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Contents
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Enhancements in P h E h t i Pushover A l i Analysis Pushover Global Control Pushover Load Cases Define Pushover Hinge Properties Assign Pushover Hinge Properties Pushover Hinge Properties Table Pushover Analysis Result Important Notice to Existing Users
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0-1
ANALYSIS #1
NONLINEAR ELEMENT 0-4
~ 0-7
Moment-Rotation (M-) type hinge can be used in Load control pushover analysis. (Beam, Wall Element) : Eurocode8:2004, FEMA, Bilinear, Tri-linear Bilinear Tri linear type Out-of-plane nonlinearity for wall elements of the plate type is reflected. Distributed hinge is added. (Moment-curvature relation: Plasticity of the entire element considered. Enter integration points (1~20). (* Only plasticity at both ends was considered for the present Multi-linear type element.) Defining hinge properties for nonlinear g g g p p general link completely revised. p y Moment-Rotation (M-) type hinge and Moment-Curvature (M-) type hinge can be used in combination.
0-8 0-9
~ 0-10
0-2
ANALYSIS #2
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
Addition of Load Incremental Method - Auto-stepping control: The first step is loaded up to 90% of the elastic limit of the structure. Further steps are automatically divided into the ratio of
Improvement on load control method: 100% of applied load is accurately reflected in analysis.
{(n + 1) i} / i .
i =1
n 1
- Equal step (1/nstep): Equally divided steps. - User defined Increment-control function Auto-terminating condition is added. - Current Stiffness Ratio: If the analysis results do not converge, analysis will be terminated. Auto terminating - Auto-terminating condition by story drift ratio is added (Displacement Control).
Analysis Speed
0-11
Analysis speed is improved by adopting INCORE Solver. Analysis time is reduced to 4050 compared to the old version. [Comparing analysis time]
Number of Nodes 135 Number of elementsbeam (234), wall (12) Nonlinear hinges are assigned to all the elements. Incremental method: Displacement Control (50 steps) Skyline S olver MultiFrontal S olver
old version Ver.7.4.1 Ver.7.4.1 / old version
43.70 [%]
43.80 [%]
0-3
Pre-processing p g
PUSHOVER GLOBAL CONTROL : Total control of pushover analysis is available with one dialog.
Initial load Default value of stiffness reduction ratio (bi-linear/tri-linear hinge curve) Nonlinear Analysis Option (Maximum Iteration, Convergence Criteria) Scale Factor for Ultimate Rotation and Secondary Seismic Elements as per Eurocode8-3
Addition of Eurocode8:2004 pushover hinge properties, Masonry material type Define hinge properties by elements (six components can be defined in a single dialog.) Hinge properties about y-axis and z-axis are separately defined. Show yield strength in real value as well as the ratio of the yield surface. Assign hinge properties by Drag & Drop
Post-processing
Pushover graph
Target displacement as per EN 1998-1:2004, Force-Deformation graph, displacement graph by steps, etc.
6 5
0-4
Moment-Rotation (M-) type hinge can be used in Load control pushover analysis analysis. (Eurocode8:2004, FEMA, Bilinear type and Trilinear type)
Both Load-control and Displacement-control increment method are available regardless of g the element type.
Bilinear and Trilinear is available for the MomentMoment Rotational angle interaction element
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0-6
0-7
Defining hinge properties for nonlinear general link completely revised. Old version i
Nonlinear general link was defined in the inelastic hinge properties dialog.
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0-9
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0-11
Analysis speed
ANALYSIS MODEL
old version Skyline Solver Mult-Frontal Solver 47.570 [sec] 46.780 [sec]
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Define incremental step, load pattern, incremental method (load control/ displacement control), auto-termination condition, etc. Define whether to consider initial load and P-Delta effect Incremental Control Function set a user-defined incremental function (for Load Control)
Specify element type and material type Hinge properties by force components (Fx, Fy Fz, Mz, My, Mz): yield strength, skeleton curve type, P-M interaction, etc. Assign hinge properties to elements
Yield strength is automatically calculated for each element. Pushover analysis results: Pushover curve, Hinge Status Results, etc.
Pushover Results
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0-13
PUSHOVER RESULT
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Gen V741(NEW)
#1 : Initial Load #2 : Convergence Criteria
Initial Load
#4 : Stiffness reduction ratio new Define default value of stiffness reduction ratio.
#3 Auto-Calculation new Specify the reference location (i-end, jend, center) for calculating yield strength of beam element Specify scale factors for ultimate rotation and identify secondary seismic elements.
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Initial Load
Check on to assign the load defined prior to Pushover a nalysis as the initial load for Pushover analysis. PM When P-M interaction is considered, the user needs to apply the initial load.
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Auto-Stepping Control
The applied load (Qud) is divided by the automatically calculated load parameters parameters. The first step is loaded up to 90% of the elastic limit of the structure. Further steps are automatically divided by the ratio of {(n + 1) i} / i .
i =1 n 1
Equal Step
The applied load (Qud) is equally divided by the number of nstep.
Current Stiffness Ratio : If the Current Stiffness Ratio (Cs) is entered and the ratio of the stiffness at the current an incremental step to the initial stiffness reaches the specified value, the analysis is terminated. If the Limit Inter-Story Deformation Angle is entered and the maximum Inter-Story Deformation Angle reaches the specified value, the analysis is terminated
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Gen V741(NEW)
Forc ce
Displacement
Displ.
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1STEP : 90% of the elastic limit * Elastic Limit: The load when initial yield occurs
100% of applied load was not reflected even though pushover analysis was completed. S.F:0.7 : 70 of applied load was reflected.
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Last step
Incremental load at the last step
Pn = n P ; n
= 1.0
P = 1 P 1
Where,
Ex.
i = i 1 +
Where,
) {(n + 1) i}
i
i =1
n 1
(1 1 )
i : load parameter at the current step i 1 : load parameter at the preceding step
n i
1
: the number of total steps : current step : load parameter at the 1st step
Pi = i P
Where,
i
Pi
P
: load parameter at the current step : Incremental Load at the current step : Total lateral load
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Equal-step increment (1/n step) The applied load (Qud) is equally divided by the number of nstep.
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CS
CS
Analysis i A l i is terminated if i d the maximum number of increments is reached, or negative values are encountered in the stiffness matrix.
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Gen V741(NEW)
Analysis is automatically terminated when c rrent stiffness ratio reaches 0 hen current 0.
1 Column Stiffness reduction ratio0.0 (Perfect Plasticity)
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Master Node
- Specify the master node, translational direction and maximum displacement.
Auto-stopping condition
If the Limit Inter-Story Deformation Angle is entered and the maximum Inter-Story Deformation Angle reaches the specified value, the analysis is terminated. new
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Assign Pushover Hinge Properties g g p Assign the hinge properties in Define Hinge Properties to all the elements. When the hinge properties are assigned to the elements, it is displayed in Black.
B: Element type ( B: Beam, T: Truss, W: Wall, SPR: GL-LINK ) GL LINK 3: Element number Beam : Defined hinge name
The assigned hinge data can be modified and updated data are automatically applied to all the assigned element.
When the user modifies the assigned hinge data, new hinge properties are automatically generated.
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4 1 4
Type of wall element - Membrane: Only in-plane plasticity is considered - Plate: Both in-plane and out-of-plane plasticity are considered
5 6
Reflection of coupled axial force-biaxial m oment behavior - Component: the degree of freedom to be assigned to the plastic hinge type - Hinge Location 1) M-/M- lumped type beam or wall elements: Center, I-end & J-end 2) M- Distributed type beam elements: Number of integral points 3) Truss, General linkCenter -Skeleton Curve: Eurocode8:2004, FEMA, Bilinear & Tri-linear type
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7 7
Relevant hinge properties - Yield strength, stiffness reduction ratio - Initial stiffness - Yield strain
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1 3 4 5 8
1 2 3 4
Input method of yield strength Rebar arrangement between i-end and j-end (symmetric/Asymmetric) When Asymmetric is selected.
9 6
10
5 6 7 8 9
10
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Type
Symmetric : Select if the hinge properties are symmetric in the positive and negative directions. Asymmetric : Select if the hinge properties are asymmetric in the positive and negative directions.
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Yield strength g
The values are automatically calculated using the section information if Input Method is set to Auto-Calculation. Or the user may enter the values of Yield Moment manually if Input Method is set to User-Input. The coordinate system follows the Element local Coordinate System.
RC structures t t
M={As2*fsc*(d-d2)}+M
Where, As2= area of compression steel M=Kbd2fck fsc=700(xu-d2)/xu fyd d2=effective depth to compression steel xu=(-0.4)d fyd=design yield strength of reinforcement
Flexural Hinge
Shear Hinge
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Steel structures
Flexural Hinge Shear Hinge Eurocode3:2005, Equation (6.13) Eurocode3:2005, equation (6.18)
After assigning hinge properties to the element, calculated yield strength and yield strain can be checked in the detail report.
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Yield rotation
Auto-Calculation The values are automatically calculated using the section information if this option is checked off. Or the user may enter the values of Yield Rotation manually. The coordinate system follows the Element local Coordinate System.
Steel structures
y= MyL/6EI DY Where, My: Yield moment, L: Length of a member, E: Elasticity of Modulus, I: moment of inertia
Flexural Hinge
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Compliance Criteria
Enter the target performance indices for the structure in terms of deformation. The values outlined in Eurocode 8-3 are used as the basic values. Only positive values are entered if symmetrical. y
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By default, initial stiffness of moment hinge is taken equal to the Yield Strength divided by Yield Rotation, and the Yield Strength and Yield Rotation are automatically calculated b d on E t ti ll l l t d based Eurocode 8 part 1 & 3 A safety d t 3. Any f t factors including partial factors are not reflected in the calculation of strength and deformation. 6EI/L, 3EI/L, 2EI/L: It is activated when Definition is defined as Moment Rotation (M-). User: The initial stiffness that has been automatically calculated is displayed here. If the value is modified, the modified value will be applied as the initial stiffness. Elastic Stiffness Elastic stiffness is used for the initial stiffness.
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new
yp Pier type
5 1 2 3 Masonry Properties Input method of yield strength Hinge properties in the positive and negative directions (Symmetric or A Asymmetric) ti ) Define primary curve (M/My, D/Dy) Yield strength Yield strain Initial stiffness Calculated resistance can be checked in Design > Pushover Analysis > Pushover Hinge Result Table > Beam Summary table.
Yield Yield strength deformation
7 6
4 5 6 7
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Masonry properties yp p
In the structural model, masonry spandrels may be taken into account as coupling beams between two wall elements. This assumption implies that they should regularly bonded to the adjoining walls and connected both to the floor tie beam and to the lintel below. If the structural model takes into account the coupling beams, a frame analysis may be used for the determination of the action effects on the vertical and horizontal structural elements. Spandrel type Pier type Building Type: Flexural capacity and shear resistance of masonry pier depends on the type of building as shown in the table below.
Spandrel type
Pier type
Element Local axis of masonry wall pier In-plane horizontal direction and transverse direction of the wall pier should coincide with the local z-axis and local y-axis of the element, respectively as shown in the figure below, which directly affects the resistance of the wall pier. Also, the program calculates hinge properties (My component) on the assumption above.
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1.5
'
= 1.5 (1.5 H / D)
N D 1 2 k fm
Spandrel type Axial resistance: Compression; N R = f hd h t, Tension; Where, h : H i h of the masonry spandrel Height f h Wh d l t : Width of the masonry spandrel Shear resistance:
NR = 0
VR = h t f vk 0
Flexural resistance
MR =
Where, H p is taken as the minimum value between 0.4 f hd h t and user-defined value.
Hp h Hp 1 2 0.85 f hd h t
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1 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
Input method of yield strength Rebar arrangement between i-end and j-end (symmetric/Asymmetric) When Asymmetric is selected. Hinge properties in the positive and negative directions (Symmetric or Asymmetric) Define primary curve (M/My, D/Dy) Yield strength Yield strain Acceptance Criteria Initial stiffness
6 9
5 6 7 8 9
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Old version
Gen V741(NEW)
1 2 3
4 5
1 2 3 4
Input method of yield strength Input type of Skeleton Curve Rebar arrangement between i-end and j-end (symmetric/Asymmetric) Hinge properties in the positive and negative directions (Symmetric or Asymmetric) Yield strength Stiffness reduction ratio Initial stiffness Initial gap in tension and compression
5 6 7 8
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Strength - Yield Deformation option is activated when the Input Method is set to User Input. Yield Deformation is changed depending on the component. (Fx : yield deformation, Fy & Fz : yield strain, Mx & My & Mz : yield rotation angle)
I-End J-End * Value Type of I End & J End option is activated when the hinge type is defined as Moment-Rotation (M-) or Moment-Curvature (M- Lumped) and User Input option is selected.
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Yield strength of Tri-linear (auto-calculation) RC /SRC (Encased) P1 P2 (Crackc) Ultimateu) STEEL/ SRC(Filled) Yieldy) Ultimateu)
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a d + 0.330 D D
Define when RC Tri-linear, M- element and AIJ Code is selected. When coupled axial force-biaxial moment behavior is not considered, y is calculated based on the axial force in the initial load. When coupled axial force-biaxial moment behavior is considered, y is calculated based on the moment-rotation relationship for a members section The user can define the shear span to depth ratio for y. (Default is Auto.)
7 8
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If Use Value of Global Control Data option is selected, in the Directional Properties of Pushover Hinge dialog, the default values will be considered.
Corrected stiffness reduction factor ( 3 ) is automatically updated in the Directional Properties of Pushover Hinge dialog.
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2 1 3 4 2 3 4 5
Define the yield strength For auto-calculation, yield strength is automatically calculated based on the design code. When P-M-M in status deformation option i selected, th yield strength i updated f ti is l t d the i ld t th is d t d for each step considering coupled axial force and biaxial moment behavior. Yield surface: Yield surface about strong and weak axes can be checked by table or graph.
In case of P-M-M in status deformation, yield strength is , y g automatically calculated using the section information even though User Defined option is checked on.
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Gen V741(NEW)
MY,max
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4 1
Input method of yield strength Rebar arrangement between i-end and j-end ( g j symmetric/Asymmetric) Hinge properties in Y-axis and Z-axis (symmetric/Asymmetric) Define the skeleton curve and initial stiffness, etc for the rotation about y-axis and z-axis. y In case Asymmetric is selected in Value Type of I-end & J-end Hinge properties in the positive and negative directions (Symmetric or Asymmetric) Yield strength about y-axis and z-axis PM interaction curve Yield surface about strong and weak axes Tension (-), Compression (+) Crack surface is defined by PC0, MC0
5 6 7
2 3 4 5
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6 7 8 9
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Show Value : Click to display the applied forces and moments in analysis. MU0 (Ultimate axial force without axial force) Yield surface can be checked by graph.
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2 2
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2 2
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2 2
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Nonlinear hinges assigned to the elements are generated in the Work Tree.
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Note
If the specified hinge data and the selected elements do not match, match the hinge properties are not assigned. assigned General link type hinge properties cannot be assigned by Drag & Drop of a mouse.
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Show Hinges on Selected Elements Display the Pushover Hinge Properties Table for the selected elements only. Show All Hinges Display the Pushover Hinge Properties Table for all the elements to which hinge properties are assigned.
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Pushover Hinge properties dialog can be opened by double clicking the element number double-clicking number.
Pushover Hinge properties dialog can be opened by clicking the components components.
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1, 2
3 1 2 4 3 4
Right-click on the assigned hinge properties to be revised. Click Pushover Hinge Properties Table. Modify the values in the table. If the values are updated in the table, p , message is displayed. New hinge property is generated and the assig ned hinge name is updated.
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Plot graphs for pushover analysis results - Force versus Deformation for Beam, Truss, Wall and General Link - Incremental nodal displacement - Pushover hinge results for the load increment Check the pushover analysis results in a spreadsheet format table. - Member forces, Strain, Ductility, Yield strength and Yield strain - I iti l Stiffness Initial Stiff * For PMM type, yield moment for each step due to P-M interaction can be checked in the table. Check the hinge status (Ductility, Deformation, Force, Status of yielding) resulting from the Pushover analysis in Contours. 62
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Check Reactions, Deformations, Forces and Stresses for each Pushover Step. Check the hinge status (Ductility Deformation Force, Status of yielding) (Ductility, Deformation, Force in Contours. Capacity curve and capacity spectrum of a structure Plot graphs for pushover analysis results. Plot graphs for pushover analysis results related to the story data. Check the pushover analysis results in a spread sheet format table. Produce text files for pushover analysis results.
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Remark Assessment of the result in terms of the global response for the masonry structure. Only applicable to Masonry material models. Limit State of SD: The assessment is OK if the global capacity of the Limit g p y State of SD is greater than the target displacement of the Limit State of SD and q* is less than 3. q* is the ratio between the acceleration in the structure with unlimited elastic behavior Se(T*) and in the structure with limited strength F*y / M*. q* = Se(T*)M*/F*y. Where, Se(T*) represents th elastic acceleration response spectrum at th Wh ): t the l ti l ti t t the period T* of the idealized equivalent SDOF system. F*y: The yield force of the idealized system M*:The mass of an equivalent SODF system Limit State of DL: The assessment is OK if the global capacity of the Limit State of DL is greater than the target displacement of the Limit State of DL (i e = (i.e.= Target Displacement of the Limit State of SD divided by 2.5.
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Ex) Member force of beam element at 30th pushover step in all DOF
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Ex) Total deformation of beam element at 30th pushover step in all DOF
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Ex) Plastic deformation of beam element at 30th pushover step in all DOF
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Ex) Ductility factor (D/D1) of beam element at 30th pushover step in all DOF
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Ex) Ductility factor (D/D2) of beam element at 30th pushover step in all DOF
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*For ductile elements, mean values of properties divided by CF are used. For brittle members, mean values of properties divided by CF and by partial factor.
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For ductile elements, mean values of properties divided by CF are used. For brittle members, mean values of properties divided by CF and by partial factor. * y= MyL/6EI Where, My: Yield moment, L: Length of a member, E: Elasticity of Modulus, I: moment of inertia
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Reaction Force/Moments
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Old Version
Gen V741(NEW)
Convergence Criteria Moved to the Pushover Global Control dialog dialog.
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Number of Incremental Steps Moved to the Pushover Load Case dialog. (Number of Increment Steps can be set by load cases separately.)
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Gen V741(NEW)
Define hinge properties by elements 1 Hinge properties by element
* 9 hinge properties have been defined.
2 2
Nonlinear hinge properties were defined by force components in the old version, however in the new version, they are defined by elements. For example, in order to assign axial and flexural hinge properties to one element in the old version, the user defined two different hinge properties. However, properties However in the new version only one hinge property defining the axial and flexural properties is needed version, needed. In the new version, when the user opens a model file created in the old version, the component hinge properties will be individually assigned to the corresponding elements (one component hinge property per element). So, the converted file size of the model may become larger than that of the old version. This is not the general way to define hinge properties in the new version, but it is intended to avoid errors in converting files. Refer to Assign Hinge Properties to learn how to assign hinge properties in the new version.
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Gen V741(NEW)
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