Final Report

Final

Report of the Study on Goatery Sub Sector

For

Chhattisgarh State Institute of Rural Development

Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Govt. of Chhattisgarh Nimora, Raipur (C.G.) - 492015

Team Sanjeev Kumar Arun Keshav

Submitted by

The Livelihood School D-1,Machna Colony Shivaji Nagar,Bhopal Ph:0755-4209040

www.thelivelihoodschool.in

Table of Contents

Acronyms ............................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgement ...........................................................................................................4 Executive Summary...........................................................................................................5 1. Background............................................................................................................12

1.1. 1.2. Goat rearing and meat status in India.............................................................. 12 Goat Rearing and Meat status in Chhattisgarh............................................... 13

1.3. Importance of Goat meat sub sector in Livelihood and Employment Generation ................................................................................................. 17

2.

Objectives & Methodology .................................................................................19

2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. Scope and Objectives of Goat meat Sub sector Study................................. 19 Methodology adopted ....................................................................................... 19 Sample area and place selection..................................................................... 20 Study Tools ............................................................................................................. 20 Significant People Interviewed/interacted ...................................................... 20

3.

Goat Meat Sub sector findings ...........................................................................21

3.1. 3.1.1. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. Goat meat Sub Sector Map in Chhattisgarh ................................................... 21 Description of subsector channels....................................................22 Financial Overlays ................................................................................................ 23 Cash Flow for Monthly/Seasonal transactions ................................23 Profitability of participants at different levels ..................................23

4.

Key Constraints and Leverage Points in the Sub-sector .................................24

4.1. Key constraints at production, processing and marketing ............................ 24

The Bastar choices 4.2. Strategic Goat and Key Recommendations ............................................... 28
4.3. 4.4. Potential Role of PRI in facilitating Goat meat Sub sector Growth ............... 31
Financial Implications of suggested model implementation and suggested role

of key players....................................................................................................................... 33

References .......................................................................................................................35 Annexure I. Log of KIIs and FGDs conducted for the Goat sub sector study ...................37

II. Transcriptions- Key Informant Interviews and FGDs with stake holders...............................................................................................................................42 III. Analysis of the producer house holds interviews..............................................76
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IV. V.

Tools used for information/data collection in the study ...................................1 The Pashu Sakhi Model.........................................................................................92

VI. Proposed Structure and sustainability analysis of Goat producers Company..........................................................................................................................93

Acronyms
PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions SHG- Self Help Groups FGD Focused Group Discussion KII Key Informant Interview NGOs Non Governmental Organisations PLA Participatory Learning and Action NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme SGSY Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana PMRY Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana CG Chhatisgarh SC Schedule caste ST Schedule Tribe MW Mega Watt

Acknowledgement
This report has been based on intensive field discussions with a number of people working on development issues across the states. Each of them has provided insights and provided their valuable experience which has set foundation for this report. We thankfully acknowledge their contributions. Authors acknowledge their gratitude to all those goat rearers of Chhatisgarh , who openly welcomed us and shared their concerns and experiences. Help at district level by numerous people had been a pleasant experience and saved time. We thankfully acknowledge the support received from Akhilesh Singh (UNDP, Project officer) at Sarguja and Mr. Rajendra Shukla at Jagdalpur. Mr. R.K Singh, Director, CGSIRD has supported us through his insights, guidance and helped in keeping focus on practical use of study findings, we greatly acknowledge his support. The support received at various development program offices like Animal Husbandry, Dairy cooperative, Navanjor and special program like Chhatisgarh Livestock development Agency has been praiseworthy. We especially extend our gratitude to them. We are appreciative of field coordination and logistics managed by Mr. R.S. Gautam of The livelihood School and support provided by Mr. Srinubabu. Like any such field based investigation encompassing market related information, support of traders and market players in sharing details of process and trends are important. Looking into criticality of their role and dedication to manage this all business (adventurous) effort, Authors salute their spirit and wish to dedicate this sub sector report to all market players of goat business within and outside the state.

Sanjeev Kumar Arun Keshav Date June 15, 2010

Executive Summary
Goat rearers across Chhattisgarh are increasingly turning to goats as a means of survival and a way of boosting their incomes. It has shown remarkably over 18% growths (during 2003 to 2007) in spite of high slaughter rate (over 39% annual). This presents the State and various development actors as well as agencies responsible for livelihood and employment promotion in the state, with new opportunities for reaching the poorest farmers in the State. Goats are deeply embedded in almost every tribal culture and are true friends to the rural poor and yet have received very little attention by development agencies (By governments/Non Government or private agencies) and investment in their development has been low in the state. This Sub sector study report focuses on the unique role and potential of goats in tribal and non tribal belts of Chhattisgarh to lift poor people out of poverty and onto a path of improved welfare and prosperity. For various reasons, goats are coming to the fore in both smallholder and pastoral systems. The study makes some specific suggestions how goats could be developed in different situations. However, while the widespread cultural acceptance of goats and goat products forms a sound basis for development, there are many physical, economic, social and political constraints to developing goats in the state in addition to biases against them, and the people who keep them that need to be rectified before goats are able to show their true potential. Study team used following data collection tools to have a across the stakeholders views and capture the data and reflections of practitioners Key Informant Interviews (KII), House hold interviews, Structured and semi structured questionnaires Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and Participatory Learning and Actions (PLA) with various players in the value chain and Critical observations at the production and marketing site through field visits Goat rearing is the one of the essential part of culture and livelihood source of Chhattisgarh people. They serve following distinct (financial and non financial) and complementary kind of purpose at a rural community household 1. Risk mitigating strategy against crop failure, weather unpredictability and less rainfall as well as personal health expenses 2. Reliable source of supplementary income and income stabilization tool in case of crop failure or crop loss 5

3. As a near liquid asset which can be sold for any emergency purpose like family member medical expenses, loan repayment, deposit of fees. 4. As a source of nutrition for meat 5. Women and children earned income 6. As a saving tool for a particular purpose like meeting marriage expenses or social obligations 7. As a social & religious ritual and welcoming close relatives and friends through scarifying goats for a feast or scarifying at religious place to please goats The production system of Goat in Chhattisgarh is characterized by agro pastoral systems. Most often goats are kept in the range of 3 to 5 goats at household level (Based on sample survey). The trend of moving towards low herd size has been an adaptive change over the recent years due to various factors prominently - availability of human resource to graze the goats, fear of diseases outspread, increasing opportunity cost due to NREGA and other labour works and high drudgery involved in the business. Study team observed that establishment of commercial goat farm on economic management principles is not common in the state of Chhattisgarh. It has been also observed that access to market and health services has been important reason to make a choice by farmers to keep mix of goats and other large ruminants. The intensity of cropping has adverse relations with goat rearing in the State. The figure represents family based low herd size semi stall fed model (1 to 3), 4 to 9 grazing dependent model and 10 and more than 10 as pastoral system model. The study looked into four pillars of goat management at goat keepers level as breed and reproduction, Feeding, preventative Health practices and housing and sanitation. Based on focused discussion, on site observation and household interview, it has been realised that the farmers in the state have been engaged in rearing locally adaptive goats and has no knowledge and exposure to elite breeds. Only Government provided Jamnapari male bucks has been observed in few 6

cases in the field. However there has been quite a variation in performance and body size of local breed especially if we compare north and south part of Chhattisgarh State. The feeding of goats has been largely dependent on available shrubs and leaves in grazing land. This in turn defines the growth of goats and kids in the area. The practice of supplementary feeding of grains has been very limited. The goats are not fed with mineral mixtures and salts, which can enhance digestibility and nutrient availability from existing resources. The most pathetic observation has came in the area of health care and preventative practices, wherein a huge gap has been observed in knowledge, skill and attitude coupled with availability of services and inputs with the rerears. The problems have been observed in access and affordability to health services however acceptance has not been observed as constraint in general. The present Sample based survey has revealed that mortality in goats has been reported as 30% in last one year. The perception has been further captured through PLA tools, wherein ranking of various risks involved in goat rearing has been ranked by group of goat rearers based on consensus and open debate. It has been noted that in all four group discussions, goat rearers ranked the loss of herd (Spread of infectious diseases) as the most highly perceived risk for them. This shows the prevalence of vaccination and preventative practices has been low in the area. Study team observed that making a proper housing and in some cases providing bedding material is in the practice domain of goat rearers. The only improvement required is enhancing the ventilation in such houses. The credit and insurance services for goat rearing has been almost non existent at producer level however farmers hared that such services could enhance their asset worth provided support services are strengthened. Goat has following products and services, which can be utilized by consumers after certain process adopted in processing and value additions Products Meat (raw, cooked, blood, soup) Milk (Very limited liquid milk to small children feeding) Skins (Leather jackets, purses containers, tents, thongs, etc.) Hair (coarse hair tents, wigs,) Horns Bones Manure (crops,vegetables) Services Cash income Emergency cash flow Savings for marriage, social functions, life cycle needs Security Gifts Loans Religious rituals Pleasure

The marketing channels of Goat has been multidimensional and affected by elasticity of demand and supply in a classical way. However, of late it seems goats are crossing boundary of state as product and buffers are getting 7

transported to affect local price of goat meat. The major sales channel observed by study team has been 1. Goat Farmers to Kuchia to district Buthchers (district place) to retail household consumer (Estimated 50% share) 2. Goat Farmers to Kutchia to Local Butchers to Hotel/restaurants (Estiamted 15% share) 3. Goat Farmers to Kuchia to traders to Butchers (10% share) 4. Goat Farmers to to Kutchia to outside state traders to Outside butchers t outside consumres (8%) 5. Goat Farmers to Other state traders to other state butchers to other state Consumers (5%) 6. Goat farmers to Local butchers/traders to local consumers (6%)

Analytical review of Marketing systems of Goats and Goat products The marketable product in goat rearing has been noticed of three distinct markets 1. Goats sold for meat to butchers (80%) 2. Goats sold for rearing to other rearers (10%) 3. Male kids sold for religious sacrifice (Kurbani) 10% Study team evaluated goat market in terms of marketing efficiency, price analysis, service quality, and market information and intelligence. Based on the above assessment the major role of government and development agencies has been perceived in following area for market development of goats and goat products A. Improve market infrastructure especially facilities at goat haats B. Improve information system through price and product quality information dissemination C. Improve institutional infrastructure in terms of haat regulation, basic rules and regulatory mechanism for goat trade and reducing harassment by police through setting Identity cards and building associations Present approaches in Goat based livelihood development in CGSD While reviewing the present approaches in strengthening goat based livelihood by the government and other development agencies, study team found that most often focus has been on improving production at goat rearers level. The adopted strategy invariably has been breed up gradation through distributing bucks on subsidized price and some credit infusions 8

(under Navanjor & SGSY) to enable poor community to acquire goat as assets. Some experiment with agencies like DENIDA supported initiatives has been on creating decentralization of primary health care through promoting educated rural youth as paravets. However the present approach has been very limiting in its effectiveness. The major reason identified in the field interactions are 1. Focus on breed up gradation without focus on feed and management 2. Supply of inferior quality (sometimes weak and under aged) buck on sunsidised rate, mortality in supplied bucks has been very high (Sarguja) 3. The result has been better where some health care was supplied in parallel to buck induction and mass vaccination achieved (Bastar block). 4. Exposure and training to goat rearers has been very low and their participation has been limited to recipient and not a decision maker. 5. The demonstration of better result sites has not perpetuated to new area (Even Veterinary department themselves are not sure where they have better results of Jamanapari crosses but reiterates of good result).

Major Recommendations Production subsystem Recommendation 1 : In relatively prosperous areas of North and Central CG Goat farms could be promoted. Rural youths could be motivated for undertaking entrepreneurial venture in goat farming. These centres could act as breeding and demonstration center. State might launch a special program of Rural Entrepreneurship in Goat sub sector to promote rural entrepreneurship based goat farms with credit and Insurance support under PMRY/SGSY. Panchayat can select and nominate such youths for training. Recommendation2: Building goat farmers institutions to bring down the opportunity cost of rearing goats. For example shepherd system, which was existent, should be promoted. How ever, it should be ensured that the shepherd gets something equivalent to 100 days of wage under NREGS (Refer to foot note). Marketing Subsystem Level Recommendation 3:

Kuchia chhanel could be facilitated by giving them identity (id card, flexi rules for with in the state transportation of goats etc.) and facilities (credit and insurance could be an important input). Also steps to safeguard kuchias against bad debts could be thought of. They may be brought under mainstream financial system as thre transactions are short term and fast and infusion of credit can furher boost their business. Recommendation 4: Alternate sale channels like haats could be developed. Market infrastructures could be strengthened; haats especially in north CG (like Sarguja) could be facilitated so that the farmers have an option beyond the kuchia channel. Unutilised/ under utilized market infrastructure could be used as goat haat. Also such haats needs to be developed in North Chhattisgarh where there are no live goat haats. Recommendation 5 : To induce competition to the butchers to balance out the things in favour of poor village based goat rearers new market development for CG goats could be thought, Meat processing units could be contacted and proper sale/ procurement channels could be developed with facilitation of Govt. Also setting up of export oriented meat processing units could be facilitated, for the first time in state ABIS Dairy in Rajnandgaon, on pilot basis, has started a commercial goat farm with 100 goats, more such projects could be promoted as this would pave the way for meat processing units and in case the processing units are able to find demand for their products, even small goat keepers could also be able to sell their goats to them, thereby inducing some standardization of live goats. Recommendation 6 : Standardisation of live goat sale, based on live body weight is required, so that the farmers dont get under paid for their product. The meat rates does not fluctuate on day today basis and is rising steadily in long run , but the farmers in absence of any standard valuation of their product is under a risk of getting under paid. Also the factor of PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY and PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND1 comes in to the play. Support Services Subsystem Level Health Services
1 Elasticity: % change in Y/ % change in X Where X is the price; Y is Supply or Demand In case of distress selling the supply becomes relatively inelastic and is ready to supply even on lesser price, extreme case of price inelasticity of Supply comes in to play in case of spread of diseases in goats, when the owner wants to dispose the goats at the earliest, in what ever price he may get. While on the other hand in festive season the price elasticity of demand comes in to play in which the demand becomes relatively inelastic which means the consumers are ready to buy even if the price is more, this trickle downs to producers level and they get better rates for goat at this time.

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Recommendation 7: SHGs has a good presence at grass roots in CG, could be looked upon as a viable channel like Pashu Sakhi model (refer to annexure V) with women SHG members there by improving the efficiency of the support services. The service can be provided at door step, round the clock in affordable cost and women friendly manner. Conclusion Goat rearing in the state has a significant source of dependable income by large number of poor families. The recent surge in price of goat meat and entry of market players from near by states, provides an opportunity to enhance the income of goat rearers through combined effort of productivity enhancement and improving market systems and transparency. Study team finds a feasible option to involve rural youth a semi stall commercial goat farm promoter and establish Goat rearers Company to leverage the advantage of aggregation and economy of scale. Through such membership based models and their collectives, over 10 lakh goat rearing families of the state can be benefited. With average direct investment of Rs 839 per family (6.29 lakh for 750 families), a sustainable gross return of Rs 12 to 15000 per year.

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1. Background
1.1. Goat rearing and meat status in India
India is the richest country in the world in livestock wealth, both in numbers and germplasm. India has 120.8 million goats in 1997 and has increased to 124.35 million as per census 2003, ranks second in the world. Goat meat production stands at the level of 0.47 million tones. The slaughter rate of goat is at the level of 39.7 % as compared to 31.8% for sheep and 11% for buffaloes respectively. Goat also produce 2.55 million tones of milk and 0.1288 million tones of skin as per F.A.O. 189 records 2002 report. The trend in consumption of mutton and goat meat shows increase from 467000MT in 1981 to 696000 MT in Fig 1 Distribution of Goat Population in 2002 indicating annual compound Country growth rate of 1.28 % during 92-02. Sheep and goat meat production has reached 700400MT during 2002 in India. The distribution of goats has been found across the coutry as shown in map of India. Each dot represents 10000 of goats. The contribution of agriculture sector to national GDP is around 25% and the share of livestock in agricultural GDP is 23%, of which small ruminants contribute about 10% to the total value of livestock sector. At the national level, small ruminants account for 14% of the meat output, 4% of the milk output and 15% of hides and skin production in the country. But it receives only about 2.5% of the public spending on livestock sector, which is much less than the share of small ruminants in the value of output of the livestock sector. The growing demand of meat and meat products in the country and the share of the small ruminants (mainly sheep and goat) within this holds good potential to develop small ruminant sector in the rural areas with the objective of increased returns to the rearer communities.
Sheep/Goat Meat Poultry Products Processed Meats Animal Casings Total Commodity Buffalo Meat 16820 20240 986 733 382596 Qty (Metric Tonnes) 343817 110 202 8 12 1869 Value (Rs. Cr.) 1537

Per capita meat consumption in India is relatively low at less than 5 Kg/ years as compared to other developing countries such as Pakistan (13.7 Kg), China (38.6 Kg) and Brazil (58.6 Kg). Based on the minimum requirement of 20g animal 12

protein per capita per day sourced from milk (10 g), meat (4 g), fish (4 g), and eggs (2 g), the estimated demand for meat is 7.7 million metric tones as against the present production of 4.6 million metric tonnes. Meat Export Trade Export of Indian meat to Gulf countries has proved to be a thriving business over the last several years. Now, the meat is also exported to Malaysia and Singapore. At present, more than 60 countries are importing meat from India. Many corporate firms have set up modern integrated meat complexes having state-of-the-art facilities for livestock holding, slaughter, carcass deboning, packing, chiller and frozen storages, byproducts Table 1 Export meat trade data for 2003-04 processing, effluent treatment etc.

m India 2003-

1.2. Goat Rearing and Meat status in Chhattisgarh

Brief Profile of Chhattisgarh The state of Chhattisgarh came in to existence on November 1, 2000. This land locked state was carved out of Madhya Pradesh. The total area of the state is 1, 35,000 Sq. km and has a total of 18 districts, with Raipur is the State capital. The state shares borders with six states viz. Madhya Pradesh to the West and North West, Uttar Pradesh to the North, Jharkhand to the North East, Orissa to the east, Maharashtra to the south west and Andhra Pradesh to the south east. The climate of the state is mainly tropical, humid and sub-humid. Mahanadi is the principal river of the State and the other rivers are the Godavari and the Narmada. Total river length is 1,885 km.

Table 2: Chhattisgarh at a Glance

Total Area Total population Total Population of Males Total Population of Females Sex ratio (No. of Females per thousand Males) Total SC Population Total ST Population Total Rural population Population density (Per Sq Km) Literacy rate Population Below Poverty Line District Panchayats Janpad Panchayats Gram Panchayat Nagar Panchayat Total No. of Inhabited Villages 1, 35,000 Sq. km 2,07,96,000 10452 10344 990 24,12,336 66,13,128 1,66,21,000 154 64.7% 43% 16 146 9139 49 19692

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Electrified villages Average Annual Rainfall Primary Schools Middle School High School/Secondary school Technical Institutes Primary Health Centre Veterinary Hospital Veterinary Dispensaries Diagnostic Laboratories

18076 1200-1400 mm 35335 14270 3491 35 717 208 738 7

(Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics GoCG , Census of India, 2001,Other published reports )

Table3: Demographic Profile of Chhattisgarh Population of Demographic Profile Chhattisgarh India Chhattisgarh (2001) Integrated Health & Population Policy, GoCG , of population) (% of population) (% Census (Source: forms 2% of of India, 2001,Other published reports ) Rural 80% 72.2% the total Urban 20% 27.8% population of Scheduled Castes 11.6% 16.2% India. As per Scheduled Tribes 31.8% 8.2% 2001 census, 80% of the total population lives in rural areas and the remaining 20% lives in urban areas. The Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) constitute 43.4% of the States population. The Literacy rate has improved steadily from 42.91% in 1991 to 64.7% in 2001; registering a growth of 21.79%. Chhattisgarh's Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is estimated at Rs.95, 204 crore for 2008-09, registering a growth of 19.88 percent over the previous year, according to an economic survey 2009-10 . Per capita income grew 13% in 2008-09, but the growth may be attributed more to the growth in secondary sector and less to the primary sector. Chhattisgarh is well connected by road, rail and air. National Highways (NH) 6, 16 and 43 connect major cities and towns of Chhattisgarh to other parts of the country. Raipur and Bilaspur are the two major railway stations, which connect Chhattisgarh to other major cities and towns of India with a good railway network. There are two domestic Airports and four Air strips at Raipur and in Bilaspur and air strips in Bhilai, Jagdalpur, Sarguja, Korba. Chhattisgarh is known as a Power Surplus State. The gross total power capacity of the State, including central sectors share (283.5 MW)is 1694.35 MW. Thermal power generation accounts for over 90% of Chhattisgarhs power capacity. Korba West power Station has a generation capacity of 840 MWthe highest in the State.

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Figure 2: Physical Map of Chhattisgarh

Agriculture in Chhattisgarh On the basis of climate & topography the state is divided into 3 agro climatic zones. The Bastar Plateau comprises of Bastar, Dantewada, Beejapur & Narayanpur districts and a part of Kanker (excluding Charama, Narharpur & Kanker Blocks). Northern parts of the state comes under "Northern Hilly Region" which comprises of Sarguja, Koriya & Jashpur Districts. Bilaspur, Raipur, Janjgeer-Champa, Raigarh, Rajnandgaon, Kawardha, Durg, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Korba and parts of Kanker come under "Plains of Chhattisgarh" (Please refer to figure 2). area of cultivation while 44% is

Out of 137.00 lakh hectares geographical Chhattisgarh, 43 % area comes under under forest cover. Almost 80% population dependent agriculture agriculture occupations. of the is on and related

Agriculture is still the backbone of states economy. As shown in Fig 3, as per 2001 census, over 70% of the Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Chhattisgarh total workers (excluding the marginal workers) are engaged in cultivation or as agricultural labourers) How ever the agriculture largely is rain fed as only about 21% of the net sown area is irrigated (2000-01 Govt. stats).Irrigational facilities are largely limited to districts in central plain zone where about 37% of the net sown area is irrigated. Areas under irrigation in northern hills and Bastar plateaus are as low as 8 and 3% respectively. Rice is the major crop of the state, 67% of the total cropped area is rice while the pulses are 17%, oil seeds 5.2% and horticulture is 2.2% (2004-05 stats).How ever the productivity of

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Rice per ha when compared to national average is 30% less. Due to rain dependency of agriculture, the scope for the second crop post rainy season is severely limited in unirrigated areas. Agriculture is the major source of income for the rural house holds in Chhattisgarh and income from agriculture is supplemented by income from wage labour and income from livestock.

Livestock in Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh has a rich livestock wealth of 1.4 crore animals, as per the 2007 livestock census, of which the maximum of 65% is the cattle population followed by 20% of goat population. Buffalo constitute 11% of the total while pigs and sheep are 3 and 1% respectively of the total population (refer to Table 1.2c). As stated in the box, due to several limiting factors the income from agriculture may not be adequate for landless, marginal and small farmers. It is important to note that about 73% of the rural house holds have small land holdings, having less than 2 ha and has the total area share of only 29%. In context, livestock gains socioeconomic and cultural importance and is very much embedded in the social fabric. Table 4: Livestock Population in Chhattisgarh (In Lacs) 2007 CENSUS % Growth 2003 CENSUS (In Lacs) (In Lacs) 16

SPECIES

Cattle (Indigenous) Male

43.43 42.86 86.29 1.27 1.26 2.53 10.78 5.20 15.98 7.06 16.29 23.35 1.21 5.39 0.14 51.60

45.89 44.61 90.50 1.83 2.27 4.10 10.08 5.92 16.00 8.51 19.09 27.60 1.40 4.01 0.11 47.80

5.66 4.08 4.88 44.09 80.16 62.06 -6.49 13.85 0.13 20.54 17.19 18.20 15.70 -25.60 -21.43 -7.36

Female Total Cattle (Cross bred) Male Female Total Buffalo Male Female Total Goats Male Female Total Goat Sheep Pigs Local Cross Bred Poultry Desi

Improved 30.21 94.27 212.05 In Chhattisgarh, the cattle and buffalo are looked upon more for draught purposes and less for milk purposes. Also the dung serves the purpose for manure and cooking fuel. However, it the small ruminants which provide them the much needed disposable income at the time of crisis and of the small ruminants goat is one of the most important.

1.3. Importance of Goat meat sub sector in Livelihood and Employment Generation

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As per one of the estimates, with reference to Chhattisgarh, the growth in livestock production is expected to have a more effect on poverty reduction compared to similar increase in crop production. For a household, the net income of a farmer from crop (3.5 acres) + 2 bullocks + 3 buffalos would be 136% higher than income only from crops, while the net income from crop (3.5 acres) + 2 bullocks + 3 large milch animal + 15 goats would be 179% higher from income only from crops [ Ramarao W.Y, Tiwary S.P, Singh P. 2005 et. al.]. In absolute terms the incremental income from 15 goats would be Rs. 32,804 which means incremental income from per goat annually would be Rs. 2187. Rearing goat in small herd sizes is within the comfort zone of poor rural women, as the investment is low and leaving apart the disease epidemics the price of goat is not subject to much fluctuation and has increased over the period of time, the present chevon (goat meat) rate across the state varies in between Rs. 200 to Rs. 240/ Kg.The rate increase during the festival seasons. This has been favourable for the goat rearers. The demand for meat is increasing slowly (Refer to fig 6). The consumption of meat is higher in the urban area as compared to the rural areas. Out of total meat consumed as per an estimate only 20% is the goat meat which is ranked second after the poultry and fish. Also the per capita availability of goat meat in Chhattisgarh is much lower than the national average (Refer to Fig. 6), which means there is ample scope for improvement for unlocking the potential.

al Cell, AHD GoCG

bility of Meat

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2. Objectives & Methodology

2.1. Scope and Objectives of Goat meat Sub sector Study
The Goat Subsector study of Chhattisgarh aims to understand the Goat Meat (chevon) Subsector. The objective of the study is to understand the relevant points related to the following: Map and analyze the process of production Input procurement Output subsystem, Output processing subsystem, subsystem, and Input processing subsystem, Output marketing Technology subsystem, subsystem. Labour/skill transfer subsystem, Compare and contrast the existing process of production with bigger players in the sub sector to identify scope for interventions. Identify Best Practices, Quality Control Protocols, and Certification Processes. Conduct inflow-outflow analysis and assess the potential for marketing of products. Identify domestic and international trends, issues and opportunities related to the sub sectors. Propose a marketing strategy for a five year period supplemented by market information Identify legal hurdles, if any that inhibit effective performance of the subsector. Suggest models of Public, Private and community partnership that can be replicated in various regions and identify role of community, panchayat and private entrepreneurs therein and also suggest necessary changes in policy & legal framework, if any. Identify the extent of market led, state led and civil society led Figure 7: FGD withfailures in Group in Madguri village, Kusmi, coordination Producers each subsector. Sarguja Suggest intervention strategy.

2.2. Methodology adopted

To conduct the Goat Subsector study, based on the secondary information available (refer to Fig 9), a representative sample was selected. The sample districts include representation from three agro climatic zones of Chhattisgarh.

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2.3. Sample area and place selection

The districts selected were Surguja in north and Bastar in the south Chhattisgarh. Raipur and Durg in central Chhattisgarh and Rajnandgaon in west Chhattisgarh. The sample thus selected took in to consideration not only the goat population and geographical representation but also considered the interstate business dynamics. The sample district, Surguja shares its boundary with states of Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh while Bastar district shares its boundary with Maharastra and Orissa. Raipur as well shares boundary with Orissa and Rajnandgaon shares boundary with Maharastra Figure 8: Interviewing Kallimullah Qureshi, Butcher, Ambikapur, and Madhya Pradesh
Sarguja

2.4. Study Tools

The study tools included Key Informant Interviews (KII), House hold interviews, using structured and semi structured questionnaires. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and Participatory Learning and Actions (PLA) with various players in the value chain and critical observations (tools included as Annexure V). The interviewees and groups were selected using random stratified sampling method (Refer to Annexure I for detailed log of interviews and FGDs conducted). To minimize the distortions in interpretation and analysis use of audio visual aids were made. While conducting PRA with village community, regarding the risks associated with upgrading the scale of goat rearing, visual placards were used, based on which the groups ranked the associated and perceived risks. Also all the interviews were recorded using sound recorder and the process documented using video recorders.

2.5. Significant People Interviewed/interacted

Study team have interacted over 20 traders and representatives across the state, 130 goat rearers in five groups, 10 veterinary officers and 28 goat rearers household. 5 major goat markets of state has been covered in the study and semi structured interview of over 20 traders conducted and recorded.
Source: Animal Husbandry dept. Govt. of Chhattisgarh

Fig 9: Goat population in districts of Chhattisgarh

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3. Goat Meat Sub sector findings

3.1. Goat meat Sub Sector Map in Chhattisgarh

Channels

II

III

21

3.1.1. Description of subsector channels

Out of the four channels depicted in the subsector map channel III is the major channel followed by Channel IV. In the aforementioned channels the major markets are the urban retail chevon (goat meat) market, the bulk meat markets for special purposes like marriage parties, festive parties etc, the institutional markets like restaurants, dhabas, canteens, hotels etc. In both of these channels Butcher form the system nodes i.e entire trade passes through the butchers as they are the one who transforms live goats to dressed meat. Also, they are the only retailers. At this point, there is an entry barrier as traditionally, only particular caste in Muslim and khatik community in Hindus take up this occupation. The margins are highest at this level. The main facilitators of the channels III and IV are the first level of traders (Kuchias: As are called locally in many parts of CG). These kuchias move from door to door in village and buy goats from the farmers, collects them and then transport and sell to the butchers cum meat retailers at their door steps, or in turn sells to a bigger kuchia. Where ever a system of haat exists, these kuchias form the bulk of sellers in the haat. Since the entry or exit barriers are not there to become a kuchia, people of any caste and level are in to this, (unlike that of butchers where only people from Qureshi or Khatik community are into it), this channel works almost like a perfect competition channel, there by regulating their margins. Farmers are the major goat keepers and commercial farms as of now are non existent. How ever, Abis dairy in Rajnandgoan has started a pilot goat farm project. The average herd size at household level is that of 3-5 goats. The margins at this level vary largely with factors like seasonality of demand and idiosyncratic reasons resulting to distress sale. The input services are largely dependent on Government departments and Govt. sponsored programmes.

22

3.2. Financial Overlays

3.2.1. Cash Flow for Monthly/Seasonal transactions

Cash flow for Monthly/Seasonal transaction volume

Source of Money
Intermediaries
Butchers Meat Consumer
Rs. 240/kg Rs. 230 p%

Destination of Money
Suppliers
Farmers
Rs. 150

Tanneries
Rs. xx

Skin Traders
Rs. 60 p%

Kuchia
Rs. 175 p%

Destination of Money

Non-value add
Legend Municipal Corporation
Value Chain Participant Rs. Value add Margin % Rs. 10

Police
Rs.10

3.2.2. Profitability of participants at different levels

Player Role Activity Level Turnov er Cycle Avera ge Input Cost (A) 1000 Average Processing Cost (B) Average Revenue (C) Avera ge Margi n 300500

Farmer / rearer

Seller

Buys Goat, grows it and sells it

Beginn ing

Kuchia

Buye r, Seller

Buys Goats (door-todoor), carries to market and sells them

Interm ediary

Few months to an year (2-3 goats a year) Fortnig htly (sells n goats on averag e)

Feeding and management cost - 500

Selling price 1800 to 2000

Rs 1800 to 2000

1. Transporta tion - 30 2. Paid to Police & Haat tax 20

Selling price 2100 to 2200

50 150

23

Butcher s

Buye r, seller

Buys goats, processes them and sells end products (meat, skin, intestine, lungs)

Interm ediary

Daily (buys n goats, sells 50 kg meat on averag e)

Buyin g goat Rs 2150 (24 Kg body weigh t)

1. Transporta tion Rs 30 2. Processing - Rs 100 3. Maintena nce - 20

Selling price2650 (11.5 kg meat@200 , 300 Rs head, heart and other ovals, Rs 50 Skin)

350

4. Key Constraints and Leverage Points in the Sub-sector

4.1. Key constraints at production, processing and marketing
Table 4: RISK RANKING in Goat Rearing (using PRA Tools)

On interviewing and discussing various issues with players in the goat subsector it was strongly felt that goats are mainly reared by poor and extremely poor, which are looked upon by families as assets which could be liquidated, in short notice, at the time of crisis or special needs and not something as regular income source they depend on, at normal times.

Risks

Rank

Sarguja
Maheshp ur Madgu ri

Bastar
Takragud a Palanar

1 Loss of Herd Food Poisoning of an animal Mortality of an animal Predator Attack Snake Bite Price fluctuation in livestock Theft of an animal 3

1 3 2

1
Not perceive d as RISK

4 2 5 6

5 2 6 4

3 1

3 2
Not perceive d as RISK Not perceive d as RISK

Not perceive d as RISK

Not perceiv ed as RISK

Not perceive d as RISK

The average herd sizes are very small (3-5 per household) and would continue to remain so due various limiting factors2. An innovative health service delivery channel, insurance delivery channel, could help the cause.
2

Vulnerable to PERCEIVED RISKS in order of HIGHER to LOWER Risk 1. Loss of Herd 2. Predator Attack 3. Mortality of an animal 4. Food Poisoning of an animal

Figure 11: Risk Ranking using PRA Tool - Fear of disease/ epidemic affecting the herd - Reducing bushes, herbs and free grazing area - Time and availability of manpower

24

The opportunity 3 cost of rearing goats is increasing due to time requirement in grazing and guarding the goats.

The demand factor is strong Fig 12: Kutchia negotiating with a from with in the Butcher state consumers Photo Jagdalpur goat haat, Bastar, and from adjoining states, especially Orissa and Jharkhand. How ever access to market is difficult and hugely dependent on

first level of traders (kuchias4). Since the entry or exit barriers are not there to become a kuchia, people of any caste and level are in to this, (unlike that of butchers where only people from Qureshi or Khatik community are into it), this channel works almost like a perfect competition channel. Erratic demand pattern: As for sale of goats the rearers depend heavily on Kuchias. Hence they have to wait for kuchias to come for selling their products. Under developed Market Infrastructure, especially goat haats (non exitent in north Chhattisgarh) adds to the problem.

- Predators attack Opportunity cost: Cost of bygone opportunity. In this case, a person investing time in grazing goats could have instead used the time for working on wage as a labourer under NREGS (say). This means the opportunity cost for the person grazing goats is the wage, which other wise he could have earned. Extrapolating a bit, the opportunity cost of grazing goat for a year could be 100 days wage under NREGS.
3 4

Kuchias: As are called locally in many parts of CG, are the first levels of traders in the subsector. These kuchias move from door to door in village and buy goats from the farmers, collects them and then transport and sell to the butchers cum meat retailers at their door steps, or in turn sells to a bigger kuchia. Where ever a system of haat exists, these kuchias form the bulk of sellers in the haat.

25

The butchers are the system nodes in the Goat meat subsector, i.e. entire trade Figure 13: FGD in Palanar village, Bastanar, Bastar passes through the butchers as they are the one who transforms live goats to dressed meat. Also, they are the only retailers. At this point, there is an entry barrier as traditionally, only particular caste in Muslim and khatik community in Hindus take up this occupation. Also the social status for butchers are not high, this prevents new people entering the occupation and also on interviewing the butchers it came out that they were not keen to bring their children in to this. Presently, on an average, there would about 40 to 50 full time butchers cum meat retail sellers in a district and due to limited numbers and entry barriers they are able to induce imperfect competition in the subsector. As long as the supply is less or equal to the demand, the equations are some what balanced. In case of supply surplus, the butchers cum retailers are able to dictate their terms in negotiating the price and modality of payments (credit purchase) and this effect then through kuchias trickle down to the farmers. [As the goats are not bought on live body weight, imperfect completion at any level of the subsector will be affecting the rate of live goats drastically.]

26

Transportation regulations available are not in synergy with the commercial Figure 15: Goats purchased from Mungeli Haat, requirements of the traders, Bilaspur being transported to goat keepers Jagdalpur and butchers. With the given regulations, cost of transportation per head would be very high and would become unviable, to avoid this the traders/butchers, in general, resort to unfair means of bribing, hence a simplification in regulation and making it more viable is required.

Supplementary Findings
CG is also a decent supplier of goat skin. The skin is ultimately taken to Chennai (refer to Annexure- II ).

Figure 1

Demand factor o o (+)No taboos against goat meat (+)Meat rates: Rising steadily presently up to Rs. 240/kg.

27

(+)Demand for CG goats from adjoining states, like Orissa and Jharkhand: Good for farmers (+)Seasonality of Demand: Live goat prices increases during festive seasons like Holi, Id Durgapuja, Bakrid etc.

Factors affecting the demand (-) o o o o Substitutes: Poultry and Fish [i.e. if the price of chevon increases the consumer will go for chicken or fish.] Red meat vs white meat. Unhygienic condition of Slaughter. No quality control. Governments breed improvement programme, continuing from a long time, has typically focused on Jamnapari breed; no great improvements were evident on the ground. Speaking to various functionaries in the animal husbandry department, many feel Jamnapari has been a carrier for PPR in the state. It seems its time to look beyond Jamnapari.

abattoir in Sarguja, man settlements-

4.2. Strategic choices and Key Recommendations

Production subsystem Recommendation 1 : In relatively prosperous areas of North and Central CG Goat farms could be promoted. Rural youths could be motivated for undertaking entrepreneurial venture in goat farming. These centres could act as breeding and demonstration center. State might launch a special program of Rural Entrepreneurship in Goat sub sector to promote rural entrepreneurship based goat farms with credit and Insurance support under 28

ealth?

PMRY/SGSY. Panchayat can select and nominate such youths for training. Recommendation2: Building goat farmers institutions to bring down the opportunity cost of rearing goats. For example shepherd system, which was existent, should be promoted. How ever, it should be ensured that the shepherd gets something equivalent to 100 days of wage under NREGS (Refer to foot note). Marketing Subsystem Level Recommendation 3: Kuchia chhanel could be facilitated by giving them identity (id card, flexi rules for with in the state transportation of goats etc.) and facilities (credit and insurance could be an important input). Also steps to safeguard kuchias against bad debts could be thought of. They may be brought under mainstream financial system as thre transactions are short term and fast and infusion of credit can furher boost their business. Recommendation 4: Alternate sale channels like haats could be developed. Market infrastructures could be strengthened; haats especially in north CG (like Sarguja) could be facilitated so that the farmers have an option beyond the kuchia channel. Unutilised/ under utilized market infrastructure could be used as goat haat. Also such haats needs to be developed in North Chhattisgarh where there are no live goat haats. Recommendation 5 : To induce competition to the butchers to balance out the things in favour of poor village based goat rearers new market development for CG goats could be thought, Meat processing units could be contacted and proper sale/ procurement channels could be developed with facilitation of Govt. Also setting up of export oriented meat processing units could be facilitated, for the first time in state ABIS Dairy in Rajnandgaon, on pilot basis, has started a commercial goat farm with 100 goats, more such projects could be promoted as this would pave the way for meat processing units and in case the processing units are able to find demand for their products, even small goat keepers could also be able to sell their goats to them, thereby inducing some standardization of live goats. Recommendation 6 : Standardisation of live goat sale, based on live body weight is required, so that the farmers dont get under paid for their product. The meat rates does not fluctuate on day today basis and is rising steadily in long run , but the farmers in absence of any standard valuation of their product is under a risk of getting under paid. Also the factor of PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY and PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND5 comes in to the play.
5 Elasticity: % change in Y/ % change in X Where X is the price; Y is Supply or Demand

29

Support Services Subsystem Level Health Services Recommendation 7: SHGs has a good presence at grass roots in CG, could be looked upon as a viable channel like Pashu Sakhi model (refer to annexure V) with women SHG members there by improving the efficiency of the support services. The service can be provided at door step, round the clock in affordable cost and women friendly manner.

Recommendation 8: Transportation Simplification of transportation regulations in the state to make it business friendly is required.

In case of distress selling the supply becomes relatively inelastic and is ready to supply even on lesser price, extreme case of price inelasticity of Supply comes in to play in case of spread of diseases in goats, when the owner wants to dispose the goats at the earliest, in what ever price he may get. While on the other hand in festive season the price elasticity of demand comes in to play in which the demand becomes relatively inelastic which means the consumers are ready to buy even if the price is more, this trickle downs to producers level and they get better rates for goat at this time.

30

4.3. Potential Role of PRI in facilitating Goat meat Sub sector Growth
Goat rearing has been a livelihood source for poor communities within each gram panchayat across the state. Panchayati Raj representative through facilitating backward and forward linkages of goat business support can help significant number of poor families. The study envisages following potential role to be played by PRI, based on their capacity and willingness 1. Development of common grazing lands through participation of goat rearers and promote a system of fee based grazing and fodder distributionThe provisions of the Panchayats Extension to Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996, give special powers to the Gram Sabhas in Scheduled in Scheduled Areas especially in the management of natural resources. Chattisgarh has significant common lands available a panchayat. The ongoing programs like NAREGA can be effectively used to make earthen fencing and plantation on these lands. There has been significant number of such efforts in Rajasthan6. Bhartiya Agro Research Foundation (BAIF) has done work on developing common grazing lands in Bhilwara , where community has been involved in its sustainable management and resource utilization on payment basis. 2. Facilitating rural haats for sale of goats and other livestock. Panchayati Raj Institutions are well placed to organise livestock haats in rural areas. The important factor in such haats will be good transport linkages and participation of butchers and market players. The haat should ensure the basic amenities like drinking water, shades for animal and basic services to traders visiting haats. There has been numerous example of such haats. In Dholpur district of Rajasthan , PRIs have been playing important role in organizing such haats and earn revenue out of it. We especially recommend such haats in Sarguja district where traders from nearby state Jharkhand also visit and can be a pulling force for goat based livelihood strengthening. The haat management committee should must have representation from traders and progressive goat farmers to manage it effectively. Establishment of transparent and effective system of sale purchase and recording f it will add value to the business. It will be important to organize kuchia level awareness generation program on their basic rights and financial

www.sapplp.org

31

transactions system. Many times we observed small kuchias are prone to financial treachery and transparent financial system can reduce it considerably. 3. Identification of goat traders from the village (Kuchia) and issuing identity card to lessen transport exploitation and identity building. 4. Selecting and promoting rural youth led goat farms as training cum demonstration centre in each panchayat. 5. Periodic organization of veterinary camps at village level in association with local veterinary hospital. 6. Promotion of IEC (Information, Education & Communication) materials on improved goat rearing in villages and with goat rearers. 7. Development of Goat breeders association in Panchayat and periodic competition on improved breeds and quality goats. 8. Provide market infrastructure for goat meat sale at main market place and inhabitations with proper sanitary facilities. 9. Promote linkage with banks and other government programs/schemes for improved goat rearing. 10. Keep a data base of goats, Goat rearers and breeding performance and promote institutional live goat marketing.

32

4.4. Financial Implications of suggested model implementation and suggested role of key players
Study team suggests a producer company model for promoting goat based livelihood in the state (please refer to annexure- for details). The producer company should take up work of aggregation of goats and collective selling. The producer company can provide backward and forward linkages and rural youths can play a vital role as service provider. Study team suggests that once procurement of goat on live body weight and collective marketing system is established (will taken 3 to 5 years), it may take up role of managing its own meat shop and slaughter house. In that case, business will get better profits as there will be significant membership base and efficient expeience based management. The major players and their role can be as follows Nature of agency Input supplier Name of Player Major roles and responsibilities

1. Private feed and medicine companies, Animal Husbandry department Credit and Insurance services

Quality and timely supply of Input

Ned based credit and Insurance supply to individual and Producer company Market information, forecasting and supply planning Provide awareness on mass scale, build capacity and establish linkages for smooth functioning

Processors

Institutional market (Restaurant, Cantonment, Marriage party, Trading and slaughter houses) Animal Husbandry department, Technical consultancy organization like, The Livelihood School for management The Goat Trust for capacity building on collective business process and technical resources

Promoting agency

Such initiatives will require a phase wise action, which can be broadly classified as Phase I Selection of place and scooping study to assess available infrastructure and gaps, Detailing out the context specific plans Phase II Intensive awareness of community on design and management of proposed producer company, Roles and responsibilities of different actors

33

Phase III Commencement of aggregation business on pilot basis and regular monitoring to generate learning Phase IV Up scaling of business and diversification to processing and direct retail marketing

34

References

Select References: A Field Manual for Sub Sector Practitioners- The Gemini Project, US Aid Livestock and Poultry Sector in Chhattisgarh: Present Status and Approach for Future Development: - Govt. of Chhattisgarh and CALPI Chhattisgarh Livestock Sector Review 2009 Animal Husbandry Department, GoCG Goats: Unlocking their potential for Africas farmers; working paper by Dr Christie Peacock Dictionary of Economics Economist, U.K http://www.chhattisgarh.nic.in http://agridept.cg.gov.in/ http://www.ibef.org

35

Annexure

36

I.

Log of KIIs and FGDs conducted for the Goat sub sector study

A. TRADERS/ RETAILERS/ MARKET AUTHORITY

Name & Mobile No. Designation / Occupation & Address Interviewed on 15.02.10 15.02.10 15.02.10 20.02.10

Kalimullah Qureshi 9926121230 Rustam Qureshi

Meat selling Shop Owner, Gudri Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja

Trader - first level, Ambikapur, Sarguja Ashowar Meat selling Shop Owner, Gudri Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja Mewalal Thakur Skin Trader and Meat Shop Owner, 9406075740 Proprietor, Bastar Goat Skin Sanjay Market, Jagdalpur, Bastar Ahmed Proprietor, iv. 9444100760 Faiz Impex, Chennai naveedu@rediffmail.com (Skin Trader) Kuchia in Tokapal Haat, Bastar (First level of trader) & Retailers Kuchia in Sanjay Meat Mkt, Jagdalpur vi. Abhay Kumar Tiwari Asst. Revenue Inspector, Nagar vii. 9406286700 Nigam, Jagdalpur, Bastar Meat Sellers Group(23) Gudri Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja viii. Second level Tokapal Goat Bazar, Bastar Traders/retailers (18) Retailers (20) Mixed Group Raj xii. Kapoor Sanjay Bazar, Jagdalpur, Bastar Mungeli Goat Haat, Bilaspur, CG Representative, Contractor for the Haat

21.02.10

20.02.10 20.02.10 21.02.10 15.02.10 20.02.10 20.02.10 18.03.10 18.03.10

37

B. PRODUCERS GROUP
Group Total Membe rs 27 25 30 26 22 Place Date

i. Marginal Producers Group ii. Marginal Producers Group iii. Marginal Producers Group iv. Marginal Producers Group v. Marginal Producers Group

Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja Karwan Basti, Barki Para, Surajpur, Sarguja Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja Takraguda, Bastar Palanar, Bastanar,Bastar

14.02.10 14.02.10 16.02.10 18.02.10 19.02.10

C. HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDERS/GOVT. SCHEMES/ GOVT. OFFICIAL

Name & Mobile No.
i. Dr. Parihar 9425186222

Designation & Address Deputy Director, Veterinary Services, Ambikapur, Sarguja Project Incharge, Animal Husbandry, Ambikapur, Sarguja Vet. Asst. Surgeon, Bastar Integrated Livelihood Development Project, Bastar Vet. Asst. Surgeon, Bastar VAS (MIS), BILDP, Jagdalpur, Bastar CEO Janpad Panchayat, Bastanar, Bastar Deputy Director, Veterinary Services, Rajnandgaon Assistant Director, Statistics, AH Dept, Raipur VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock Development Agency,Raipur VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock Development Agency,Raipur

Interviewed on 15.02.10

ii. Dr. Arun Singh 9826190765

15.02.10

iii. Dr. Rajneesh Agarwal iv. Dr. P.R.S. Nagi 9425230333 v. Dr. A.K. Dewangan 9425230333 vi. Ghanshyam Jangde 9424299510 vii. Dr. R.K. Sonawane 9827153518 viii. Dr. Goutam Roy 9425079243 ix. Dr. K.K. Verma 9424128820 x. Dr. Neetu Gorduji ta_cslda@yahoo.c om

18.02.10

18.02.10 19.02.10 19.02.10

17.03.10 19.03.10 19.03.10 19.03.10

38

D. House hold Interview

Name Address

Total: 17 Number of Goats (Present) 2 4 2 Interviewed on

i. Jai Ram Rajwade 9165714498 ii. Mohan 9754095013 iii. Md. Shamim Ansari 9826651149 iv. Deosay Rajwade v. Tularam (S.T) vi. Ganeswar Pd. Rajwade 9009330097 vii. Bulan Singh 9754926479 viii. Narayan Kant Kuswaha 9617666120 ix. Fajihat Yadav x. Ramkeshwar Kuswaha 9669478254 xi. Deokumari xii. Patiram xiii. Lavang xiv. Sukdeo Kasyap 9302509791 xv. Dharmu Ram 07867-201873 xvi. Samru Kawasi

Vill: Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Karwan, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Beerpur, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Karwan, Surajpur, Sarguja Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja Vill: Bhagwanpur, Kusmi, Sarguja Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja Vill: Takraguda, Bastar Vill: Takraguda, Bastar Vill: Palanar, Bastanar, Bastar

14.02.10 14.02.10 14.02.10

10 6 3

14.02.10 14.02.10 14.02.10

3 -

14.02.10 16.02.10

16.02.10 16.02.10

6 1 6 10 -

16.02.10 16.02.10 16.02.10 18.02.10 18.02.10 19.02.10

39

xvii. Santosh Kr. Mandavi xviii. Tangru

Vill: Palanar, Bastanar, Bastar Vill: Palanar, Bastanar, Bastar

3 2

19.02.10 19.02.10

E. Other (Visits)
Visit Preliminary Observations (+)
i. Slaughter House, Pratappur Naka Ambikapur, Sarguja

(-) Unhygienic conditions Open drains leading the blood to areas inhabited by humans No quality control seen Jamunapari bucks supplied not pure breed No other buck like Sirohi has been tried.

Infrastructure present Has been able to reduce open slaughter of animal in meat markets.

ii. Takraguda, Bastar, Field of Danida

iii. Tokapal Goat Market, Bastar

F1 cross with Jamunapari seen Vet services relatively better Common Shepherd system exists in village People fully aware of SHGs 10 SHGs functional An indigenous superior breed of bastar seen, the breed has not been recognized it seems, prima facie, seems to have a great potential. Is a successful goat market, after Geedum.

iv. Jagdalpur Goat Market

Goat market in Jagdalpur one of the important markets of Bastar.The market day is Sunday of every week.

Proper facilities not provided by the market authorities, has a potential to make it bigger. Transportation of goats from market place to their place for buyers a problem as they are harassed by police. Jagdalpur goat market showing a decreasing trend in terms of bulk of business Nagar nigam tax of 5 % on the buyer, on higher side. No measures being taken by market authorities to facilitate trade. In the centre of the town in main market 40

v. Visit to village Palanar, Bastar

An indigenous superior breed of Goat seen. Shelters for Goat and other livestock in every household People aware of SHGs, 8 SHGs exists, many respondents members People seen working under NREGS Goat rearing ranked as most profitable along with piggery.

vi. Visit to village,Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja

vii. Meat Market, Sanjay Mkt, Jagdalpur, Bastar

Good Shelters for Goat and other livestock in every household Goats sold easily, bought from door steps by first level of traders from near by towns and adjacent Jharkhand and Orissa Jamunapari buck available Goatery ranked second most profitable livestock after pigs. 4 SHGs working Skin trade profitable Sale in festive seasons and on Sundays high.

place Vet services poor Farmers not aware of importance of vaccination in animals, also no such facilities extended to them Nearest Vet hospital 10 Kms Goat not sold easily in a day Loss of herd due to epidemics ranked the biggest risk/threat faced in rearing goats Avg herd size 3-6 Vet services poor Epidemic wiped out herds two year back

viii. Meat Mkt, Gudri Bazar Ambikapur, Sarguja

Skin trade profitable

Not using slaughter house Unhygienic conditions Profit margins and over all profit has declined No facility provided by market authority Overall profitability in business showing a decreasing trend Supply of Goats decreased due to leakage to adjoining states.

ix. Veterinary Hospital, Ambikapur

41

x. Veterinary Hospital, Bastar block, Bastar

xi. BILDP Training Center, Jagdalpur, Bastar:

Good training infrastructure developed under Danida Project

xii. Veterinary College, Anjora, Durg

xiii. NABARD, Regional Office Raipur

xiv. Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Raipur

xv. Navanjor Project Office, Raipur

II.

Transcriptions- Key Informant Interviews and FGDs with stake holders

A. TRADERS/ RETAILERS/ MARKET AUTHORITY a) Kalimullah Qureshi ; Rustam Qureshi (Trader - first level ) & the group Meat Shop Owner, Gudri Bazar, Ambikapur, Sarguja How long are you in the business? What is the dynamics of the trade? How it has changed over the period A- In business since 1970, inherited from father, studied up to class 10th. There has been a decline in profitability for us. The price of goats have increased, the rate of meat has increased as well but not in the same proportion. Earlier we use to have a better margin now it has decreased and is even difficult to sustain the family in the required way. This is because the supplies of goats have decreased; people in villages are not rearing goats in the way they used to do earlier. This because the opportunity cost of rearing goats have increased. The people to take goats for grazing are not available in villages. The supplies of goats have decreased. QQHow goats are collected and brought to the market? A. Collected from villages, no. of goats have decreased, it is becoming now a days difficult to get goats, goats are transported from the villages by bicycle, motor bikes, bus, pickup depending 42

on the numbers. The goats are purchased by the meat sellers from traders. The traders purchase the goats from the villages by moving from door to door. The goats are purchased from the villages on availability. There is no goat market (haats) in sarguja, such haats should be promoted. The traders go to villages for collection of goats early in the morning. Also there is demand of goats from adjoining states of Jharkhand and Orissa. Every week 10 pickup load goats are transported to the adjoining states every week. Police facilitates this by taking bribe. The goats are collected by the local traders and sold to traders coming from other states. The point of purchase for them here is Jhingo near Rajpur. They pay higher price for goats as compared to the local buyers. Due to this the rate of meat here has increased to Rs. 200/Kg. QWhat sells in a goat? Where does the skin sell? A- In goat every thing sells. Skin is purchased by skin traders (1 or 2) and they send it Kolkata every month approx. after collecting locally (about 1000-1200). Every day from this market at least 50 to 60 skins are produced. The skin is sold raw and the skin traders treat it with salt. The raw skin sells at Rs. 50 per skin. Skin of smaller size sells at Rs. 25-30 and the discarded ones at Rs. 10 (cuts/ sore etc.). Eighteen shops are there in all. The left over meats are sold next day in the hotels in lesser rate (Rs. 50 less than the market rate). Goats are slaughtered twice daily.

Slaughter House rates? () A- Rs. 2 per goat to maulvi over there and Rs. 6 per goat to the Nagar Nigam tax (total Rs. 8) we send our people for the dressing. The meat is then transported of our own using scooter/ cycle or Rickshaw in plastic sacks. The rickshaw charges are Rs. 40 for both sides. The slaughter house is 2 km. QLogistic Management by traders (1st level) A- Needs to spend up to Rs. 100 extra per goat from point of purchase from the villages and transporting it to the meat sellers point. Goes on an avg. 50 Kms in search of goats by motor bikes. Mainly purchase goats from damali, sarkedma, mainpat.5 goats can be transported in one motor bike. Mostly there is no problem encountered in transporting the goats. At times police interrogates them and asks for bribe. The capital is invested every day money for about 10 goats are to be kept in hand. Goats as per requirements is brought rest is left with the owners and advance is 43

Q-

paid to them. At times there is lag in payment from the meat sellers for a day or two. (Working capital 5-10,000). QWorking Capital, Expenditures and Inventory management for the meat sellers. A- An inventory of two days has to be maintained. The stocks are kept in their houses. One goat costs at least Rs. 1200-1500; stock of 8-10 up to 20-25 goats are to be maintained. The goats need to be fed and person is required to look after them. The rent for the shop is Rs 600 per month; for per goat slaughtered the nigam tax is s. 6. At the time of slaughter the name of the shop owner is recorded and the money is collected in the next half. Receipt is given for the tax collected. Labour charge for dressing and cutting meat per person per day is Rs.100-150. Have 2 staffs. The closed holidays as per the orders of the Nigam has increased from 4 in a year to about 20-25 in a year. QGoats from which area is better? A- Goats from hilly areas are better, beyond Damali, Mainpat area. Goats are healthier. Mainpat is 50 kms, darima, Bilaspur road. Once Jamunapari goats were supplied 3 years back that infected the local goats and goats died in mass scale. Sellers also rear goats in a very limited way. If a pregnant goat is bought they do not slaughter those. The number of first level of traders is about 1000-1500 in the area. Not all are involved full time only 5 % is full timer. Goat farm does not exist. If Govt. opens a farm, shop owners will buy, Goat farm could be promoted. Sheep is not reared in Surguja. Value added products not tried. No insurance for shop. Persons involved have insurance of their own.

QB-

Sale of meat, when the demand is more when less? Demand more during festivals like Id, Bakrid, Muhharam, Holi, Dusshera and on Sundays.

I.

Q- Changes in business trend (another respondent- Ashowar) C- The trend is towards decline. 10 years back the rate of the skin was Rs. 125-130 per skin. Now it has come down to Rs. 50 per skin. This is because perhaps the export of leather goods has decreased. Skin 44

goes to Madras, Kolkata, Nagpur; have heard that that the tanned skin is exported to foreign countries. Earlier, in one goat we use to earn about Rs. 100 now we earn Rs. 10 to 20. This is because the supply of Goats has decreased to great extent. The demand for meat here is high. Sale of chevon and chick are equal.Rate of Chevon is Rs. 200 per kg. About 15 qt sold every day, for whole market. If a live goat weighs 20 Kg the meat would be 9 Kgs (2.2:1) Head sold in Rs. 30 Rs. 50, Intestine sold Rs. 40/Kg ; Lung sold Rs. 6080/ Kg in one goat kg lung.; 10 years back we use to earn Rs.400-500 per day now we are earning Rs. 150-200 per day. The traders from other states have captured the market for purchase of goats from villages as they are able to pay more than us. Demand for meat has increased, sale has increased, but the earning has gone down. Fish sale is very good. Goats are mainly supplied to Jharkhand and Orissa. To Orissa through Garhwa in Jharkhand. Big traders from Orissa come and purchase goats of Rs. 4-5 Lakhs. Margin- If sells properly Rs. 250-300 earned.

b) FGD with Meat Sellers Group (Retailers) Sanjay Bazar, Jagdalpur, Bastar (Sheikh Kader and other group members) Main points in the discussion as jotted down (clip unavailable): In last 3 to 4 years the business is showing a regressive trend. Would not like their children to continue in the same business. 45

Goat markets in the region o Jagdalpur o Toakapal o Geedum o Bhilai Supela (Durg) o Mungali (Near Bilaspur); on Thursdays; biggest market The margins are decreasing the input cost per kg meat is Rs.180-200 and the selling price is Rs. 230-240. In sanjay mkt on an average per day 5-6 quintals of meat is sold. (25-30 goats) In one shop 3 persons are required. Working capital and investment is required as they have to maintain an inventory. Slaughter house is not there.

c) Kuchia in Tokapal Haat, Bastar (First level of trader) & Meat Sellers (Butchers) Key Points in Discussions: Goats brought to sell, not sold, will take tomorrow to Jagdalpur haat by bicycle would take 1-1.5 hrs to reach Jagdalpur (4 goats). The goats were bought in Rs. 1400 each and would sell in aprrox. 1500. Profit per goat is about Rs 50 to Rs. 100. Goats transported in bicycles in plastic hand bags, cycle carrier. 7 Goats bought to be taken to Orissa loaded in public transport (jeep) would change vehicle couple of times. To kotpal, Rs. 1000 would be spent in transport. Goats from kilepal, Bastanar hilly, areas better as they are left free to graze in jungle area. Castrated Goat (Khassi) of the area would have sold in the range of Rs. 5000-6000 (3-4 yrs). Best season for kuchias 3 month of winter, worst season rainy season, because goats get sick. Pond is there for goats nearby. Retailers from Kotpal (Orissa),Navrangpur, Dantewada, Jagdalpur come to such markets. People transport the goats using various means like jeep etc. The group being interviewed was group of retailers from adjoining Dantewada district and had jointly arranged for a carrier jeep for transportation purposes. This was a regular practice for them. In the way they would pay bribe of a total of Rs. 1000 in 6 police stations that 46

they would cross before reaching their destination. This is because their vehicle does not have a permit to transport animals. Total business in a cash business no credit. The vehicle would charge as per Kms, Rs. 8/Km. In this case had com from 100 Kms would pay Rs. 1600 for vehicle. 25-40 goats could be loaded in the vehicle. Expenditure per goat would be Rs. 70 to 80. Geedum market is the biggest, than is Tokapal. Quality of goats is better in Geedum.Geedum is 20 Km from Bastanar. Over the years the supply of goats have come down earlier Geedum market use to have 400-500 goats every week now it is about 150 only. This is because of naxalism problem. Earlier the retail meat shop owners use to get goats directly from the villages, now it is not possible. Also the kuchias are not able to go to the interiors due to fear of Naxals and Security forces. Meat is Rs. 200/kg, purchase is also in about the same rate, margin is less. If a goat will have 10 Kg meat we can pay max around 2000 but meat sellers from Jagdalpur can pay up to 2400 as the meat sells there in Rs. 240/Kg. Hence they take the better goats and we are left with the left overs. Q - You say that supply of goats is not there few goat sellers could not sell their goat? A- The rate in which they are selling would cost us Rs 300/kg. People you think as sellers are in fact buyers. They have bought from this market and would sell in this mkt itself to a new comer, marriage parties etc. The capital is put by self and at times credit at the rate of 3% per month. Credit is repaid weekly. There is no insurance while transportation. Our condition is hand to mouth, earlier it was better. The naxalism has affected the trade. Few very good goat haats has been closed (), now a days margin per goat is Rs. 50 to 100. Earlier it used to be 250-300. Future of this business is not bright. People selling grams can grow but not us.

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d) Meat Shop Owners (Second level Retailers from Bacheli, Bailadila) Tokapal Goat Bazar, Bastar Key Points in Discussions (Traders Woes): The traders purchase goats 8 times in a month 4 each from Tokapal and Geedum market. Every time they have to pay in all the police stations they pass. While going back from Goat markets to their place the traders are harassed by police. They are asked to pay bribe in kind (goat) or cash or else put the goats in Shelters for stray animals, which does not even exist in the area. Police misbehaves with them as well. Choosing the lesser evil they choose to bribe all the police stations in their way (Counted as 6 in this particular case.; Kodenar,Geedum,Dantewada,Bhansi,Bacheli,kirendul); every station at least 200-300 has to be given) They also said that they would intentionally start late from the market such that it gets dark on way and they may evade from the police. Once Mr. Brij Mohan Agarwal had facilitated an order not to disturb traders, but again it has started.

The contractor of the mandi gives receipt, shown to police but is of no rescue. Receipts are given in all the haats. The contract is issued from the Janpad Panchayat to the contractors.

Rupees 15 is the tax per goat bought; payable to the contractor of the market & no tax for sellers in tokapal market. In Jagdalpur the tax is even more viz. 5%, there is no one to raise the voice; it needs to be brought down. We have stopped going to Jagdalpur mkt.

Hassles are increasing in the trade every day the rates of goats, tax rates, bribes to police are increasing and the profit is coming down. Earlier the earnings were more hassles were less.

The business has no future they would not like their children to take up this work, so they are educating them.

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e) Kuchia in Sanjay Meat Mkt, Jagdalpur (Laxminath, SC) Key Points in Discussions: The dealings with the meat shop owners are in cash, most of the times only very rarely it is in credit. The goats once purchased from villages are transported through various means like Bus, Cycle etc. Today I have brought 3 goats in bus. The goats are kept in the dickey and charged Rs.10 per head where as the human fare is Rs..15 per day. I collect the goats from the villages and come to Jagdalpur once in a week to sell those to the meat shop owners; it is either on Saturday or Sunday. Go from door to door to buy goats. QHow much you earn per goat, which you bring from the villages? How do you make an estimate of the rate in which you should buy the goats? Do you incur losses as well? A- It is Rs. 50 to 150; It is by observing the goat, by their owners; Yes at times we do incur losses and that is mainly during the rainy season when the sale of meat goes down, the meat shop owners do not offer high price, in such at times we sell it in a loss, because there is a cost attached to keeping the goat and cant afford the same. Do you ever communicate over mobile with the shop owners regarding the stock you have? Do they require goats presently or not? How much working capital you have? Would access to credit help in purchasing more goats? ANo, I am a small trader; there is no question of having a stock as I will not have the money to buy more goats at a time. Had I invested Rs. 50-60,000 I would have been able to build stocks. The working capital is Rs. 2000 to Rs. 2500. Yes, access to credit may increase the no. of goats, but in case of increase of stock maintaining more no. of animals till sold is required, which is difficult. Highest amount received at a time after selling goats has been Rs. 8000 to 10,000. Do you do any work else than this trading work? A- Yes, I am a part time farmer and labourer. Have a land of about 1.5 Acres. How long you have been doing this work? A- Last fifteen years. 49

Q-

Q-

Q-

TREND over the years Bushes and the jungle area for feeding the goats have come down. Families with more number of family members are rearing goats as one member is required to be after goats for feeding purposes. Now days it is more difficult to get goats than earlier. As because, the distress selling has come down, the problem of starvation has come down, people also have stocks of grains for them selves. People sell their goats (sick and weak) more in the months of May and June, just before the rainy season, which increases the supply. In last three years, the supplies of goats have decreased. Kuchias have increased. There are kuchias who do bulk trading, they are from Kuter, singhanpur,Dhanra , from Raut community and are financially more well of. They have working capital of Rs. 50 60,000. They supply as well to this market. They tried to sell to out of the state traders but, the out side traders are not able to pay always on time. If the goats are weighed, it have its problem in the villages, as there we have to buy as per anticipation, even if it is sold on basis of body weight, the weight may come down while in process. How ever, System could be developed. Q- If a vehicle service is started for carrying goats, will it work? A- Skeptical on actual requirement and success.

f) Abhay Kumar Tiwari & Agent Asst. Revenue Inspector, Nagar Nigam, Jagdalpur, Bastar Key Points in Discussions: Agent Every seller needs to pay Rs. 10 and buyers Rs. 200 for the month. There are 10 agents like me working under Abhay Tiwary of Nagar Nigam. Receipt for purchase is given to every buyer. Abhay Kumar Q- Whether the Supply of goats to this market has increased or decreased over a period of time and why? The quality of goats supplied have come down or improved and why?

A- It is decreasing; also the quality of goats coming to the market has come down. This is because the quality goats from interior hilly 50

areas like antagarh, bastapur etc. have come down substantially. The kuchias are afraid to go inside and buy goats due to naxalites. Q- What is the registration fees/tax structure like? Whether your revenue from this market has increased or decreased? A- 5% for buyer only. Revenue as compared to last year has come down, as quality goats are not coming. Q- What is the revenue received per month? Can we get records of t he revenue over 5 years, say? A- Monthly revenue is about Rs. 8000 to 9000 per month. Regarding the records for 5 years, last few years the work was contracted by Nagar Nigam, last year as well bidding was made of Rs.1, 60,000 but the party didnt go forward to sign the agreement deed, hence Nagar Nigam is presently doing it. Q- Do you give any facility as well? Do you give any facility for keeping animals in case it is not sold? A- You are seeing the facility available (only sheds). Earlier, 7-8 yrs back we use to make arrangements for drinking water of animal. At that time bigger animals like cow, ox etc. use to come. Now days it is only goats, that too the market is only for 2-2.5 hrs. Now tokapal market attracts the sellers and buyers more. In case animals are not sold, it is taken back by the owners. None has approached for the same. There is Pamela Bazar for bigger animals cattle, ox etc. Also this market is located in the centre of the town, if facilities are created properly and located properly, the market would do well. Q- It seems outsiders are few? A- Yes, since the quality of goats has come down outsiders have decreased in numbers, earlier buyers from Orissa also use to come to this market now they have stopped. Tokapal is now preferred market for them. Q- In your opinion can there be any steps that Govt. may take so that the supply to such markets may improve? A- Police is harassing the kuchias who go to interior areas for purchasing from villages. Such kuchias could be issued id cards. Also police should give them protection if they are harassed by anti social elements. Instead of giving protection to the kuchias police is in practice of harassing them, in an incident police in check post was asking for receipt of goats purchased by kuchias from villages and was asking 51

for bribes, the traders were known to me hence I intervened and made the police official talk to my commissioner, then they stopped sitting on that point. Traders are scared of police. Due to all these factors, Jagdalpur mkt has gone down. Also the sweepers here were demanding money the buyers, sellers and us. That has been sorted out. Q- Traders were saying that 5 % tax on purchase of goats is on higher side, what you have to say? A- No the tax is not higher; this is the tax for last 10 yrs, that is not the limiting factors. Q- The traders those who purchase goats every time for them you dont find it to be on the higher side? A- For the shop owners, the parshad has given instruction informally, to take Rs. 200 from them, receipts are given to them as well. Q- Goats and bucks both are selling? What would be the difference in their rates? A- The price of goats is lesser, if the buck sells in Rs. 2000 the goat of similar weight would sell in Rs. 1400. The meat sellers(butcher) would mostly sell goats and not the bucks. Q To a goat seller: What is the price of your goat? In how much you have bought it? A- It is Rs. 5,500. I have bought it for Rs. 4000 from village spent Rs. 30 in transportation. Since morning I have sold 5 goats today.

g) Ahmed Proprietor, Faiz Impex, Chennai &

h) Mewalal Thakur Proprietor, Bastar Goat Skin Skin Trader and Meat Shop Owner, Sanjay Market, Jagdalpur, Bastar Key Points in Discussions: Q- We want to understand the skin trade, What happens to the skin from this place, where it goes, how etc. A- The raw skin is collected and salt is put to it with in 24 hrs, if the salt is not put the skin will get damaged, for one skin approximately 2 kgs of salt 52

will be required, the salt used is not the table salt but hygiene salt and costs approximately Rs. 150-200/ 50 Kgs. The salt comes from Tutugudi in Tamil Nadu. It is purchased and stocked here. Once processed with this salt the skin would stay in good condition for about a month and maximum for 2 months. How ever, we collect the skin from this place, all of Chhattisgarh, MP, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh every 15 days. One truck load is collected every 15 days. One truck load would have 10,000 skins. Here the local trader would collect skins from different areas in small truck and collect it to our godown here , in Jagdalpur. After that in every 15 days we take the skin to Chennai. Chennai is the hub of tanneries, about 2000 tanneries would be there (In Kanpur only there are a few.). Chennai is the hub for buyers of 80% finished goods around the world. This finished leather is then used for making belts, wallets, bags etc. Q- Which state is best quality and quantity wise? A- Quality wise it is Kerala, M.P is average about 50% selection, areas around Cuttack, Rourkela is good. Quantity wise M.P (including Chhattisgarh) is on higher side. Many whole sale skin traders have their offices (collection centers) in Chhattisgarh (Jagdalpur, Raipur, Durg etc.). Nagpur is the collection hub for this area, in eastern india it is Kolkata, for Andhra it is Hyderabad. QHow do you purchase from local trader. A- We purchase the skin on piece basis, for one skin we pay approximately Rs. 50 -60 and from here we take it to Chennai sell at the factory gate by taking 10 % margin, the transportation cost is Rs. 5 to Rs. 6. The skin is then processed. First, it is dipped in a chemical solution to remove the hair of outer skin (eastern chrome). Treatment capacity of one plant is 1500; there is a ceiling put up by the Govt. for pollution control. The wastes are treated and disposed. Then the colouring of skin is done. The processed leather is exported; of the total exports, leather exports are second to the textile export. 80-90% of the processed goat leather is then exported. Cattle leather and buffalo skins are costlier Rs. 500-600 per skin. Sheep leather is cheaper and better than the goat skin but the share of sheep leather in Chhattisgarh is very less it is around 5%. Skins of bigger animals are used making office bags etc. The process of treating goat skin and bigger animal skin is separate. There was a tannery in Bhilai but that has been closed now. The raw material supply here would not be there; at least 1500 to 2000 skin needs to be processed for sustenance. The tanneries are in shortage of raw material hence they are importing raw skin from out side the country, processing it and selling it.

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The rate of the raw skin has come down here from Rs.100- 120 per skin to Rs. 50-Rs.60 per skin. A- Yes because the raw skin are imported from countries like Greece, Middle East, South Africa at a lower rate, hence it has brought the raw skin rate down. The tanned skin is then exported to European countries like Italy and Germany and to other countries. QIf suppose Govt. thinks that the local raw skin seller should get Rs. 70 instead of Rs. 50 that they are getting, can Govt. do any thing? A- In the local market Govt. cant do much in that, there is not much problem as such for Goat skin.In taking the skin from CG 2% tax is there that we pay. QDo you plan to put tannery in CG? A- Yes, we are planning to put up a tannery in Jagdalpur along with Mr. Mewalal he has some place here, I have to check the quality of water, whether it is suitable, should be soft water. By 2011 we are planning to start. A small scale tannery would require a minimum investment of 40 to 50 lakhs. Bank loan would be required for which we have tie-ups. Would require a labour force of 50 to 60.Final products will not be made as specialized labour, also economy to scale will come in to play the availability of the skin is restricted at the max. to 10-15000 per day, while in Chennai the no. will be very high. The tannery would get skin from CG, MP, and Orissa. Once the skin is changed to leather it can stay up to 4-5 Yrs. Last year in summers about 5000 pieces of skin got damaged here.Lost about 4-5 lakhs. Also transportation cost will go down as more leather as compared to skins could be transported in one truck load.(20,000 piece while the skin it will be 10,000 piece in one truck load.) Local Skin rate wont change as the market and the rates are governed from Chennai. Hub of skin collection in CG is Jagdalpur and Raipur. (10-15000 pieces per month). The supply of Goat skins from CG has come down substantially here, by 50%, due to declining trend of availability of Goats. The quality of the skin cant be changed, depends on climate. My 4-5 staff members are in CG doing all the aggregations. QHave you given any such proposal to the Govt? ANot yet but we would do so later on. Italian Synthetic Leather.

Q-

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It is priced half the leather, leather is Rs. 50 per sq. feet and synthetic leather is 25 per sq. feet. The difference is difficult to make out. It is coming from Italy in rolled sheet. Synthetic leather shoe may cost about Rs. 300 the leather Shoe would cost Rs. 1000.This has also affected the world leather market. Chinese have flooded the market with products made of synthetic leather. For last 5 yrs. Synthetic leather (SL) has come from China and Italy. One machine it self would cost 15-20 Crore rupees. GOVT. allowed the imports of SL products as this gets import duty. QValue addition at each level (Value Chain) INTERMEDIARIES UNIT RATE (Rs.)

Raw Skin Initial treatment with salt (Putrefaction) Skin Collected locally 60 Collected by bulk trader and Transported to .. 70-75 Chennai, factory gate of Tanneries

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Conversion to leather 120-135 (Rs. 50 to 60 addition) (50 % process completion) Dyeing of semi finished leather (80% process completion) Making of leather products 270- 300 (Rs. 150 addition) Wallet, hand bag, belt etc. (100 % process completion) Many US brands (especially shoes) are made fully in Chennai and then exported with the US brand names. Agra has shoe makers as well but they get the leather from TN. Kanpur, saddle is made which is made from the buffalo skin.

i)

Mixed Group, Mungeli Goat Haat, Bilaspur, CG Date: March 18, 2010 Points in Discussion 55

As narrated by a meat shop owner (Butcher) Kuchias as well as farmers both come to this market for selling their goats. The goats are from 5-10 Km. for Navratra there has been less number of goats today. This is the biggest haat of CG. Goats from the haat goes to Bhilai, Bilaspur, Mahasamund, Dantewada, Orissa,Raurkela, Jagdalpur even up to Nagpur. Trend- Goats are coming it is all the same. On Wednesday it is cattle haat in the same place today i.e. Thursday it is goat haat. The contract is given by Nagar nigam. Nagar nigam has dumped all the solid wastes here. Nearest drinking water source is the river besides. The haat is at least 50 to 60 yrs old. Atleast 4 generations have seen this haat. The location of the haat is being decided by Nagar nigam, earlier it was near bus stand, now it has been shifted to this location. About 150-200 kuchias from 30-40 villages come here. Traditional business, shop in Badi bazaar, Meat rate- Rs. 200/Kg,Bilaspur Rs.220-240/Kg, in Raipur-Rs. 240-250/Kg. Rate in Orissa higher. In Navratra, the rate is higher. No. of farmers is also high. Charge of contractor is not fixed Rs.100-Rs150 Rs. 12 per goat for the regular butchers. Cross breed of Jamunapari has a good result in near by Rampur. Nearby areas there is a haat called Takatpur on Fridays every week, 20 km from here.Kamhi haat on Wednesday. One yr goat will get Rs.2000-2500. Kuchias earn Rs.50 -100 per goat. We buy from the Kuchias in haat only and it is not required to get them in shops. In case we require buying in between, we go directly to the villages in our bikes and buy it. We even dont buy from the kuchias doing bulk selling. Kuchias are from different communities. Yadav, sahu etc. One kuchia can bring 100, 50, what ever they can. This is peak season. Bring those in booked vehicles. In fasterpur, there is a haat from 8-10 in the morning.The bigger traders buy fro the smaller traders and bring here.Margin is Rs.50 Rs 100. Goats of Mungeli is famous all over; people come from other places to buy goats from here.There is adequate feed for goat and you find here lots of Babul trees, goats eat its fruit and drink lots of water this adds to the fattening. Also the water here is very good. The meat of mungeli goats would taste better than those of other places, its a challenge. 56

As narrated by a Kuchia (s) [Ram swarup, Prasadi, Meenu Ram] Today brought about 4 goats, brought less as Navaratra is going on. From village kodma bani, learnt from my father, is traditional. Doing this from last 3-4 yrs. Come here every week are full timers. Gets goat on both, cash and credit, depends some give credit as well, others give on cash of 100, 2-4 would give goats on credit. What ever mode is cheaper is used for transportation. The transporters charge Rs. 8 to Rs. 10 per goat and the police charges Rs.2 per goat. All the kuchias pool up and pay to police. To avoid hassles with the police, kuchias pay to the police. Police asks for receipts of purchase, which is not there. There is no association of ours. Sell on credit; buy from farmer in credit too. It is a matter of faith and urgency. The money of farmer is given the next day after haat payment cannot be delayed much as otherwise he would catch hold of us. Even if there is a loss the farmers payment is given to him. Today brought 18-19 goats, all have been sold. Earned Rs. 3000. Interview of Rajesh (Kuchia); in trade for last 20 years. Brought lesser goats today due to Navratra; bring goats from Bastapur. In last 20 years the trend in number of goats is increasing, through the years, in every haat there is about 1000 goats. Farmers are rearing goat. 20 years back the qualities of goats were better. How ever of the same breed. Earlier the Rajasthani sheep was not there now these sheeps are finishing the natural feeds of the goats and this has affected the over all fattening of goats. Incidences of Diseases spread is there in goats. Catching cold with loose motion. We are not aware of first aid. Our only aid is to cut the goat. Goats of all age are cut. Butchers are Muslims. There is no identity/license, for last 20 yrs. I am doing this work but there is no proof no hold as such. (In case of issuing the id card, how it right persons would be identified?) By referring to the records of the market (haat) transactions.

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(What is the benefit of license?). We sell on credit to butchers, but they do not pay us many a times. This limits our progress, we do not have any means to get our payments, licence will help us fight against them. Five years before an outstanding amount of Rs. 100,000 was not paid by a butcher from Raipur (Ismail), for about an year or two the transactions were smooth and after that they took goats on credit and never paid back. Now he does not come to this haat. Buyers from Orissa, Jagdalpur etc comes here, the rate given is same by all. Sellers do not get the receipt, only buyers get those. We should also take a receipt. Every body does not have Life Insurance. Working capital credit requirement is there. Never taken any credit from banks. Take credit from money lenders from village. The rate is in between 1.5 to 3 % per month. Also take the liberty of paying to the farmers in installments; if there is any urgent requirement for money to the farmer, then the full payment needs to be made. More than 100 kuchias would be coming to the market. Market is till 3. All the goats are sold, mostly. We move in villages, we know who the rearers are, we go and ask them. The final rate is fixed based on our assessment, by holding the back of the goat, assessing the amount of meat that would be there.(Farmer says 2000, we say 1000, deal is done in 1500). We get best rates in this season, the lean period is the rainy season. Have mobile no. to some farmers, occasionally they contact for sale. My village level trader has the number, when he has adequate goats, he calls me for sale.

Interview of(Kuchia) Partner of Rajesh; in trade for last 20 years. Working as kuchia for last 18-20 yrs .My father was also working as kuchia; was 20-22 yrs old when came into this trade. My child is studying in class 4 (indicating to his son), does not want him to get in to this business, rest depends on his fate. There are difficulties in this business; we have to give credit to the butchers and some times they do not pay back. Experiences of Bad Debts: About 4 yrs back credit sale worth Rs.70,000 was made to a butcher called Ismail from Raipur, had a good business relationship with him, but this time he did not repay, could do nothing. Likewise amounts of Rs. 30,000;Rs. 22000; Rs. 20,000 has been bad debt for us.

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Also incur to losses at times due to sudden mortality of goats after purchase. Working capital credit is taken from market @ 2% per month from money lenders. There is no proof of business dealings with us. Need help in this regard.

j) Raj Kapoor, Representative, Contractor for the Haat Mungeli Goat Haat, Bilaspur, CG; Date: March 18, 2010 Presently there is no drinking water facility within the haat premises, one bore well was tried by Nagar nigam last year but it had failed.Also there is no lighting arrangements. This land on which the haat is functioning is a pvt land on the haat land Nagar nigam has dumped solid wastes. Last year due to political reasons Nagar nigams functioning was restricted. Nagarnigam is trying to bring the daily veg. haat to this location and shift this haat to another location. The contract bid for one year for this weekly goat market (on thursdays)and weekly cattle market on Wednesdays is Rs. 9 lakhs.The contract for this year is about to end, it has been a loss for us as the cattle trade here has declined drastically. Next year if the rates are competitive we would go for contract, else not. This haat is operating since 1970.The volume of trade has gone down over the years. Reasons are that the goats are purchased directly from villages and taken outside the state and also within the state. In doing this networks are functional. Goats are taken up to Rourkela, Nagpur, Delhi etc. After this month the business would be better. No feeding facility here, the owners feed the goats before bringing here and if not sold they graze them while returning back. (Indicating to a trader) He has brought the goats from 20 kms and transported to this place by pickup. Tax rates: Rs 12 for the buyers and Rs. 8 from the sellers; regular traders are charged fixed rates while occasional traders are charged in percentage terms. 59

Q-

(One farmer who had sold his goat in Rs.4900 was charged Rs. 50, as revealed by the interviewee). In case Id cards are to be issued to kuchias, would it be possible to to identify from your records who the real kuchias are? Yes, it would be. Goat rearers do not have the knowledge of first aid. Kuchias bring to this haat and bigger traders take it from here.

B. PRODUCERS GROUP

a) Marginal Producers Group Maheshpur, Surajpur, Sarguja (Village about 20 kms from District headquaters) 450 HH in the village of which SC-50 HH; ST-200; OBC-200 SC- Harijan, Ghasia; ST- Goad, Kanwar, Pando; OBCRajwade,Yadav, Manikpuri, Vaishneo. 400 HH reares live stocks; 50 HH are labourers. SHGs: 8 (5 women SHGs); maximum saving-Rs.40,000; One group linked to bank for loan. Major income source- Agriculture; Crops taken: Paddy, Wheat, Corn and pulses. Irrigation done through tube well; 150 HH have tubewells, mainly personal. Water given @ Rs 20/hr.(electric motor) Productivity per acre: o Paddy- 10-12 qt o Wheat-5-6 qt Max. no. of goats in a single HH- 20-30; cow-10; No stigma associated with goat rearing. Goats are semi stall fed, leaves given. Profitability ranking in animal husbandry: 1. Gotery & Poultry 60

2. Cow 3. Buffalo Goat if required for rearing purposes is bought from the nearby village; rate minimum Rs. 500; generally would range from- Rs. 1000Rs. 2000 (with kids). Cross Breed cows/ buffalos brought from traders coming to Ambikapur, Bishrampur from Bihar/ Jharkhand (Garhwa). Good cow would cost about Rs. 50,000 and Buffalo (Murrah)Rs. 70,000. Cross breed cows HF-Jersey. Maximum number of cows in the village is local breed. The best result is from F1 cross with jersey which gives a milk yield of 5ltrs/day as against 1ltr/day in desi cows. Rate: o Desi Cow- Rs. 5000 o Buffalo- Rs. 10-15000 o F1 cow- Rs. 20-25000 Shared ownership is prevalent in goat rearing, but to a very limited extent, under such a system the kids are distributed equally, in case there is one kid, if required it is sold and money distributed equally, the mother goat belongs to the owner. In case of mortality, the rearer needs to show the carcass to the owner, beyond that there is no further liability on him/her.

Selling Goats are sold from the door step it self. The rates given by village buyers are higher than those given by the trader. Many traders from Ambikapur, Bishrampur come to village daily. Goat if required to sell, could be sold in a day itself. Goat meat rate: Rs.200/kg ; in village and in the market. Desi Chicken rate: Rs. 200/kg Past experiences in selling to traders: o Rs. 2000 fetched by selling castrated buck. o Sold a lot in Rs. 7000 (per goat about Rs.600) o Rs. 1000-2000 could be earned from a goat in an year and a goat can remain fertile till 6-7 yrs.One family can manage to rear 5 goats, comfortably.Initial investment for owning 5 goats would be Rs.5000. Feed corn in limiting quantity for fattening of bucks. Not fed to goats. Goats needs to be guarded of predators attack, threat from wild animals not there, stray dogs are the major threat. No shepherd system prevalent, earlier it was there but has got discontinued because of unavailability of grazing land and multi cropping in fields.

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Goats are inseminated through bucks and the buck owner does not charge for that. Goat houses in all house holds. Feed available through out the year. Diseases and Risks Vulnerability to diseases high in rainy season during which they become vulnerable to dysentery. About 5 yrs back vet dept supplied 4 Jamunapari bucks for breed improvement. The bucks were suffering from diseases and died and also infected the local goats, this induced a great loss and majority of goats got wiped out. Vet services offered by vet hospital and sub centers in Latori, Silphili and nearby places. Doctors are available on call, no fixed charges for coming. Some medicines are free other needs to be purchased. Local herbs and traditional knowledge is used for treatment of goats. Goats are at risk of attack by stray dogs, needs to be guarded. No Insurance. Goat milk not very prevalent, if surplus consumed, the rate could go as high as Rs. 30-35/Ltr. Breed of goat having good meat as well as milk yield would be preferred. Cattle & Buffalo Animal Feed price: 60 Kg bag for Rs.700 (@ Rs. 12 per kg). About Rs.30 to 40 would be spent per day for feeding one cow. [ Animal feed, grass, corn, cooked Dalia, De Oiled Cakes of mustard and tisi] Semi stall fed. Desi Cow remain wet for 4-6 months; Maximum milk production 5 Ltr/day. Milking done by men and women. Milk rates; Rs. 20/Ltr for both cow and Buffalo. AI done by Vet dept, if the veterinarian is informed on mobile phone he comes and does the AI. The charge is nominal, Rs. 10-20. To borne the travel expense. Jersey cross is better than HF cross; Haryana is also in demand as the calves produced by the cross is better for draught purposes. Not all the rearers are interested for getting AI, of all only about 100 rearers are interested, as the cross breed require better care and the jersey cross calves are not good for draught purposes. DCS was operational in nearby village- Silphili, where the milk production is high, but the DCS has become dysfunctional. As the market rate for the milk is higher than what the dairy cooperative 62

offer. The average rate based on fat and snf comes to about Rs.14 per kg. Milk is sold locally to hoatels, some producers sell directly while others sell through middle men. There are two models (i) the price of the milk sold for 6 days goes to the owner while one days goes to the middle men. (ii) Rs. 18 per kg milk is given to the owner while Rs. 2 is taken by the middle men. Insurance for animal not there, people are not interested because of the difficulty in getting their claims from the insurance companies. Price of big calf: Min Rs. 5000 and on an average Rs. 10,000. Weekly Animal haat on every Friday in Latori. Mainly draught animals traded, demand for milch animals very low.

b) Marginal Producers Group Karwan Basti, Barki Para, Surajpur, Sarguja (Village about 25 kms from District headquaters) 165 HHs in the village (SC- 18,muslim - 40) 8 SHGs functional (5 women SHGs) Main Income comes from Agriculture. Both Kharif and Rabi Crops taken are: o Paddy o Wheat o Sugarcane o Potato Average cattle heads present in a HH: 2-3; maximum present in a single HH is 15. Cattle are stall fed. Goats are there in almost all HHs Profiatbility: 1. Goatery- less investment better returns 2. Cattle- for milk and calves for draught purposes and manure 3. Oxens (including buffalo bulls) Goats available in Rs. 1000 Goats not reared on sharing basis. Goats (bucks) sold to the kuchias (kuchia called here as chicua, but for convenience use the term kuchia) from home itself. If required to sell goats could be sold within a day. Kuchias from Ambikapur, Bishrampur come to the village. Rates offered are at par. Herd size of goats not increasing due to feed problem. Goat farm is possible, will stall feed the goats with animal feed and supplement it by leaves, grasses etc. No shepherd system prevalent, earlier it was there but has got discontinued because the jungle has been exhausted. 63

Goats are inseminated through bucks and the buck owner does not charge for that. Goats are of local breed, no Govt. programme for improved breeding run in the village. However, are aware of success of Jamunapari buck distributed under Govt scheme, in village called mazira basti, 13 Kms from here, where the cross breed goats have come up. Goat houses in all houses. Common disease in goat- Dysentery leading to mortality. For treatment refer to vet hospitals, get medicines if not available get it from Ambikapur. Mortality in goats increases during rainy season. No insurance for goats. In case of fear of mortality due to diseases in goat, sold to the kuchias in as low a price as Rs. 200-400 per goat.

Cattle 50% of the cattle population is cross breed and 50% are desi (local breed. Breeding through AI, the AVFO comes for the AI when called. Cross breed cows yield 4-5 Ltr of milk at a time. Cattle fed with animal feed, wheat husks, cooked dalia. If fed properly would cost Rs.50.Grazin land very limited, are stall fed. Green fodder cultivation very less.Not aware of the use of mineral mixture. Straw chopping machine has a commercial potential. Milk rate: Rs. 20/Ltr in village. Calves sold locally in Rs.1500-2500 Female calve (jersey) sold in Rs. 3000- Rs. 4000. Ploughing done mainly with Oxens. There are more than 20 tractors in the village, but are not suitable for ploughing in rainy season. Vaccination, De worming done in cattle. Vet hospital 1 km (karwan sub centre) F1 of Jersey is profitable. Water available in 30 feet in well and in 200 fts in borewell.

c) Marginal Producers Group Vill: Madguri, Kusmi, Sarguja (Village about 80 kms from District headquaters) 64

There are about 150 House Holds in village; SC-19, ST- 70, OBC-40 and Gen-4. Except Brahmin HHs all others rear goats. Few years back, due to outbreak of epidemic in goats most HHs had sold their goat in very cheaper rates, as goats in adjoining areas were dying of diseases. Hence the present population of goats in village is not very high. In a time gap the rearing starts again by buying goats. Almost all the HHs rear cattle and buffalo. Major Sources of HH income (Rank wise): 1. Agriculture (single crop-Paddy; Irrigation problem is there) 2. Wages from labour (local and migration to places like Ranchi, Punjab, Delhi etc.) 3. Animal Rearing (Draught is major support received) Profitability from Livestock (Rank wise): 1. Piggery (gives birth to 8-12 piglets; local breed of pigs reared; piglets sold in Rs. 400-500) 2. Goatery (1-2 kids; kids above 6 months of age sold in more than Rs. 500, good buck of 8 to 10 months can fetch Rs, 2000-3000) If required to buy goat for rearing purpose will buy from near by villages. She goat would cost about Rs. 1000 to 1500. Goat Haat is not there. Selling: In the village there are few Muslim middle men (4 to 5) who buy goats from here collects them and transport them to Jashpur District (60 Km), from where it is again (sold) and transported further. Traders from Jharkhand also come to buy goat from the village. The rates offered by them is higher than one offered by traders from Ambikapur and Bishrampur. (Difference is from Rs. 200 to Rs. 500). Goats are sold from home itself. In case of requirement the goats could sold within a day; but in such a case the rate offered would be less than the market rate. Few people from the village are like agents (one referred above) they buy the goats keeps with them collects and then resell to traders who come to the village periodically. When traders from outside comes for purchasing goats they offer better rates. But their visits are erratic they may come in 15 days, in a month, 6 months, in a year etc. They enquire from village based agents (Jalil,Salim,farid, Khalil, skin trader)whether there are goats for sale, based on their information they come to the village. In case of distress selling we sell to these local agents or else we sell directly to the Jharkhand traders. Traders from Jharkhand offer better rates. Also, they convince the farmer to sell their goat and even pay higher price than they are asking for. 65

There is no fight between Jharkhand traders and the local traders (agents), however they are not together. Traders from Orissa do not come to this village. Goats are grazed in open, we give them water once in the morning (9-10 Am), in afternoon, in evening and then in night, no concentrates or grains are given to the goats. Shepherd system exists in the village but it is mainly for cattle and buffalo and not for goats. The shepherds get paid in cash and in kind, they get Rs 50-100 every month and 40 kgs of paddy (Dhan) in for 6 months.[ As was evident from the discussions shepherds were used only during the kharif season when there were paddy crop in the field, since there was only one crop taken, the fields remained barren for next 6 months during which the animals were left free to graze]. Shared ownership was prevalent in goat rearing, under such a system the kids are distributed equally, in case there is one kid, if required it is sold and money distributed equally, the mother goat belongs to the owner. In case of mortality, the rearer needs to show the carcass to the owner, beyond that there is no further liability on him/her. Shared ownership is done with village people and not done with butchers. Goats are inseminated through bucks and the buck owner does not charge for that. Jamunapari buck was received by a villager by paying Rs. 1000 from the vet hospital.The buck is still there and the cross breed of this buck with local breed goats are of better quality. Traders pay higher for the cross bred and there is no problem as such with Jamunapari bucks. Some times vaccinations are given to cattle and buffalo but there is no routine vaccination as such. For vaccination there has not been ant initiative by the villagers. For treating diseases in goats traditional knowledge is used. For eg. For treating dysentery miada bokla(bark of a tree is used). Nearest vet hospital is 10 kms. In the village a peon working in vet hospital resides he treats the animals in case of requirement. It is difficult to afford the vet doctor as the cost of his travel is to be borne. One of the villager had called a doctor when his goat had developed pox, but the goat could not be cured and died. Maximum number of goats in a single HH in the village is 15. A villager said that he had 16 goats all of them except one died. Epidemics in goat had spread 2 yrs back goats were dying and due to this the selling price of goats crashed and they sold all their goats for paltry amounts. Goat milk is nether available not sold. No training has been received for goat rearing. 66

SHGs (8) were functional but are not functional presently. Under Navanjor project CIG (common interest group) has been promoted, also forest department had promoted some groups, presently not active. Situation would be more or less same in nearby 20 villages or so.

Cattle and Buffalo

Average herd size of cattle in HHs is 2-3 cattle heads. Avg milk yield for local breed cattle is 1-2 ltrs per day. While that of Jersey cross is 4 ltrs/day. Feeding practices: Free grazing supplement given when wet. In Khariff season people take their cattle to jungle for grazing, while in Rabi season the cattle is left free as no Rabi crop is taken. Predators risk is low for cattle. The panchayat here does not function as efficiently as should, participation is not there. Vaccinations were given to animal during the rainy season. Houses for cattle and goats exist (the floor of goat houses are elevated). Theft of animal is not there. Animal for sale comes for sale from Bihar. Draught is the major purpose for which the cattle & buffs are reared. Cow dung is used as fertilizers and not as fuel.

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d) Marginal Producers Group Takraguda, Bastar (Village about 40 kms from District headquaters)

SHGs here run the mid day meals of all the schools of the district [As told by Dr. Rajneesh]. Total HHs: 109; Total house holds having live stocks, small and big ruminants- 72. Profitability:o Cattle Rearing (Ox for draught purpose) o Goatery (for bucks; lesser investment) An oxen pair would cost in range of Rs.15000-25000. Price fetched in sale of goats in recent past o 9 months old buck Rs. 2500 o Old Goat (Rs. 1500) o Rs 3000 for buck (sold 2yr back) Cattle haat Pamela Bazar on Sunday, Jagdalpur block. (25 kms from the village). The cattle bought from the bazaar are made to walk all through. Kuchias are the main sellers in the bazaar. If goat is to be sold immediately the middleman (kuchia) is to be informed, kuchias are there in almost all the villages. Goat houses are cleaned by women of the house. Shepherd system exists in the village. There are 3 shepherds in the village. Shepherds get 40 paila of Dhan (paddy) which is about 50 kgs per goat in a year, at the end of year they get cloths and a weeks rest. People of any caste can take up this work, but generally it is from SC community. The shepherds take the goats for grazing at 7:30 AM at 12:00 Noon he bring back the goats and rests them till 3:00 PM after which he again takes the goats and bring back the goats at 6:00 PM when he hands over the goats to their owners. No charge by the village buck owner for insemination of goats through the buck. Goats have died due to dysentery and by consuming poisonous herbs. Vaccination is done. 68

Vet hospital is in Bastar (3 km). Milk rates Rs.15/ Ltr. for Cows milk and Rs. 20/Ltr is Buffalos milk. Only one crop (paddy is taken).

e) Marginal Producers Group Palanar, Bastanar,Bastar Imp Points in Discussion Language spoken is Gondi. Spoken up to Bijapur. Participants mainly from Palanar village and few from adjoining villages under the same Gram Panchayat. There are 190 House Holds in Palanar village of which majority are Gonds, 3 HH are Rauts and about 6 HH from Manikpuri community (weaver community). There are 8 SHGs in the village (3-4 male and similarly of women). No savings. The record keeping is done by Anganwadi workers/ others educated in village. The average herd sizes of the goats of the participants were 3-6; there was one person in the village that had about 50 goats. Main source of income: Agriculture; take only one crop; in Kharif season; crops: Paddy, corn, and til. Corn is sown just before paddy in other fields or on sides of the field. Local variety of Paddy is grown, seed bank own. In case any one wants to buy goat for rearing s/he will buy from village itself in Rs.1000-2000. Mainly the goats from here are sold in Geedum (Sunday mkt), Tokapal (Saturday) and Jagdalpur (Sunday mkt) goat markets by the kuchias. Kuchias buy from the villagers by moving from door to door.There are 2 persons in village working as kuchias.One year old goat would cost them Rs.2000-2500.The rate is fixed for the goat on the basis of observation it self. This year the person has not yet done trading of goat as was engaged in agricultural work and after that NREGA work has come so he is working in that. Last year he traded in goat (5-6). Q- Whom does he sell and where?

69

He sells the got in Tokapal (saturday) markets. Seths (meat shop owners/butchers) come to Tokapal from Jaipur (Orissa border), kotpal (Orissa), Bailadilla (Dantewada) and Jagdalpur to buy goats. Q- How much he is able to earn per goat. Does he incur losses as well? Able to earn about Rs. 200 per goat. Yes at times incurrs loses, Purchased in higher price and sells in lower price. Last year incurred loses in 2 goats. Q- Who offers higher rate, traders from Orissa or Jagdalpur? Offers similar rate. Q- Whether traders from Orissa come themselves or local traders buy and deliver them? Traders from Orissa come themselves; they bring their vehicles as well to take the goats. Q- What is the quantum of the business he does? Whether he gets credit from the farmer? In a week he gets one or two goats. He has to pay in cash and credit is not given. He sells the goat at the earliest and does not keep it with himself longer. Q- Whether in your village do you have a shepherd or every one take care of their animal by themselves? Time when there is standing crop, animals(all) are given to shepherd, there are about 4 -5 families doing this work, they are from same community it self (Gond). The shepherds are paid in kind, he gets rice every day from all houses and get about 2 kandi paddy in an year. Q- Why do you rear cattle? It is mainly for draught purposes. It is not for milk purposes, the milk is left for the calfs. Q- Buck whether local or other breed, whether any buck supplied from block office?

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The buck is of local breed. Once buck was given from block office but it was taken back and sent to kilepal. Q- Do you have goat house in all the HH? Yes. Q- Whether there has been spread of epidemic in goats? In last year has any such incidence taken place? Yes, last year near rainy reason. After first rain the goats ate the new grasses and suffered from diarrhea and died in large numbers. Q- Whether any veterinarian visits the village? Will he come if called? Has any one in the village called the veterinarian in near future? Traditional medication knowledge is available or not? No, can come if called, the hospital is in kilepal about 10 kms. No one has called veterinarian. Traditional knowledge not used. Q- If some one needs to sell goat, will he be able to sell it easily? In a day? Or how much time would be required? They will have to search for buyer. Q- Why you do not increase the herd size? Fear of diseases in goat, maximum casualty in October, November towards the end of rainy season. During this time they eat plants used for making soft brooms and succumb to lose motion. Supplementary Information Price of goat has a increasing trend Free grazing of goats, no grain feeding No milking of cow and goat. No sheep rearing Pig rearing, feed supplemented by paddy husk A/c opened in cooperative bank in kodenar Oxen bought from Pamela Bazar, londegura,in Rs. 10,000-13,000 per pair Ox used for ploughing, now even tractors are used, rate Rs. 450 per hour. One crop taken, ground water not used. Land is there with every one (marginal). Do not sell ox, mainly sell goat, pig.

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C. Veterinary Service Providers/GOVT. SCHEMES/ GOVT. OFFICIAL ONLY MAIN PTS OF DISCUSSION

a) Dr. Parihar Deputy Director,Vet Services, Ambikapur, Sarguja & Dr. Arun Singh Project Incharge, Animal Husbandry, Ambikapur, Sarguja Sarguja is the second biggest district geographically,of the country. Last year 1000 Jamunapari bucks distributed under RKVY and other schemes.In pure Jamunapari there is problem, the result of cross breed Jamunapari is very good.The bucks are distributed through tender process. Jamunapari bucks are distributed since the beginning.This year as well we will be distributing Jamunapari bucks.

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Govt. goat farm is there in Pakaria also Govt. Pig and Poultry farms are there. The topography of Ambikapur is such that it is best suited for goatery. Demand for meat is there but there are only two slaughter houses, one in pratapur naka and another in Ramanujganj. These are not up to the mark, there is no sanitation. There is progress in production. Number of meat sellers are increasing, traders go up to 100 km to get goats.The production is catering to meat demands of the state and also it is going out of the state as well. Poor people are rearing goat they cant run a commercial farm. Perhaps there could be some potential in Mainpat. Health and Insurance services are interrelated and are complimentary. Insurance is required as it will increase the awareness for timely vaccination, treatment etc. However, proper information dissemination for claim settlement is to be made. Collector has given target to us to work with SHGs in every block and support them for gotery, piggery and poultry. Next year you can find at least 50 such groups. The Vet department would be comfortable working with SHGs. In Sarguja caste plays a major role:o Traditionally only Oraon and Pahadipurwa community , both ST,rears pig.Hence patches of settlements of these community should be identified for piggery. o Similarly, Nagesia (ST) should be targeted for goatery and poultry, as they are traditionally farmers. o Muslim community can do poultry better. o For Dairy BPL of all castes including General and OBC should get equal privilege. It is difficult for extreme poor to do Dairy as they themselves depend on food grain Rs. 2/Kg; How they are going to feed there animal by buying feed Rs 12/Kg? In last 3 years there has been no out break of epidemics. Ramanujganj is potential area for Goat rearing. There is a local festival called cherta and in Christmas towards the end of December, goats, pigs and poultry birds are sacrificed and eaten in large numbers.

Cattle Rearing Proper training is required if they do not understand the nuances of proper care of cattle they will not be successful. Bank loan can be given to well train. Trainers are available but training budget is not there. Training infrastructure not there demanded under BRGF. Exposure visits outside the district has been organized. 73

Mineral mixture scarcity is there, de worming is also not possible due to resource crunch. Feeding practices are not proper, also initiated treatment of paddy stall but was not successful. For cattle breeding AI is adopted. Earlier were supplied earlier now discontinued. HF and Jersey Siemens used also sahiwal and Gir also used. The AI target for this year is 6000. For cattle rearing Silphili (Bengali refugees), form Rajpur to Kusmi is more prospective. Seeds are given for green fodder cultivation but scarcity of land for the purpose. About 50-100 farmers of general and OBC caste cultivate fodder. Fodder trees were planted but villagers have tendency of cutting the trees. In rural areas milk rates are Rs.14/Kg. Dairy could be successful Saruguja in a circumference of 20 km radius beyond which it could not be successful due to poor milk rates. There are 5-6 veterinary hospitals in said radius. All the dairy schemes are for SC and ST communities, this should be freed from caste boundaries. Then only pvt dairies would get promoted. The sweet shops in Ambikapur gets milk solids (khowa) from Allahabad, Raipur, Banaras. Demands for sweets are there. There are shops which can purchase 1000-1500 ltrs of milk per day.

b) Dr. Rajneesh Agarwal Vet. Asst. Surgeon, BILDP,Bastar State has a policy of distributing Jamunapari buck for local breed improvement. We have been breeds like Sirohi and Black Bengal. Jamunapari has problems, the long ears are susceptible to infection and the Jamunapari bucks have been carrier of PPR. In Nandpura village we have introduced Jamunapari by making clusters. In takraguda a progressive farmer Patel has 50 to 55 goats Goat meat is preferred in the region and the meat rate is Rs. 220230/Kg

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c) Ghanshyam Jangde CEO Janpad Panchayat, Bastanar, Bastar Is in support of the idea that a marketing centre for goats should be there where procurement should be done on live body weight basis and would be resold to bigger traders on live body weight. Today buyers are coming from Orissa, Andhra etc. so why not they come through an organized channel as in poultry. If credit is provided, farmer who is selling 2 goats can sell 50 goats. Have spoken to SHGs to take up goat rearing as there is plenty of grazing land. The land holdings here are on higher side. Though majority is waste land and the productivity is low. In Mahua season the goats get fattened. Jamunapari bucks have been distributed since last 25 yrs. But breed improvement is not seen. Also the mortality of Jamunapari bucks is very high about 60%.The local breed is good work should be done on that. Veterinary doctors are available but medicines are not available hence farmers rely largely on their traditional treatment.

d) Dr. R.K. Sonawane Deputy Director, Veterinary Services, Rajnandgaon Thinking to develop marketing strategy for goat in line of AMUL.We are thinking of having weighing machine in village and instead that the middlemen fix the rates the SHGs will fix the rates and will sell at the time of Eid and other festive season. We have asked for Sirohi and Black Bengal breeds in Govt. supply this time. PPR is a problem here. Due to rumors of spread of disease by the middle men, the farmers sell goats of Rs.2000 in Rs.200. To check this we have created a control room, where immediate information could be passed. ABIS dairy has started a goat project with 100 goats.

e) Dr. K.K. Verma VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock Development Agency Raipur Regarding Bottlenecks in insurance claim settlement:

Villagers fail to provide information regarding the mortality of animal to the insurance agency on time.

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Possible solution could be free helpline number on which if informed, should get a system generated claim registration number and within 24 hrs the representative from the insurance company should reach to the village. Mean while the nominated veterinarian should do the post mortem. Insurance companies are having less number of man powers and are not interested in live stock insurance due to low profitability and high claim ratio. Instead they prefer to do insurance such as vehicle insurance. As the premium subsidy is only for 2 animals per persons, rearers insure their worst animals. Instances of fraud is high in urban areas about the mortality claim is about 25 % of the insured. While for rural areas the mortality percentage is 5-8%.One of the insurance company Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Which was the company which partnered in 2006-07 got the insurance premium, including subsidy of Rs. 30 Lacs while the claim was of Rs. 1 Crore. The company discontinued there after. The organized dairy in urban areas should be kept out of the subsidized insurance schemes as they can afford to pay full premium. Routing of the services through SHGs could be good idea and also only rural house holds should be covered under the scheme. o

f) Dr. Goutam Roy Assistant Director, Statistics, AH Dept, Raipur No coordination between AH Department and Milk Cooperatives (RDS & IDDP.

g) Dr. Neetu Gorduji VAS, Chhattisgarh State Livestock Development Agency (CSLDA) Raipur; Date on which Interviewed: 19.03.10 Audio Clip: KII_Dr.Neetu_19 March.mp3 CSLDA is the state level nodal agency for implementation of GoI NPCBB project (National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding). Aims to promote organized breeding, the breed selection is done as per state livestock policy.

III.

Analysis of the producer house holds interviews.

Section-I Goats

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Interpretations/ indications Insurance non existent Health services beyond the range of 3-5 kms from District and Block HQ; poor 60% of the responder felt that the goat rearing is showing decreasing trend or is stagnant. Average herd size 3-5 No investment on feed for goats, free grazing main way of feeding Goat houses available in almost all house holds. Sold from home Mortality too high looking into the average herd size (2 out of 5) The mortality in goats is largely due to diseases. Access to affordable in time ,health services missing

Constraints/ Limiting factors as perceived by responders in decreasing order Fear of disease/ epidemic affecting the herd Reducing bushes, herbs and free grazing area Time and availability of manpower Predators attack

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Representative Sample Profile of Respondents 2 3 4 5 6 Family Status Housing type: kuccha, semi pucca, pucca? Sanitation facilities: yes/ no [Yes=1/ No=0] Highest Education in the family Mobile phone, landline telephone [Yes=1/ No=0] Mobile Electricity: Yes/ No. SHG member: Yes/ No. If yes, Years of involvement in SHG: Landholding (in Acre) Type and number of Livestock Goats (Total) Male young ones Female Young ones Male Adults Female Adult Indigenous Breed Cross Breed Cow (Total) Male young ones Female Young ones Male Adults Female Adult Indigenous Breed [Yes=1/ No=0] Cross Breed [Yes=1/ No=0] Buffalo (Total) Male young ones Female Young ones Male Adults Female Adult Indigenous Breed Cross Breed Kuccha No 10 Yes Yes Yes Yes 3-5yrs 7 Acres But Mainly un irrigated/ arid/ non productive Average herd size of goat

7 8

9 10

3 0 1 1 1 Indigenou s no 4 0 1 1 1 Indigenou s

Average herd size including bullocks and young ones

2 0 0 1 0 Indigenou s

Average herd size including bulls and young ones

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11

12

Rank the livestock in terms of profitability [1 highest; 3 lowest] Goat Cow Buffalo How many of your livestock died in the last one year? Goats (Total) Kids Adult REASON Disease

1 2 3

2 1 1 2

Mortality too high looking into the average herd size

The mortality in goats are due to diseases access to affordable in time ,health services missing

13

14

Kids Adult Other Reason Health care of livestock [Yes=1/ No=0] Goat Vaccination De worming Regular Cleaning of house Mineral mixture feeding Treatment Cow/ Buffalo Vaccination De worming Regular Cleaning of house Mineral mixture feeding Treatment System of rearing [Yes=1/ No=0] Goats Free Grazing Semi stall feeding Stall feeding Type of Breed [Local/Cross] Cow/ Buffalo Free Grazing Semi stall feeding Stall feeding Type of Breed [Local/Cross]

1 1

No No Yes

Good goat houses, almost 100 %

Yes Yes Local

Yes Yes Local

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IV.

Tools used for information/data collection in the

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Guidelines for various stake holders Interview 1. Interviewing Traders 87

1.1. Scale of trade[Abstract] 1.2. Purchased from where sold to whom 1.3. Margins 1.4. Constraints 1.5. Demand and Supply pattern 2. Interviewing Butchers (For Goats only) 2.1. Value addition at there level 2.2. Present scale of business 2.3. Constraints in the business 2.4. What one biggest thing can help their business grow? 3. Interviewing Credit Service Providers 3.1. How comfortable are they in providing credit for goat/ cow/buffalo rearing? 3.2. Past experience, if any? 3.3. Constraints? 3.4. What steps would boost your confidence to easily lend the livestock farmers? 4. Interviewing Health Service Providers 4.1. What are the common diseases in goat in the area 4.2. Mortality (rate and reasons) 4.3. Constraints in providing health services 4.4. Knowledge level of the farmers regarding health and sanitation. 4.5. Big farms in the area. 5. Interviewing NGO functionaries working for facilitation in the subsector SUB SECTOR (tick) Name of the organization CATTLE GOAT SHEEP

88

In collaboration with (names, organizations)

1. overview of livestock (and if possible for 2 previous years ) a. herd (number of heads and major breeds)

b. major markets and uses (dairy, meat, farm activities )

c. feeding & sanitary conditions

2. 2009-10 marketing

a. Estimates of number of heads marketed

b. Specify major destination markets (local, export) and the periods.

c. Any import from other states? Indicate if possible number of heads and origins.

d. [if applicable] were there major trade deals for live animals (buy or sell) made with institutional buyers (e.g. WFP), regional buyers / sellers (e.g. food security operations, private sector industries) or outside the sub-sector (import / export) ?

Other comments

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3. Structuring and professionalization of the sub-sector

a. Recent developments and political or economic policies which affect the operations of the sub-sector (laws, tariffs, bans, emergency relieves, subsidies )

b. Major internal events (e.g. trainings, new or merging of associations, etc) that affect the structuring and professionalization of the sub-sector at local and national levels (or sub-regional)

c. Major projects, initiatives and supports to the sub-sector (on going and new)

d. Major constraints affecting the sub-sector

4. Marketing : problems encountered and proposed solutions a. Describe the 3 major problems encountered in the order of priority. Attach any document that further elaborates the problem. 1.

2.

3.

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b. Activities undertaken or proposed by your organization to solve these problems

Additional comments

6. Interviewing Researchers 6.1. Areas in which research has been carried out 6.2. Major bottlenecks affecting the subsector at various levels, proposed solution. 6.3. Secondary information sources for the sector 6.4. Any published research papers published by other agencies or individuals. 6.5. Key research findings for the sector.

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V. The Pashu Sakhi Model

Selection criteria for women Pashu Sakhi 1. Education writing and reading (5th pass minimum) and passes a test 2. Interest in Livestock (Should have been keeping Goats and directly involved in upkeep) 3. Should have child grown up, Husband cooperative (Involve while selection) 4. Need of getting small paltry income Additional criteria Should have educated daughter or obedient son to help in activity Process - Organise a small meet to understand aspiration, Interest - Share a business plan and roles and responsibility - Help them to increase self confidence - Motivate about social (recognitions, reputation) and economic return - Growth plan and career growth Training All selected female Pashu sakhi will be provided a training of not less than 5 days, members will be paid for transport and board. Those not able to attend complete training will have no right to practice and can be accommodated in next training. Roles and responsibility - Follow the calendar of practices (de worming, Vaccination) - Regularly visit to goat rearers to assess cleanliness, sanitation practices like white washing, proper ventilation, water logging, drinking water quality - Periodically assess feeding system mineral mixture, salt, part concentrate (Grain) - Organise training and self evaluation exercise - Promote concept of community Insurance, collect premiums and documentation of claims - Inform members about training at Promoting agency and external person visit - Disease diagnosis, First aid treatment of diseases and filling of format - Attending monthly meting at Promoting agency and submitting data in format - Attend any training Promoting agency organizes or nominates to - To maintain the medicine stock as per list provided in right quantity Payments and Incentives Promoting agency will organize training of selected female member and will provide a senior Pashu Mitra Support for two years. Promoting agency will provide a first time first Aid kit after training free of cost (But can be recovered if practice in field has not been satisfactory) 92

Promoting agency will provide Rs 300 per month for One year provided she provides above mentioned services to Ibatada. For Next Six month it will be Rs 150. Thereafter assignment basis payment will be negotiated. Promoting agency will organize refresher training for successful Pashu Sakhi after one year. Promoting agency will organize quarterly review of cluster based Pashu Shakhi and will provide incentives and prizes as per performance. Incentives will be decided by a peer and client ranking as well as appraisal by Promoting agency staff. VI. Proposed Structure and sustainability analysis of Goat producers Company

Objective To provide efficient and cost basis service at doorstep and linkages to growing local and external market, Goat rearer of the district need to be organized and conduct business on cost sustainability basis. The project proposes to organize them in the form of Company to perform following major functions Access to major livestock markets and thereby getting higher margins on their respective sheeps or goats sold Provide a risk mitigating mechanism for ensuring average incomes during distress situations like drought. Provision of inputs and livestock services at a lower cost with increased accessibility.

Membership projections We assume that project will convince and organize 100 goat producers from particular cluster in the first year, the second year the membership will increased to 250 and next year 400 goat rearers are covered by the company. We assume that 60% of membership will be limited to BPL and SHG members and 40% to the other goat rearers. The year wise assumed membership is as follows Year First Year Second Year Third year Total No. of members 100 250 400 750 Membership fee collected 25000 @ Rs 250 per member 62500 100000 Rs 187500/-

The member will be rearing 5 to 20 goats under standard condition of supplementary concentrate feeding. It is also assumed that 10% rearer will be 93

involved in Bakrid Male kid rearing and will be paying higher service cost than grazing goat keepers. The quality services for such intensive rearing system will also be delivered. Linkages envisaged through Company Prepare and distribute concentrate feed to member rearers Manage feed bank at cluster level (Activity group)) in to store and distribute fodder to manage lean season shortage. Provide access to breeding bucks of Sirohi and Jamanpari breed in each village (@ one buck for 40 to 50 goats) Schedule and implement vaccination and deworming plan with rearers. Provide training on improved rearing practices and exposure visits Institutionalise promotional schemes and rewards for good rearers through organizing fairs, competititons and visits. Tie up with Insurance company to provide insurance scheme and its monitoring for claim settlement from insurance companies.

Forward Linkages Promote institutional marketing of goats through participating in tenders with army cantonment and accessing orders of bulk purchasers like restaurants, marriage party e.t.c. Pool the small ruminants and sale it in prime market of Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Delhi and Jaipur. Provide goats at competitive price to different areas under various government and non government programs with proper records of performance. Select performing bucks and sale it on premium price to other areas. Prepare a special batch of male kids for Bakr Id market and sale in Bakr Id to better price realizing market of Delhi and Mumbai.

Operations The Company would operate on pooling method to market the goats. It will purchase small ruminants at live body weight (empty stomach in morning) @ 50% of market meat rate (To be announced periodically). It will purchase male kids of proper growth (above one year) and proper condition for Bakrid market @ Rs 150 per kg live body weight (To be announced 2 months before Bakrid). It will provide feed and other backward linkages and materials on credit and deduct the amount from sale of the goats The Company will keep a margin of 1 % of value while providing services..

53. Member/Share holder Selection Membership open to small ruminants only A rearer should be rearing at least 5 does and one share will make eligible for selling 5 goats through company. At least five reares from one village 94

A member should agree to pay share capital and sell goats through Producer Company only. Capital fund and working capital

Membership share Rs 250 per share Each member should buy shares as per the number of goats they intend to sell through Company. Buying one share of Rs 250 would permit him/her to sell up to 5 goats/sheep per year through the producer company. So each share would account for selling up to five goats per year and for additional sales extra share has to be purchased by the rearer. For the initial years the Company would take loans from the banks to meet its working capital, which is required to supply feed to the producers. Subsequently the working capital would be generated from deposits from the members on which no interests would be paid. The deposit would be mobilized through deducting 10% of total patronage refund to the members .Such deduction would be done until the herd size stabilizes and total working capital is mobilized through deposits. The producer company will also earn 10% profit on feed supply, Manure selling, Milk marketing and goat selling. The working capital expenses on vaccination would be initially collected at the beginning of the year from the members and paid to the paravets after duly certified by the members. Initial collection of money for vaccination would motivate rearers to go for vaccination of goats. The veterinary service cost for treatment would be provided on credit which would be deducted from the sale of the goats

Budget for operations of Producer company : Fixed cost S.No 1 2 Budget head Furniture and fixtures Computer with printer and accessories One refrigerator for cold chain maintenance Two wheeler for supervision work Cycles for field workers Seed capital for procurement and distribution of feed, Rate per unit 10000 50000 Total No. 1 1 Total Amount 10000 50000

15000

15000

40000

40000

5 6.

2500

12500 200000

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breeding animals Total Recurring cost (Annual) Sr. No. Budget Head Rate Per Unit Total Nos. 12 5 Total Amount 72,000 120000 327500

1. Salary of one manager 2. Salary of 5 field workers

6,000 24000 per year 3,000

3. Salary of one accountant

12 36,000

4. Telephone and postage charges for one year 5. Rent, water, electricity of the producer company office for one year 6. Transportation and travel cost 7. Promotional expenses including awards

1500

12 18,000

2,000

12 24,000

6000 5000

12 12

72000 60000 402000

(Working capital has been estimated as 9 months recurring cost looking in to fact that business organization and price realization will take at least this much time ) Total project cost = Fixed cost + Working capital = 327500 + Rs 301500 = Rs 6.29 Lakh

Annual cost of business will be equal to interest of fixed capital (assumed at 12% interest rate), depreciation value on fixed cost (20% annual) and recurring cost. So annual cost of Business = 39300+ 402000+ 25400 = Rs 466700 It is estimated that the company will sold 500 animals in year 1 (only members), 2000 animals in year 2 (members and non members) and 5000 animals in year 3 (2500 members and 2500 non members)

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Projected Income Year 1 Net Income from Sale of animals(200 PER ANIMAL) Net income from sale of goat milk(2/-) Net Income from sale of Manure(5/-) Total Income Expenditure Profit/Loss Cum profit/Loss 100000(500*200) Year 2 400000(2000*200) Year 3 1000000(5000*200)

10000(5000*2)

40000(20000*2)

30000(15000*2)

5000(1000*5)

50000(5000*5)

20000(10000*2)

1.15 Lakh 4.66 Lakh (3.51 Lakh) (3.51 Lakh)

4.90 Lakh 4.66 Lakh 0.24 Lakh (3.27 Lakh)

10.50 Lakh 4.66 Lakh 5.84 Lakh 2. 57 Lakh

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