List of antibiotics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Following is the list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection.[1] See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.

Antibiotics by class

Generic name

Brand names

Common uses[2]

Possible side effects[2]

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosoma l subunit (some work by binding to the50S subunit), Hearing loss inhibiting the translocation of the Vertigo peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site Kidney and also causing damage misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin

Amikin Garamycin Kantrex

[3]

Neo-Fradin

Netromycin Nebcin

Infections caused by Gramnegative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaparticularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia.

Paromomycin

Humatin

Ansamycins Geldanamycin Herbimycin Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Carbacephem Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued Carbapenems Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin Invanz Doribax Primaxin Bactericidal for both Gram positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful Gastrointesti Inhibition of cell wall synthesis nal upset and prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) Meropenem Merrem

diarrhea Nausea Seizures Headache Rash and allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Duricef Ancef (discontinued) Good coverage against Gram positive infections. Gastrointesti nal upset and Same mode of action as other beta-lactam Nausea (if antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of alcohol taken the peptidoglycan layer concurrently) of bacterial cell walls. diarrhea Allergic reactions Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefoxitin Cefprozil Distaclor Mandol (discontinued) Mefoxin (discontinued) Cefzil Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) Less gram positive cover, improved gram negative cover. Gastrointesti nal upset and Same mode of action as other beta-lactam Nausea (if antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of alcohol taken the peptidoglycan layer concurrently) of bacterial cell walls. diarrhea Allergic reactions Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime Ceftazidime Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Cefobid (discontinued) Claforan Vantin Fortaz Gastrointesti nal upset and Improved coverage of Gram negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover. diarrhea Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the Nausea (if synthesis of alcohol taken the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. concurrently) Allergic

Cefalotin or Cefalothi Keflin n (discontinued)

Cefalexin

Keflex

Cefuroxime

Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone

Cedax Cefizox (discontinued) Rocephin Cephalosporins (Fourth generation)

reactions

Gastrointesti nal upset and Same mode of action as other beta-lactam Nausea (if antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of alcohol taken the peptidoglycan layer concurrently) of bacterial cell walls. diarrhea Allergic reactions

Cefepime

Maxipime

Covers pseudomonal infections.

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Gastrointesti Same mode of action nal upset and as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the diarrhea synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer Allergic of bacterial cell walls. reaction Gastrointesti nal upset and Same mode of action as other beta-lactam Nausea (if antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of alcohol taken the peptidoglycan layer concurrently) of bacterial cell walls. diarrhea Ceftobiprole Zeftera Used to treat MRSA Allergic reactions Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Telavancin Targocid (UK) Vancocin Vibativ Lincosamides Clindamycin Lincomycin Cleocin Lincocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; Possible C. difficilerelatedpseudome mbranous Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereb y inhibiting protein inhibiting peptidoglyca n synthesis

Ceftaroline fosamil

Teflaro

Used to treat MRSA

clindamycin topically foracne enterocolitis Lipopeptide

synthesis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis

Macrolides Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Zithromax,Sum amed, Zitrocin Biaxin Dynabac (discontinued) Streptococcal Erythocin,Eryt infections, syphilis, upper hroped respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease Tao (discontinued) Telithromycin Spectinomycin Spiramycin Ketek Trobicin Rovamycine Pneumonia Gonorrhea Mouth infections Monobactams Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans Furazolidone Furoxone Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enterit is Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) inhibition of bacterial protein Prolonged biosynthesis by QT interval binding reversibly to the subunit50S of the (especially bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting erythromycin translocation of ) peptidyl tRNA. Jaundice

Troleandomycin

Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[4]

Aztreonam

Azactam

Nitrofurantoin

Macrodantin,M Urinary tract infections acrobid Penicillins

Amoxicillin

Novamox,Amo Wide range of infections;

Gastrointesti

Same mode of action

xil Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin Geocillin (discontinued) Tegopen (discontinued) Dynapen (discontinued) Floxapen(Sold to European generics Actavis Group) Mezlin (discontinued) Staphcillin (discontinued) Unipen (discontinued) Prostaphlin (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (PenVee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticar (discontinued) Principen (discontinued)

penicillin used forstreptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease

as other beta-lactam nal upset and antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of diarrhea the peptidoglycan layer Allergy with of bacterial cell walls. seriousanaph ylactic reactions

Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Flucloxacillin

Mezlocillin Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G

Penicillin V

Piperacillin Penicillin G Temocillin Ticarcillin

Penicillin combinations Amoxicillin/clavulanat Augmentin e Ampicillin/sulbactam Piperacillin/tazobacta m Unasyn Zosyn

The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component

Ticarcillin/clavulanate Timentin Polypeptides Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; Kidney and nerve Inhibits isoprenyl usually applied directly to the damage (when pyrophosphate, a

Colistin

Coly-Mycin-S

eye or inhaled into the lungs; given by rarely given by injection, injection) although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistantorganisms.

molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bact erial cell wall outside of the inner membrane [5] Interact with the gram negative bacterial outer membrane and cytopla smic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.

Polymyxin B

Quinolones Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Cipro,Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, communityNausea (rare), acquired pneumonia, bacterial irreversible diarrhea, mycoplasmal damage to central infections, gonorrhea nervous system(uncommo n), tendinosis (rare) Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Sulfonamides Mafenide Sulfamylon Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) Sulfonamidochrysoidi Prontosil ne(archaic) Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Micro-Sulfon Silvadene Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive vomiting, inhibitors of the and diarrhea enzymedihydropteroate Allergy(inclu synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the ding skin conversion of PABA Nausea,

inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replica tion and transcription.

Sulfamethizole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole

Thiosulfil Forte Gantanol

rashes) Crystals in urine Kidney failure Decrease inwhite

Azulfidine Gantrisin

Trimethoprim

Proloprim, Trimpex

blood cellcount Sensitivity to sunlight

(para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.

TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole(CoBactrim, Septra trimoxazole) (TMPSMX) Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Gastrointesti nal upset Sensitivity to sunlight Potential toxicity to Syphilis, chlamydial infection s, Lyme disease,mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsialinfections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is Sumycin,Achro caused by a protist and not a mycin bacterium. V, Steclin mother and fetus during pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent) transient depression of bone growth Drugs against mycobacteria inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNAribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translationcomplex.

Tetracycline

Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Pyrazinamide

Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Aldinamide

Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis mostly Grampositive and mycobacteria Mycobacterium avium complex Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Others Neurotoxicity,otot As oxicity other aminoglycosides Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Inhibits peptide synthesis

Rifampicin (Rifampin Rifadin, in US) Rimactane

Rifabutin Rifapentine Streptomycin

Mycobutin Priftin

Arsphenamine

Salvarsan

Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis

Chloramphenicol

meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Rarely: aplastic Chloromycetin Historic: typhus, cholera.gram anemia. negative, gram positive, anaerobes

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Acute cystitis in women

Fusidic acid Linezolid

Fucidin Zyvox VRSA Thrombocytopeni a

Metronidazole

Flagyl

Produces toxic free radicals which disrupt Discolored DNA and proteins. Infections caused by anaerobic urine,headache, m This non-specific bacteria; etallic mechanism is alsoamoebiasis, trichomoniasi taste, nausea ;alco responsible for its s, Giardiasis hol is activity against a contraindicated variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Ointment for impetigo, cream

Mupirocin

Bactroban

for infected cuts Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopris Synercid tin Rifaximin Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Thiamphenicol

Gram-negative, Grampositive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine.

Lacks known anemic sideeffects.

Tigecycline Tinidazole

Tigacyl Tindamax Fasigyn Brand Names protozoan infections Common Uses[2] upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness Possible Side Effects[2] Mechanism of action

Generic Name