A Translation Course in Building Vocabulary

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES & TRANSLATION
A TRANSLATION COURSE IN BUILDING VOCABULARY

Abdullah H. Homiedan, Ph.D Atef F. Youssef, Ph.D
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION - How to assess your own vocabulary

- disheveled appearance - test of verbal speed - a test of verbal responsiveness - CHAPTER ONE - lexicons related to personality types - etymology and related words - more etymology - exercise on chapter one - CHAPTER TWO - words related to medical specialists - origins and related words - review of etymology - match the words - recall the words - work with the words - exercise on chapter two - CHAPTER THREE - lexicons on science and scientists - origins and related words - review of etymology - match terms with meanings - recall the words - love affairs -review of etymology - test of semantic ability -exercise on chapter three
- CHAPTER FOUR -language of liars and lying - match words with definitions - recall the words - origins and related words - review of etymology - exercise on chapter four -CHAPTER FIVE - words related to tickling and flattering - bad news -review of etymology -definitions and words - origins and related words - review of etymology - match words with definitions -exercise on chapter five - CHAPTER SIX - persons and personalities - origins and related words - words and their right expressions - recall the words - chapter review - exercise on chapter six
INTRODUCTION
When you have finished studying this book, you will no longer be the same person. You can not be. If you honestly read every page, if you do every exercise, if you take every test, you will go through an intellectual experience that will effect a radical change in you. For if you systematically increase your vocabulary, you will also sharpen and enrich your thinking; push back your intellectual horizons; build your self-assurance; improve your facility in handling the English language and thereby your ability to express your thoughts effectively; and acquire a deeper understanding of the world in general and of yourself in particular. Increasing your vocabulary does not mean merely learning the definitions of large numbers of obscure words; it doesn't mean memorizing scores of unrelated terms. What it means -what it can only mean- is becoming acquainted with the multitudinous and fascinating phenomena of human existence for which words are, obviously, only the verbal descriptions. Surely you cannot deny that such an experience will change you intellectually. The result will have a discernible effect on your methods of thinking, on your store of information, on your ability to express your ideas, and on your understanding of human problems. What this book can do for you. This book is designed to get you started building your vocabulary effectively and, at jet-propelled speed, helping you regain the intellectual atmosphere, the keen insatiable curiosity, and the powerful urge to learn. The organization of the book is based on two simple principles: () words are the verbal symbols of ideas, and () the more ideas you are familiar with, the more words you know. So, chapter by chapter, we will start with some personality type, doctors, sciences, unusual occupations, liars, actions, speech habits, insults, compliments, etc. and examine ten basic words that express various aspects of each idea. Using each word as a springboard, we will explore any others that are related to it in meaning or derivation. However, the approach is, primarily, to focus on certain ideas each of which is analyzed, with its ramifications, in one paragraph or more. There will be an etymology section where you will learn what Greek or Latin root gives the word its unique meaning and what other words contain the same or related roots. Upon reviewing etymology
exercises, make sure to fill in the English word containing the prefix, root, or suffix required. People with superior vocabularies are the people with ideas. The words they know are verbal symbols of the ideas they are familiar with-reduce one and you must reduce the other, for ideas cannot exist without verbalization. Freud once had an idea and had to coin a whole new vocabulary to make his idea clear to the world. Those who are familiar with Freud's theories know all the words that explain them the unconscious, the ego, the id, the superego, rationalization, Oedipus complex, and so on. Splitting the atom was once a new idea; anyone familiar with it knew something about fission, isotope, radioactive, cyclotrone, etc. Your vocabulary indicates the alertness and range of your mind. The words you know show the extent of your understanding of what's going on in the world. The size of your vocabulary varies directly with the degree to which you are growing intellectually. A new word is not just another pattern of syllables with which to clutter up your mind -- a new word is a new idea to help you think, to help you understand the thoughts of others, to help you express your own thoughts, to help you live a richer intellectual life. One of the chief purposes of this book is to get you started, to give you enough of a push so that you will begin to gather momentum, to stimulate you enough so that you will want to start gathering your own ideas. Where can you gather them? From good books on new topics. How can you gather them? By reading on a wide range of new subjects. Reference can be made to psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis. If your curiosity has been piqued by these references, here is a good place to start. In these fields there is a tremendous and exciting literature and you can read as widely and as deeply as you wish. What we would like to do is offer a few suggestions as to where you might profitably begin how far you go will depend on your own interest. We suggest, first, half a dozen older books (older, but still immensely valuable and completely valid) available at any large public library. -The Human Mind, by Karl A. Menninger -Mind and Body, by Flanders Dunbar -The Mind in Action, by Eric Berne -Understandable Psychiatry, by Leland E. Hinsie -A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, by Sigmund Freud. -Emotional Problems of Living, by O. Spurgeon English and Gerald H.J. Pearson
Next, we suggest books on some of the newer approaches in Psychology.These are available in inexpensive paperback editions. -I Ain't well - But I sure Am Better, by Jess Lair, Ph.D -The Disowned Self, by Nathaniel Brandon. -A Primer of Behavioral Psychology, by A. Delaid Bry. -I'm OK - You're OK , by Thomas A Harris, M. D. -Freedom to be and Man the Manipulator, by Everett L. Shostrum. -Games People Play, by Eric Berne, M. D. -Love and Orgasms, pleasure and the Language of the body, by A. Lowed,M. D -The Transparent Self, by Sydney M. Jourard. -Don't Say Yes When You Want to Say No. by Herbert Frensterheim and Jean Baer -Gestalt Therapy Verbatim, by Frederick S. Perls. -Born to Win, by Muriel James and Dorothy Jogeward -Joy and Here Comes Everybody, by William C. Schultz. -The fifty-Minute Hour, By Robert Lindner
How do you assess your own vocabulary?

Educational testing indicates that children of ten who have grown up in families in which English is the native language have recognition vocabularies of over twenty thousand words- and that these same tenyear-olds have been learning new words at a rate of many hundreds a year since the age of four. In astonishing contrast, studies show that adults who are no longer attending school increase their vocabularies at a pace slower than twenty-five to fifty words annually. You really need to answer questions such as: Is your vocabulary quantitatively healthy? Is it rich in over-all range? Is it responsive to any situation in which you may find yourself? Is it truly indicative of your intellectual potential? Do you now feel that your vocabulary is somewhat limited, your verbal skills not as sharp as you would like them to be? Then series of tests are provided to measure your vocabulary range and your verbal speed and responsiveness. Thirty eight brief phrases, each containing one underlined word are given so that you check the closest definition of each word. To make your score valid, refrain, as far as possible, from wild guessing. . disheveled appearance: a. untidy b. fierce c. foolish d. peculiar e. unhappy . repulsive personality: a. disgusting b. attractive c. normal d. confused e. conceited . audacious attempt: a. useless b. bold c. foolish d. crazy e. necessary . parry a blow: a. word off b. fear c. expect d. invite e. ignore . prevalent disease: a. dangerous b. catching c. childhood d. fatal e. widespread . ominous report: a. loud b. threatening c. untrue d. serious e. unpleasant . an ophthalmologist: a. eye doctor b. skin doctor c. foot doctor d. heart doctor e. cancer specialist
. performed an autopsy: a. examination of living tissue b. examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death c. process in the manufacture of optical lenses d. operation to cure an organic disease e. series of questions to determine the cause of delinquent behavior . an indefatigable worker: a. well-paid b. tired c. skillful d. tireless e. pleasant . Endless loquacity: a. misery b. fantasy c. repetitiousness d. ill health e. talkativeness . a glib talker: a. smooth b. awkward c. loud d. friendly e. boring . an ocular problem: a. unexpected b. insoluble c. visual d. continual e. imaginary . a notorious demagogue : a. rabble-rouser b. gambler c. perpetrator of financial frauds d. liar e. spendthrift . in retrospect: a. view of the past b. artistic balance c. anticipation d. admiration e. second thoughts . to simulate interest: a. pretend b. feel c. lose d. stir up e. ask for . the apathetic citizens: a. made up of separate ethnic groups b. keenly vigilant of their rights c. politically conservative d. different, uninterested, uninvolved e. terrified . to placate his son: a. please b. help c. find a job for d. make arrangements for e. change a feeling of hostility to one of friendliness . to vacillate continually : a. avoid b. swing back and forth in indecision c. inject d. treat e. scold . feel antipathy: a. bashfulness b. stage fright c. friendliness d. hostility e. suspense
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
. be more circumspect ; a. restrained b. confident c. cautious d. honest e. intelligent . an intrepid fighter for human rights: a. fearless b. eloquent c. popular d. experienced e. famous . a taciturn host: stingy b. generous c. disinclined to conversation d. charming e. gloomy . to malign his friend: a. accuse b. help c. disbelieve d. slander e. introduce . a congenital deformity: hereditary b. crippling c. slight d. incurable e. occurring at or during birth . definite neurosis: plan b. emotional disturbance c. physical disease d. feeling of fear e. allergic reaction . made an unequivocal statement: a. hard to understand b. lengthy c. politically motivated d. clear and forthright e. supporting . vicarious enjoyment: complete b. unspoiled c. occurring from a feeling of identification with another d. long-continuing e. temporary . a tyro: a. dominating personality b. beginner c. accomplished musician d. dabbler e. serious student . a laconic reply: immediate b. assured c. tense and meaningful d. unintelligible e. angry . an anomalous situation: a. dangerous b. intriguing c. unusual d. pleasant e. unhappy . posthumous child: a.cranky b.brilliant c.physically weak d.illegitimate e.born after the death of the father . feels enervated: a. full of ambition b. full of strength c. completely exhausted d. troubled e. full of renewed energy
. shows perspicacity: a. sincerely b. mental keenness c. love d. faithfulness e. longing . gregarious person: a. outwardly calm b. very sociable c. completely untrustworthy d. vicious e. self-effacing and timid . generally phlegmatic: a. smug self-satisfied b. easily pleased c. nervous, high-strung d. emotionally unresponsive e. lacking in social graces . an inveterate gambler: a. impoverished b. successful c. habitual d. occasional e. superstitious . an egregious error: a. outstandingly bad b. slight c. irreparable d. unnecessary e. deliberate . uxorious husband: a. henpecked b. suspicious c. guilty of infidelity d.fondly and foolishly doting on his wife e.tightfisted,penny-pinching
A TEST OF VERBAL SPEED

In no more than three minutes , decide whether the word in column B is the same (or approximately the same) in meaning as the word in column A ; opposite (or approximately opposite) in meaning; or whether the two words are merely different. Citcle S for same, O for opposite, and D for different.
A sweet crazy stout big danger help furious begin strange beyond return growl want can idle rich building
B sour insanes fats angrys perils hinder violent start familiar under replace weep desire container working luxurious structure
A TEST OF VERBAL RESPONSIVENESS
. Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter P that is the same, or approximately the same, in meaning as the word given in column A. Example: Look / peer. Warning: Every answer must start with the letter P.
A . bucket . trousers . maybe . forgive . separate . likely . annoy . good-looking . picture . choose . ugly . go . dish
A .location .store .inactive .fussy .suffering .castle .gasp . fear . twosome . artist . sheet .collection
. Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter G that is opposite, approximately opposite, or in contrast to the word given in column A. Example Stop / Go Warning: Every answer must start with the letter G.
A . lose . midget . special . lady . take . moron . sad . boy . happy . plain . hello . here . bad . ugly
A . stingy . awkward . little . rough . bride . ripe . unwanting . unprotected . experienced . scarcity . unappreciative
Now you know where you stand. If you are in the below average or average group, you must consider, seriously, whether an inadequate vocabulary may be holding you back. You have got to know that words are the instruments by means of which men and women grasp the thought of others and with which they do much of their own thinking. They are the tools of thought. Educational research has discovered that your IQ. is intimately related to your vocabulary. Take a standard vocabulary test and then an intelligence test - the results in both will be substantially the same.
CHAPTER ONE
Lexicons related to personality types:
Every human being is, in one way or another, unique. Everyone's personality is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The following are ideas appertaining to some personality types one of which might by chance be your very own: believes in self-advancement talks about accomplishments is interested in the welfare of others. turns thoughts inward turns thoughts outward turns thoughts both inward and outward hates people hates marriage doesn't pursue pleasures of the flesh hates women . egoist: . egotist: . altruist: . introvert: . extrovert: . ambivert: . misanthrope: . misogamist: . ascetic: . misogynist:
Now that you have acquainted yourself with the meanings in the above list, find out if you can indicate, quickly, and without reference to any previous definitions, whether the correct answer to each of the following questions is Yes or No ? . Is an egoist selfish? . Is modesty one of the characteristics of the egotist? . Is an altruist selfish? . Does an introvert pay much attention to himself? . Does an extrovert prefer solitude to companionship? . Are most normal people ambiverts? . Does a misanthrope like people? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
. Does a misogynist enjoy the company of women? . Does an ascetic lead a life of luxury? . Does a misogamist try to avoid marriage?
Y Y Y
You have thus far reinforced your learning by matching them to their definitions. Can you recall each word, without further reference to the previous material? DEFINITIONS . Who lives a lonely austere life? . Whose interests are turned outward? . Who is supremely selfish? . Who hates people? . Whose interests are turned both inward and outward . Who is incredibly conceited? . Who is more interested in the welfare of others than in his own . Who hates women? . Whose interests are turned inward? . Who hates marriage? WORDS
Etymology and related words:

Every word in the English language has a history. In this section you will learn a good deal more about the words you have been working with. In addition, you will make excursions into many other words allied either in meaning, form ,or history to the above basic ten words. Egoist and egotist are built on the same Latin root. The pronoun ego means I. If you are an egocentric, you consider yourself the center of the universe, you are an extreme form of the egoist. And if you are an egomaniac, you carry egoism to such an extreme that your needs, desires, and interests have become a morbid obsession, a mania. The egoist or egotist is obnoxious. The egomaniac is obnoxious, dangerous and slightly mad, while the egocentric is intolerable . Egocentric is both a noun (What
an egocentric her new roommate is!) and an adjective (He is the most egocentric person I have ever met !). To derive the adjective form of egomaniac add -al, a common adjective suffix-- egomaniacal. In Latin, the word for other is alter. Altruism, the philosophy practiced by altruists, which comes from one of the variant spellings of Latin alter, other. Altruistic actions look toward the benefit of others. If you alternate, you skip one and take the other, so to speak, as when you play golf on alternate Saturdays. An alternate in a debate, contest, or convention, is the other person who will take over if the original choice is unable to attend. And if you have no alternative, you have no other choice. You see how easy it is to understand the meanings of these words once you realize that they all come from the same source. And keeping in mind that alter means other, you can quickly understand words like alter ego, altercation, and alteration. An alteration is of course a change- a making into something other. When you alter your plans, you make other plans. An altercation is a verbal dispute. When you have an altercation with someone, you have a violent disagreement, a "fight with words ". And why? Because you have other ideas, plans, or opinions than those of the person on the other side of the argument. Altercation, by the way, is stronger than quarrel or dispute ,the sentiment is more heated, the disagreement is likely to be angry or even hot tempered; there may be recourse, if the disputants are human, to profanity or obscenity. Alter ego, which combines alter, other with ego, I, self, generally refers to someone with whom you are so close that you both do the same things, think alike, react similarly, and are, in temperament, almost mirror images of each other. Any such friend is your other I, your other self, your alter ego. You have seen how these thirteen words derive from the two Latin roots ego, I, self, and alter, other. Now match definitions to words: . ego . ego-centric . altruism . to alternate . to alter . altercation A A. One who is excessively fixated on his own dsires, needs etc B. to change C. argument D. one's concept of oneself E. to take one skip one etc. F. philosophy of putting another's welfare above one's own.
Now match the following adjectives to their meanings from the right column.
. egomaniacal . altruistic . alternative . alteration (N) . alter ego . alternate
A. a change B. other possible C. interested in the welfare of others. D. One's other self E. a choice F. morbidly,obsessively wrapped up in oneself.
Respond to the following questions by circling either Yes or No

. Is rejection usually a blow to one's ego? . Are egocentric people easy to get along with? . Does an egomaniac have a normal personality? . Are egomaniacal tendencies a sign of maturity? . Is altruism a characteristic of selfish people? . Are altruistic tendencies common to egoists? . Is an alternate plan necessarily inferior? . Does an alternative allow you some freedom of choice? . Does alteration imply keeping things the same? . Do excitable people often engage in altercations? . Is your alter ego usually quite similar to yourself? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N N N
Without reference to previous pages, write the correct word in each blank. . One's other self . to change . a heated dispute . excessively morbidly obsessed with one's own needs desires or ambitions . unselfish more interested in the welfare of others than in one's own. . utterly involved with oneself self-centered. . a choice. . one who substitutes for another. . . . . . . . .
MORE ETYMOLOGY
Introvert, extrovert, and ambivert are built on the Latin verb verto, to form. If your thoughts are constantly turned inward (intro) you are an introvert; outward (extro),an extrovert; and in both directions (ambi), an ambivert. The prefix ambi-, both, is also found in ambidextrous, able to use both hands with equal skill. Dexterous means skillful, the noun dexterity means skill. The ending -ous is a common adjective suffix (famous, dangerous, perilous, etc.); -ity is a common noun suffix (variety, quality, simplicity, etc.). The French word for the right hand is adroit, which we have used in building our English word adroit. Needless to say, adroit, like dexterous, means skillful, but especially in the exercise of the mental facilities. Like gauche, adroit, or its noun adroitness, usually, is used figuratively. The adroit person is quick-witted, can get out of difficult spots cleverly, can handle situations ingeniously. Adroitness is, then, quite the opposite of gaucherie. Misanthrope, Misogynist, and Misogamist are built on the Greek root misein, to hate. The root gyne, woman, is also found in gynecologist, the medical specialist who treats female disorders. And the root gamos, marriage, occurs also in monogamy, bigamy and polygamy. Monos means one, bi- means two, polys means many. If a woman has two or more husbands, that custom is called polyandry, from polys plus Greek andros, male. English words have various forms, using certain suffixes for nouns referring to persons, other suffixes for practices, attitudes, philosophies, etc., and still others for adjectives. Person . misanthrope . misogynist . gynecologist . monogamist . bigamist . polygamist . polygynist . polyandrist . philanthropist Practice etc. misanthropy misogyny gynecology monogamy bigamy polygamy polygamy polyandry philanthropy Adjective. misanthropic misogynous gynecological monogamous bigamous. polygamous. polygamous. polyandrous. philanthropic
. anthropologist
anthropology
anthropological
You note, then, that "-ist" is a common suffix for a person; -y for a practice, attitude, etc.; and "-ic" or "-ous" for an adjective. Concerning the word ascetic, it is from the Greek word asketes, monk or hermit. A monk lives a lonely life , not for him the pleasures of the fleshpots, the laughter and merriment of convivial gatherings , the dissipation of high living. The practice is asceticism, the adjective ascetic. Now can you recall a word we have discussed in this chapter that is built on the indicated prefix, root, or suffix? PREFIX, ROOT SUFFIX . ego . alter . intro . extro . verto . amb . misein . anthropos . gyne . asketes . centrum . mania . dexter . sinister . gauche . droit . monos . bi. polys . andros . -ist MEANING self other inside outside turn both hate mankind woman monk center madness right-hand left-hand left-hand right-hand one two many male person who (noun suffix) EXAMPLE
. -y . -ous . -ity
practicecustometc.(noun suffix) adjective suffix quality conditionetc.(noun suffix)
Exercise: I. Match words and meanings.

. ambidextrous . dexterous . sinister . gauche . misanthropic a. evil threatening b. hating mankind c. skillful d. awkward e. capable of using both hands with equal skil
II. Which one means which? . anthropology . gynecology . monogamy . bigamy . misogamy a. system of only one marriage b. hatred of women c. illegal plurality of marriages d. study of human development e. study of female ailments
III. Match each word with its appropriate meaningful phrase: . polygamy . misogamy . asceticism . philanthropy . adroitness a. devotion to a lonely and austere life. b. skillcleverness. c. custom in which one man has many wives. d. love of mankind. e. hatred of marriage.
IV. Match the words each with its appropriate meaningful phrase:
. polygamist . polyandrist . anthropologist . gynecologist . philanthropist
a. student of the development of mankind. b. one who engages in charitable works. c. male with a plurality of wives. d. women's doctor. e. female with a plurality of husbands.
V. Do you understand the underlined words? . Can ambidextrous people use either the left or right hand equally well? . Should a surgeon be manually dexterous? . Is a sinister-looking person frightening? . Is gaucherie a social asset? . Is an adroit speaker likely to be a successful lawyer? . Is a student of anthropology interested in primitive tribes? . Does a gynecologist have more male than female patients . Is monogamy the custom in Western countries? . Is a misogamist likely to show tendencies toward polygamy? .Is a bigamist breaking the law? .Is a philanthropist generally altruistic? . Does a misanthropist enjoy human relationships? . Does a misogynist enjoy female companionship? . Are unmarried people necessarily misogamous? . Are bachelors necessarily misogynous? . Is asceticism compatible with luxurious living and the puristof pleasure? . Does a polyandrist have more than one husband?
EXERCISES ON CHAPTER ONE

I.. Now you have read the chapter on personality types, state the difference in meaning between "personality" and "character." Use both of them in illustrative examples. I.. Provide equivalent(s) in Arabic of the underlined word(s) in the following phrases:
a. He is a man of fine character. b. Being a public character, she did everything possible to marry him. c. His neighbour is quite a character. d. She was out of character.
I.. The word "character" can be used to mean:

Translate the following sentence into English but make sure the word "character" is used in your translation as an equivalent of the underlined words:

,. Based on your analysis of , above, translate the following sentences into Arabic: -He refused to indulge in personalities -He is a man with personality. I.. Provide four English synonyms of the word "personality" I.. Use the verb form of the word personality in a sentence to reflect any one of the following meanings. . represent . live as . act out . imitate I.. What synonyms do you know of the word "altruistic"?.
I. In this chapter, you have studied a word that is similar in meaning to the following synonyms...can you recall it ? braggart, boaster, blowhard, windbag, trumpeter, swagger, gas con, braggadocio, strutter, swashbuckler, rodomont, peacock, blusterer, bragger. ---------------------I.. The following is a definition of a word you have studied in this chapter ... what is it? "Excessively strict or rigid in devotions or mortifications" ,. Explain in English the difference in meaning between "egomaniac" and "egocentric".
,. Can you translate the following expression into Arabic? Actions obnoxious to censure. ,.What are the English equivalents for the following Arabic words:
,. The word "dispute" in the following sentence can be translated into Arabic with a word that is semantically different from the Arabic words listed in I. above. First translate the sentence, then elaborate on its semantic property. -He won the prize beyond dispute. I.. In this chapter, you've studied a word with one specified meaning; but mind you that this same word also means:
- -
Can you recall that word? I.. From a Psychoanalytical point of view, there is an English word that means an attaching, or arresting of emotional and psycho sexual development at an early or infantile stage, often due to a childhood trauma. The word is among the words used in chapter one - can you recall it? I.. The word "morbid" is used in this chapter to mean affected by or characteristic of disease. In the following sentences the word "morbid" has semantically different connotation. How would you reflect its connotations in your translation of the following into Arabic?. - Morbid anatomy is his area of specialty. - He lived in a morbid state for a long time before he passed away. - His wife divorced him for he was a morbid man.
I.. What is the English word in this chapter that means: adroit, deft, nimble? I.. In your translation of the following Arabic structure. You've got to use words from this list: adroit deft nimble dexterou s I.. There is a word in this chapter that is synonymous to "ascetic" and "monk." It also means a recluse or any of various animals of solitary habits. It means cookery, a spiced molasses cookie. Can you recall the word? I.. In this chapter you acquainted yourself with a word that means: . a place catering to indulgences and pleasure. . the material comforts and sensual pleasures of high living. . a vessel containing meat. Can you recall it ? I.. You have acquainted yourself with a word that's synonymous to the following words. Recall the word. Gaiety, laughter, mirth, hilarity I.. The semantic property common among the following Arabic words should remind you of a word you have learned in this chapter. What is the word?

I.. The word that is the answer to question "I." should be used in translating the following Arabic structure into English.
(! )
I.. Write some synonyms for the word "sinister".
CHAPTER TWO MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

In this chapter we discuss words related to medical specialists- what they do, how they do it, and what they are called. The following words take on a new color if you hear them in your own voice; they begin to belong to you more personally, more intimately, than if you merely hear them or read them. . An internist: A physician who gives you a thorough physical examination, using an impressive array of tests: X-ray, blood chemistry, urinalysis, cardiogram, and so on. . A gynecologist: This specialist treats the female productive and sexual organs. . An obstetrician: This specialist delivers babies and takes care of the mother during and immediately after the period of her pregnancy. . A pediatrician: This specialist limits his practice to youngsters, taking care of babies directly after birth, supervising their diet and watching over their growth and development. . A dermatologist: This specialist treats all skin diseases such as: infections, acne, eczema, impetigo, psoriasis, and cancer. . An ophthalmologist: He is the physician whose specialty is (disorders of vision, Myopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, etc.) He may prescribe glasses, administer drugs, or perform surgery. . An orthopedist: deals with the skeletal structure of the body, treating bone fractures, slipped disks, curvature of the spine, dislocation of the hip, etc. . A cardiologist: This specialist treats diseases of the heart and circulatory system. . A neurologist: This physician specializes in the treatment of disorders of the nervous system. . A psychiatrist: Are you neurotic? This specialist attempts to alleviate mental and emotional disturbances by means of various techniques, occasionally drugs of electroshock, more often private or group psychotherapy.
I. Match each doctor to the field: Fields . mental or emotional disturbances . nervous system . skin . diagnosis; internal organs . infants . female productive organs . eyes . heart . pregnancy, childbirth .skeletal system Doctors a. internist b. gynecologist c. obstetrician d.pediatrician e. dermatologist f. ophthalmologist g. orthopedist h. cardiologist i. neurologist j. psychiatrist
II. Do you understand the underlined words? Circle Yes or No . Is an internist an expert in diagnosis? . Is a gynecologist familiar with the female reproductive organs? . Does an obstetrician specialize in diseases of childhood? . Does a pediatrician deliver babies? . If you had a skin disease, would you visit a dermatologist? Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N
. If you had trouble with your vision would you visit an orthopedist? . Is an ophthalmologist an eye specialist? . Does a cardiologist treat bone fractures? . Is a neurologist a nerve specialist?
Y Y Y Y
N N N N N
Y . If you were nervous, tense, overly anxious, constantly fearful for no apparent reasons, would a psychiatrist be the specialist to see?
III. Write the name of the specialist you might visit or be referred to: . for a suspected brain disorder . for a thorough internal checkup . if you have a skin disease . if you have a heart problem . if you are tense, fearful, insecure . if you are pregnant . for some disorder of the female reproductive organs . for a checking for your two months old child . for faulty vision . for curvature of the spine . . . . . . . . . .
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS

- Internist and internal derive from the same Latin root (internus = inside). Do not confuse the internist with the intern (also spelled internee) who is a medical graduate serving an apprenticeship inside a hospital. -Gynecologist is built on Greek" "gyne" woman (plus logos = science); etymologically, gynecologist is the medical science of women. -Obstetrician derives from Latin (obstetrics = midwife) which has its source in a Latin verb meaning to stand. The suffix -ician, as in obstetrician, physician, musician, magician, electrician, etc., means expert. - Pediatrician is a combination of Greek (paidos = child, iatreia = medical healing, and -"ician" expert pediatrician), then, is by etymology the medical healing of a child. - Pedagogy ,which combines paidos with agogos, leading, is, etymologically, the leading of children and to what do you lead them? To learning, to development, to growth, to maturity. Hence pedagogy refers actually to the principles and methods of teaching. - A pedagogue is versed in pedagogy. From its original, neutral meaning of teacher, it has deteriorated, to the point where it refers to a narrowminded, strait-laced, old-fashioned, dogmatic teacher.It is a word of contempt and should be used with caution. Like pedagogue, demagogue has also deteriorated in meaning. By derivation a leader (agogos) of the people (demos), a demagogue today is actually one who attempts to mislead the people.
- Dermatologist is named from Greek (dermas = Skin). The syllables derma in any English word have reference to skin e.g., hypodermic = needle penetrates under the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin; taxidermist whose business is taxidermy, prepares, stuffs, and mounts the skins of animals. - Pachyderm is an animal with an unusually thick skin, and dermatitis is the general name for any skin inflammation, irritation, or infection. -Ophthalmologist -note the "ph" preceding "th" - is from Greek (ophthalmos = eye), plus (logos = science or study). An earlier title for this physician is oculist from Latin (oculus = eye), a root on which the following English words are also built: "ocular; [monocle = a lens for one (monos) eye]; [binoculars = field glass that increase the range of two(bi-) eyes]. And strangely enough, inoculate: refers to the incident when you are inoculated against a disease; an "eye", puncture, or hole is made in your skin, through which serum is injected. Do not confuse the ophthalmologist or oculist, a medical specialist, with two other practitioners who deal with the eye - the optometrist and optician who are not physicians, and do not perform surgery or administer drugs; they measure vision, test for glaucoma, and prescribe and fit glasses .Opticians fill an optometrist's or ophthalmologist"s prescription, grind lenses according to specifications; they do not examine patients. Optometrist combines Greek opsis, optikos, sight or vision, with metron, measurement . The optometrist, by etymology, is one who measures vision. Optician is built on opsis, (optikos, plus - ician, expert).
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PHRASES . gynecology . obstetrics . pediatrics . pedagogy . demagoguery . dermatology . taxidermy a. principles of teaching b. stuffing of skins of animals c. specialty dealing with the delivery of newborn infants. d. stirring up discontent among the masses. e. treatment of skin diseases. f. specialty dealing with women's diseases. g. specialty dealing with the treatment of children.
MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR MEANINGS . hypodermic . epidermis . pachyderm . dermatitis . ophthalmologist . optometrist . optician a. elephant b. eye doctor c. under the skin d. one who measures vision e. lens grinder f. outer layer of skin g. inflammation of the skin
CIRCLE EITHER (YES) OR (NO) . Does a treatise on obstetrics deal with childbirth? . Does gynecology deal with the female reproductive organs? . Is pediatrics concerned with the diseases of old age? . Does pedagogy refer to teaching . Is a pedagogue an expert teacher? . Is a demagogue interested in the welfare of the people? . Is a lion a pachyderm? . Is the epidermis one of the layers of the skin? . Is dermatitis an inflammation of one of the limbs? .Is a taxidermist a medical practitioner? .Is an ophthalmologist a medical doctor? .Is an optometrist a medical doctor? .Does an optician prescribe glasses?
Recall the words in the right column: . specialty of child delivery . outer layer of skin . principles of teaching . thick-skinned animal . skin inflammation . one who foments political discontent . one who sells optical equipment . . . . . . .
. medical graduate serving his apprenticeship. . treatment of childhood diseases .practice of stirring up political dissatisfaction for purely personal gain. .one who stuffs the skins of animals. .another title for ophthalmologist .treatment of female ailments . medical specialty relating to diseases of the eye. .one-lens eyeglass .pertaining to the eye .one who measures vision
. . . . . . . . . .

-Orthopedist is from the Greek roots "orthos" = straight or correct, and paidos= child. The orthopedist straightens children = prevention of childhood diseases - the correction of spinal curvature in children was a main concern of practitioners of orthopedics. -Orthodontia, the straightening of teeth - is built on "orthos" plus odontos, tooth. Specializes in improving your "" bite retracting" "buck teeth", and by means of braces and other techniques seeing to it that every noral, incisor, bicuspid, etc. is exactly where it belongs in your mouth.
-Cardiologist combines Greek Kardia = heart, and logos = science. A cardiogram is the electricity produced record of the heartbeat. The instrument that produce this record is called a cardiograph. -Neurologist derives from Greek neuron = nerve, plus logos = science. Neuralgia is acute pain along the nerves and their braces; the word comes from neuron plus Lagos = pain. Neuritis is inflammation of the nerves. Neurosis, combining neuron with -osis , a suffix meaning abnormal or diseased condition, is not a disorder of the nerves, but rather an illness characterized by excessive use of energy for unproductive purposes so that personality development is hindered or stopped. -A neurosis is not a form of mental unbalance. A full-blown mental disorder is called a psychosis, a word built on Greek psyche spirit, soul, or mind, plus-osis. A true psychotic has lost contact with reality. Built on psyche plus ietreia, medical healing, a psychiatrist by etymology is a mind healer. Geriatrics, the specialty dealing with the particular medical needs of the elderly. This word combines "ietreia" with Greek geras, "old age". The specialist is a geriatrician, the adjective is geriatric.
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
ROOT,SUFFIX . orthos . paidos . odontos . Kardia . logos . neuron . algos . -osis . -itis . -psyche . iatreia . geras MEANING straight, correct child tooth heart science, study nerve pain abnormal or diseased condition inflammation spirit, soul, mind medical healing old age ENGLISH WORD . . . . . . . . . . . .
ADDITIONAL MATCHING .orthopedics a. nerve pain
.orthodontia . neurolgia . neuritis . geriatrics .cardiogram .cardiograph . neurosis . psychosis . psychiatry
b. specialty dealing with medical problems of the elderly. c. straightening of teeth. d. inflammation of the nerves. e. treatment of skeletal deformities f. record of heart beats g. mental unbalance h. emotional disturbance i. treatment of personality disorders. j. instrument for recording heart beats.
Do you understand the underlined words ? Circle true or false. . A gynecologist' s patients are mostly men. . Ophalmology is the study of eye disease. . Orthopedics is the specialty dealing with the bones and joints. . A cardiac patient has a heart ailment . A person with a bad bite may profit from orthodontia . . Neuralgia is a disease of the bones. . A neurosis is the same as a psychosis. . Neuritis is inflammation of the nerves. . Psychiatry is a medical specialty that deals with mental, emotional,and . A cardiograph is a device for recording heartbeats. . Psychiatric treatment is designed to relieve tensions, fears, and . A doctor who specializes in pediatrics has very old patients. . A geriatrician has very young patients.
RECALL THE WORDS . Specialist who straighten teeth . Nerve pain . Medical specialty dealing with bones and joints . Medical specialty dealing with emotional disturbances and mental illness . Inflammation of the nerves . Imotional or personality disorder . Mentally unbalanced . Pertaining to the heart . Specialty dealing with medical problems of the elderly . Instrument that records heart action . Record produced by such an instrument . . . . . . . . . . .
EXERCISES ON CHAPTER TWO
. The word "intimate" is used in the introduction to mean very private, closely personal or pertaining to or existing deep within the mind. In your translation of the following sentence,make sure that the underlined words are given the equivalent" intimate".
- - - - -
II .. "pregnancy" is a word used in this chapter to mean "the state, period, or quality of being pregnant (carrying a fetus in the body)". But it also means full or replete e.g. pregnant with significance, showing fertility, full of consequence or significance; rich in imagination or wit. Basic to this semantic analysis of the given word, how would you render the following structures?. . His speech was full of pregnant utterances. . His essay was difficult to comprehend for it was pregnant with ideas. I I .. Explain in English the difference between: curvature rupture - laceration fracture
rapture
- concussion
II .. The words "alleviate" and "palliate" share the meaning: "to try to conceal the significance of ---by excuses and apologies; or to make easier to be endured or to be more tolerable. What Arabic equivalents can you come up with in translating the following structures, mainly the underlined words? . The attorney at law tried to palliate the crime committed by his defendant. . His well chosen words alleviated the severity of the calamity. II .. A list of synonyms of the two words "alleviate" and "palliate" are given randomly. Rearrange them in a way to show which word belongs to which: palliate to ease levity to lessen relieve make easier to be endured e.g. sorrow, pain, distress mitigate to try to conceal the significance of by excuses and apologies abate alleviate
II. . Does the word "skeleton" in the following structure exclusively mean: "the total bony framework which sustains the softer body parts of vertebrates" or should it necessarily be given a different equivalent in Arabic? Provide complete Arabic translation: . Being faced with financial difficulties, the board of directors decided to run the company by a skeleton staff. . skeleton crew . skeleton key
II . Provide English equivalents of the following Arabic structures where the differences in meaning are made clear.
- - - - -
II . What are the Arabic equivalents for each of the following branches of medicine: -surgery -therapy -therapeutics -anesthesiology -internal medicine -oral surgery -general practice -experimental medicine -psychiatry -psychotherapy psychoanalysis -ophthalmology -neurology -cardiology -dermatology -pathology endocrinology -immunology -laryngology -urology -diathermy -hematology diagnostic
-radiotherapy -obstetrics -gynecology -pediatrics -orthopedics otolaryngology -otology -psycho pathology -psychosomatics -geriatrics -chiropody veterinary The following are not always recognized as branches of medicine, provide their meanings in Arabic: -osteopathy -homeopathy -chiropractic II. Translate the following sentences into English, make sure that the underlined words are given the English equivalent "inoculate".
- -
Now make sure the underlined words are translated either by " imbue" or "engraft".
- -
II.. The word inflammation is used in this chapter in the sense of "redness and swelling of any part of the body; attended with heat and pain." Its derived adjective "inflammatory" is used in the following sentence to denote a semantic variety. Translate the following sentence and provide an Arabic equivalent that reflects its intended meaning. - The people considered the minister's speech inflammatory and purposeful.
II. . In this chapter you have read a word that means: . a warm application . to promote or encourage . to instigate . to bathe with warm liquids . encouragement toward a destructive purpose . Recall the word: ------------------------.
II. . The word "nerve" is used in this chapter with reference to "medical anatomy whose function is to convey sensation and originate motion through all parts of the body". Figure out its intended meaning in the following English Structures - translate them into Arabic: . In the battle he proved himself as a nerveless champion. . The regime governed the country due to possessing such reliable nerve centers. . The scientist studied the biology of nervation. . The extremely annoying and irritating stress on the job was a nervewracking.
CHAPTER THREE LEXICONS ON SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
In this chapter we deal with words that describe students of human development, of the heavens, of the earth, of plant and animal life of insect forms, of words and language, and of social organization. Who are some of the more important explorers of knowledge - and by what terms are they known? -An anthropologist. His field is all Mankind: how we developed in mind and body from primitive cultures and early forms. -An astronomer: What is above? The field is the heavens and all that's in them-planets, galaxies, stars and others universes. -A geologist: and what's below? The field is the comparatively little and insignificant whirling ball on which we live - the earth. How did our planet come into being, what is it made of, how were its mountains, oceans, rivers, plains, and valleys formed, and what's down deep if you start digging ? -A biologist: his field is all living organs from the simplest one called ameba to the amazingly complex and mystifying structure we call a human being. -A botanist: Biology classifies life into two great divisions, plant and animal. This scientist's province is the former category - flowers, trees, shrubs, mosses, marine vegetation, blossoms, fruits, seeds, grasses, and all the rest that make up the plant kingdom.
-A zoologist: Animals of every description, kind, and condition, from birds to bees, fish to fowl, reptiles to humans are the special area of exploration of this scientist. -An entomologist: There are over different species and this scientist is interested in every one of them. - A philologist: This linguistic scientist explores the subtle, intangible, elusive uses of that unique tool that distinguishes human beings from all other forms of life to wit: language. This person is, in short, a student of linguistics, ancient and modern, primitive and cultured, Chinese, Arabic, Icelandic, Slavic, Teutonic, and every other kind spoken now or in the past by human beings, not excluding that delightful hodgepodge known as "pidgin English", in which a piano is described as "big box, you hit'm in teeth, he cry"', and in which Hamlet's famous quandary, "To be or not to be, that is the question.......," is translated into "can do, not can do-how fashion"? -A semanticist: This linguistic scientist explores the subtle, intangible, elusive relationship between language and thinking, between meaning and words; and is interested in determining the psychological causes and effects of what people say and write. -A sociologist: This scientist is a student of the ways in which people live together, their family and community structures and customs, their housing, their social relationships, their forms of government, and their layers of caste and class.
I. Match each term with its professional field: SCIENTIST PROFESSIONAL FIELD
. Anthropologist . Astronomer . Geologist . Biologist . Botanist . Zoologist . Entomologist . Philologist . Semanticist . Sociologist
a. community and family life b. meanings and psychological effects of words c . development of the human race d. celestial phenomena e. language f. insect forms g. the earth h. all forms of living matter i. animal life j. plant life
II. Can you recall the words? . Insects . Language . Social conditions . History of development of mankind. . E.................................... . P.................................... . S.................................... . A....................................
. Meanings of words . Plants . The earth . The heavenly bodies . All living things . Animals
. S.................................... . B.................................... . G.................................... . A.................................... . B.................................... . Z....................................

-Anthropologist is constructed from roots we are familiar with anthropos, mankind, and logos, science, study. -Astronomer is built on Greek astron, star, and nomos, arrangement, law or order. The astronomer is interested in the arrangement of stars and other celestial bodies. The adjective astronomical is often used in a non-heavenly sense as in "the astronomical size of the national debt." Astron, Star, combines with logos to form astrology, which assesses the influence of planets and stars or human events. The practitioner is an astrologer. By etymology, an astronaut is a sailor among the stars (Greek neutes, sailor). This person is termed with somewhat less exaggeration a cosmonaut by the Russians (Greek, Kosmos, universe). Nautical, relating to sailors, sailing ships, or navigation, derives also from nautes, and nautes in turn is from Greek naus, ship a root used in nausea ( etymologically, ship sickness or seasickness). Aster is a star shaped flower. Asterisk, a star-shaped symbol *, is generally used in writing or printing to direct the reader to look for a footnote. Astrophysics is that branch of physics dealing with heavenly bodies. Autonomy: a word that combines nomos, law, with autos, self autonomy, then, is the self-law, selfgovernment. Metronome is a word that combines nomos with metron, measurement. You know the instrument that beginners at the piano use to guide their timing. A pendulum swings back and forth, making an audible click at each swing, and in that way governs or orders the measure (or timing) of the player. Hence it is called a metronome.
-Geologist: derives from Greek(geo-) earth. The science is geology. Geometry -ego plus metron - by etymology "measurement of the earth". The ancient scientist was originally concerned with the measurement of land and spaces on the earth. The mathematician is a geometrician; the adjective is geometric. Geography is writing about (graphein, to write), or mapping, the earth. The name George is also derived from ge(geo-), earth, plus "ergon" work the first George was (an earth-worker or farmer.). -Biologist combines "bios", life, with logos, science, study. Bios, life, is also found in biography, writing about someone's life, autobiography, the story of one's life written by oneself, and biopsy, a medical examination, or view ( opsis, optikos, view, vision), generally through a microscope, of living tissue, frequently performed when cancer is suspected. A biopsy is contrasted with an autopsy, which is a medical examination of a corpse in order to discover the cause of death. The autos in autopsy means, self . In an autopsy, etymologically speaking, the surgeon or pathologist determines, by actual view or sight rather than by theorizing , what brought the corpse to its present grievous state. -Botanist is from Greek botane, plant. The field is botany; the adjective is botanical . -Zoologist is from Greek Zoion, animal. The zodiac is a diagram, used in astrology, of the paths of the sun, moon, and planets, it contains, in part, Latin names for various animals Scorpio, scorpion; Leo, lion, cancer, crab, Taurus, bull, Aries, ram, and Pisces, fish. Hence its derivation from zoion, animal.
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
PREFIX, ROOT . anthropos . Logos . astron . nautes . naus . dis . nomos . autos . metron . ge(geo-) . graphein . bios . opsis, optikos . botane . zoion
MEANING mankind science, study star sailor ship against arrangement, law ,order self measurement earth to write life view, vision, sight plant animal
ENGLISH WORD
MATCH EACH TERM WITH ITS MEANING . anthropology . astronomy . astrology . geology . biology . geometry . botany . geography . zoology a. theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events. b. science of earth mapping c. science of all living matter d. science of human development e. science of plants f. science of the composition of earth. g. science of animal life h. mathematical science of figures, shapes, etc. i. science of planets and stars. ADDITIONAL MATCHING . autopsy . biopsy . biography . autobiography . zodiac . astronaut a. sailor among the stars b. star-shaped flower c. story of one's own life d. dissection and examination of a corpse to determine thecause of death e. great misfortune f. sailor of the universe
. cosmonaut . aster . disaster . autonomy . metronome
g. story of someone's life h. diagram of paths of sun, moon, and planets i. instrument to measure musical tune j. self-rule k. examination of living tissue
DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? CIRCLE YES OR NO. . Are anthropological studies concerned with plant life . Are astronomical numbers extremely small . Is an astrologer interested in the time and date of your birth . Are nautical maneuvers carried on at sea . Does a disastrous earthquake take a huge toll of the life andproperty . Do geological investigations sometimes determine where oil is to be found? . Does a geometrician work with mathematics . Do geographical shifts in population sometimes affect theeconomy of an area? . Does a biographical novel deal with the life of a real person . Is botany a biological science . Is the United States politically autonomous . Is a biopsy performed on a dead body . Is a metronome used in the study of mathematics . Is an autopsy performed to correct a surgical problem N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
. Does an author write an autobiography about someone else's life N
RECALL A WORD THAT EPITOMIZES THE MEANING OF EACH ONE OF THE GIVEN EXPRESSIONS. . Pertaining to the science of animals . Pertaining to the science of plants . Dissection of a corpse to determine the cause of death . Story of one's life, self-written . Pertaining to the science of all living matter . Science of the measurement of figures . Pertaining to the science of the earth composition .Branch of physics dealing with the composition of celestial b . Star shaped flower . Very high in number; pertaining to the science of the heavens . Science of the development of mankind . Science of heavenly bodies . Person who believes human events are influenced by the paths of the sun, moon and planets . Microscopic examination of living tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WORDS PROVIDED SHOULD START EACH WITH THE GIVEN LETTER . Self - government . time measurer for music . voyage among the stars . Traveler through the universe . Great misfortune . Mapping of the earth . Self-governing . Diagram used in astrology . Pertaining to such a diagram . Pertaining to ships, sailing, etc. . Star-shaped symbol . Story of a person's life . A . M . A . C . D . G . A . Z . Z . N . A . B

The prefix "ec"-, from Greek " ek" - means out; (the Latin prefix, you will recall, is ex-.). Combine "ec-" with tome to derive the words for surgical procedures in which parts are "cut out," or removed: tonsillectomy (the tonsils), appendectomy (the appendix), mastectomy (the breast), hysterectomy (the uterus), prostatectomy (the prostate), etc. Combine "ec"-with Greek kenton, center (the Latin root, as we have discovered, is centrum), to derive eccentric - out of the center, hence deviating from the normal in behavior, attitudes, etc., or unconventional, odd, strange. The noun is eccentricity. The Greek prefix a- makes a root negative; the atom was so named at a time when it was considered the smallest possible particle of an element that is, one that could not be cut any further. The Greek prefix "Ana-" has a number of meanings, one of which is up, as in anatomy, originally the cutting up of a plant or animal to determine its structure, later the bodily structure itself. Originally any book that was part of a larger work of many volumes was called a tomeetymologically, a part out from the whole. Today, a tome designates, often disparagingly, an exceptionally large book, or one that is heavy and dull in content. The Greek prefix "dicha", in two, combines with tome to construct dichotomy, a splitting in two, a technical word used in astronomy, biology, botany, and the science of logic. The verb is dichotomize; the adjective is dichotomous. Dichotomous thinking is the sort that divides everything into two parts - good and bad; white and black; etc.
Epitome, a condensation of the whole, may refer to a summary or abridgment of language, as in " let me have an epitome of the book, "or" give me the epitome of his speech". It is from "epi-", on, upon, plus tome. The verb is epitomize e.g. that one act epitomizes her philosophy of life. Logos, we know, means science or study; it may also mean word or speech, as it does in philosophy, etymologically the love of words (from Greek Philein, to love, plus logos) or what is more commonly called linguistics, the science of language, a term derived from Latin Lingua, tongue. The verb philander, to "have love affairs", be promiscuous, or have extramarital relations, combines philein with andros, male. By etymology, philosophy is the love of wisdom (Greek "sophos", wise); Philadelphia is the city of brotherly love (Greek "adelphos", brother); Philharmonic is the love of music or ;harmony (Greek harmonia, harmony); and philter, a rarely used word, is a love potion. Today we call whatever arouses sexual desire an aphrodisiac, from Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of love and beauty. Aphrodisiac is an adjective as well as a noun - aphrodisiacal is also used. A bibliophile means a book collector - the combining root is Greek biblion, book. An Anglophile admires and is fond of the British people, customs, culture, etc. The combining root is Latin Anglus, English. Semantics, like orthopedics, pediatrics, and obstetrics, is a singular noun despite the -s ending. Semantics is, not are, an exciting study. However, this rule applies only when we refer to the word as a science or area of study. In the following sentences, semantics is used as a plural. The semantics of your thinking are all wrong.
Sociology is built on Latin "Socius", companion, plus Logos, science, study. "Socius "is the source of such common words as associate, social, socialize, society, sociable, and antisocial, as well as asocial, which combines the negative prefix a- with "socius". Someone who is asocial is withdrawn and self-centered, avoids contact with others, and feels completely indifferent to the interests or welfare of society. The asocial person doesn't want to "get involved".
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
PREFIX, ROOT . en. tome . in. sectus . Kentron (centrum) . a. ana. dicha . epi. Logos . Lingua . Philein . Sophos . adelphos . biblion . Anglus . Socius MEANING in a cutting in cut center not, negative up in two on, upon word, speech tongue to love wise brother book English Companion ENGLISH WORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. anti-
against
TEST YOUR SEMANTIC ABILITY: MATCH THE NUMBER TO ITS APPROPRIATE LETTER. . dichotomize . epitomize . Philander . Philter . bibliophile . Anglophile . asocial . tome . Philological .Sociological a. dull, heavy book b. love potion, aphrodisiac c. pertaining to the study of language. d. one fond of British people customs, etc. e. pertaining to the science of group cultures, conventions, etc. f. to split in two g. withdrawn from contact with people h. book collector i. to summarize j. to engage in extramarital sex.
CIRCLE EITHER YES OR NO . Is a Philanderer likely to be faithful to a spouse . Did Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ryde lead a dichotomous existence . Is an egoist the epitome of selfishness . Is a Philanthropist antisocial . Is an aphrodisiac intended to reduce sexual interest . Is a Bibliophile's chief aim the enjoyment of literature . Does a Philologist understand etymology . Is a Semanticist interested in more than the dictionary meanings of words . Is an asocial person interested in improving social conditions . Is a light novel considered a tome
CAN YOU RECALL THE WORDS? WORDS RECALLED SHOULD START WITH THE LETTER GIVEN. . Pertaining to the study of social customs . Pertaining to the psychological effect of words . Lover and collector of books . Make love promiscuously . Pertaining to the science of linguistics . Pertaining to the study of insects . One who admires British customs . Smallest particle, so-called . Pertaining to the structure of a body . A dull, heavy book . Split in two (adj . Split in two . A condensation, summary or representation of the whole . To stand for the whole; to summarize . S . S . B . P . P . E . A . A . A . T . D . D . E . E
. Pertaining to charitable activities (adj . Out of the norm, odd . One who "plays around . Arousing sexual desire (adj . Science of the manner in which groups functio . Self-isolated from contact with people
. P . E . P . A . S . A
EXERCISES ON CHAPTER THREE

III. . In this chapter you have come across a word that means "being the first or earliest of the kind or in existence, especially, in an early age of the world." a. can you recall the word? b. if you have guessed it, use it in a sentence, provided it means "rude" or "rudely simple". III .. Can you think of some synonyms of the word "fundamental"- list them. III .. The verb "mystify" means" to perplex purposely, to bewilder, to obscure, or to play on the credulity of....". Write its noun form and then explain it in English III . What is the English word you have read in this chapter that means: "domestic or barnyard cock or hen; any of various other wild gallinaceous or similar birds as the turkey or duck" recall it. III.. In this chapter there is a word that can variably be used to connote:

a. read the chapter and recall the word. b. provide some synonyms of the word "subtle". III.. "_________", as a word inserted in this chapter it means: "impalbable , airy, ephemeral , immaterial, without substance, ethereal incorporate". Recall the word and write it in the the this space ___________.
III.. The following are synonyms of a word you studied in this chapter. Read the synonyms and write the word in the provided space. slippery,evanescent,occult,imponderable,equivocal,obscure "________________" III.. Check your English Arabic dictionary and write down the meanings given for each word in questions // and // above. III.. A. Explain the difference in meaning between "insect", "instinct" and "insert". B. Provide English synonyms for each one of them. C. Translate the following sentences into Arabic special attention should be given to the underlined words. -The editor inserted an ad in the middle of the front page. -The little girl has an instinct for music. -I have just read a poem instinct with passion. III. . The following are sentences written in Arabic whose equivalent versions are given in this chapter ... either recall their equivalent versions or provide translation of your own.
-
-
III.. "Click" is also a word inserted in this chapter. It is used in the following structures in a way where selective Arabic equivalents are needed. Provide complete translation of the following: -when they came home last night, they claimed that the show clicked. -children on the seashore were looking for click beetle.
III.. The following two Arabic structures should remind you of a lexicon implied in chapter three. Recall the lexicon and provide complete English translation of the following.
- -
III. . Which one of the following words is closest in meaning to "dissection"?: vivisection, operation, biopsy, dissemble. III. . What is the difference in meaning between "dissection" and "incision". Write all possible meanings that each one of them has. III. . It can be supposed that in this chapter you have studied , the translation versions of the following Arabic structures. Try either to recall their translated versions or provide your own translations:
- -
- -
III.. The words:"deflect, digress, swerve, vary, shy, wander, stray, turnaside, bear off, go out of control, divagate, depart from, break the pattern, go a miss, angle away or off, leave the beaten path, not conform, break bounds, get off the subject, edge off, and veer " , are synonyms of "keep on, keep in line". In this chapter you studied a word that falls in line with the first group of words. Can you recall the word? "_____________". III. . You have studied the word "disparage" and now you understand that it means" to bring reproach or discredit upon; or to lower the estimation of; or to speak of slightingly". Can you think of some English words that connote similar semantic reference? list them. III. . You have come across the word "epitome" and its verb form "epitomize" see if you can use them in your translation of the following Arabic structures.
- -
III.
The
word
"promiscuous"
means
"something
mingled
indiscriminately, forming part of a confused crowd or mass". aWhat are its adverb and noun forms? b. How would you translate the following two structures into Arabic: . promiscuous friendship . promiscuous sexual relations.
III. . Does the word "dose" mean "potion"? Elaborate by explaining in what sense each word is usually used. III. . Supposedly, the following list is composed of synonymous words that are relevant in meaning to the word "isolate". Bearing in mind the semantic properties of the word isolate, provide their equivalents in Arabic. . confine . detach . seclude . divide . separate . disunite . disconnect . dissolve . dissever . sunder . unravel . cleave . bisect . rend . unbind . half . insulate . disentangle . abscond . circumcise . segregate . sequester . seclude . draw apart
CHAPTER FOUR LANGUAGE OF LIARS AND LYING
Lying seems to be an integral weakness of mortal character. We doubt that few human beings would be so brash as to claim that they have never in their lives told at least a partial untruth. Indeed, one philologist goes so far as to theorize that language must have been invented for the sole purpose of deception. It is certainly true that animals seem somewhat more honest than humans, maybe because they are less gifted mentally. If lying is a prevalent and all-too-human phenomenon, there would of course be a number of interesting words to describe different types of liars. What kind of liars are there? -A notorious liar: A person whose personality is known for avoiding facts. He has built so solid and unsavory a reputations that only a stranger is likely to be misled. -A consummate liar: His ability is top-drawer rarely does anyone lie as convincingly or as artistically as he does. His skill,in short, has reached the zenith of perfection. His lying is almost always crowned with success. -An incorrigible liar: This person is impervious to correction. Often as he may be caught in his fabrications, there is no reforming him. He goes right on lying despite the punishment, embarrassment, or unhappiness that this distortions of truth may bring upon him. -An inveterate liar: This person is the victim of firmly fixed and deep-rooted habits. Telling untruths is as frequent and customary an activity as brushing his teeth in the morning.
-A congenital liar: This person has such a long history of persistent falsification that one can only suspect that his vice started when he was reposing in his mother's womb. -A chronic liar: No let up - while normal people lie on occasions and often for special reasons, he lies continually. -A pathological liar: A strange disease. This person doesn't bother to distinguish fact from fantasy; not concerned with the difference between truth and falsehood. His lying is a disease that no antibiotic can cure. -An unconscionable liar: This person is completely without a conscience. No matter what misery for fabrications may cause his innocent victims, he never feels the slightest twinges of guilt. -A glib liar: This person possesses a lively imagination and a ready tongue, he can distort facts as smoothly and as effortlessly as he can say his name. But he doesn't always get away with his lies. -An egregious liar: This person's lies are so outstandingly hurtful that people gasp in amazement and disgust at hearing them. The ten basic words mentioned above revolve rather closely around a central core. Each one, however, has a distinct, a unique meaning, and a special implication. Note the difference: TYPE OF LIAR . notorious . consummate . incorrigible . inveterate SPECIAL IMPLICATION famous or infamous for lying; tendency to falsify is well-known great skill far gone to be reformed , impervious to rehabilitation lying has become a deep-rooted habit
. congenital . chronic . pathological
lying had very early beginnings as if from birth over and over an irresistible compulsion to lie often for no rational reason lying is a disease
. unconscionable . glib . egregious
lack of regret or remorse great smoothness viciousness of the lies
Again, these ten expressive adjectives are not restricted to lying or liars. They also have general meanings: words . notorious . consummate . incorrigible . inveterate meanings well-known for some bad quality -a notorious philanderer. perfect, highly skilled-consummate artistry at the keyboards. beyond reform, an incorrigible optimist. long accustomed, deeply habituated-an inveterate smoker (this adjective, like notorious, usually has an unfavorable connotation) . congenital happening at or during birth, a congenital deformity.
. chronic going on for a long time, or occurring again and again-chronic appendicitis. . pathological . unconscionable diseased - a pathological condition without pangs of conscience- unconscionable cruelty of children.
. glib .egregious
a glib witness outstandingly bad or vicious , egregious error.
With the exception of consummate and congenital, all ten adjectives have strongly derogatory implications and are generally used to describe people, characteristics, or conditions we disapprove of. MATCH EACH WORD WITH ITS APPROPRIATE DEFINITION: a. beyond reform b. continuing over a long period of time; recurring c. diseased d. from long-standing habit e. suspiciously smooth f. without conscience or scruples g. outstandingly bad or vicious h. unfavorably known i. from birth j. finished, perfect, artistic
. notorious . consummate . incorrigible . inveterate . congenital . chronic . pathological . unconscionable . glib . egregious
DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? Circle EITHER YES OR NO.
. Do people become notorious for good acts? . Is Beethoven considered a consummate musical genius?
Y Y
N N N
Y . If a criminal is truly incorrigible, is there any point in attempting rehabilitation . Does an inveterate smoker smoke only occasionally? . Is a congenital deformity one that occurs late in life? . Is a chronic invalid ill much of the time? . Is a pathological condition normal and healthy? Y Y Y Y
N N N N N
. If a person commits an unconscionable act of cruelty, is there any regret Y remorse, or guilt? . Is a glib talker awkward and hesitant in speech? .Is an egregious error very bad? Y Y
N N
TRY TO RECALL THE WORDS. YOU ARE PROVIDED WITH THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH WORD REQUIRED . . Outstandingly vicious; so bad as to be in a class by itself. . Starting at birth . Happening over and over again; continuing for a long time. . Widely and unfavorably known (as for antisocial acts, character weakness, immoral or unethical behavior, etc.) . Beyond correction . Smooth and persuasive; unusually, almost suspiciously, fluent . Long addicted to a habit . Perfect in the practice of an art; extremely skillful . unscrupulous; entirely without conscience . Diseased . E . C . C . N . I . G . I . C . U . P
As a result of the test you are taking, you are becoming more and more familiar with these ten valuable and expressive words. Now, as a further check on your learning, write the word that best fits each blank. . This person has gambled, day in and day out, for as long as anyone can remember - gambling has become a deep-rooted habit. . An ------------------------------ gambler . Born with a clubfoot
. A ___________________ deformity . Someone known the world over for criminal acts . A __________________criminal . An invading army kills, maims, and tortures without mercy compunction, or regret. . ____________________ acts of cruelty .The suspect answered the detective's questions easily, fluently, almost too smoothly. . ____________________ responses . A person reaches the acme of perfection as an actress or actor. . A ____________________performer . No one can change someone's absurdly romantic attitude toward life . An ________________ romantic . A mistake so bad that it defies description . An ___________________ blunder . Drunk almost all the time, again and again - periods of sobriety are few and very, very far between. . A ______________________ alcoholic . Doctors find a persistent, dangerous infection in the bladder . A ______________________condition

-Notorious: The derivation is from Latin notus = known, from which we also get noted. -Summit is derived from Latin summus = highest, which also gives us the mathematical term sum, as in addition. A consummate artist has reached the very highest point of perfection; and to consummate marriage, a business deal, or a contract is, etymologically, to bring it to the highest point; that is, to put the final touches to it; to bring it to completion. To make a noun out of consummate, add either -ness or -acy; consummateness or consummacy. Verbs ending in -ate invariably take on the noun suffix /ion/ to form nouns: create - creation; evaluate - evaluation; etc. -Incorrigible: is derived from Latin "corrigo", to correct or set straight, plus the negative prefix in- . (This prefix, depending on the root it precedes, may be negative, may intensify the root, as in invaluable, or may mean in.) The noun is incorrigibility or, alternatively, incorrigibleness. -Inveterate, from Latin "vetus"= old (Latin "senex", source of senile and senescent, also means old. In inveterate" in-" means in. It is not the negative prefix found in incorrigible. Inveterate drinkers have been imbibing for so long that they have formed old, well established habits, and inveterate liars have been lying for so long, and their habits are by now so deep-rooted, that one can scarcely remember when they ever told the truth.
-Greek genesis, birth or origin, a root we discovered in discussing psychogenic, is the source of a great many English words. Genetics is the science that treats the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to offspring. The scientist specializing in the field is a geneticist , the adjective is genetic. The particle in the chromosome of the germ cell containing a hereditary characteristics is a "gene". The genital, or sexual, organs are involved in the process of conception and birth. The genesis of anything " a plan, idea, thought, career, etc." is its beginning, birth, or origin, and Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, describes the creation, or birth, of the universe. -Congenital is constructed by combining the prefix con-, with or together, and the root genesis, birth. So a congenital defect, deformity, condition, etc. occurs during the nine-month birth process ( or period of gestation, to become technical). A thalidomile baby results from the use of the drug by a pregnant woman, so the deformities were congenital. Congenital is used both literally and figuratively. Literally, the word generally refers to some medical deformity or abnormality occurring during gestation, figuratively, it wildly exaggerates, for effect, the very early existence of some quality: congenital liar, congenital fear of the dark, etc.
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
PREFI, ROOT MEANING ENGLISH WORD
. notus . summus . carrigo . vetus . senex . genesis . logos . -in
known highest to correct, set straight old old birth, origin science, study negative prefix
MATCH THE WORDS . notoriety . to consummate . consummacy . incorrigibility . inveteracy . genetics . genealogy . genital . genesis . hereditary . gene a- state of artistic height b- state of being long established in a habit c- beginning, origin d- science of heredity e- bring to completion; top off f- study of ancestry g- referring to characteristics passed on to offspring by parents h- referring to reproduction, or to the reproductive or sexual organs i- will fame j- particle that transmits hereditary characteristics k- state of being beyond reform or correction
Do you understand the underlined words? Circle either Yes or No . Does notoriety usually come to perpetrators of mass murders . Is the product of a consummately skillful counterfeiter likely to be taken as genuine . Is incorrigibility in a criminal a sign that rehabilitation is possible . Is a geneticist interested in your parents characteristics . Does inveteracy suggest that a habit is new
. When you consummate a deal, do you back out of it . Is a veteran actress long experienced at her art . Do genes determine heredity . Is a genealogist interested in your family origins . Are the genital organs used in reproduction .Is the genesis of something the final point . Are hereditary characteristics derived from parents
RECALL THE WORDS, MIND THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH WORD REQUIRED. . sexual ; reproductive . to complete . wide and unfavorable reputation . Particle in the chromosome of a cell that transmits a characteristic from parent to offspring. . completion . inability to be reformed . The science that deals with the transmission of characteristics from parents to children . referring to a quality or characteristic that is inherited . beginning or origin . student of family roots or origins . height of skill or artistry . G . C . N . G . C . I . G . H . G . G . C
. transmitted by heredity . quality of habit that has been established over many years. . a person long experienced at a profession, art, or business. . pertaining to a study of family origins.
. G . I . V . G

A chronic is the derivation of the Greek word "chronos "= time. The noun is chronicity. An anachronism is someone or something out of times, out of date, belonging to a different era. The adjective is anachronous or anachronistic. An incongruous is a word combining the negative prefix, the prefix con-, with or together, and a Latin verb meaning to agree or correspond. Thus it is incongruous to wear a sweater and slacks to a formal wedding, it is anachronous to wear the wasp waist, conspicuous bustle, or powdered wig of the eighteenth century. The noun form of incongruous is incongruity. Chronological in correct time, order, comes from chronos. Chronology is the science of time order and accurate dating of events (Logos, science)-the expert in this field is a chronologist. A chronometer, combining chronos with metron, measurement, is a highly accurate time piece, especially one used on ships. Chronometry is the measurement of time. The adjective is chronometric Add the prefix "syn- " together, plus the verb suffix "-ize," to "chronos", and you have constructed synchronize. Etymologically to time together, or to move, happen , or cause to happen, at the same time or rate. The adjective is synchronous; the noun form of the verb synchronize is synchronization .
Pathological is diseased ( a pathologic condition) - this meaning of the word ignores the root logos, science, study . Pathology is the science or study of disease. However, another meaning of the noun ignores logos, and pathology may be any morbid, diseased or abnormal physical condition or conditions. A pathologist is an expert who examines tissue, often by autopsy or biopsy, to diagnose disease and interpret the abnormalities in such tissue that may be caused by specific diseases. Pathos occurs in some English words with the additional meaning of feeling. If you feel or suffer with someone, you are-sympathetic "-sym-"is a respelling before the letter p of the Greek prefix syn-, with or together. The noun is sympathy, the verb sympathize. The prefix anti = against-antipathy to people or things means against them. The adjective is antipathetic, as in "an antipathetic reaction to an authority figure." otion, oBut you may have no feeling at all, just indifference, lack of any interest, emr response, complete listlessness, especially when somes reaction is normal or expected. Then you are apathetic; a- is a negative prefix. The noun is apathy, as in voter apathy, student apathy, etc. The opposite is empathy; you empathize, you are empathetic or to use an alternate adjective, empathic. Em is a respelling before the letter P of the Greek prefix en-, in. A pathetic story is about suffering and , again, is likely to arouse sadness, sorrow, or pity. Telepathy = people communicate with each other without recourse to means of communication-also called mental telepathy = one person reads the mind of another. Being able to do such kind of mindreading makes you telepathic. Telepathy is built by combining pathos = feeling with the prefix tele-, distance, the same prefix we find in telephone, telegraph, telescope.
Review of Etymology
Prefix, Root, suffix . chronos . ana-, a. con. in. logos . netron . syn-,sym. ize . pathos . anti. en-,em. tele-
Meaning time negative prefix with, together negative prefix science, study measurement with, together verb suffix disease, suffering, feeling against in distance
English Word
MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR MEANING FROM LIST B. A . Chronicity .anachronim . incongruity B a. something , or state of being, out of place. b.time piece; device that measures time very accurately. c. condition of continual or repeated recurrence.
. chronology .chronometer . chronometry .synchronization . pathology . sympathy . telepathy
d. act of occurring, or of causing to occur, at the same time. e. calendar of events in order of occurrence. f. something, or someone, out of time. g. measurement of time. h. a sharing or understanding of mother's feeling. i. ESP; communication from a distance. j. disease; study of disease.
MORE MATCHING . Pathologist . antipathy . apathy . empathy . synchronize . empathize . anachronous . incongruous . Synchronous a. identification with another's feelings. b. share another's feelings so strongly as to experience those feelings oneself. c. out of time d. one who examines tissue to diagnose disease. e. occurring at the same time or rate. f. relating to extrasensory perception. g. suffering; arousing sympathy or pity. h. lack of feeling; non-responsiveness. i. out of place
. pathetic . telepathic
j. happen, or cause to happen, at the same time or rate k. hostility; strong dislike
DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? . Are these dates in chronological order? , . Is pathology the study of healthy tissue? . Is telepathic communication carried on by telephone? . Does a sympathetic response show an understanding of another's feelings . Is a person apathetic to things, ideas, or people agreeable? . Do apathetic people react strongly? . Does an empathic response show identification with the feelings of another . Is a swim suit incongruous attire at a formal ceremony? . Is an anachronistic attitude up to date? . Are synchronous movements out of time with one another?
TRY TO RECALL THE WORDS, MIND THE FIRST LETTER . . In order of time . out of place . out of time (two forms) . something, or state of being, out of place. . lack of feeling . measurer of time . study of disease . feeling of hostility or dislike . to occur, or cause to occur, at the same time or rate. . evoking sorrow or pity . something out of time . state of recurring again and again . C . I . A . I . A . C . P . A . S . P . A . C
. extrasensory perception . one who examines tissue to diagnose disease . identification with the feelings of another . happening at the same time or rate(adj.) . skillful at thought transference without sensory . calendar of events in time sequence . referring to the one assurance of time (adj.)
. T . P . E . S . T . C . C

Unconscionable and conscience are related in derivation- the first word from Latin "Scio "= to know, the second from Latin "sciens" knowing, and both using the prefix con-, with, together. Etymologically, then your conscience is your knowledge with a moral sense of right and wrong; if you are unconscionable, your conscience is not working, or you have no conscience. The noun form is unconscionableness or unconscionability.Conscious, also from con- plus "scio", is knowledge or awareness of one's emotions or sensations, or of what is happening around one. Science, from "sciens" is systematized knowledge as opposed, for example, to belief, faith, intuition, or guesswork. Add Latin" omnis "= all, to sciens, to construct omniscient = allknowing, possessed of infinite knowledge. The noun is omniscience. Add the prefix" pre-" = before, to sciens, to construct " knowing about events before they occur, i.e., psychic, or possessed of unusual powers of prediction. The noun is prescience (pre ' shans). And, finally, add the negative prefix" ne-"to sciens to produce nescient, not knowing, or ignorant. Glib is from an old English root that means slippery. Glib Liars or glib talkers are smooth and slippery; they have ready answers, fluent tongues, a persuasive air; but, such is the implication of the word, they fool only the most nescient, for their smoothness lacks sincerity and conviction, the noun is glibness
Egregious is from Latin "grex", gregis = herd or flock. An egregious lie, act, crime, mistake, etc. is so exceptionally vicious that it conspicuously stands out (e-, a shortened form of the prefix ex-, out) from the herd or flock of other bad things. The noun is egregiousness. A gregarious is person who likes to be with the herd, who reaches out for friend, and is happiest when surrounded by people. Extroverts are of course gregarious-they prefer human contact, conversation, laughter, interrelationships, to solitude. The suffix -ness, as you know, can be added to an adjective to construct a noun form. Write the noun from gregarious ________. Add the prefix con- = with, together to" grex", "gregis", to get the verb congregate; add the prefix se- = apart, to build the verb segregate; add the prefix ad- = to, toward (ad-changes to "ag-"before a root starting with g-), to construct the verb aggregate, let us see what we have. When people gather together in a herd or flock, they (write the verb) __________. The noun is congregation, one of the meanings of which is a religious "flock". Put people or things apart from the herd, and you (write the verb) _________them. Bring individual items to or toward the herd or flock, and you (write the verb) ________them. What is the noun form of this verb?
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
Prefix,root, suffix . grex, gregis . e-, ex. -ness . conMeaning herd, flock out noun suffix with, together English Word
. ad-, ag. un. scio . sciens . omnis . pre. ne. se. -ion
to, toward negative prefix to know knowing all before negative prefix apart noun suffix added to verbs.
MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR APPROPRIATE MEANINGS . unconscionability . omniscience . prescience . nescience . glibness . egregiousness . gregariousness a. ignorance b. outstanding, badness or viciousness. c. religious group; a rabbing together. d. total; mass; whole e.exclusion from the herd; a setting apart. f. infinite knowledge g. friendliness; enjoyment of mixing with people.
. congregation . segregation . aggregate (n)
h. lack of conscience i. suspiciously smooth fluency j. foreknowledge
CIRCLE EITHER YES OR NO . Is unconscionability one of the signs of the psychopath? . Can anyone be truly omniscient? . Does a prescient fear indicate some knowledge of the future? . Is nescience a result of learning? . Does glibness make someone sound sincere and trustworthy? . Is egregiousness an admirable quality? . Do gregarious people enjoy parties? . Do spectators congregate at sports events? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No
. Do we often segregate hardened criminals from the rest of society? Yes . Is aggregation of problems a whole mass of problems? Yes
RECALL THE WORDS . enjoying groups and companionship . ignorant . state of not being held back from antisocial behavior by one's conscious . .
. having knowledge of an event before it occurs (adj . a religious "flock . a total, whole, or mass . to separate from the rest . suspiciously smooth fluency . all knowing (adj . to come together into a group or mass
. . . . . .
EXERCISES ON CHAPTER FOUR

IV. . One of the meanings of the word "integral" is: "forming a necessary part of a whole". But this meaning would be very much affected if the word "integral" is used with words such as: integral part, integral whole, integral repentance, integral calculus, integral stress
What Arabic equivalents would you think of in translating the above structures? IV. . Here you are provided just with one of the meanings of the word "mortal". Try to figure out its other semantic properties. Choose from its integral meanings equivalents that fit in translating the following structures; but first here is its meaning: "subject to death". The structures to be translated are: a. in a recent battle, few soldiers suffered mortal wounds. b. God stipulates that men are mortal. c. She considered every mortal thing but found no parallel to her husband. d. While his son was in the recovery room, he was kept in custody for five mortal hours. e. He thought of his neighbour as a close friend but eventually the friend turned to be his mortal enemy. f. The priest thought of the repentant's previous sins as mortal.
g. When he heard that his house was on fire, he dashed in a mortal hurry. h. It is a mortal shame, his wife has committed an adultery. i. His invention was not extra celestial , it was a product of mortal genius. j. Being brutally tortured, he uttered a scream of mortal agony. k. The government mortality table showed a decline in population death rate. IV. . The following is an explanation of a word you have read in chapter four. Read the explanation and try to recall the word. hasty, rash, impudent, a confused, heep of loose, broken or angular fragments of rocks, small fragments of crushed ice, collected by winds or currents near the shore. IV. . Again, the following are synonyms of a word you have read in this chapter. Read the synonyms and recall the word ___________. widespread, accepted, frequently met ,predominant, all embracing. IV. . In this chapter, you've come across a word that can be used to mean:

first: recall the English word. second: provide English equivalents of the Arabic lexicons above. IV. . In your translation of the following structures, make sure the underlined words are translated by the word "impervious"
- - -
IV. . The following are synonyms of a verb you've read in this chapter - can you recall it? - recline - slant - lie - tilt - lean - rest - loll - loaf - relax - sleep IV. . Study the following synonyms and recall from chapter four a synonym that shares in the semantic properties of the following words. - tingle - shiver - prickle - sting - itch - creep - grow excited - get goose pimples all over - thrill - quiver - flutter - titillate IV. . "Core" is one of the words you've read in this chapter. Write three structures in Arabic where the equivalent of the word "core" is used variably. Here is a clue:
- - -
IV. . If the word "vicious" is used with words such as: - a vicious bill - vicious reasoning - a vicious headache - a vicious circle
then precise Arabic equivalents should be recalled in rendering acceptable translations of the above structures. Try to translate them. IV. . Your translation into Enlgish of the following Arabic sentences should involve a particular word you have learned in this chaptersee if you can recall that word and use it in your tarnslation.
- - -
IV. . You have studied the word " inveterate" as it means : "Long accustomed", or "deeply rooted'. What kind of Arabic equivalents would you use in translating the following especially the underlined words? - He has an inveterate tendency for smoking a cigar first thing in the morning. - The US government insisted through inveterate demands that Lybia should render its two accused citizens for trial. - The inveterate smell in that surrounding forced them to evacuate the house. IV. . Provide as many secondary meanings as possible for each one of the following words. Then write an essay on the semantic properties that are common among them. - twinge - pang - throb - twitch - shiver - tingle
IV. . How do the following words differ in meaning? Use each one of them in a meaningful sentence. - disparate - desperate - despair - disperse - disparage - disparity derogate - slight - deprecatory - disdain - reproach - deprecate IV. . Provide English equivalents of the following Arabic words:
IV. . In this chapter you have come across a word that means: "to deprive of the use of a limb; to mutilate, cripple or disable; to render defective. Can you recall the word? ______________________. IV. . You are provided with words listed randomly and they are synonymous to the three underlined words below. List the synonyms under each underlined word based on closeness in meaning.
WORDS REMORSE REGRET GUILT
bewail, mourn rue, lament repent, grief bemoan, repine weep, moan over have qualms about
compunction contrition self reproach grief culpability fault lapse slip offense misstep solecism dereliction peccability delinquency indiscretion malfeasance felonious conduct
IV.. a. Does the word "guiltless" ever stand for the Arabic equivalents "? If so, use it in a meaningful English sentence of your " own to reflect the meaning of the provided Arabic equivalents. b. Use the word "remorseless" in an English sentence of your own to . " mean " "? IV.. How many lexicons are there in English that mean: " Use the lexicons in English sentences where their semantic properties are sensed. IV.. Fill in the spaces with words that can be inferred based on your general comprehension of the following passage. To -----------is to make a mistake through precipitance or mental confusion. As a noun, _________ means a gross and stupid mistake.
Clue: The word that can be used in the above two spaces means the following:
IV.. Translate the following into Arabic: - He was hilarious for he blundered upon his misplaced money. IV.. Is there one adjective in English that means all the following:
- - - -
IV. . What are the two English words you've read in this chapter that mean: "The state of growing old; the infirmity of age; dotage".
IV.. You have studied, in this chapter, a word that means: "inheritance; tradition"
Biologically, it also means the transmission of characteristics of parents to offspring through chromosomes which bear the genes; the tendency of an organism to manifest the qualities of its parentage; an individual's inherited traits and characteristics. Recall the word ________________________. IV. . The following are synonyms of a word you studied in this chapter. Can you recall it? falsify, fabricate, imitate fraudulently, trump up, feign, transcribe, duplicate, reproduce IV.. Provide antonyms for each one of the following words: words corrigible curable correctable reparable corruptible convenience corporeal considerable consequential competent complete comprehensible conceivable conclusive coherent consistent couraged consolable antonyms
decent IV.. Study the following definitions, and: a. recall a synonymous word you have studied in this chapter that epitomizes its meaning. b. Think of a word that is similar in pronunciation to the word you have provided as an answer to /a/ above( the word required can also be used to mean:

"The basic unit of structure and function of all living things made up of a small mass of protoplasm which contains a nucleus and cytoplasmic material, surrounded by semipermeable membrane in animals and a cell wall in plants." c. There is another English word that is also close in pronunciation to words in /a/ and /b/ above but ,of course, differ in spelling. This required word means: - The horizontal piece at the bottom of the door, window, or similar opening. - In geology, it also means a horizontal intrusion of igneous rock between flat layers of other rock. What is the word? __________________. IV.. The word "pity" means: "the suffering of one person excited by the distresses of another; commiseration, compassion, mercy, cause of grief, a thing to be regretted ". a. If "pity" means the above, what does the word "petty" mean?
b. Translate the following into Arabic, mind the underlined words ! . The petty prince wasn't allowed to attend the kings audience. . He couldn't divorce his wife for their differences were over petty affairs. . She couldn't live with Omar for he has a petty mind. . Even though Omar divorced her, he kept thinking of a petty revenge. . She decided to buy the blouse but suddenly realized that she had a petty cash.
IV.. Provide the English equivalents of the following Arabic words:

IV. . Explain in English the semantic properties of the word "attire" IV. . The verb "derive" is usually followed by the preposition "from"; and it means " to obtain from; to come from". Study the following structures and translate them into Arabic:
- He derives a lot of pleasure from meeting new people. - Half of his income derives from trade and commerce. IV. . In this chapter, you've come across a word that means "the scientific study of the origins; history; and changing meanings of words". a. can you recall the word? ___________________. b. if you have been able to recall it, compare it, semantically, with "entomology", and use entomology in a sentence. IV. . Can the words:" belief, faith, and intuition" be considered a branch of systematized knowledge? Elaborate.
IV. . The word "slippery" is supposed to be synonymous to the word "glib". But the following English structures are constructed in a way where some of the semantic properties of the word "slippery" are used. Translate them and see what Arabic equivalents can you use to make the above secondary senses clear. . He drove on a slippery road. . He came home empty handed for the fish was slippery. . He couldn't prove his creativity on job for he was working on a slippery position.
. It was hard to understand his essay because he writes in a slippery style. . Very few of his friends trusted him for he showed slippery looks of love. IV. . Explain in English the difference in meaning between: "egregious" and "gregarious". IV. . The words: "Infinite, pre-eminent, all-knowing and almighty" are, relatively speaking synonymous of a word you studied in this chapter. Can you recall it? Use it in a sentence of your own. are indicative to the )( )( IV.. The Arabic structures English word "glib". a. can you think of some additional Arabic structures whose equivalents in English can be :glib"? b. How would you translate the following into Arabic: glib manners, glib answers, glib generalizations
IV.. In this chapter you studied an equivalent of the Arabic structure:
Try to recall it and accordingly use it in your translation of :
CHAPTER FIVE WORDS RELATED TO "TICKLING" AND "FLATTERING"
The word "titillate" comes from a Latin verb meaning to 'tickle', and may be used both literally and figuratively. That is (literally), you can titillate by gentle touches in strategic places, you are then causing an actual (and always very pleasant) physical sensation. Or you can (figuratively) titillate people, or their minds, fancies, palates (and this is the more common use of the word), by charm, brilliance, wit, promises, or in any other way your imagination can conceive. Titillation has the added meaning of light sexual stimulation. A compliment is a pleasant and courteous expression of praise; "flattery" is stronger than a compliment and often considered insincere. Adulation is flattery and worship carried to an excessive, ridiculous degree. There are often public figures (entertainers, musicians, government officials, etc.) who receive widespread adulation, but those who are not in the public eye can also be adulated, as a teacher by students, a wife by husband (and vice versa), a doctor by patients, and so on. The derivation is from a Latin verb meaning to fawn upon. The adjective adulatory ends in "-ory", a suffix we are meeting for the first time in these pages. Other adjective suffixes we are familiar with so far are (-al, -ic, -ical, -ous.).
Proscribe, to forbid, is commonly used for medical, religious, or legal prohibitions. A doctor proscribes a food, drug, or activity that might prove harmful to the patient. The church proscribes, or announces a proscription against, such activities as may harm its parishioners. The law proscribes behavior detrimental to the public welfare. The derivation is the prefix "pro-", before, plus "scribe", "scriptus " which means to write. Scribo, Scriptus, is the building block of scores of common English words: scribe, scribble, prescribe, describe, script, the scriptures, manuscript, typescript. etc. Describe uses the prefix "de-", down - to describe is, etymologically, "to write downon or about". Manuscript, combining "manus", which means hand (as in manual labor), with scriptus,which means something handwritten-the word was coined before the invention of the typewriter. The scriptures are holy writings. To "subscribe" is to write one's name under an order or contract (sub-, under, as in subway, subsurface, etc.); to subscribe to philosophy or a principle is figuratively to write one's name under the statement of such philosophy or principle. To inscribe is to write in or into (a book, for example, or metal or stone). A postscript is something written after (Latin post, means after) the main part is finished. You are familiar with the word "via", by way of, which is from the Latin word for road. (The via Apia was one of the famous highways of ancient Roman times). When something is obvious, etymologically it is right there in the middle of the road where no one can fail to see it - hence, easily seen, not hidden, conspicuous. And if you meet an obstacle in the road and dispose of it forthwith, you are doing what obviate says. Thus, if you review your work daily in some college subject, frenzied "cramming" at the end of the semester will be obviated. A large and steady income obviates fears of financial insecurity . Leaving for work early will obviate worry about being late. To obviate, then, is to make unnecessary, to do away with, to prevent by taking effective measures or steps against (an occurrence, a feeling, a requirement, etc.) The noun is obviation.
Militate derives from "Militis" one of the forms of the Latin noun meaning "soldier" or "fighting man". If something militates against you, it fights against you i.e., works to your disadvantage. Thus, your timidity may militate against your keeping your friends. Militate is always followed by the preposition against and, like obviate, never takes a personal subject you don't militate against anyone, but some habit, action, tendency, etc. The adjective militant comes from the same root. A militant reformer is one who fights for reforms; a militant campaign is one waged aggressively and with determination. The noun is militancy, and militant is also a noun for the person example: "Sally is a militant in the women's liberation movement". BAD NEWS Being built on Latin Malus which means bad, evil ,the verb to malign is to speak evil about, to defame, to slander. Malign is also an adjective meaning bad, harmful, evil, hateful, as in "the malign influence of his unconscious will is to fail". Another adjective form is malignant as in "a malignant glance" i.e., one showing deep hatred, or "a malignant growth", i.e., one that is cancerous (bad). The noun of malignant is malignancy which, medically, is a cancerous growth, or, generally, the condition, state, or attitude of harmfulness, hatefulness, evil intent, etc. The noun form of the adjective malign is malignity.
Observe how English words can be constructed by combining malus with other Latin roots. Add the root dico, dictus, to say or tell, to form malediction, a curse, i.e., an evil saying. Adjective, maledictory. And the root "volvo" (to wish, to will, or to be willing) and we can construct the adjective malevolent, wishing evil or harm - a malevolent glance, attitude, feeling, etc. The noun is malevolence. Add the root facio, factus, to do or make (also spelled, in English words fec-, fic-, factus, or, as a verb ending, -fy), to form the adjective maleficent, doing harm or evil, or causing hurtmaleficent acts, deeds, behavior. A malefactor is a wrongdoer, an evildoer, a criminal - a malefactor commits a malefaction, a crime, an evil deed. The Latin malus stands for the French word mal which means bad, the source of maladroit, clumsy, bungling, awkward, unskillful, etymologically, having a bad right hand (see adroit). The noun is maladroitness. Also from French "mal",Malaise, an indefinite feeling of bodily discomfort, as in a mild illness, or as a symptom preceding an illness; etymologically, "bad ease" just as disease is "lack of ease".
Other common words that you are familiar with also spring from Latin Malus: malicious, malice, malady, and the same malus functions as a prefix in words like maladjusted, malcontent, malpractice, malnutrition, etc., all with connection of badness.
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY:
PREFIX, ROOT, MEANING ENGLISH WORD
. -ory . Scribo, scriptus
adjective
adulatory
to write
prescribe
. de. Manus . sub. in. post . via . tri . militis . malus . dico, dictus . volo . facio (fec-,fic-,fy) . -ence, -ancy
down
describe
hand
Manuscript
under
Subscribe
in, into
inscribe
after
postscript
road
obvious
three
trinity
soldier
militate
bad, evil
malign
to say, tell
malediction
to wish
malevolent
to do, make
malefactor
noun suffix
maleficence
STUDY THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING pleasurable stimulation ; tickling . titillation means: . adulation means: . proscription means: . militancy aggressiveness means: . malignity means: . malediction means: . maladroitness means: . obviation means: . malevolence means: . malaise discomfort means:
excessive flattery
prohibition
expelling readiness to fight or to use
harmfulness, hatefulness
a curse
clumsiness
prevention
quality of wishing evil ; ill-will
vague feeling of bodily discomf
MATCH
EACH WORD IN COLUMN A WITH ITS APPROPRIATE DEFINITION FROM COLUMN B.
A a. militant b. trivial c. malevolent d. maledictory e. maladroit f. adulatory g. malign h. proscriptive
B a. aggressive ; fighting b. of no great consequence c. bearing ill-will ; wishing harm d. of the nature of course e. clumsy, awkward f. worshipful, adoring g. bad, harmful, hateful h. relating or pertaining prohibitions
Make questions with the following words; the answer to each one of your questions is supposed to be either Yes or No. . Malignant ? . Trivialities ? . Trivia ? Yes No.
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
. Malignancy ? . Malediction ? . Maleficent ? . Maladroitness ? . Malefactor ? . Adulatory ? . Militancy ?
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
Yes
No.
DEFINITIONS & WORDS . Clumsy, awkward . Being ill-will ; wishing harm . Pleasurable stimulation . A person aggressively fighting for a cause . Prohibition against something injurious. . Excessive flattery ; exaggerated admiration. . Vague feeling of general physical discomfort. . A criminal ; a wrongdoer. . A curse . A crime, bad or evil act or behavior. . Fact or act of making unnecessary or of taking effective . Aggressive attitude . Harmful, hurtful, bad . Unimportant, insignificant. . Unimportant, insignificant things ; trifles. . Cursing ; of the nature of or relating to, curses (adj.). . Worshipful. Maladroit malevolent titillation militant proscription adulation malaise malefactor malediction malefaction obviation militancy malign,malignant,maleficent trivial trivialities/trivia molediatory adulatory
Origins and Related words:

"malus" is bad; "bonus" is good, the adverb from the Latin adjective "bonus" is "bene", and "bene" is the root found in words that contrast with the mal - terms we studied in the previous session.
So "benign" and "benignant" are, kindly, good-natured, not harmful, as in benign neglect, a benign judge, a benign humor, a benignant attitude to malefactors and scoundrels. The nouns are benignity and benignancy.
A "malediction" is a curse; a benediction is a blessing, a "saying good". The adjective is benedictory. In contrast to maleficent is "beneficent", in contrast to malefactor is benefactor, one who does good things for another. If you insist on making sexual distinctions, a woman who so operates is a benefactress. And, of course, the person receiving the benefaction is a beneficiary. Benefit and beneficial are other common words built on the combination of "bene" and a form of facio, to do or make. The adjective "bonus" good is found in English bonus-extra payment, theoretically, for some good act. "Bona fide", etymologically "in good faith" without pretense, deception or fraudulent intent-as bona fide offer, a bona fide effort to negotiate differences. "Fides" is from Latin for faith or trust, as in fidelity; Fido a stereotypical name for a dog one's faithful friend or a person's faithful friend; "infidel" a person who doesn't have the right faith or religion; and infidelity, unfaithfulness, especially to the marriage vows.
Benediction and malediction derive from dico, dictus - (to say), (to tell). Dictate, dictation, dictatorial - words that signify telling others what to do-are built on dico, as is predict, to tell before hand (pre-, before, as in prescient); the brand name Dictaphone combines dico with phone (sound); contradict, to say against, or to make an opposite statement (don't contradict me!) combines dico with contra-, against, opposite; and addiction, etymologically "a saying to or toward", or compulsion to say "yes" to a habit, combines dico with ad-, to, toward.
Facio, factus to do or make as in( malefactor, benefactor), has, as noted, variant spellings in English words: fec-, fic-, or as a verb ending, -fy. Thus factory is a place where things are made (-ory, place where); a fact is something done (i.e., something that occurs, or exists, or is, therefore, true); fiction, something made up or invented; manufacture; to make by hand (manus, hand, as in manuscript, manual); and clarify, simplify, liquefy, magnify, (to make clear, simple, liquid, larger) among hundreds of other -fy verbs.
Volvo, to wish, to will, to be willing (as in malevolent, benevolent ), occurs in voluntary, involuntary, volunte; these words are too familiar to need definition, and each quite obviously expressing wish or willingness. Less common and from the same root, is volition, the act or power of willing or wishing, as in "of her own volition".
Placate is built on the root plac -which derives from two related Latin verbs meaning () to please and () appease, soothe, or pacify, the noun is placation, the adjective either placative or placatory. A more placatory attitude to those you have offended may help you regain their friendship, implacable, im- is a respelling of in-, not, before the latter p. One who can be soothed, whose hostility can be changed to friendliness, is placable, implacable has taken on the added meaning of unyielding to entreaty or pity; hence, harsh, relentless, as "the governor was implacable in his refusal to grant clemency". The noun form of implacable is implacability. Can you guess the noun derived from placable?
If you are placid, you are clam, easygoing, serene, undisturbedetymologically, you are pleased with things as they are. Waters of a lake or sea, or the emotional atmosphere of a place, can also be placid. The noun is placidity. If you are complacent, you are pleased with yourself (com-, from con-, with, together); you may, in fact, such is one common connotation of the word, be smug, too pleased with your position or narrow accomplishments, too easily self-satisfied, and the hour of reckoning may be closer than you realize. The noun is complacence or complacency.
To condone is to forgive, overlook, pardon, or be uncritical of (an offense, or of an antisocial or illegal act). You might or might not indulge in such behavior or commit such an offense, but you feel no urge to protest, or to demand censure or punishment for someone also who hatres you. You may condone cheating on one's income tax, though you personally observe the law with scrupulousness. (Not everyone, however, is so charitable or forgiving). The noun is condonation. Condone is built on Latin dono, to give, the root found in donor,which means a person who gives, donates ; and donation is a gift.
Review of Etymology
Prefix, root, suffix . bonus, bene . fides . dico, dictus . pre. phone . contra . ad. facio,factus,fec-,fic,fy . -ory . manus . volo
Meaning
Provide an English word
good, well
faith
to say, tell
before,beforehand
sound
against, opposite
to, toward
to make or do
place where
hand
to wish, to will to be willing
. plac. -ive . -ory . im- (in-) . com- (con-) . dono
to please, appease
adjective suffix
adjective suffix
not, negative prefix
with, together
to give
Match the words each with its right definition :

.being well disposed . benedictory a. wishing good things (for another
b. domineering ; giving orders in a manner permitting no refusal c. not to be soothed or pacified ; unyielding to pity or entreaty
. benevolent . bona fide
d. tending, or intended, to pacify, to soothe, or to change hostility to friendliness e. kindly, good natured; not cancerous
. dictatorial
. placatory . implacable . placid . complacent
f. calm, unruffled, undisturbed
g. self-satisfied ;
h. of the nature of, or relating to, blessings
i. in good faith ; sincere ;
Match the words each with its right definition . benevolence . benefaction . beneficiary . infidelity . volition . placation . fidelity . condonation a. recipient of money, kindness
b. free will
c. act of overlooking, or of forgiving, an offense or transgression
d. faithfulness
e. self-satisfaction ; smugness
f. calmness
g. act of pacifying, or of turning hostility or anger into friendly feelings
h. attitude of wishing good things for another
. placidity . complacency
i. faithlessness
j. good deed ; act of charity or kindness
Answer either Yes or No :

. Are benedictions given in houses of worship? . Is it pleasant to be the recipient of a beneficent act? . Are kind people benevolent? . Do placatory gestures often heal wounds and soothe disgruntled friends? . Are some unambitious people complacent? . Does benignity show malice? . Is benefaction an act of philanthropy? . Is an implacable foe of corruption likely to condone corrupt acts? . Is a bona fide offer made insincerely? . Does a benignant attitude indicate hostility?
Are the following opposite (O) or the same (S)? Tick either O or S. . benign . benignant . benediction . benefactor . beneficiary . benevolent . bona fide . unfaithfulness . infidel . dictatorial . placative - implacable
hateful
kindly
malediction
evildoer
giver
well disposed
valid
fidelity
true believer
submissive
unyielding
unyielding
- placid - complacent - condonation
calm
discontented
forgiveness
You are provided with the first letter of the word required, Can you recall the word?
- tending to give orders - act of overlooking (an offense, etc.) - unyielding hostile; beyond soothing; relentless; pitiless - intended to soothe or pacify - one's desire, wishes, or unforced will - calmness - self-satisfaction; smugness - non-believer in the "true" religion - kindly; well disposed B D
- unfaithfulness - involving a blessing (adj.) - doing something good or kind (adj.) - faithfulness - sincere, valid; in good faith - one who does something good, kind, or charitable (for another)
- a kind or charitable deed - recipient of kindness, gift, etc. - able to be soothed or pacified
Circle the right letter: . to belittle : a. titillate b. disparage c. adulate . to be purposely confusing :
a. equivocate
b. obviate
c. proscribe
. to work to the disadvantage of : a. malign b. militate c. placate . to slander : a. malign b. condone c. placate . lack of equality : a. parity b. disparity c. ambiguity
. phrase that may have two interpretations, one of them indicate offcolor : a. equivocation b. ambiguity c. double entendre . hateful : a. malignant b. benignant c. malaise . ill will : a. malaise b. malevolence c. maleficence . kindly : a. benevolent b. placid c. complacent . inflexible hostile :
a. implacable
b. placatory
c. militant
. giving orders imperviously : a. benedictory b. dictatorial c. adulatory . self-satisfaction: a. complacency b. placation c. placidity
Study the following to recognize the meaning of the roots ? ROOTS

- par - aequus (equ -) - vox, vocis - nox, noctis - libra - latus, lateris - equus - pedis - paidos (ped-) - fero
ENGLISH WORDS
parity equivocal vocal nocturnal equilibrist equilateral equine pedestrian pedagogue vociferous
- magnus - scribo, scriptus - manus - post - via - militis - malus - dico, dictus - volo - facio (fec-, fic-; fy) - bonus - fides - phone - plac- dono
magnify proscribe manuscript postscript trivial militate malefactor dictatorial volition benefactor, fiction, simplify bona fide fidelity Dictaphone placate donation
EXERCISES ON CHAPTER FIVE

V.. Read the following statements and answer the questions below:
- - - - - -
The above underlined words can be given the English equivalent "relate" . Provide complete translation of the above statements using the word "relate" as equivalent of the underlined words.
V.. Basic to your understanding of the first paragraph in this chapter, try to come up with English sentences where the semantic properties of the word "titillate" are variably reflected in each one of your statements. V.. Discuss in English the differences in the semantic properties of the underlined words in the following statements: - He flattered her on her cooking. - That's a flattering photograph of George. - What flatter s ourselves is that we can do without their help. - Flattery will get you nowhere. - He complimented her, but she gave him a cold shoulder. - He got complimentary tickets for the concert. - That was an excellent dinner, Pierr: my compliments to the chef! - To win favor, he adulated him.
V.. A- How does the word "proscribe" differ in meaning from: - prescribe - prescore - prescind - prosecute
B- Structure four sentences in English where the four listed words above are used respectively and their differences in meaning are reflected. V.. Which ones of the following are synonymous to the word "adulation"? - overpraise - glorify - laude - exalted - deceived - lulled - adulteration - applause - commendation - laudation flattery V.. In this chapter, you have come across a word that has the same meaning of the underlined words in the following statements.
a- Recall the word
b- Translate the statements into English using the word you have recalled.
- -
- - - - -
V. . Reflect in your translation of the following statements the difference in meaning between the underlined words: - She inscribed his name on the book. - The pages of history are inscribed with the heroes' names. . What is an inscribed circle? V.. Basic to your understanding of the word "obvious" in this chapter, discuss the semantic properties as well as the difference in meaning between each of the following pair of words:
- clear/visible - apparent / transparent - obvious/perceptible - exposed/observable - noticeable/conspicuous - overt /glaring - unmistakable /evident - recognizable /discernible - exoteric /discoverable - accessible /manifest V. . Are the following words related in meaning to the word "obviate"? - preclude - forestall - block - hinder - prevent - restrain
Which one of the above words means: (
V. . From the words listed in question V.. choose words that fit in the places of the missing word s below : - Cramming at the end of the semester should be ------------------- A large steady income -----------------fears of financial insecurity. - Leaving for work early will ------------------- worry about being late. V.. Now that you have understood the meaning of the word "militate", try to translate the following statement into Arabic:
- The fact that he had been in prison militated against his chances of getting a job in a bank. V. . Provide Arabic equivalents of each one of the following synonymous words: - to malign - to defame - to slander - to vilify - calumniate - asperse - decry - traduce - libel - detract - depreciate disparage - revile - dishonor - sully - tarnish - besmirch belittle
- derogate - sneer at V.. You have studied the word "malefactor" and have come to know that it means: "a person who does harm or evil; a person who is an evildoer or wrongdoer." Now, check your mental dictionary for equivalents of the following Arabic listed words ; remember all the words are synonymous, in one way or another, to the word "malefactor".
- - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
V. . Recall some of the words you studied in this chapter to fit, semantically, the places of missing words in the following statements: - He is a terrible dancer; he is too ----------- and keeps hitting other people. - You shouldn't wear such -------------- shoes for they are difficult to walk on.
- The child was ---------------- with a knife and fork. - Our visitors came at an -------------------- time. V. . The words: "ill-disposed, spiteful, hateful, wicked" are synonymous to the word "malicious". Study the following statement and fill in the missing words ...... provided your chosen words are from the list above. - They faced a ----------- storm. - They bought the house for a ------------------- price. - She did her best to placate him but he didn't concede for he was filled with anger - he was ---------------------------. - Ironing shirts is a ------------------ job. V. . In this chapter you come across words that can be useful in translating the following statements into English - mainly the underlined words - Recall the words and provide complete translations of the following:
- - -
-
V. . The English word "injurious" can be explained in three Arabic " construct three Arabic statements in which lexicons: " the above Arabic lexicons are used respectively. Then translate your statements into English. V. . The words: "overestimate, magnify, amplify exaggerate, intensify, enlarge, overdo, hyperbolize, and misjudge" are synonymous.
a- what is their semantic denominator?
b- provide (from the above list) a word that fits the missing word.
That new machine is very useful, but he is -----------------------when he calls it the greatest invention ever made! V. . Sometimes a word general context helps in understanding the meaning of a word you are not familiar with; but still a translator finds it difficult to provide its precise equivalent in Arabic! As an example, the primary meaning of the word "discomfort" is : "lack of comfort ; or something that makes one uncomfortable." But in translating the following statement, there has to be a need to come ) up with an Arabic lexicon other than (
Look into your mental Arabic dictionary and provide precise lexicon in Arabic for the underlined word. Then write your complete translation.
The discomforts endured by the pilgrims made other prospective pilgrims cautious. V. . The word aggressive, as you studied it in this chapter, can be used with reference to adjectives such as: - energetic individual - combative individual (or group) a - list in column "A" synonyms to denote the meaning stated in "" above and in "B" synonyms to denote the concept of "" above.
b - Use the word "aggressive" in English sentences of your own once to mean () always ready to quarrel or attack; () to mean not afraid of opposition; and () to mean (with reference to weapons) made for use in attack. V. . The following words can be misleading.
a- explain in English what each one of them means: - adultory: ___________________________________________ - adultery: ___________________________________________
b- what is the difference in meaning between "adultery" and "fornication"? ) c- one of the two words in "b" can be used to mean: ( first, guess which one of the them means so and then use it in an English sentence to denote either one of the three Arabic lexicon. - _______________________ - _______________________ V. . "infidel" is one of the words you studied in this chapter. The following is a list of synonymous words in Arabic which are related in meaning to the word "infidel" - provide their English equivalents.
- - - -
- - - - - -
V. . In contrast to words listed in question () above, the following words have the common meaning that certain people are wholesouled and righteous in nature. Can you provide their equivalents in Arabic? - devout - pious - puritanical - pietist - Godly - reverend - mosque-going - holy - spiritual - divine - sacrosanct - theistic - hermit - ascetic - austere - fanatic - fundamentalist - radical - devotee - bigot
V. . In your translation of the following statements, you have to recall a word from chapter "" that denotes the same meaning of the underlined words below.
- -
V. . The word " placate " has been used in this chapter to mean:"to please; to appease; to soothe; and to pacify". How does it differ in meaning from "palliate" and alleviate? Provide examples of your own structure. V. . Explain in English:
(a) if there is any relationship in meaning between "treaty" and "entreaty"?
"en" can be used as both prefix and suffix. If used as a prefix it means:
- - -
(b) Can you come up with English words where each one means either , , or . above?
If "en" is used as a suffix then it means:
- - -
(c) again , provide examples. V. . In this chapter you studied a word that is,relatively speaking, synonymous to the following lexicons - study them and recall the word then provide their equivalents in Arabic.
- inexorable - unyielding - remorseless - vindictive - ruthless cruel
- pitiless - unpitying - tigerish - ferine - feral - ferocious - stonyhearted
- obdurate - cold-blooded - revengeful - vengeful - rancorous unforgiving
- malevolent - hardhearted - unforbearing - vicious - sadistic unsympathetic
- spiteful - wicked - demoniac - rampant - swinish - evil-minded bestial
- ravening - fiendish - truculent - virulent - pernicious mischievous V. . In what sense is the word "placid" used in the following examples, can you think of English words to denote its intended meaning? Translate the statements into Arabic. . If you are placid, you are pleased with things as they are. - The surface of the water of the lake was placid. - If you are placid then you are pleased with yourself. - That animal is placid in nature. V. . The following words are randomly listed to be used each in its right space below. Study both the words and the statements below and accordingly fill in the spaces.
denounce, reprove, condemn, reprimand admonish, rebuff, carping, rebuke, chastise, reproach, ostracize, moralize, castigate, remonstrate, decry, declaim, scold, censure, disparaging, aspersion. - He called for a vote of __________________ on the official.
- The father didn't like his son's staying out late, he _____________him. - He didn't only criticize him in private but insisted on scolding him officially and severely, he ________________ him. - She ____________________ all my efforts of friendship, she uttered rough and cruel answer. -The school-headmaster ____________________ the student for his disobedience. . He wanted to blame his friend not angrily but sadly : he __________ him for being lazy. . Speaking in an angry and complaining manner, the father said : "I hate to __________ you but you shouldn't smoke cigarettes in your bedroom. . They, as a group of people, refused to have social dealings with him, therefore he was ____________. . In order to correct and punish him severely, they _____________ him. . He found his neighbor's opinion in contradiction with his own ideas; that's why he decided to speak ill of him and say bad things about him ; He ____________ him.
. Because he said things loudly and clearly with pauses and hand movements simply to increase the effect of his speech, people there were convinced he was ________. . They ____________ him to the police as a criminal . In other words they wrote and spoke badly against him. . Most people are willing to express their disapproval of violence - they _______ it. . The manager of the company __________ one of his employees about his obligations. . Thinking of complaining and expressing a disapproval, he __________ with him about his behavior. . The government designed plans and exerted efforts to ____________ business. . He made _____________ remarks that made everybody believe that he intended to make the issues sound of little value or importance. . He ___________ his ex-wife and the judge told him that he shouldn't have beated, punished and blamed her severely. . Please stop _____________ about the way I dress - you have been finding faults and complaining continuously and unnecessarily about the way I dress !
. Driven by humorous and unharmful remarks, the newspaper cast __________ on his disability to write good plays. V. . In this chapter you come across a word that means : grumpy, discontented, displeased, disappointed, irritated, sad .....Can you recall the word?
Chapter Six Persons and personalities

What kinds of people might you find yourself in conversation with? Here are some ideas: . Taciturn: People who neither like to talk nor to listen. They act as if conversation is a bore, even a painful waste of time. . Laconic: Using few words. Economical in the use of words almost to the point of curtness. . Inarticulate: people who undoubtedly have a lot that they want to say, but the best they can do is spatter. . Garrulous: habitually talking too much about unimportant things. The adverb is "garrulously" , and the noun is "garrulity and garrulousness". . Banal: some people are completely lacking in originality and
imagination and their talk shows it. Every thing they say is trite, hackneyed, common place, humorless, their speech patterns are full of clichs and their phraseology is without sparkle. . Verbose: they talk and talk and talk, it is not so much quantity you object to as the repetitiousness, they use far more words than necessary. . Voluble: they are rapid, fluent talkers, the words seeming to roll off their tongues with such ease and lack of effort and sometimes with copiousness.
. Cogent: they express their ideas persuasively, forcefully, brilliantly, and in a way that calls for wholehearted assent and argument from an intelligent listener. The noun is "cogency". . Vociferous: their talk is loud, noisy, clamorous, vehement. What may be lacking in content is compensated for in force and loudness. The verb is "vociforate". . Loquacious: they may be voluble, vociferous, garrulous, verbose, but never inaritculate, taciturn, or laconic. It is quantity and continuity that are most conspicuous. The noun is (loquacity or loquaciousness).
Origins and Related Words

Taciturn is from a Latin word" taceo" which means "to be silent" and it is one of those words whose full meaning cannot be expressed by any other combination of syllables. It has many synonyms, among them silent, uncommunicative, reticent, reserved, secretive, close-lipped, and closemouthed, but no other word indicates the permanent, habitual, and temperamental disinclination to talk implied by "taciturn". Tacit derives also from taceo - example "a tacit agreement" (nothing of the agreement is ever actually said). Anything tacit, then, is unspoken, unsaid, not verbalized. The noun is "tacitness". Changing "a" of the root taceo to "i", and adding the prefix re-, again and the adjective suffix -ent, we can construct the English word reticent which means a person who prefers to keep silent, whether out of shyness, embarrassment, or fear of revealing what should not be revealed.
Loquacious people love to talk. This adjective is not necessarily a put-down, but the implication, when you so characterize such people, is that you wish they would pause for breath once in a while so that you can get your licks in. The noun is loquacity, or,of course, loquaciousness. The word derives from Latin loquor, to speak, a root found also in : soliloquya speech to oneself (loquor plus solus, alone), or, etymologically, a speech when alone. Soliloquist stands for a person and the verb is "soliloquize".
The ventriloquist appears to talk from the belly (venter, ventris plus loquor) rather than through the lips (or such was the strange perception of the person who first was the word).
Venter, ventris,which means belly, is the root on which ventral and ventricle are built. The ventral side of an animal, for example, is the front or anterior side-the belly side. A ventricle is a hallow organ or cavity, or, logically enough, belly, as one of the two chambers of the heart, or one of the four chambers of the brain, the ventricles of the heart are the lower chambers, and receive blood from the auricles, or upper chambers, the auricle, so named because it is somewhat ear-shaped (Latin, auris, ear), receives blood from the veins; the auricles send the blood into the ventricles, which in turn pump the blood into the arteries. The adjective form of ventricle is ventricular which may refer to a ventricle, or may mean having a belly-like bulge. Can you figure out the adjective of auricle? ______________. How about the adjective of vehicle? _________________. Of circle? _______________________.
Nouns ending in -cle are from adjectives ending in -cular. Examples : clavicular - clavicle
cuticular
- cuticle - vesicle - testicle
vesicular
testicular.
The Latin word of uncle (actually, uncle on the mother's side) is avunculus, from which we get avuncular referring to an uncle. Traditionally or stereotypically uncles are generally kindly, permissive, indulgent, protective, and often give helpful advice. So anyone who exhibits one or more of such traits to another (usually younger) person is avuncular or acts in an avuncular capacity.
If there is a front or belly side, anatomically, there must be a reverse - a back side. This is the dorsal side, from Latin dorsum, the root on which the verb endorse is built. If you endorse a check, you sign it on the back side; if you endorse a plan, an idea, etc., you back it, you express your approval or support. The noun is endorsement.
Vociferous derives from Latin" vox, vocis, voice", plus" fero", to carry. A vociferous rejoinder carries a lot of voice - i.e. it is vehement, loud, noisy, too clamorous, shouting. The noun is vociferousness; the verb is to vociferate. Can you form the noun derived from the verb? __________________________.
The root fero is found also in somniferous, carrying, bearing, or bringing sleep. So a somniferous lecture is dull and boring that it is sleep inducing. Fero is combined with somnus = sleep, in somniferous. What part of speech does the suffix "-ous" indicate ? ___________________
Tack on the negative prefix in- to somnus to construct insomnia, the abnormal inability to fall asleep when sleep is required or desired. The unfortunate victim to this disability is an insomniac, the adjective is insomnious. So -ous, in case you could not answer the question in the preceding paragraph, is an adjective suffix.
Add a different adjective suffix to somnus to derive somnolent = sleepy, drowsy. Can you construct the noun form of somnolent? ____________________ or ____________________ . Combine somnus with ambulo to walk, and you have somnambulism, walking in one's sleep. Write the term for the person who is a sleepwalker _________________________________________________.
An ambulatory patient, as in a hospital or convalescent home, is finally well enough to get out of bed and walk around. A perambulator, a word used more in England than in the US., and often shortened to pram, is a baby carriage, a vehicle for walking an infant through the streets (perthrough). To perambulate is, etymologically, "to walk through"; hence, to stroll around. Can you write the noun form of this verb? _______________________.
To amble is to walk aimlessly; an ambulance is so called because originally it was composed of two stretcher-bearers who walked off the battle field with a wounded soldier; and a preamble is, by etymology, something that "walks before" (pre-, before, before hand), hence an introduction or introductory statement, as the preamble to the US. constitution ("We the people ......."), a preamble to the speech, etc.; or any event that is introductory or preliminary to another, as in "An increase in inflationary factors in the economy is often a preamble to a drop in the stock market."
Somnus is one Latin word for sleep; sopor is another. A soporific lecture, speaker, style of delivery, etc. will put the audience to sleep (ficfrom facio, to make), and a soporific is a sleeping pill. You know that" -ness "can be added to any adjective to construct the noun form. Write the noun derived from inarticulate? _________________________. Inarticulate is a combination of the negative prefix in- and Latin articulus, a joint. The inarticulate person has trouble joining words together coherently. If you are quite articulate, on the other hand, you join your words together easily, you are verbal, vocal, possibly even voluble. The verb to articulate is to join (words), i.e., to express your vocal sounds - as in "please articulate more clearly.". Another, and very common, noun suffix attached to adjectives is, as you have discovered, -ity. So the noun form of banal is either banalness, or more commonly, banality. Bear in mind, then, that -ness and -ity are common noun suffixes attached to adjectives, and -ion (or -ation) is a noun suffix frequently affixed to verbs e.g to articulate/articulation, to vocalize/vocalization; to perambulate/perambulation.
Now match the words each with its right expression : - laconicity - eloquent - magniloquence - verbosity a- floweriness, pompousness, or elegance in speech.
b- incessant chatter with little meaning.
c- big wheel; important or influential person.
d- great artistic work; masterpiece.
- volubility - garrulity - magnum opus - magnate - revolution - evolution - cogency
e- a gradual unfolding or development.
f-"a rolling round"; radical change; political upheaval.
g- great economy in speech.
h- fluency, ease, and / or rapidity of speech.
i- great, artistic, or emotional expressiveness.
j- wordiness.
k - persuasiveness through logic; keen minded in reasoning.
Again match the words each with its right expression. - laconisim - verbiage - verbalize - verbal - verbatim a- a word for word
b- to put into words
c- causing, or resulting from, radical change, new and totally different
d- resulting or developing gradually from (something).
e- expressive; emotionally moving
-revolutionary - evolutionary - grandiloquent - eloquent - magnanimous
f- conomy of expression; pitiness or eword or phrase with either meaning
g- big-hearted, generous, forgiving
h- referring or pertaining to, or involving words; oral, rather thanwritten
i- using flossy, flowery, elegant, or impressive phraseology
j- wordiness, style or manner of using words; type of words
Further practice: Do you understand the underlined words ? Circle either

yes (Y) or no (N). - Is laconicism characteristics of a verbose speaker? - Does a magniloquent speaker use short, simple words? - Does a frog evolve from tadpole? - Is an eloquent speaker interesting to listen to? - Do verbose people use a lot of verbiage? - Is volubility characteristic of an inarticulate person? - Does verbosity show a careful and economical use of words? Y N
- Is a verbal person usually inarticulate? - Is a magnum opus one of the lesser works of a writer, artistic, or composer - Is a magnanimous person selfish and petty-minded?
Y N
Can you recall the words ? Mind the provided first letter of each word required. - gradually unfolding, or developing (adj.) - causing, or resulting from, radical change (adj.) - quality of conciseness and economy in the use of words - expressiveness in the use of words - turn round and round - important person, as in the commercial world - unselfish; generous; noble in motive; big-hearted; forgiving E ___________
R ___________
L______________
E______________
R______________
M_____________
M_____________
- using words easily; vocal; articulate; referring to, or nvolving V______________ words; oral, rather than written
- style of word usage; type of words; overabundance of words - wordiness; quality of using excess words - elegance in word usage
V______________
V______________
M_____________
- quality of chattering on and on about trivia, or with little G______________ meaning - fluency and ease in speech - word for word - masterpiece; great artistic work V______________
V______________
M_____________
- persuasiveness and forcefulness in speech or writing hrough C______________ closely reasoned logic
Provide the English words :
Prefix, root, suffix - venter,ventris - loquor
meaning belly
English word
to speak
- auris - avunculus - dorsum - vox,vocis - fero - somnus - ous - in- ambulo - ory - pre- pre - sopor
ear
uncle
back
voice
to carry, bear
sleep
adjective suffix
negative suffix
to walk
adjective suffix
through
before, beforehand
sleep
- fic -( facio) - ness - -ity - ion(-ation) - -ent - -ence,-ency
to make or do
noun suffix
noun suffix
noun suffix
adjective suffix
noun suffix
Give the meaning(s) of the phrase(s) below in one word :
a- unable to sleep------------------b- pertaining to sleep walking------------c- drowsy-----------------d- able to walk after being bedridden-------------e- verbal, vocal----------g- pertaining to one of the chambers of the heart -------------h- referring to the front or belly side -------------------
i- sleep-inducing --------------j- referring to the backside ---------------
Can you work with the words ? Match the numbers each with its right letter. - ventricle, auricle - endorsement - vociferousness - insomnia - somnolence - somnambulism - perambulator - preamble - soporific - inarticulateness a- inability to fall asleep.
b- sleepwalking.
c- introduction; preliminary or introductory occurrence.
d- incoherence; sputtering; inability to get words out.
e- chamber of the heart.
f- sleeping pill.
g- support, approval.
h- lack of originality ; lack of imagination.
i- drowsiness.
j- baby buggy; stroller.
- banality
k- loudness; clamorousness.
Continue the same procedure - endorse - vociferate - insomniac - somnolency - somnambulist - perambulate - amble - soporific - nsomnious a- one who cannot fall asleep
b- sleep walker
c- walk aimlessly
d- stroll through; walk around
e- to sign on the back; support; approve of
f- drowsiness
g- say loudly and with great vehemence
h- causing sleep
i- wakeful; unable to fall sleep
Circle either Yes or No : - Does an insomniac often need a soporific ? Y N
- Does a somnambulist always stay in bed when a sleep? - Are ambulatory patients bedridden ? - Does a preamble come after another event ? - Are articulate people verbal ? - Does banality show creativeness ? - Does an avuncular attitude indicate affection and protectiveness ? - Is vociferation habitual with quick, shy people ? - Is a somnolent person wide awake ? - Is a somniferous speaker stimulating and exciting?
Recall the words : B - lack of imagination or originality in speech, actions,or style of life hackneyed or trite phraseology - sleep-inducing - unable to fall asleep (adj.) S
- verbal, vocal, speaking fluently - acting like an uncle - referring to the front; anterior - referring to the back; posterior - approve of; support; sign; sign on the back of - shout vehemently - one who cannot fall asleep - drowsy; sleepy - sleepwalker - now able to walk; though previously bedridden - walk aimlessly - introduction; introductory - incoherence
Chapter Review :
Underline the word that reflects the precise meaning of the following expressions : - Disinclined to conversation a- loquacious b- laconic c- taciturn - Trite : a- inarticulate b- banal c- verbose - Rapid and fluent : a- voluble b- verbose c- garrulous
- Forceful and compelling : a- vociferous b- cogent c- laconic
- Unspoken : a- verbatim b- eloquent c- tacit
- Using elegant and impressive words : a- verbose b- grandiloquent c- colloquial
- Back : a- dorsal b- ventral c- somniferous - Sleep-inducing : a- soporific b- somnolent c- ventral
- Inability to fall asleep : a- somnambulism b- ambulatory c- insomnia - Talkativeness : a- reticence (cy) b- ventriloquism c- loquacity
- Expressing indirectly or in a round about way : a- circumlocutory b- colloquial c- laconic
- Elegance in expressive : a- magniloquence b- grandiloquence c- verbiage - Wordiness : a- laconism b- cogency d- verbosity
- Big-hearted, generous, unselfish : a- grandiloquent b- magnanimous c- garrulous
- Causing radical changes : a- evolutionary b- revolutionary c- ventricular
- To shout vehemently : a- endorse b- perambulate c- vociferate - Like an uncle : a- ventricular b- auricular c- avuncular - Drowsy : a- somniferous b- somnolent c- soporific - Sleepwalking : a- insomnia b- somnolency c- somnambulism - Introduction :
a- preamble
b- perambulator
c- evolution
Give the meanings of the following roots : the root - taceo - loquor - solus venter,ventris meaning -------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- magnus
- grandis
- verbum
- volvo, volutus
- garrio
- animus
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- opus
- opero
- auris
- avunculus
- dorsum
- vox, vocis
- fero
- ambulo
In what English words can you find the above roots ?
EXERCISES ON CHAPTER SIX

Unless you have read and pondered the meaning of every single word in this chapter you might find it difficult to answer the questions below. Here is an example to test your acquired comprehension. The word "sputter" is used in the first paragraph of page one. Consider its semantic properties and answer the following question. VI..
(a) translate this sentence into Arabioc. In your translation mind the semantic properties of the underlined words.
- the car's engine sputtered for a moment and then died.
(b) Which of the following words are synonymous to the word "sputter"?
- impress
- stumble
- imprint
- hesitate
- conk out
- pause
- break down
- stutter
- hem and haw
(c) Provide Arabic equivalents of words listed in "b" above. VI.. The underlined words in the following statements are synonymous but still have to be translated by carefully chosen Arabic equivalents . So, translate them and make the subtle differences in meaning between them as clear as possible : - His speech was characterized as hackneyed. - His ideas are too often used; they are meaningless and ineffective- they are trite. - His remark was uninteresting because it was very common ..... it was banal. VI. . The word cogent is an adjective usually used to mean "able to prove or to produce belief; something forceful in argument" . e.g. a cogent argument. There are other English words that can be used to render similar semantic effect. Provide English equivalent to the words in the following list :
VI. . Along the semantic properties implied in the word "taciturn", there are cases where some facial expressions indicate an angry threatening expressions. These expression are listed below in Arabic
(a) provide their equivalents in English :
(b-)Translate the following statements into English, making use of the equivalents you provided for "a" above.
- - - -
- - - - - - - -
VI. . a- The verb "soliloquize" means a speech made to oneself alone especially in a play. Can you come up with other verbs in English that convey similar meaning ?
b- There are verbs in English that can be used to translate each one of the following statements. Recall them, but remember each statement can be translated by a single verb in English.
- - - - - - -
VI.. The word "vein", as you read it in this chapter, is used to mean a tube that carries blood from any part of the body to the heart. But in the following sentences the word "vein" is used to convey a meaning that is completely different from the above definition ! a- Translate the following statements into Arabic and mind the meaning of the underlined words : - He spoke in a serious vein.
- He uttered a number of jokes all in the same vein. - There is a vein of truth in all her stories. - There is a vein of melancholy in his character. - He writes humorous songs when he is in the right vein - The veined marble he used in building his new house made it look attractive.
b- Explain in English the differences in meanings between the following words
- vain y - venial - vine dresser - vinegar eel - vain glory - vine VI .. In talking about "venation", do you know the names of veins and similar organs in your body? Here is a list of them in Arabic provide their English equivalents.

VI . . With reference to the word "uncle" you read in this chapter, the following is a list of Arabic words that an Arab uses with reference to his/her immediate relatives. Provide their equivalents in English.

VI. . When we say the "dorsal side" we mean the reverse side or the back side. When you endorse a cheque you sign it on the back side; and when you endorse a plan or an idea, you back it with an expressed approval or support. There are words in English we use exclusively with reference to the rear part
a- try to recall as many of them as possible.
b- there are words exclusively used with reference to the rear of the torso, recall them.
c- The words listed bellow are words used with reference to one who plays behind the line in football games. Provide their Arabic equivalents .
- line backer- full back - quarter back - tail back flanker back - kicker - passer - pass receive - wing back running back - slot back - blocking back -corner back safety man -free safety -ball carrier
d- finally there are words that we use in reference to things done behind one's back. Some of these words are listed in English (provide their meanings in Arabic) other are listed in Arabic (provide their equivalents in English) , provided that none of the listed words in English should be used as equivalents of words in the Arabic list.
List "A"
- slyly - with bated breath - under the breath - under the cloak - slick
Arabic equivalent
- shad - astute - evasive - furtively - stealthily - meanly - with downcast eyes - on the quiet - guileful - intriguing - unscrupulously - conniving - elusive
- delusive - bluffing - traitorous - double-crossing - in the dark
List B
English equivalent
e- Choose five words from each list above and use them in English sentences of your own. (to be translated in the classroom). VI .. In this chapter, you have studied the word "vociferous"that means "noisy in the expression of one's feelings", e.g., vociferous demands for higher wages. You are provided with a list of synonymous words to "vociferous". In your translation of the Arabic statements below ,the underlined words should be given equivalents chosen from the given list. Study the words and then translate the statements:
a - List of synonyms
- blatant - loud - shrill - ear-piercing- fulminate
- resound resonant - thundering - roaring - strident - uproarious
- stentorian - turbulent - blustering - cacophonous - screech
b- Statements to be translated into English :
( )
VI. . Along the semantic properties of the word "somnolence" there are cases where a person find himself inactive or rather languid. These cases are described in Arabic words listed below - provide their equivalents in English.
) ( ) (

VI. . The verb "amble" in this chapter, might have intellectually enticed you to think of ways and manners people do when they walk? And to make it easier on you, you are provided with a list of words in Arabic indicative to the above action (s); provide their equivalents in English.
- - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
VI . . This exercise is relevant to "" above : Translate the given statements into Arabic, and mind the meaning(s) of the underlined word(s) : - She stepped on a loose stone and twisted her ankle. - Mother stepped in and stopped them from fighting.
- The people outside the theater paced up and down, trying to keep warm. - The lion paced the floor of its cage. - She knew how fast she was running, because her trainer waspacing her on a bicycle. - The police marched him off to prison. - Every day he trod the same path to school. - They crush the juice out of the fruit by treading it. - To stay afloat he treaded water. . He strolled the streets of the town. - Let's take a saunter down to the lake. - The lost child was wandering (around) the streets. - Don't wander off the point. - They rambled through the woods. - He cruised for he was moving at a fairly high but steady speed.
- He trudged through deep snow. - They tramped through the woods all day. - He made a long trek through the mountains. - He didn't know what to do; he started roaming from place to place. - He roved the seas in search of adventure. - They filed slowly past the grave of their leader. - The carriage jogged on the rough road. - He is a toddler for he has just learned to walk. VI. . You have come across the derogatory adjective "banal" that shows disinterest due to being hackneyed. There are synonymous words that are classified to be used either with reference to "food", "plant" or to things that are no longer fresh or pure.
a- Provide the English equivalent for each one of the following statements :
statements
equivalents
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
b- Make use of the list of statements above and translate into Arabic the following statements - mind the meaning of the underlined words. - The butter we bought was rancid.
- What he had was small pieces of stale bread that he offered for birds. - He was thirsty but the water was fetid. - There were noxious chemicals in the river-water. - The hot weather tainted the meat. - The animals defiled the water. - Her beautiful face was blemished by a big red spot on her nose. VI. . In this chapter you studied kinds of people you might find yourself in conversation with. But do you know the English lexicons used in describing the kinds of speech listed below in Arabic?
Arabic structures
English equivalents
- - - -
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - -
VI. . This exercise in contrast to the previous one, deals with writing styles that are preferably used by certain individuals. First, here is a list of words that you need to choose from when you translate the Arabic statements listed below, and mainly the underlined words. Study the list and translate the statements :
A- The list :
" grandiloquent, pleonastic, wordy, tautology, repetitious, tedious, redundant, circumlocutory, magniloquent, diffused, rhetorical, voluble , fustian ".
b- The statements to be translated :
- -
- - - - - -
- - - -
VI .. With reference to the concept of the word "avuncular," there are additional semantic properties indicative to personalities, and characters that are affectionate, tender, enamored, amiable ... etc.
We, as often as ever, find ourselves in need of words to describe individuals of such nature (kind-hearted). Therefore, you are provided with two lists of such words: one in Arabic and the other in English. Provide the appropriate equivalents of the words in each list respectively, provided no words are to be borrowed for either list -- be original.
List A. - permissive - indulgent - Protective - agreeable - lenient - soft-hearted -
- favoring - mild - tender - pampering - clement - gratifying - sympathetic - considerate - solicitous - obliging - delicate - benevolent - complaisant
- sensitive - assisting - well-disposed - mollifying - philanthropic - beneficent
List B
- - - - -
- - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -

A Translation Course in Building Vocabulary

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KING SAUD UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES & TRANSLATION

A TRANSLATION COURSE IN BUILDING VOCABULARY

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- INTRODUCTION - How to assess your own vocabulary

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How do you assess your own vocabulary?

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A TEST OF VERBAL SPEED

A TEST OF VERBAL RESPONSIVENESS

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Etymology and related words:

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. egomaniacal . altruistic . alternative . alteration (N) . alter ego . alternate

Respond to the following questions by circling either Yes or No

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practicecustometc.(noun suffix) adjective suffix quality conditionetc.(noun suffix)

Exercise: I. Match words and meanings.

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. polygamist . polyandrist . anthropologist . gynecologist . philanthropist

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EXERCISES ON CHAPTER ONE

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I.. The word "character" can be used to mean:

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CHAPTER TWO MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

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ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS

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ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS

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ADDITIONAL MATCHING .orthopedics a. nerve pain

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.orthodontia . neurolgia . neuritis . geriatrics .cardiogram .cardiograph . neurosis . psychosis . psychiatry

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EXERCISES ON CHAPTER TWO

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