Mateo Solano The Golden Ratio Project Stats 1510 Night

Abstract

This research paper covered the topic of the Golden Ratio and whether or not this ratio appears to be derived from several measurements taken from specific areas of the human body. Male and Female subjects were measured using a standard body tape in order to obtain specific measurements and then calculate a total of two ratios for each sex. Results indicate (p < .05) that the Golden Ratio of 1.6180399 is not equal to either of the two ratios for male or female from the measurements taken from their bodies

Introduction

The Golden Ratio is a number that seems to appear everywhere in nature so much so that it has also been called the Divine Proportion because many believe that this number is all by which nature is governed. It is based on the Fibonacci numbers. These are a series of numbers that begin with 0 and 1 after that you follow the rule of adding the last two numbers to get the next 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987,... and so on. "A special value, closely related to the Fibonacci series, is called the golden section. This value is obtained by taking the ratio of successive terms in the Fibonacci series"(1). Phi is equal to approximately 1.61803399. "The Golden Section, also known as Phi, is manifested in the structure of the human body. If the length of the hand has the value of 1, for instance, then the combined length of hand + forearm has the approximate value of Phi." (2) Similarly the proportion of navel to top of head to shoulder line to top of head is in the same ratio of 1: Phi .The purpose of this research

project was to determine if in fact these measurements would result in the ratio of 1:Phi or the Golden Ratio. The measurements were taken from two populations the first was adult males over the age of 18 and the second was adult females over the age of 18. The Golden Section is yet another name for the Golden Ratio. The Golden Ratio is denoted by the Greek symbol Phi and can be determined when the measurement of A is added to the measurement of B and divided by the measurement of B giving you (A + B)/B. The variable A represents the measurements from the shoulder line to head in Ratio # 1 and represents the measurements from the wrist to elbow in Ratio # 2 for both males and females. The variable B represents the measurements from the navel to the top of head for Ratio #1 and the measurements from the middle finger tip to elbow for Ratio #2 for both males and females. This gives you the calculation equivalents for Ratio #1 and Ratio #2 for both males and females as: {(A) shoulder line to top of head + (B) navel to top of head / (B) navel to top of head} and {(A) wrist to elbow + (B) middle finger tip to elbow / (B) middle finger tip to elbow} respectively. In collecting the data 40 males and 40 females for a total of 80 subjects were measured for the length in inches from the above mentioned areas to establish the two ratios and determine whether those ratios were in fact calculated to be the Golden Ratio. These two sets of data were then compared to each other.

Methods and Materials

A simple random sample was taken from a population of adult males and adult females over 18 years of age for a total 40 males and 40 females. Each were approached in various locations and asked if they wouldn't mind being measured from their fingertips to their elbows, from their wrist to their elbows, as well as from their shoulder line to the top of their heads, and from their navels to the top of their heads. Each subject was measured using a five foot body measuring tape. The results were recorded on paper and transferred into tcstats on an ipad.

Results

Neither the males nor the female measurements when calculated using the formula (A + B)/B resulted in the Golden Ratio and although the mean for both male and female ratio # 2 did produce a number close to Phi it was in fact not Phi. Verifying this are the results from the 1 sample t test performed for each of the ratios; two for the female and two for the male. For female ratio #1 the p value from the one sample t test was 8.969 E-34 or approximately 0.0000. This p value indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected and therefore indicating that the mean for female ratio #1 is not equal to the Golden Ratio of 1.6180399. The same holds true for female ratio # 2, male ratio # 1 and male ratio # 2 with their p values being 2.654 E-33 or approximately 0.0000, 2.654 E-33 or approximately 0.0000, and 0.0247 respectively. Table 1.1 lists the five number summary for each ratio both female and male respectively along with the population standard deviation and sample standard deviation, as well as the sum of all the data for

the sample which was equivalent to 40 males and 40 females or n = 40; n being the sample size. Included in this table is also the five number summary of female and male respectively for each of the measurements, along with the population standard deviation and sample standard deviation, as well as the sum of all the data for the sample which was equivalent to 40 males and 40 females or n = 40; n being the sample size. The five number summary consists of the minimum data value for each ratio, the Q1 value, such that no more than 25% of all values are smaller and no more than 75% are larger, the mean which is the average and the number that represents the center point of the data, the Q3 value, such that no more than 75% of all values are smaller and no more than 25% are larger, and finally the maximum value of the data set. As you can see from reading table 1.1 the average for female ratio #1 was 1.415585 which represented the mean of the sum of the measurements from the shoulder line to the top of the head and the navel to the top of the head divided by the length of measurement from the navel to the top of the head. This number was not the Golden Ratio. The same calculation was used to calculate female ratio #2 which was the sum of the measurements from the middle fingertip to the elbow and the wrist to the elbow divided by the length of measurement from the middle finger tip to the elbow; and as can be read in table 1.1 the average of the this data set came out to be 1.613727 which again comes close to the numerical value of Phi but is not the Golden Ratio itself. In this research age was not taken into consideration other than the fact that the subjects were considered to be adults if over the age of 18. The only place where the data might have been affected from this would be in the female measurements from the navel to the top of the head as there was a deviation of over one and a half inches.

Although even with this deviation the deviation in ratio #1 was very small, the sample standard deviation being 0.03082269. Likewise the deviation in ratio #2 was also very small, 0.0340273.

The same holds true for the male data listed in table 1.1. The standard deviation was more than one and a half inches (1.713) from the navel to the top of the head but the overall deviation for the ratio was very small (0.03323601). The male data also when input into the calculation for the Golden Ratio failed to produce Phi as the result. Also just as in the female data the mean for ratio #2 was numerically close to the Golden Ratio but was in fact not Phi. All of the figures for the male data can be seen in table 1.1

A visual representation of the data can be seen in figures 1.1 for both of the female and male ratios. Both sets of box and whisker plots show the distribution of data to be symmetrical. You can see from these graphs that the offset of the data is similar in both males and females. The graphs are based on the data from tables 1.1 for the female and male five number summaries respectively.

Table 1.1

Figure 1.1

Bibliography 1.) Jovanovic, 2001-2003, Fibonacci Numbers and the Pascal Triangle. Golden Section. http://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/golden/golden2.html, April 2012 2.) R. Knott, D.A. Quinney and Pass Maths, 1997, The Life and Numbers of Fibonacci. Plus MagazineLiving Mathematics. http://plus.maths.org/content/os/issue3/fibonacci/index, April 2012

Appendix

Appendix Adult female data Head to Shoulder Line 10.5 10 11.5 11 11 12 11 10.5 10 11 11 10 12 11 9.5 10 10 11 11 11.5 10.5 11 10.5 11.5 11.5 10.5 10.5 9 10.5 10 11 11.5 10 10 11 10 9.5 10 11 11

Navel to top of Head 26 25.5 27 30.5 26 27.5 25 24 25.5 26 27 26 27 23 25 25 24.5 29 28 25 25.5 25 27 28.5 27 27 23 27 24 25 25 25.5 22.5 25 25 24.5 26.5 24 24.5 26

Female Ratio #1

Finger to Elbow

Wrist to Elbow

Female Ratio # 2

1.44 1.3922 1.4259 1.3607 1.4231 1.4364 1.44 1.4375 1.3922 1.4231 1.4074 1.3846 1.4444 1.4783 1.38 1.4 1.4082 1.3793 1.3929 1.46 1.4118 1.44 1.3889 1.4035 1.4259 1.3889 1.4565 1.3333 1.4375 1.4 1.44 1.451 1.4444 1.4 1.44 1.4082 1.3585 1.4167 1.449 1.4231

17.5 16.5 17 17.5 17 17.5 17.5 16.5 17 17.5 15 16 18 15 16 14.5 16.5 15.5 16.5 15.5 14.5 14.5 17.5 17 16.5 17 16 15 16 16.5 16 16.5 16 16 16 16 18 18 16 16.5

11.5 10 10.5 10 11 11 11 10.5 11.5 10 9 10.5 10.5 8.5 9 9 10.5 9 10 9 9.5 9 11 10.5 10.5 11 9.5 10 10 9 9.5 10 9.5 10 9 9 10.5 11.5 10.5 10

1.6571 1.6061 1.6176 1.5714 1.6471 1.6286 1.6286 1.6364 1.6765 1.5714 1.6 1.6563 1.5833 1.5667 1.5625 1.6207 1.6364 1.5806 1.6061 1.5806 1.6552 1.6207 1.6286 1.6176 1.6364 1.6471 1.5938 1.6667 1.625 1.5455 1.5938 1.6563 1.5938 1.625 1.5625 1.5625 1.5833 1.6389 1.6563 1.6061

Mateo Solano The Golden Ratio & the Human Body Stats 1510 Night

Introduction The Golden Ratio is a number that seems to appear everywhere in nature so much so that it has also been called the Divine Proportion because many believe that this number is all by which nature is governed. It is based on the Fibonacci numbers. These are a series of numbers that begin with 0 and 1 after that you follow the rule of adding the last two numbers to get the next 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610,987,... and so on. "A special value, closely related to the Fibonacci series, is called the golden section; this value is obtained by taking the ratio of successive terms in the Fibonacci series"(1). The Golden Section is yet another name for the Golden Ratio. The Golden Ratio is denoted by the Greek symbol Phi and can be determined when the measurement of A is added to the measurement of B and divided by the measurement of A giving you (A + B)/A. Phi is equal to approximately 1.61803399."The Golden Section, also known as Phi, is manifested in the structure of the human body. If the length of the hand has the value of 1, for instance, then the combined length of hand + forearm has the approximate value of Phi." (2) Similarly the proportion of navel to top of head to + shoulder line to top of head is in the same ratio of 1: Phi .The purpose of this research project was to determine if in fact these measurements would result in the ratio of 1:Phi or the Golden Ratio. The measurements were taken from two populations the first was adult males over the age of 18 and the second was adult females over the age of 18. In collecting the data 40 males and 40 females for a total of80 subjects were measured for the length in inches from the above mentioned areas to establish the two ratios and determine whether those ratios were in fact calculated to bathe Golden Ratio. These two sets of data were then compared to each other. Methods and Materials

In collecting the data 40 random males and 40 random females were approached in various locations and asked if they wouldn't mind being measured from their fingertips to the their elbows from their wrist to their elbows and from their shoulder line to the top of their heads and from their navels to the top of their heads. Each subject was measured using a five foot body measuring tape. The results were recorded on paper and transferred into tcstats on an ipad. Results Neither the males nor the female measurements when calculated using the formula (A +B)/A resulted in the Golden Ratio and although the mean for both male and female ratio# 2 did produce a number close to Phi it was in fact not Phi. Tables 1.1 and 2.1 list the five number summary for each ratio both female and male respectively along with the population standard deviation and sample standard deviation, as well as the sum of all the data for the sample which was equivalent to 40 males and 40 females or n = 40; being the sample size. Tables 1.2 and 2.2 list the five number summary of female and male respectively for each of the measurements, along with the population standard deviation and sample standard deviation, as well as the sum of all the data for the sample which was equivalent to 40 males and 40 females or n = 40; n being the sample size. The five number summary consists of the minimum data value for each ratio, theQ1 value, such that no more than 25% of all values are smaller and no more than 75%are larger, the mean which is the average and the number that represents the center point of the data, the Q3 value, such that no more than 75% of all values are smaller and no more than 25% are larger, and finally the maximum value of the data set. As you can see from reading table 1.1 the average for female ratio #1 was 1.415585 which represented the mean of the sum of the measurements from the shoulder line to the top of the head and the navel to the top of the head divided by the length of measurement from the navel to the top of the head. This number was not the Golden Ratio. The same calculation was used to calculate female ratio #2 which was the sum of the measurements from the middle fingertip to the elbow and the wrist to the elbow divided by the length of measurement from the middle finger to the elbow; and as can be reading Table 1.1 the average of the this data set came out to be 1.613727 which again comes close to the numerical value of Phi but is not the Golden Ratio itself. In this

research age was not taken into consideration other than the fact that the subjects were considered to be adults if over the age of 18. The only place where the data might have been affected from this would be in the female measurements from the navel to the top of the head as there was a deviation of over one and a half inches. Although even with this deviation the deviation in ratio #1 was very small, the sample standard deviation being 0.03082269. Likewise the deviation in ratio #2 was also very small, 0.0340273.The same holds true for the male data listed in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. The standard deviation was more than one and a half inches (1.713) from the navel to the top of the head but the overall deviation for the ratio was very small (0.03323601). The male data also when input into the calculation for the Golden Ratio failed to produce Phi as the result. Also just as in the female data the mean for ratio #2 was numerically close to the Golden Ratio but was in fact not Phi. All of the figures for the male data can be seen in Tables 2.1 and 2.2A visual representation of the data can be seen in figures 1.1 for and 1.2 for both of the female ratios and 2.1 and 2.3 for the male ratios. Both sets of box and whisker plots show the distribution of data to be symmetrical. The graphs are based on the data from Tables 1.1 and 2.1 for the female and male five number summaries respectively.

Table 1.1

Table 2.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.2

Figure 1.1

Figure 2.1 Appendix

Table 1.1

Table 2.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.2

Figure 1.1

Figure 2.1

Appendix Adult female data Head to Shoulder Line 10.5 10 11.5 11 11 12 11 10.5 10 11 11 10 12 11 9.5 10 10 11 11 11.5 10.5 11 10.5 11.5 11.5 10.5 10.5 9 10.5 10 11 11.5 10 10 11 10 9.5 10 11 11

Navel to top of Head 26 25.5 27 30.5 26 27.5 25 24 25.5 26 27 26 27 23 25 25 24.5 29 28 25 25.5 25 27 28.5 27 27 23 27 24 25 25 25.5 22.5 25 25 24.5 26.5 24 24.5 26

Female Ratio #1

Finger to Elbow

Wrist to Elbow

Female Ratio # 2

1.44 1.3922 1.4259 1.3607 1.4231 1.4364 1.44 1.4375 1.3922 1.4231 1.4074 1.3846 1.4444 1.4783 1.38 1.4 1.4082 1.3793 1.3929 1.46 1.4118 1.44 1.3889 1.4035 1.4259 1.3889 1.4565 1.3333 1.4375 1.4 1.44 1.451 1.4444 1.4 1.44 1.4082 1.3585 1.4167 1.449 1.4231

17.5 16.5 17 17.5 17 17.5 17.5 16.5 17 17.5 15 16 18 15 16 14.5 16.5 15.5 16.5 15.5 14.5 14.5 17.5 17 16.5 17 16 15 16 16.5 16 16.5 16 16 16 16 18 18 16 16.5

11.5 10 10.5 10 11 11 11 10.5 11.5 10 9 10.5 10.5 8.5 9 9 10.5 9 10 9 9.5 9 11 10.5 10.5 11 9.5 10 10 9 9.5 10 9.5 10 9 9 10.5 11.5 10.5 10

1.6571 1.6061 1.6176 1.5714 1.6471 1.6286 1.6286 1.6364 1.6765 1.5714 1.6 1.6563 1.5833 1.5667 1.5625 1.6207 1.6364 1.5806 1.6061 1.5806 1.6552 1.6207 1.6286 1.6176 1.6364 1.6471 1.5938 1.6667 1.625 1.5455 1.5938 1.6563 1.5938 1.625 1.5625 1.5625 1.5833 1.6389 1.6563 1.6061