Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
References
Burger, H. R., Exploration Geophysics of the Shallow Subsurface, Prentice Hall P T R, 1992. Robinson, E. S., and C. Coruh, Basic Exploration Geophysics, John Wiley, 1988. Telford, W. M., L. P. Geldart, and R. E. Sheriff, Applied Geophysics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1990 SEG Journals
SP (Self Potential)
Theoretical Background
Electrokinetic potential (streaming potential)
Observed when a solution of electrical resistivity and viscosity is forced through a capillarity or porous medium. The resultant potential difference between the ends of the passage is Ek = (Pk)/(4) = adsorption (zeta) potential P = pressure difference k = solution dielectric constant
Theoretical Background
Liquid-junction (diffusion) potential This is due to the difference in nobilities of various ions in solutions of different concentrations
R is the constant (8.31 J/Celcius), F is faraday constant (9.65 x 104 C/mol), is absolute temperature, n is the valence, Ia and Ic are mobilities of anion and cation. C1 and C2 are the solution concentrations.
Theoretical Background
Shale (Nernst) potential When two identical metal electrodes are immersed in a homogeneous solution, there is no potential difference between them. The combined diffusion and nernst potentials are known as electrochemical, or static self-potential.
Theoretical Background
Mineralization potential When two dissimilar metal electrodes are immersed in a homogeneous solution, a potential difference exists between the electrodes.
Field Procedure
The voltage between two unpolarizable electrodes, a fixed base station and a moving probe, is measured by a highimpedance voltmeter and a cable layout SP stations are arranged in a grid or - in the case of twodimensional geologic structures - on profiles perpendicular to the strike. Station spacing depend on the project conditions and may be of the order of meters or tens of meters. In large survey areas, a gradient layout may preferentially be used. Modern equipments use multichannel digital voltmeters or large PC-controlled electrode arrays which allow also a monitoring of SP fields.
Gradient method
SP noise
SP noise sources may considerably affect a survey making reliable data acquisition a difficult task.
Telluric currents, Industrial currents, Electric railway systems, Electrode drifts, and Inhomogeneous soils High-amplitude bioelectric potentials from vegetation can seriously overprint the geologic SP signature, and time variations of SP fields are a matter of further complexity
Case Study
The reference electrode is moved to the position of the measuring electrode and the measuring electrode is moved to the next station down the line. A station spacing is 7.5 m. A commercial voltmeter with high input impedance was used to make the measurements. The polarization between the two electrodes was checked before, during, and after data acquisition. No telluric current correction was made as the total measurement time is quite short (~30 minutes).
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study
The self-potential geophysics can indeed be used to detect cavities. Although theoretically rainfall should intensify SP measurements by increasing flow, in reality it enhances the in homogeneity of the subsurface which generates cave-like anomalies that are misleading. These anomalies are not present in dry conditions because there is essentially no flow in the near-surface vadose zone. The SP can be a tool to determine direction of groundwater flow and provide a relative measure of hydraulic gradients as observed in the slope difference between the wet and dry surveys. In conclusion, SP is a useful geophysical method to detect caves given the following conditions: (1) the target cave is a local sink for water flow and electrically resistive and (2) SP measurements are taken when the near surface is dry.
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
Case study 2
A good correlation between the two methods used to identify geological structures or areas of possible accumulation of groundwater. Resistivity imaging and self potential methods show a lot of promise for prospecting of groundwater accumulations in the crystalline rock areas of the dry zone. These methods used with aerial photographs and geological maps will improve the accuracy of locating groundwater wells which are both productive and sustainable.
SP in well survey
Uses
Identify permeable bed boundaries Stratigraphic correlations Estimation of shale content Vsh for shaly sand formations. Determination of formation water resistivity (in order to do formation evaluation), Rw
--------------------------- - - -Shale - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------ ------------- --- --- Sand - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - ----------------Shale ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shaly Sand