Social Psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one

another. A scientific way in which people are affected by society. An attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others. According to Otto Klineburg social psychology is the scientific study of the activities of the individual influenced by the individuals. These others may exert their effect singly or in group. Social psychology is concerned with the interplay among people: how they feel about eaqchother, how they influence oneanother, how they form beliefs, work togther, make good and bad impressions and how they survive with a little help from their friends, the stress and disasters of life. Social psychology is primarily interested in how people interact with each other

Group and its Kinds: When two or more persons are in a state of interaction it can be called a group. These are the following essentials of a group described below: There should be at least two or more persons for constituting a group. There must be a communication among individuals. Physical contacts are not essential for interaction, e.g; when we listen to anyone on TV or radio, the process of communication is going on. Persons who have interests with one another and make a group, they share common interests among themselves. There is a social structure which regulates the activities of the group under normal conditions. The members of the group must perceive themselves as paret of the group and generally be perceived by others as a part of the group. There must be shared goals and norms about appropriate behaviour. There must be interdependence of fates.

Groups vary in size and degree of intimacy from family to a society.this family,peer and friendship groups are some the examples of smnall group.Among the reasons that people join group are:to satisfy their needs,to promote their self-identity,to aheive goals that they could not achieve alone,to receive rewards etc from goup.

Groups are central part of our everyday life,we are born in a group,we live,study,play,and work in a group.At one time an individual belong to different types of group which may increase or decrease accordingly. Primary/Informal groups:throughout the history the basic group of individuals life is primary droup.it tends to be small,with frequent face to face interaction among membes.the interaction involves high degree of intimacy.membes develop a strong sense of of group identity a WE feelings.and rather than to serve one special purposethey meet for different purposes.the most important primary group is ones family.other primary groups includes childrens playgroup and teenage friends,some neighbourhood circles and those who are close to the.the mopst fundamental unit of human society is primary group.the concept originated from Charles Horton Cooly.He used primry to mean the family as primary group because this is the principle agent of socialization.

SDecondary Groups:secondary groups are composed of special relationship which involves: a)limited face to face interaction b)weak personal identity c)weak ties of affection

A group whose purpose is to achieve practical goals and whose members are linked by limited rrelationship.they involve only a limited meeting among members related to some work and includes office workers,colleagues in university departments etc.these members often communicate indirectly through memos or telephone.sometimes they are called special interest groups moreover they do not nescessarily depend on face to face interaction.easily recognizable are nation,,political members of a party,trade unions etc.

In-Groups Out Groups Leadership and its Kinds Qualities Types

Attribution We can make inferences from one characteristic to another. Usually, this means going from a fairly obvious characteristic to one that is more "abstract," hidden, or uncertain. For example, when you see a person in a lab coat with a stethoscope around her neck and a certain kind of diploma on the wall, you might infer that this person is a physician. Or if you see someone being rude to someone else, you might infer that she is obnoxious, that is, has some inner trait that will lead her to be rude in other situations and might involve other behaviors as well. There are several different bases for the inferences we make: (1) A smile is usually correctly understood as an indication of happiness because smiles seem to be a part of our biology. There is no culture in the world that does not understand the smile, though many misuse and pervert that understanding. (2) "The finger" is understood, in our culture, as an indication of contempt, because it is a part of our cultural communications system. Language, gestures, clothing, social ritual, occupation, and much of body language is cultural. (3) Being female has been, in our culture, traditionally assumed to imply poor mechanical ability. This assumption, of course, has lead parents to discourage the development of mechanical abilities in their daughters: Why bother? The inference is, therefore, a selffulfilling prophecy. The expectation creates itself! (4) Finally, many of our inferences don't really work at all. They are perpetuated because we often ignore or deny contradictions -- perhaps they are threatening to us -- or the contradictions simply don't show up well, as when we have little contact with some category of people. We could call these superstitious inferences.