% 11 1 7% 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 222 79% 19 40 7% 14% Periphery Count % 160 100% 134 84% 25 1 16% 1%

BASE: All respondents Covered Semi Covered None Figures are column percentages CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY KITCHENS

Page | 197

SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-32 Housing - On Plot Space Utilisation CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents All Residential Residential + HOUSING - ON Shop PLOT SPACE Residential + UTILIZATION Warehouse NA/No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 426 10 162 3 % 100% 71% 2% 27% 0% Inner City Count % 160 131 0 28 1 100% 82% 0% 18% 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 259 8 13 1 100% 92% 3% 5% 0% Periphery Count % 160 36 2 121 1 100% 23% 1% 76% 1%

TABLE-33 Assets CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Inner City Count BASE: All respondents AVAILABILITY OF - TV Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes 601 495 531 106 156 169 445 351 363 250 183 232 418 549 1306 52 434 458 167 162 % 100 % 82% 18% 26% 74% 58% 42% 30% 70% 91% 9% 72% 28% 27% Count 160 133 141 27 54 57 106 90 95 70 66 84 94 146 341 14 111 114 49 55 % 100 % 83% 17% 34% 66% 56% 44% 41% 59% 91% 9% 69% 31% 34% AREA TYPE City Coun % t 100 281 % 231 82% 250 50 18% 67 24% 72 214 76% 167 59% 170 114 41% 63 22% 82 218 78% 265 94% 595 16 6% 213 76% 229 68 24% 76 27% Periphery Coun % t 100 160 % 131 82% 140 29 18% 35 22% 40 125 78% 94 59% 98 66 41% 54 34% 66 106 66% 138 86% 370 22 14% 110 69% 115 50 31% 31 19%

AVAILABILITY OF RADIO AVAILABILITY OF REFRIGERATOR/FREE ZER AVAILABILITY OF LANDLINEPHONE AVAILABILITY OF CELLULAR PHONE AVAILABILITY OF WASHING MACHINE AVAILABILITY OF -

Page | 198

CD/VCD/DVD PLAYER AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL COMPUTER AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRIC FAN AVAILABILITY OF HEATER AVAILABILITY OF CAR AVAILABILITY OF JEEP/VAN AVAILABILITY OF MOTORCYCLE AVAILABILITY OF BICYCLE

Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No Yes Quantity No

191 439 296 415 305 563 2137 38 297 348 304 105 118 496 42 45 559 92 101 509 39 47 562

73% 49% 51% 94% 6% 49% 51% 17% 83% 7% 93% 15% 85% 6% 94%

70 105 94 139 66 146 498 14 98 116 62 34 38 126 10 10 150 34 37 126 11 12 149

66% 59% 41% 91% 9% 61% 39% 21% 79% 6% 94% 21% 79% 7% 93%

82 205 113 163 168 270 1041 11 151 179 130 44 46 237 19 20 262 41 46 240 16 18 265

73% 40% 60% 96% 4% 54% 46% 16% 84% 7% 93% 15% 85% 6% 94%

39 129 89 113 71 147 598 13 48 53 112 27 34 133 13 15 147 17 18 143 12 17 148

81% 56% 44% 92% 8% 30% 70% 17% 83% 8% 92% 11% 89% 8% 93%

Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

Page | 199

TABLE-34 Utilities Available in the Area - Water Supply CITY/DISTRICT- Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 485 43 73 19 3 579 35 566 % 100% 81% 7% 12% 3% 0% 96% 6% 94% Inner City Count % 160 100% 144 90% 1 1% 15 1 0 159 2 158 9% 1% 0% 99% 1% 99% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 210 75% 42 15% 29 13 3 265 13 268 10% 5% 1% 94% 5% 95% Periphery Count % 160 100% 131 82% 0 0% 29 5 0 155 20 140 18% 3% 0% 97% 13% 88%

BASE: All respondents SOURCE OF Tap/Piped WATER Own SUPPLY - TAPNo response PIPED SUPPLY SOURCE OF Well WATER Own SUPPLY WELL/HAND No response PUMP SOURCE OF Tank Water WATER SUPPLY - TANK No response WATER SOURCE OF WATER No response SUPPLY - TUBE WELL SOURCE OF Yes WATER SUPPLY No OTHERS Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

601 56 545

100% 9% 91%

160 13 147

100% 8% 92%

281 23 258

100% 8% 92%

160 20 140

100% 13% 88%

TABLE-35 Utilities Available in the Area - Drinking Water Processing CITY/DISTRICT- Gilgit
TOTAL Count 601 98 30 441 31 3 % 100% 16% 5% 73% 5% 0% Inner City Count % 160 100% 36 23% 12 8% 111 69% 0 0% 1 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 36 13% 7 2% 208 74% 31 11% 1 0% Periphery Count % 160 100% 26 16% 11 7% 122 76% 0 0% 1 1%

BASE: All respondents Boiling Water Filtering processing None process Others No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

Page | 200

TABLE-36 Utilities Available in the Area - Water Quantity CITY/DISTRICT- Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 435 % 100% 72% Inner City Count % 160 100% 151 94% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 160 57% Periphery Count % 160 100% 124 78%

BASE: All respondents IS SUFFICIENT Yes WATER AVAILABLE No DRINKING WATER IS SUFFICIENT Yes WATER AVAILABLE OTHER PURPOSE OF No DOMESTIC USE Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

166 525 76

28% 87% 13%

9 158 2

6% 99% 1%

121 212 69

43% 75% 25%

36 155 5

23% 97% 3%

TABLE-37 Utilities Available in the Area - Water Storage CITY/DISTRICT- Gilgit

TOTAL Count 588 170 146 110 46 154 13 % 100% 29% 25% 19% 8% 26% 2% Inner City Count % 156 100% 49 31% 16 10% 10 16 72 0 6% 10% 46% 0% AREA TYPE City Count % 278 100% 103 37% 57 21% 85 15 46 11 31% 5% 17% 4% Periphery Count % 154 100% 18 12% 73 47% 15 15 36 2 10% 10% 23% 1%

BASE: All respondents Overhead Tank Underground Tank Large Plastic tank with Water Storage tap Methods Large Plastic tank without tap Don't store Others Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

Page | 201

TABLE-38 Utilities Available in the Area - O & M CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count BASE: All respondents Satisfact ory UnSatisfact ory NR/No response Satisfact ory UnSatisfact ory Satisfact ory Others SATISFACTO RY OR UNSATISFAT ORY UnSatisfact ory NR/No response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey 601 85 % 10 0% 14 % 61 % Inner City Cou % nt 100 160 % 15 9% AREA TYPE City Cou % nt 100 281 % 61 22% Periphery Cou % nt 100 160 % 9 6%

Govern ment

SATISFACTO RY OR UNSATISFAT ORY

367

111

69%

147

52%

109

68%

34 20

6% 3% 10 % 2%

1 0

1% 0%

27 3

10% 1%

6 17

4% 11%

WHO IS DOING O AND M

Comm unity

SATISFACTO RY OR UNSATISFAT ORY

59 12

21 1

13% 1%

21 11

7% 4%

17 0

11% 0%

20

3%

6%

3%

1%

1%

1%

1%

0%

TABLE-39 Utilities Available in the Area - Waste Water Disposal CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit
TOTAL Count 601 % 100% Inner City Count % 160 100% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% Periphery Count % 160 100%

BASE: All respondents Piped sewerage with septic tank 118 Waste Water Open Drain 467 Disposal Pit Latrine 11 Field/Bush 4 No Response 6 Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

20% 78% 2% 1% 1%

13 138 7 2 1

8% 86% 4% 1% 1%

32 246 3 2 2

11% 88% 1% 1% 1%

73 83 1 0 3

46% 52% 1% 0% 2%

Page | 202

TABLE-40 Utilities Available in the Area - Solid Waste Disposal CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit
TOTAL Count 601 % 100% Inner City Count % 160 100% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% Periphery Count % 160 100%

BASE: All respondents Open DumpingNear Area Open DumpingAt Far Distance Burning Community Solid Waste Bin Disposal Municipal Collection At Home Municipal Collection Designated Area No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

270

45%

61

38%

159

57%

50

31%

100 235 7 76

17% 39% 1% 13%

21 20 0 10

13% 13% 0% 6%

35 96 4 11

12% 34% 1% 4%

44 119 3 55

28% 74% 2% 34%

93 1

15% 0%

51 0

32% 0%

31 0

11% 0%

11 1

7% 1%

TABLE-41 Utilities Available in the Area - Electricity CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count % BASE: All respondents 601 100% WAPDA 595 99% Generator 5 1% Source of 2 0% Electricity UPS No Response 6 1% Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey Inner City Count % 160 159 1 2 1 100% 99% 1% 1% 1% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 281 4 0 0 100% 100% 1% 0% 0% Periphery Count % 160 155 0 0 5 100% 97% 0% 0% 3%

TABLE-42 Utilities Available in the Area - Cooking Fuel CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count % Inner City Count % AREA TYPE City Count % Periphery Count %

Page | 203

BASE: All respondents Piped Gas Wood Source Cylinder of Cooking Gas Kerosene Fuel Electricity Others

601 127 366

100% 21% 61%

160 2 122 121 23 18 2

100% 1% 76% 76% 14% 11% 1%

281 122 112 130 20 35 2

100% 43% 40% 46% 7% 12% 1%

160 3 132 108 1 4 0

100% 2% 83% 68% 1% 3% 0%

359 60% 44 7% 57 9% 4 1% Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-43 Utilities Available in the Area - Access CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 128 223 130 126 350 95 4 % 100% 21% 37% 22% 21% 58% 16% 1% Inner City Count % 160 100% 26 68 42 8 117 31 0 16% 43% 26% 5% 73% 19% 0% AREA TYPE City Periphery Count % Count % 281 100% 160 100% 87 56 66 114 121 42 4 31% 20% 23% 41% 43% 15% 1% 15 99 22 4 112 22 0 9% 62% 14% 3% 70% 14% 0%

BASE: All respondents Road Pacca Road Kacha Back Street Access Availability Street Pacca Street Kacha No Road Others Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

TABLE-44 Utilities Available in the Area - Availability of Services CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit

TOTAL Count 601 531 534 319 512 418 % 100% 88% 89% 53% 85% 70% Inner City Count % 160 100% 126 79% 128 80% 54 34% 121 121 76% 76% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 245 87% 246 88% 184 65% 243 210 86% 75% Periphery Count % 160 100% 160 100% 160 100% 81 51% 148 87 93% 54%

BASE: All respondents Postal Bank Fire Fighting Availability Emergency of Services Hospital Recreation/Pay Ground/Parks etc

Page | 204

School Madrassa Market No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

582 582 546 7

97% 97% 91% 1%

150 155 140 2

94% 97% 88% 1%

272 267 246 5

97% 95% 88% 2%

160 160 160 0

100% 100% 100% 0%

TABLE-45 Utilities Available in the Area - - Issues Related to Housing CITY/DISTRICT Gilgit
TOTAL Count 601 143 408 116 25 178 309 353 461 127 67 34 32 % 100% 24% 68% 19% 4% 30% 51% 59% 77% 21% 11% 6% 5% Inner City Count % 160 100% 28 117 18 10 45 102 104 130 52 21 3 3 18% 73% 11% 6% 28% 64% 65% 81% 33% 13% 2% 2% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 108 212 76 12 95 123 160 200 42 44 30 11 38% 75% 27% 4% 34% 44% 57% 71% 15% 16% 11% 4% Periphery Count % 160 100% 7 79 22 3 38 84 89 21% 1% 2 1 18 4% 49% 14% 2% 24% 53% 56% 82%

BASE: All respondents Threats of Flooding Threats of Seismic Activity Threats of Landslide Ownership/Tenure dispute Suffocation (lack of Availability windows/openings) Services Poor Construction used quality House is Small Poor sanitary conditions Road Accidents Neighbourhood dispute Others No Response Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey

1% 11%

TABLE-46 Utilities Available in the Area - Important Problems

TOTAL Count 601 410 311 195 160 146 % 100% 68% 52% 32% 27% 24% Inner City Count % 160 100% 105 102 76 42 40 66% 64% 48% 26% 25% AREA TYPE City Count % 281 100% 197 142 78 61 50 70% 51% 28% 22% 18% Periphery Count % 160 100% 108 67 41 57 56 68% 42% 26% 36% 35%

BASE: All respondents Water problem (Shortage, Unavailability, Unclean etc) Sanitary problem /Poor Important sanitary condition Problems Electricity load shedding Poor Construction of Road / Street Health Facility

Page | 205

(BHU/Hospital/Dispensary etc) Education (poor quality, less schools / college, women education etc) 124 Play Ground/Parks 110 Others 69 Jobless/Un-employment 60 Repair of house/construction of house/Small house 57 Latrine Problem 27 Transport Problem 27 Inflation 24 Market (No / for away) 16 Gas load shedding 10 Low monthly income 8 Flood 8 Kitchen Problem 7 Dust/Air Pollution 7 No Response 6 Land Sliding 4 Debt repayment 3 Sickness/Illness 3 Population enhancement 3 Peace & Security 1 Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

21% 18% 11% 10% 9% 4% 4% 4% 3% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

35 25 14 6 6 0 13 2 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1

22% 16% 9% 4% 4% 0% 8% 1% 5% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1%

60 27 28 41 21 27 14 3 8 10 4 0 7 4 6 0 3 3 0 0

21% 10% 10% 15% 7% 10% 5% 1% 3% 4% 1% 0% 2% 1% 2% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0%

29 58 27 13 30 0 0 19 0 0 1 8 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0

18% 36% 17% 8% 19% 0% 0% 12% 0% 0% 1% 5% 0% 2% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%

TABLE-47 Utilities Available in the Area - Development Preference

TOTAL Coun t BASE: All respondents Water Supply/Provision of Water Drainage system/Sewerage system Construct Road / Street BHU/Hospital/Dispensar y Education / School / Madersa Built Playground / Park Sanitation Water Filter Plant Electricity Load shedding 601 327 162 138 129 124 123 122 81 64 % 100 % 54% 27% 23% 21% 21% 20% 20% 13% 11% Inner City Coun % t 100 160 % 79 20 41 31 36 23 69 25 38 49% 13% 26% 19% 23% 14% 43% 16% 24% AREA TYPE City Coun % t 100 281 % 167 115 44 51 37 33 24 36 9 59% 41% 16% 18% 13% 12% 9% 13% 3% Periphery Coun % t 100 160 % 81 27 53 47 51 67 29 20 17 51% 17% 33% 29% 32% 42% 18% 13% 11%

Developmen t preference

Page | 206

Vocational training institute Solid Waste Disposal Employment/Jobs Dust Bin/Community Dust Bin construct Street To Finish inflation Repair of House/Construction of House Others No response Gas supply Street lights Figures are column percentages SOURCE: Socio Economic Survey - GILGIT

48 46 42 29 24 18 12 12 11 7 4

8% 8% 7% 5% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1%

24 2 7 4 1 0 0 5 1 0 0

15% 1% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 3% 1% 0% 0%

1 43 27 14 21 18 7 4 9 7 4

0% 15% 10% 5% 7% 6% 2% 1% 3% 2% 1%

23 1 8 11 2 0 5 3 1 0 0

14% 1% 5% 7% 1% 0% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0%

Page | 207

Summary: Some of the overall trends that were identified based on the socio economic analysis were: Economic trends - Most spending was identified to be on health. - Even though utilities are subsidised in Gilgit Baltistan, still a sizable income is being spent on utilities. - Food is also a major spending, even though house sizes are much larger, and agriculture and dairy produce potentially can and is being grown in homes. - Development as an economic and trade hub in the northern areas. This is indicative of a sizable percentage of the population that is not permanently residing in this area. Social Trends: - Education is the second most important expenditure amongst the expenses in Gilgit City. This shows a rising level of awareness and a trend towards upward social mobility. - It is also interesting to note that a sizable percentage of the population in Gilgit is not the resident population but migrants that are said to be settled Migrant population involved in trade and commerce. (refer to table 9) Environmental Issues: (Refer to table 34, 35, 36, 37 and 46, 47) Water quality seems to be a major issue amongst the respondent population. This in turn can have a direct effect on the health of the sample population and health related expenses. Overall, issues related to solid waste and sewerage disposal can lead to a general betterment in the environment and health of the residents of city. Physical layout: According to table 8, 8A and 9 indicates towards a pedestrian oriented city. While referring to table 33, most of the respondents walk to their work place, with less than 30% of the population owning any form of vehicular asset. Gilgit city has the potential to develop on its compactness and create a grid of user friendly pedestrian and vehicular interchanges. Overall potential to tap in an environmentally friendly city, with reduced carbon foot print. Built Environment: At present, the exiting land is being subdivided over generations, resulting in encroachment of agricultural land. Furthermore, there is a need to develop seismically sound structures; this can be coupled with the awareness and development of structures that enable for vertical growth instead of horizontal sprawl. If the built structures can be accommodated to be seismically durable, as well as designed in such a way to grow in vertical direction, this will give the option of save guarding the available land for agricultural produce.
Page | 208

Overall, it can be said that Gilgit has the social, economic and physical potential to develop into an environmental balance and develop into a model city within Gilgit Baltistan.

Page | 209

APPENDIX 08: SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA GRAPHS

RELATION WITH HOUSEHOLD HEAD

40% 35%

30% 25%
Wife

20%
Son

15% 10%

Daughter
Others

5% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

AGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

20%
0- 5

18% 16% 14%

12% 10% 8% 6%

6--10

11--15
16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35

36 - 40
41 - 45

46 - 50

4% 2% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65

Page | 210

MARITIAL STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

70%

60% 50%
40% 30% 20%
Unmarried

Married

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

EDUCATION OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

35%
30%
Illiterate Primary School (Class V )

25%
20%

Secondary School (Metric)

HSC ( 12th Class)

15% 10%
5%

University Graduate (BA / BSC / BE / Bcom)

Masters Degree and Above

Madrassah / Religious Education NA / NR

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 211

OCCUPATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

80%
70%

Un-employed Daily wage Labor

Driver Office Worker

Shop Keeper Agricultural Worker

60%
50% 40%

Self Employed

30%
School / College Teacher

20% 10%

Mechanic Government Employee

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

PLACE OF OCCUPATION
50%

Amphary
Basin Chinar Bagh Danyore domial

45% 40% 35%

30% 25% 20% 15%

Gilgit
Govt School

Hunza
Islamabad Jutial Gilgit Karachi kashrote

Khomar
KIU

Konodas
Lahore

10% 5% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Nagaral
sakawar Sunikot Zulfiqar abad Others

NA / NR

Page | 212

MONTHLY INCOME OF HH
NA / NR

50%

Below 2500 2501 - 5000

5001 - 7500 7501 - 10,000 10,001 - 12,500

45% 40%
35% 30%

12,501 - 15,000

25%
20% 15%

15,001 - 17,500
17,501 - 20,000 20,001 - 22,500 22,501 - 25,000

10%
5% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

25,000 - 27,500 27,501 - 30,000

30,000+

TRAVEL MODE
50%

45% 40% 35%

30% 25% 20% 15%

Walking
Bicycle

Motocycle / Scooter Car Bus / Wagan / Pick-up Contract Bus / Carrier NA / NR

10% 5% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 213

DAILY TRAVELLING COST

90% 80%
26 - 50
00 - 25

70%
51 - 75

60%
76 - 100

50% 40% 30%

20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
126 150 176 200 Above 250 NA / NR

TRAVEL TIME PER TRIP

45% 40%
35%
00 - 15

30% 25% 20% 15%

46 - 60

16 -30 31 - 45

10%

5% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

NA / NR

Page | 214

MOTHER TONGUE
80%
Urdu

70%
60% 50%

Pashto

Punjabi
Hindko

Brushaski

40%
30%

Kashmiri

Shina
Khuwar

20%
10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Wakhi

NA / NR

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE
45%
0-5

40%
6--10

35%
11--15

30%
16 - 20

25% 20% 15% 10%

21 - 25

26 - 30
31 - 35 36 above

5% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 215

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - FOOD

60%

50%

40%

Below Rs.5,000
Rs.5,001 10,000 Rs.10,00115,000 Above Rs.15,000 NA / NR

30%

20%

10%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - UTILITY & ENERGY

60%

50%

Below Rs.2,000

40%

Rs.2,001 - 5,000

30%

Rs.5,001 -7,500

20%

Above Rs.7,500

10%

NA/ NR

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 216

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - CHILDREN'S EDUCATION

60%

50%

Below Rs.1,000
Rs.1,001 - 5,000

40%

Rs.5,001 - 7,500

30%
Rs.7,501 -10,000

20%

Above Rs.10,000
NA/ NR

10%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - HEALTH CARE

60% Below Rs.1,000
Rs.1,001 5,000

50%

40%

30%

Rs.5,001 7,500
Rs.7,501 10,000

20% Above Rs.10,000

10%

NA/ NR

0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 217

HOME RENT / MAINTENANCE

60% Below Rs.2,000 50% Rs.2,001 5,000 40%

30%

Rs.5,001 7,500
Rs.7,501 10,000 Above Rs.10,000

20%

10%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

NA/ NR

DEBT REPAYMENT
90% 80% 70% 60% Rs.1,001 5,000 Rs.5,001 7,500 Above Rs.10,000 NA/ NR Below Rs.1,000

50% 40% 30% 20%

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 218

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - SOCIAL ENTERTAINMENT

70% Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 5,000 Rs.5,001 7,500

60%
50% 40%

30%
20%

Rs.7,501 10,000 NA/ NR

10%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE - FARE & TRANSPORT

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

Below Rs.1,000 Rs.1,001 5,000 Rs.5,001 7,500 Rs.7,501 10,000 Above Rs.10,000 NA/ NR

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 219

SAVING / COMMITTEE
80%
70%

60%
50% 40% Yes No

30%
20%

10%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

SAVING / COMMITTEE (IF YES) (Rs.)

50% 45%

40%
35%

Below Rs.2,000 Rs.2,001 5,000

Rs.5,001 7,500 Rs.7,501 10,000 Above Rs.10,000 TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 220

30%
25%

20%
15%

10%
5%

0%

PURPOSE OF SAVINGS
70% 60%
House Constrution
Marriages Education

50%
40%
Debt Serving

30%
Others

20%
NR / NR

10%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

HOUSING STATUS
120%

100%

80%
Owned

60%

Rented Jointly owned Others

NA/ NR

40%

20%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 221

No. OF ROOMS
35%
1 Room 30% 2 Rooms 3 Rooms

25%
20%

4 Rooms
5 Rooms

15%
10%

6 Rooms & more

5%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

NO. OF STORIES
120%

100%
1 Storey

80%

60%

2 Stories

3 Stories

40%
NA/ NR

20%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 222

PLOT SIZE (Marlas)

35% Less than 3 marlas

30%
25%

3 - 5 marlas 5 - 7 marlas
20% 7 - 10 marlas

15%
10%

10 - 15 marlas 15 - 20 marlas 20 marlas & above TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

5%
0%

COURTYARD
100%
90% 80% 70%

60%
50% 40%

Houses with courtyards

Houses without courtyards

30%
20% 10%

NA/ NR

0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 223

CONSTRUCTION & TECHNOLOGY - STRUCTURE

90% 80% 70% 60% RCC Frame

50% 40% 30%

20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

RBC Frame Load Bearing

NA/ NR

CONSTRUCTION & TECHNOLOGY - WALLS

90% 80%

70% 60% 50%

40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Stone/Bri cks Mat Mud Blocks

TOTAL

Inner city

City

Periphery Page | 224

CONSTRUCTION & TECHNOLOGY - ROOFS

80%

70%
60% 50%
RBC
RCC

40%
30%
GirderTier
CGI Sheets Wooden

20%
10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

CONSTRUCTION & TECHNOLOGY - LATRINE

100% 90%
80% 70%

60%
50% 40%
Covered

30%
20% 10%

Semi Covered

0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 225

CONSTRUCTION & TECHNOLOGY - KITCHEN

100%

90% 80%
70% 60%

50%
40% 30%

Covered Semi Covered None

20%
10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

SPACE UTILIZATION
100% 90%

80% 70% 60%

50% 40% 30% 20% Residential + Shop

All Residential

Residential + Warehouse

10% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 226

ASSETS AVAILABLE - TV
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
Yes No

20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

ASSETS AVAILABLE - RADIO

90% 80% 70%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
Page | 227 Yes No

ASSETS AVAILABLE - REFRIGERATOR/FREEZER

70% 60% 50%

40%
30% 20% 10%

Yes

No

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

ASSETS AVAILABLE - LANDLINE PHONE

90% 80% 70%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
Page | 228 Yes

No

ASSETS AVAILABLE - CELLULAR PHONE

100%

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
Yes No

ASSETS AVAILABLE - WASHING MACHINE

80% 70% 60% 50%

40% 30% 20%

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Yes

No

Page | 229

ASSETS AVAILABLE - CD/VCD/DVD PLAYER

90%

80% 70% 60% 50% 40%

Yes No

30% 20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

ASSETS AVAILABLE - PERSONAL COMPUTER

70%
60% 50%

40%
30%
Yes No

20%
10%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 230

ASSETS AVAILABLE - ELECTRIC FAN

120%

100%
80%

60%
Yes No

40% 20%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

ASSETS AVAILABLE - HEATER

80% 70% 60% 50%

40% 30% 20%

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
Page | 231 Yes No

ASSETS AVAILABLE - CAR

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
Yes No

20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

ASSETS AVAILABLE - JEEP / VAN

100% 90% 80% 70%

60% 50% 40%

30% 20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
Page | 232 Yes No

ASSETS AVAILABLE - MOTORCYCLE

100%

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery
Yes No

ASSETS AVAILABLE - BICYCLE

100% 90% 80%
70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
No Yes

20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 233

WATER SUPPLY SOURCE - TAP / PIPED

100%
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40%
Neighbors

Own

30%
20%
NA / NR

10%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

WATER SUPPLY SOURCE - WELL / HAND PUMP

120%

100%

80%

Own

60%
Neighbors

40%
NA / NR

20%

0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 234

WATER SUPPLY SOURCE - TANK WATER

120%

100%

80%
Tank Water

60%
NA / NR

40%

20%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

WATER SUPPLY SOURCE - TUBE WELL

120%

100%

80%

Tube Well

60%

NA / NR

40%

20%

0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 235

WATER SUPPLY - TREATMENT

80%

70%
60% 50%

40%
30%

Boiling
Filtering None Others

20%
10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

WATER AVAILABILITY - DRINKING

100% 90%

80% 70% 60%

50% 40% 30% 20%
Yes No

10% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 236

WATER AVAILABILITY - OTHER USE

120%

100%

80%

60%
Yes No

40%

20%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

WATER STORAGE
50% 45%
Overhad Tank Underground Tank

40%
35% 30%

Large Plastic tank with tap

Large Plastic tank without tap Don't store Others

25% 20%
15% 10%

5%
0%

TOTAL

Inner city

City

Periphery
Page | 237

O&M
90% 80% 70% 60%

50%
Government

40%
Community

30%
Others

20% 10% 0% TOTAL Inner City City Periphery

O&M
80%
70% 60% 50%
TOTAL Inner City

40% 30% 20%

10% 0%

City Periphery

Satisfactory Un-Satisfactory / NR Satisfactory NA Un-Satisfactory Satisfactory Un-Satisfactory / NR NA Government Community Others Page | 238

WASTE WATER DISPOSAL

100%

90% 80%
70% 60%

Piped sewerage with septic tank Open Drain

Pit Latrine

50%
40% 30% Field/Bush

20%
10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

NA / NR

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

80% 70%
Open DumpingNearArea

60%
50%
Open Dumping- At Far Distance Burning

40%
30% 20%
Community Bin

Munisiple Collection At Home

Munisiple Collection Designated Area

10%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 239

ELECTRICITY
100%

75%

50%

WAPDA Generator

25%

NA / NR

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

COOKING FUEL
90% 80%
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20%
Piped Gas

Wood Cylinder Gas

Kerosene Electricity Others

10% 0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 240

ACCESS
80%

70%
60% 50%

Road Pacca Road Kacha

Back Street
Street Pacca

40% 30%
20%

Street Kacha
No Road

10% 0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES
100%
Postal

Bank

75%
Fire Fighting

Emergency Hospital

50%
Recreation/Play Ground/Parks etc School

25%
Madrassal

Market

0%
TOTAL Inner city City Periphery Page | 241

USAGE OF SERVICES
100%
Postal

Bank

75%
Fire Fighting

Emergency Hospital

50%
Recreation/Play Ground/Parks etc School

25%

Madrassal

Market

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

ISSUES RELATED TO HOUSING

90%
Threats of Flooding

80%
Threats of Seismic Activity

70% 60% 50% 40%

Threats of Landslide Ownership/Tenure dispute Suffocation (lack of windows/openings)

Poor Construction quality

House in Small

30% 20% 10%

0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Poor sanitary conditions

Road Accidents

Neighborhood dispute
Others

NA / NR

Page | 242

PROBLEMS (Top 5)
75%
Water problem

50%

Sanitary problem /Poor sanitary condition

25%

Electricity load shedding

Poor Construction of Road

0%

TOTAL

Inner city

City

Periphery
Health Facility (BHU/Hospital/Disp ensary etc)

-25%

MOST IMPORTANT PROJECTS (Top 3)

70%

60%
50%

Water Supply/Provision of Water Drainage system/Sewerage system

40%
30% 20%

Construct Road

10%
0% TOTAL Inner city City Periphery

Page | 243