Translated version of Calculul potentialului eolian.

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Calculate potential wind 1.1. Use of wind There are many issues that need to be taken into account when they choose a location for a wind turbine such as space availability, access for heavy construction machinery, environmental considerations and proximity to a medium voltage power line, but most important factor is the availability of sufficient wind. Establishment of the wind potential is based on several elements: wind resource assessment Environmental assessment Approvals needed Design Construction 4 Roads 4 line power outlet 4 transformer - Wind speed is the essential element in determining the areas with wind potential, minimum annual wind speed must be less than 4 m / s After determining these areas count and other criteria mentioned above as follows: Depending on the degree of development of distribution networks in the area analyzed to identify: a) Areas without network designed to ensure power supply to some consumers. In this case suitable for small turbines (50 W to 10 kW) and operating in parallel with batteries as non-reserve b) Areas with isolated network designed to provide power to more local consumers are not connected to the national distribution (eg localities in the Danube Delta) In this case typical turbine is suitable for 10 to 200 kW diesel generator systems are the reserve system; c) Areas with central network These consist of areas of concentrated power generation in wind farms that fed into the distribution network and transport. It is characterized by its power stations and power lines connection. In this case reliable high-power wind turbines 500 kW to 2.5 MW. Preparatory actions for investment are: - Identification and analysis of sites favorable preliminary studies, - Start of measurements of wind parameters in selected locations in order to build technical and economic data necessary for the final calculations.

- In parallel, ensuring that land (lease, purchase, etc.). Based on the above considerations and after measurements to established territorial distribution of renewable energy as follows: I - Delta (solar energy); II - Dobrogea (solar, wind); III - Moldova (plain and plateau: micro-hydro, wind, biomass); IV - Carpathian (IV1 - Eastern Carpathians, IV2 - South Carpathians, IV3 - Western Carpathians, potential in biomass, micro-hydro and wind); V - Plateau of Transylvania (potential for micro-hydro and biomass); VI - Western Plain (high potential for geothermal energy and wind); VII - Subcarpatii (VII1 - Subcarpatii Getic; VII2 - Subcarpatii of curvature; VII3 - Subcarpatii Moldova: potential for biomass, micro-hydro); VIII - South Plains (biomass, geothermal, solar). Note that the areas most suitable for wind energy development are: - Black Sea, Sea continental shelf - The mountains where there are potentially suitable for wind applications. In the mountains, the best area is at altitudes between 900 and 1200 m, as it provides a compromise between potential wind and road access and electricity network. Good sites offers the height of the rotor axis wind turbines, medium wind speeds over 6.5 m / s To note that wind statistics available from meteorological network are not very safe for wind calculations, but more measurements are professional investors wind parameters in real locations (over 20 columns mounted in Dobrogea). 1.2. Velocities at a height of 60 m from the ground with logarithmic wind profile Because the layer has been greatly studied in different spheres of interest (from agriculture to meteorology, from oceanography to engineering), have been developed in different time profiles of wind speed. All these movements are based on the consideration that present inside the type layer are turbulent and turbulence is primarily mechanical, to the extent that it is assumed that the interval is quasi-adiabatic, hydrostatic stratification occurs in neutral conditions and convection is therefore negligible. Based on these assumptions to describe the variation of wind speed profiles using three types of wind: - A power law; - Logarithmic profile; - Diabatic profile. 1.2.1. Power Law is defined as: u=uR This is the term u R indicating wind speed at a certain height on the ground Z R, while u is the speed that we want to estimate the height above ground w.

For calculations of the resistance of buildings, for reasons of caution, this formula is used to estimate wind speed at a certain height, it tends to overestimate the value of speed. For atmospheric conditions characterized by a uniform field and turbulence is only mechanical, this law greatly overestimates values, because in reality the atmospheric conditions are rare, this law is real and coincides with the wind profile expressed by a logarithmic law only height of land which is not very large. In all areas where wind profile is expected with increasing rate, and where its value should not be overestimated for reasons of caution, usually using wind profile representation known as "wind profile for neutral atmospheric conditions" or "natural profile of the wind" . 1.2.2. Logarithmic profile the wind u = ln where u * is shear velocity (friction velocity), k is von Karman constant, z is the height of the bitter wind speed is desired calculation and z 0 is roughness height (Roughness Length). This law is an approximate representation of the wind profile very good. If referred to a land like characteristics this approximation allows to calculate the wind up to 150m above the ground and if the wind is high intensity. Analytical method, much used, is used when the wind intensity value is given to a certain height, wind speed and calculate the desired height to another. Using equation that defines the logarithmic profile of wind speed at height z from the ground is determined as follows: u=uR The letter R sizes have noted that the reference refers to the size, ie the known (measured). Thus, in this equation are given values of u at a rate determined speed and length z turbulent vortex ground. This was the method chosen to calculate speeds to 60m. The results are presented in the table below. months January February March April more June July August septum October noemi December Monthly 3.1 average of 10 m Average monthly 60m 4.3 to 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2

4.49

4.8

4.9

4.3 3.8 3.6 3.3

3.5

3.8

4.1

4.1

Comparative values of speed that ground 10m 60m ground The data estimated at 60 m above ground is a noticeable speed increase values by about 1m/s

Comparing results with those obtained by mathematical meteorological observations are found in a nearby high enough (error is below 10%) making the preliminary calculation tool to determine wind speed In the hills the wind speed increases by about 1-1.5 m / s due to a phenomenon called Speed up the hill. months January February mart April more June July August septum October Noah December Monthly average 3.1 of 10 m Average monthly 4.3 to 60m Average speeds on top of the hill 5.2 3.2 4.49 5.5 3.5 3.5 4.8 4.9 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 4.3 3.8 3.6 3.3 4.0 2.5 3.5 4.3 2.7 3.8 4.6 3.0 4.1 5.0 3.2 4.1 5.4

5.9 6.0 5.2 4.7 4.4

1.2.3. Analysing the positioning suburban All characteristics of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) (based on thermal gradient behavior, for example), are certainly valid for extra-urban and rural areas but in urban areas things can happen in different ways, because this building and the street, and not least because urban traffic, and heat sources, all together, influence the thermal structure of urban air. Urbanization, which includes residential, industrial, commercial, producing dramatic features of radiative, thermodynamic and aerodynamic surface to the surrounding rural areas. This produces a horizontal homogeneity. Weather changes as a result of an urban area are, mostly, lined in a layer called the Urban Atmospheric Boundary Layer (UBL). Most commonly observed phenomenon is the growth of air temperature from urban areas, a phenomenon called "heat island". (Heat island) The largest temperature difference between urban and rural area is usually observed at night. In localities with 1000 inhabitants, were measured maximum temperature differences of 2-3 degrees Celsius, while for cities with over 1 million of excess heat was measured up to 12.8 degrees Celsius (Oke, 1982 ). For Oradea, a city of over 200,000 people have made the difference of temperature measurements in urban and suburban area were measured and differences of 1.5-2.5 degrees Celsius. No measurements were made systematically, because that is the subject of this paper (but is an idea for future work), but only sporadically to see what is the size of this phenomenon. In many cases, this heat "heat islands" of the city is large enough to maintain a convective mixing layer (convective mixed layer) surface at night, and when a layer substantially stable (stable layer) is already developed in the neighborhood .

Therefore in urban mixed layer (ML) can last through the night because of construction and city streets that have a high heat storage capacity. The first layer of stable layer (SBL), which is formed in the early evening in the surrounding rural areas are not immediately obvious in the city. And late at night, when SBL is already high and well developed on a height that exceeds that of urban construction, a surface layer can easily stay in town always well mixed (ML), passed above the SBL. Formation of the urban surface layer (UBL) is influenced by synoptic movements and topography of the area, the temperature excess "heat island" is influenced by the environment in the wind, the sky cloud cover and precipitation. There was an increase in wind speed over the city, due to horizontal temperature gradient urban. Another feature of the urban area is the value of roughness height z 0, where areas with very dense and very tall buildings can reach several meters. Figure VI.3. Airflow due to "heat island" 1.3. Comparisons between the measurements and estimates values Month November December January Estimated wind speed values 5.05 5.43 5.24 Values of wind speed measured 4.6 5.0 9.7

From the comparison between the estimated and measured speeds observed that for November and December values are comparable in January instead measured values are much higher than expected. This can be explained by the fact that we used the database to estimate average annual values. Such mediation tends to "level" values and therefore is unable to capture periods of increasing the percentage of calm wind and atmospheric. If needed, this study highlights once again that the wind potential assessment of a specific area is mandatory campaign measurements, not estimates in order to start an investment in wind industry. Estimates have their well-established, to identify where to install anemometers and to determine as soon as possible if necessary to continue measurements on site or be stopped immediately. All this is absolutely necessary to lose no time, 2 years (minimum), and concludes that the area is interesting in terms of wind. 1.4. Impact on environment Wind power is an inevitable effect on the local environment, but it may be limited by careful design. 1.4.1. Impacts on water

In this case there are spills of pollutants in water sources. 1.4.2. Impact on air After construction, the objective is not the source of air pollution. 1.4.3. Impact on soil and subsoil Regarding the impact it can have on soil and underground work: work will have a limited time during execution. In this project is possible trough stripping topsoil, without impact on the environment. 1.4.4. Impacts on human settlements His proven experience of other plants that where there are no such objective interest in visiting the area. Following increases in the number of tourists influx, thus resulting a positive impact on communities in the area. A negative impact of the installation of these turbines, in terms of living conditions can only be considered due to noise. But wind turbines are quiet and are becoming more and more silent. Careful design of rotor blades, limiting the speed of rotation and acoustic insulation of the gearbox and generator rotor noise can limit produces a sound background and mechanical noise generator and gearbox Sound pressure at a distance of 40 meters from a central usual is 50-60 dB (A), approximately the same level as a conversation. For a house located 500 meters from the turbine, if the wind blows from the center toward the house, the sound pressure will be 35 dB (A), equivalent to the background sound of a quiet home. Another problem is given by rotating turbine blades creates a shadow moving can cause a nuisance when, for example, shade from the sun falling on a window Maintaining a sufficient distance from residential areas or sensitive areas, sound pollution can be removed and disagreeable effect of rotating blades. 1.4.5. Impacts on vegetation and fauna Major impact on the environment (soil and vegetation) during the construction project will improve roads and civil works for installation of turbines and towers. Moving Earth has a moderate impact on the environment. Turbines and road improvement and construction will be mitigated with measures of revegetation after construction. As a result, the total impact on the environment is considered very limited. Nature activities and limited duration of works, in any way preclude damage to terrestrial fauna. In terms of landscape impact is positive, wind farms, where they were assembled led to an increasing number of visitors.

Birds can collide with turbine blades or fall into the trap behind rotrului turbulence. Estimated number of 'victims of collision is relatively small, about 21,000 victims for an installed capacity of 1000 MW per year (in Dutch). Although it seems high, it is small in relation to the number of birds are killed each year due to traffic (2,000,000) or die from power lines (1 million). Many accidents with wind turbines are produced at night, during twilight or bad weather. Birds know their places of feeding and resting on the ground, so they avoid wind turbines. When installing turbines is necessary to know the locations of birds feeding and overnight. Wind turbines are structures visible in the landscape. They can be made so as to harmonize with the landscape, for example, arranging them in line along structures such as dams or channels. Research has shown that placing wind turbines in groups is more acceptable when it is clear to the citizens of the neighborhood that can be such a big production of electricity. 1.4.6. Electromagnetic interference This is related to possible disorders of TVs, radios, radar and other airborne EM signals by the presence of wind plant. Although there is no guarantee that the project cause electromagnetic interference, U.S. wind projects have experienced such problems. 1.4.7. Environmental risks Environmental risks caused by this wind turbine, as was evaluated in this section were related to these issues: Safety for labor work Safety for residents and people present in the neighborhood Environmental risk is maintained as low as possible by a combination of wind turbine safety and quality assurance and implementation of procedures to minimize risks both during construction and operation of wind turbine. 1.5. Wind parameters Amount of electricity produced from wind depends on the density of air, the surface of the propeller and wind speed cubed. 1.5.1. Air density Propellers rotating wind plants due to the movement of air masses: the greater the mass of air, the faster rotating propellers, producing a larger amount of energy. It is known as kinematic energy of the body in motion, in this case air, is proportional to its mass. Therefore wind energy depends on air density - the higher density is greater, the task force is greater (density depends on the amount of molecules in unit volume). At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature of 15 C air density is 1.225 kg / cm. But less density decreases with increasing humidity.

This is due to a wind generator produce larger quantities of energy, the same wind speed, in winter, when air density is higher than the summer. Surfaces placed above the sea, the mountains, for example, atmospheric pressure is lower and, accordingly, air density is lower and therefore produces a smaller amount of energy on the surface of the propeller. 1.5.2. Propeller wind turbine includes current energy, which He is near. It is obvious that as the surface is even greater amount of electricity can be higher. Thus, the contact surface of the propeller diameter propeller proprotional increases the power of two the largest wind plant can produce two or four times more energy: E=*S2*V3 where: - density; S - area of contact of the propeller; V - wind speed. But the enlargement of the surface can not be reduced to mere lengthening wings. At first glance it seems that this is a simpler way of increasing the amount of energy. But, increasing the surface ranging from rotation, increases the burden on the system at the same speed of wind. For the system to withstand the weight necessary to consolidate all of its mechanical components, leading to additional costs. 1.5.3. Wind speed is the most important factors influencing the amount of energy. Higher wind speed increases the volume of air masses - with increasing wind speed increases the amount of electricity produced. Wind energy change proportional to wind speed cubed. Thus, if wind speed doubles, cinematic energy produced increases 8 times. 1.5.4. Relief Land surface vegetation and buildings located on it are the underlying factor that influences the wind speed reduction. As we move away from the surface, the more it reduces the influence of topography on the movement of air masses. In other words: as above with both wind speed is greater. At heights of about one kilometer from the sea surface topography influences wind speed virtually. The lower layers of atmosphere a major influence on the rate has contact with the earth's surface: the more relief is more complicated, the less is wind speed.

It slows down the forests and cities. But it surfaces that practically no influence on the sea coast of. Buildings, forests and other barriers not only slow the wind, and form turbulent air currents. Experts classify surface relief as follows: 0 - surface water (sea level); 0.5 - a relief to open completely flat surface (runway); 1 - open agricultural village without building fences and tall, with little elevation; 1.5 - agricultural areas, with buildings up to 8 meters high, found each other at about 1.250m; 2 - agricultural areas, with buildings up to 8 feet tall at 500m from each other; 2.5 - agricultural areas with large number of buildings and vegetation up to 8 feet tall at 250m apart; 3 - common, cities with large numbers of buildings; 3.5 - cities with tall buildings; 4 - cities, megapolise with tall buildings (skyscrapers). V, m / s A 3 5 9 11 15 18 20 Calculations used in table E=*S2*V3 = 1.225 kg / m 3 S=1m2 V 3 = 1,3,5,, 23 m / s E = 1.225 kg / m 3 * 2 * V 1 m 3 (m / s) For example, wind speed of 6 m / s power is 132 W / m 2. When the wind blows at a speed of 12 m / s energy increases to 1053 W / m 2. Doubling the wind speed leads to eight-power multiplier. It can be converted into useful energy from wind energy throughout axis rortorului. E, w / m 2 1225 33.1 153 893 1630 4134 7144 9800

Using physical principles, it can be shown that the maximum theoretical efficiency of wind power is limited to about 59%. This limit is also called power coefficient Cp or value. Net electric power at the output of a turbine, P elec, which takes into account the mechanical and electrical efficiencies is given by: P el = (C e AV 3) / 2 where: - is the air density (kg / m 3); A-is the rotor surface area (m 2); v - the wind speed (m / s). C e is the electrical efficiency rate (power) (%). Today, modern large turbines are able to achieve a total net efficiency, what, 42% to 46% compared with the undisturbed wind energy in a circular tube whose area of cross section is equal to gross area of the rotor. The table below is presented various wind power variation depending on wind speed. Wind intensity (M / s) 0.5 turbine 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 18 86 150 270 380 495 500 500 500 MW 1 turbine 0 22 112 240 360 572 890 980 1000 1000 MW 2 turbine 0 35 175 352 580 870 1237 1637 1904 1988 MW 2.5 turbine 0 71 227 450 742 1134 1641 2162 2477 2500 MW Electric power (KW)

13 14 15

500 500 500

1000 1000 1000

2000 2000 2000

2500 2500 2500

1.6. Considerations on the location of power in wind farms (power density) As specified in subsections 1.5 and 1.6. best places to locate plants are: - In high areas (hills or hill) where wind speeds are greater than 4 m / s and the benefits and the effect of UPLIFT, - Near the towns; - In coastal areas; How their location is dictated by the approximate distances between turbines and between turbines and intersecting objectives (railways, power lines, roads, etc.). Under regulations in viguare minimum distance approach is: D = H + L 3 (m) where H = height of tower (m) L = length of impeller blade (m) 3 (m) = assembly is provided. For example if we have a turbine with the following features: - Blade diameter - 90 m - Height - 80 m Minimum approach is: D = 80 +45 +3 = 128 m Diameter 128M Wind turbine In the figure above is shown the principle of location of wind farms. Currently thickening power is based on optimization programs so you can place a large number of central data areas according to local conditions (the existence of utilities, etc.). Underground electrical connections (front look) Foundation (side look) Tower Gearbox and generator Platform

Rotor blades Height axis Diameter Rotor The area swept by the blades SchemaTurbinei wind AxOrizontal 1.7. Considerations on Romania's wind potential As mentioned above chapters, taking into account all areas that are suitable for wind turbines, wind energy was estimated potential of 14,000 MW Romania-installed power, which can provide a quantity of energy of about 23 000 GWh / year: These areas are broken down as follows: - The Black Sea shelf -2000 MW and 4,500 GWh / year at sites 3-5 km and duration of 20 years (speed of 7 m / s, 210 days / year) - Highlands of Moldova (4.7 m / s) and Dobrogea (mild climate with 4-5 m / s) - The mountain area (severe climate, over 1900m, speed is over 10 m / s, between 14001500 m in 6 m / s), over 2000 km 2 If you consider all the installed capacity and is considered for a 0.36 kWh electricity consumed kgcc, it follows that the equivalent potential (savings of fossil fuels) is 5.5 x 106 tce / year. Technical and economic factors operating-speed (m / s) / power (W / m) in Romania The topogeo I II III IV Montana high > 11 /> 1800 10-11,5 / 1200-1800 8,5-10 / 700-1200 7-8,5 / 400-700 Great open > 9 /> 800 8-9/300-800 7-8/400-600 5,5-7 / 200-400 Coastal > 8.5 /> 700 7-8/400-700 6-7/250-400 5-6/150-250 Flat land > 7.5 /> 500 6,5-7,5 / 300-500 5,5-8,5 / 200-300 4,5-5,5 / 100-200 Hills and plateaus > 6 /> 250 5-6/150-250 4,5-5 / 100-150 3,5-4,5 / 50-100