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- To provide inter locks and alarms to prevent dangerous operating procedures. (b) Production rate: - To achieve the desired production output. (c) Production quantity: - To maintain the product consumption within the specified quality standards. (d) Cost: - To operate at the lower production cost, commensurate with the objectives. But sometimes it may be better strategy to product a better quality at a higher cost. (e) Labour: - The process can operate with less labour power and hence lower the operating cost.In a typical chemical processing plant, these objectives are achieved by a combination of control, manual monitoring & laboratory analysis.
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Figure 6
Notations:NUMBER 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 32 34 DESCRIPTION Conduit Vaporizer Conduit Conduit Fired Tube Reactor Catalyst Filled Tubes Furnace Coil Convection Section Radiant Section Transducer Process Controller (PI) Temperature Set Point Signal Scaling Signal Control Valve Conduit Conduit
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System description
The output signal here can be representative of a desired change in flowrate,to make actual temperature equal to desired temperature,or signal can be pressure. Transducer 20 in combination with a sensing device such as thermocouple,which is operably located at conduit 6 establishes an output signal 22 which is provided as as a process variable input to temperature controller 24. Temperature controller 24 is also provided with a set point signal 26 representative of desired temperature of effluent flowing in conduit 6. Here set point signal 26 is set between 600-650C and pressure about 0-1 atm. In response of signal 22 & 26,the temperature controller 24 establishes an output signal 28 responsive to the difference between signals 22 & 26.Signal 28 is scaled so as to be representative of position of valve 30 required to maintain the actual effluent temperature represented by signal 22 equal to desired effluent temperature represented by 26. Signal 28 is provided from temperature controller 24 to control valve 30 & control valve 30 is manipulated in response of signal 28.
Figure 7
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Notations:NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 DESCRIPTION Fractionating Column Rectification Zone Stripping Zone Line Line Overhead Condenser Line Receiver Line Line Orifice Valve Line Flow Controller Line Line Chromatographic Analyser Line Bottom Zone Line Line Valve Level Controller Level Sensor Line Orifice Valve Flow Controller Line Line Line Line Line Line Orifice Line Flow Controller Line Valve
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System description
Typically fractionating column 1 containing rectification zone 2 & stripping zone 3 is shown in figure. Here the fractionation column 1 is maintained under condition of thermal equilibrium by passing bottom liquid to reboiler 31 & flow controller 37 to adjust heat input to reboiler 31 in a manner sufficient to generate vapour within the reboiler in an amount sufficient to hold a constant flow signal passing from orifice 35 to flow controller 37 via line 36.
Figure 8
System description
Here process control instruments are basically required for level indicating and temperature indicating.An alarm system is installed to notify if there is non-ideal variation in level and temperature. tank consists of a regulating valve to control inert gas flow into the tank,a low temperature indicator (LT 1),a level indicator (LI 1),an low level alarm indicator (LAH 1).Here 1,2 denote loop numbers for a system. some portion of process control is shown in detail in storage and handling section, which discusses topic storage tank.
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Figure 9
System description
Centrifugal pump cosists of valves,check valves,control valves(FCV),flow temperature detector (FT 2),flow indicating controller (FIC 2) pressure indicator (PI 1) to control proper operation of pump. Here 1,2 denote loop numbers for a system.
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