Chapter 2d

Circuit switching Networks

Circuit Switching Networks

Chapter2a
Circuit switches Multiplexing

Chapter2b
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) Transport Network Circuit Switches

Chapter2c
Telephone network: subscriber lines, digital subscriber lines (DSL) Signaling: telephone & SS7 Traffic Management

Chapter2d
Broadband circuit-based access networks:
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

Analog and Digital Services over the Telephone Network

To reduce cost and improve performance, the telephone companies gradually add digital technologies (digital switching and transmission)

Digital vs. Analog Switching (1)

digital data
time-slot-interchange can be

applied for switching the voice signals (bits stream) to appropriate outgoing trunks

Digital vs. Analog Switching (2)

the incoming 6 FDM channels of data must be demodulated and demultiplexed and feed

each of the voice channel to the input lines of the SDS after switching, for transmission purpose, A, B, E (or C, D, F) must be modulated and multiplexed for FDM transmission on their respective trunks

Advantage of digital transmission

In analog switching system, demodulation and demultiplexing are required before switching and modulation and multiplexing are required after switching process

The digital transmission of voice signals enable integration of switching and transmission by using digital switch.

Figure 16-5

IDN
IDN (Integrated Digital Network) is referred to the telecommunication network which integrates transmission and switching through the use of digital switching techniques. Advantages as compared to analog switching :
there is no accumulation of noise due to multiple modem lower cost as saving in a large number of modem and multiplexer and demultiplexer

Figure 16-6

Conceptual view of ISDN

The overall objective of ISDN is to provide a small set of user and network interfaces that allows users with standard access to a variety of network services. ISDN can integrate virtually all forms of communication, including voice, data and video.

service type: voice & non-voice Channel type: BRI & PRI

Principles of ISDN [CCITT Recommendation I.120(1993)]

support of voice and nonvoice applications support of switched (circuit and packet) and nonswitched (dedicated line) applications. compatible with 64kbps switched digital connections intelligent in the network
able to provide sophisticated services, network management and maintenance capabilities

layered protocol architecture and can be mapped into the OSI model. Advantages :
existing standard for OSI can be extended/ used on ISDN new ISDN-related standards can be used on existing standards reducing the cost of new implementation standard can be developed and implemented independently for various layers and various functions within

layer

more than one physical configuration is possible for implementing ISDN according to specific national situation.

ISDN System Architecture

This architecture will support various ISDN services

B Channel
B for Bearer. 64 Kbps channels. 64 kpbs channels that may be used to carry voice, data, facsimile, or image Used to carry digitized voice and digital data. May be used to provide access to a variety of different communication modes such as circuit or packet switched Possible Connections set up:
Circuit Switched Packet Switched Frame Mode ~ frame relay Semi permanent ~ leased line

D Channel
D for Data/Demand. Either 16 or 64 kbps depending on specific interfaces. Mainly intended for carrying signaling information to control ISDN services May also carry other information such as packet-switched data in addition to signaling

H Channel
H for Hybrid. Data rate: 384 (H0), 1536 (H11) or 1920 (H12) Kbps. Used for high data rates application such as video and teleconferencing. Also for fast facsimile, high-speed data, and high-quality audio Provided for user information at the primary rate interfaces (higher bit rates) May be used as high-speed trunk or subdivide the channel according to user owns TDM scheme H0 = 384 KBPS Two H1 ~ H11 = 1.536 Mbps, H12 = 192 Mbps

These channels types are grouped into transmission structures that are offered as a package to the user. Each package is suited to a different level of customer needs.

3 types of logical channels (time-slots) carried by the digital pipe between an end office and an ISDN subscriber:
D (data), B (bearer), H (hybrid)
D kbps function 16 or 64 i) signaling ii) low-speed data videotex terminal iii) telemetry emergency services energy management 64 i) digital voice 64kbps PCM ii) high speed data circuit-switched packet-switched semipermanent iii) other facsimile slow-scan video Type of channel B H 384(H0), 1536(H11), 1920(H12) i) high-speed data fast facsimile video high-quality audio ii) multiplexed information streams at lower data rates

Types of logical channels

Transmission structures (ISDN Packages)

Transmission structure refers to the way in which logical channels providing basic data transportation services are organized for transmission over the local loop.

These channel types of D, B and H are grouped into 2 transmission structures that are offered as a package to the user
Basic rate interface, BRI Primary rate interface, PRI

PRI

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

Basic channel structure. Intended for individual users (residential and small offices). Consist of:
2B + D interface (a single physical interface). Two full-duplex 64 Kbps B channels and one full-duplex 16 Kbps D channel. Total bit rate = 144 Kbps. With framing, synchronization, overhead bits total bit rate = 192 Kbps.

Conditions the same twisted pair local loop that delivers analog transmission so that it can be used to handle digital transmission. Intended for individual users (residential and small offices) Allows simultaneous use of voice and data applications such as packet-switched access, link to central alarm, facsimile, videotex, etc. Should be accessed through a single physical multifunction interface or several separate terminals

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) Primary channel structure. Intended for greater capacity requirements
Offices with digital PABX or local network.

Due to differences in digital hierarchies used in different countries:

USA, Canada, Japan use transmission structure based on 1.544 Mbps facility.
Channel structure: 23 B channels plus one 64-kbps D channel. 23B + D

T1 transmission

Europe and most Asia use transmission structure based on 2.048 Mbps facility.
Channel structure: 30 B channels plus one 64-kbps D channel. 30B + D

E1 transmission

User may lower requirements using: nB + D (n is from 1~30) The channels structure for the 1.544 Mbps and 2.048 Mbps primary rates may be structured using B, H0, H1, or combined B and H0 channel interface, with 64-kbps D channel for signaling.

Comparison of BRI & PRI

Basic access or Basic channel structure all countries transmission rate /bps data rate composition 144k 2B + D (16kbps) + synchronization + framing 1.536M i) 23B + D (64) + .. ii) 4H0 iii) H11 iv) 3H0 + 5B + D v) 3H0 + 6B vi) etc 1.984M i) 30B + D (64) + .. ii) 5H0 + D iii) H12 + D iv) etc 192k Primary access or Primary channel structure US, Canada, Japan 1.544M Europe 2.048M

User-network Interface Configurations

Functional Groups: NT1, NT2, TE1, TE2, TA

ITU-T defines functional grouping and reference points in order protocol standards can be developed at each reference points, i.e., interface between functional groups Once stable interface standards exist, technical improvements on either side of an interface can be made equipment from different suppliers will be compatible

Figure 16-10

Reference Points
R: interface between a non-ISDN terminal (TE2) and an ISDN terminal adaptor (TA)

U: interface between the customer premise and the end office U interface side carries full duplex information on the pair.

The S Interface is a 4 Wire interface which runs at 192Kbps

S: Interface between an ISDN terminal (TE1) or an ISDN TA and the ISDN NT2.

T: separates the network providers equipment from users equipment

Part 3: ISDN Protocol Architecture

it complies to OSI 7 layers model

Figure 16-12

Simplified Layers of ISDN

Note that only layers 1, 2, and 3 are involved from the network point of view
(just make sure the data arrives at the destination safely and in order).

ISDN Connections
6 types of services for end-to-end communication
Over B or H channel
circuit switched calls

serviced by an NT using only layer 1 functions serviced by an NT using only layer 1, 2 and 3 functions

packet switched calls

frame relay calls (using layer 1 & 2) semipermanent calls

arrangement with network provider to provide service for an agreed fixed period of time serviced by an NT using only layer 1 functions

over a D channel
packet switched calls

serviced by an NT using only layer 1, 2 and 3 functions

frame relay calls

Frame relay

N-ISDN Framing & Multiplexing

2B1D: 2 B channels (labeled as B1 and B2) + 1 D channel

Multidrop configurations
With the basic access interface , it is possible to have more than one TE device in a passive-bus configuration

Contention resolution Algorithm

when a TE does not want to transmit LAPD frame, the TE transmits a series of binary one (means no line signal under pseudoternary encoding scheme) on the D channel the NT, on receipt of a D channel bit, reflects back the latest received D channel bit, called E (echo) bit when a TE wants to transmit a LAPD frame,
it listens to the stream of incoming D channel echo bits if it detects a string of 1-bits of length equal to a threshold value Xi, where i = priority class for this LAPD frame then it may transmit else the terminal must wait

each of the transmitting TE will continuously monitor the echo bit and compare with its recent transmitted bit. a collision happens when a discrepancy is detected, the terminal ceases to transmit and returns to a listen state.

ISDN Contention resolution

to make sure that all TE terminals, who share a single physical line, can transmit signal successfully by taking turn. only outgoing D channel traffic needs contention resolution since all TE terminals may try to transmit at the same time.
each of the B channel is dedicated to a particular TE at any given time address within each incoming D channel frame ensures that all TEs at the

subscriber site can read this address and determine whether the frame of data is for them.

Circuit Switching Networks

Chapter2a
Circuit switches Multiplexing

Chapter2b
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) Transport Network Circuit Switches

Chapter2c
Telephone network: subscriber lines, digital subscriber lines (DSL) Signaling: telephone & SS7 Traffic Management

Chapter2d
Broadband circuit-based access networks:
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

Broadband ISDN
Features Data rates: in the range of 600 Mbps
About 300 times faster than PRI rate

Medium: Fully fiber optic cable at all level of telecommunications network

Original telephone plant cannot support the data rate required.

Switching: Fast packet switching facility to be able of handling a wide range of different bit rates and traffic parameters.
It is difficult to handle the large and diverse B-ISDN with circuit-switching technology.

Services: Interactive and Distributive

Interactive Service: require two-way exchanges between either two subscribers or between a subscriber and a service provider. Distributive Service: Unidirectional services sent from a provider to subscribers without a subscriber having to transmit a request each time a service is desired.

Figure A.6 B-ISDN BArchitecture

User-Network Interface The reference configuration is shown in Figure A.7 (almost identical to A.4) The broadband functional groups are equivalent to the functional groups defined for narrowband ISDN

Figure A.7 B-ISDN Reference Points and Functional Groupings B-

Transmission Structure
Three new transmission services are defined: First service: Full-duplex 155.52-Mbps Can support all narrowband ISDN services & basic/primary rate interfaces Support most of the B-ISDN services Example: supports one/more video channels depends on coding and video resolution Most common B-ISDN service Second service: It is asymmetrical: From subscriber to network 155.52-Mbps From network to subscriber 622.08-Mbps Example: business conducts multiple simultaneous videoconference From provider to user need upper 622.08 Mbps From user to provider no initiation of distribution, so only need lower 155.52 Mbps Third service: Full duplex 622.08-Mbps Appropriate for video distribution provider

B-ISDN Reference Protocol Model

Applications:
Telephony Video conferencing Data transfer Mail (voice, data, video) Broadcasting (TV, Radio)

Access Method
Symmetrical 155.520 Mbps Asymmetrical 155.520 /622.080 Mbps Symmetrical 622.080 Mbps

Several reasons why ISDN is considered a good solution:

ISDN can be brought to the subscriber premise with minimum cost. New equipment has appeared on the market that allows a subscriber to use the entire bandwidth of the ISDN line. The protocol is flexible enough to be upgraded to higher data rates using new technology and new transmission media. N-ISDN can be used as a forerunner for B-ISDN, the data rate of which is sufficient for several years to come.

Broadband: A service or a system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than primary rate. The term B-ISDN is sued for convenience in order to refer to and emphasize the broadband aspects of ISDN. The intent, however, is that there be one comprehensive notion of an ISDN, which provides broadband and other ISDN services. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the transfer mode for implementing BISDN and is independent of the means of transport at the Physical Layer refer to OSI model. B-ISDN will be based on the concepts developed for ISDN and may evolve by progressively incorporating directly into the network additional B-ISDN functions enabling new and advanced services. Since the B-ISDN is based on overall ISDN concepts, the ISDN access reference configuration is also the basis for the B-ISDN reference configuration.

Circuit Switching Networks

Chapter2a
Circuit switches Multiplexing

Chapter2b
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) Transport Network Circuit Switches

Chapter2c
Telephone network: subscriber lines, digital subscriber lines (DSL) Signaling: telephone & SS7 Traffic Management

Chapter2d
Broadband circuit-based access networks:
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

BroadbandtoModems services (POTS) Support additional services plain old telephone

Example: low bit rate data application such as fax are supported by means of low bit rate less than 56kbps modems

Also, twisted-pair lines in PSTN are used as the access lines for an ISDN Basic rate (144kbps) and Primary rate (1.544/2.048 Mbps) over several kilometers are obtained using baseband transmission It is known as digital subscriber line (DSL) Basic rate line ISDN DSL (IDSL) Primary rate line high-speed DSL (HSDL) IDSL using single pair and HDSL using two pairs. In addition simpler HDSL operates with single pair is called single-pair DSL (SDSL) Both are symmetric: they operate with equal bit rate in both direction ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) and VDSL (very-high-speed DSL) uses asymmetric methods
Example: V.90 modem provides 33.6 kbps upstream and 56 kbps downstream

DSL technologies
The line length limitations from telephone exchange to subscriber are more restrictive for higher data transmission rates. Technologies such as VDSL provide very high speed, short-range links as a method of delivering "triple play" services (typically implemented in fiber to the curb network architectures). Example DSL technologies (sometimes called xDSL) include: High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), a standardised version of HDSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), a version of DSL with a slower upload speed Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL) Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line 2 (VDSL2), an improved version of VDSL G. Symmetric High-speed Digital Subscriber Line (G.SHDSL), a standardised replacement for early proprietary SDSL by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector

ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Higher bit rates in the downstream direction (from the telephone central office to subscribers site) than the upstream direction (from the subscribers site to telephone central office). Basically that is what the subscriber wants. ADSL divides the bandwidth of the twisted pair cable (1MHz) into three bands. First band (0 to 25KHz) used for telephone service. (POTS usually use 4KHz, the rest are band guards to separate voice from data channels). Second band (25 to 200KHz) Upstream communication. Third band (250KHz to 1MHz) Downstream Communication. Local Application: Malaysias TMNET Streamyx broadband Internet service.

ADSL Design
Asymmetric
Greater capacity downstream than upstream

Frequency division multiplexing

Lowest 25kHz for voice
Plain old telephone service (POTS)

Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands Use FDM within bands

Range 5.5km

ADSL Channel Configuration

Limitations of TMNET Streamyx: Subscribers site must be within 5 km from the local exchange that provides the service. Subscribers site must have a direct copper connection from the local exchange that provides the service. Transmission rate is based on Best Effort and are not guaranteed.

Advantages of TMNET Streamyx: Separate data traffic from voice traffic ~ this allows uninterrupted telephony services even if ADSL fails. Always on connection ~ ADSL is continuously available unlike regular dial up telephone service. Service rates are cheaper than the conventional 56Kbps dial up services provided by the ISP (1 sen/min compared to 2.5 sen/min).

ADSL
Work along with POTS Refer to service that differ in downstream and upstream bandwidth using DSL technology Data rate downstream is up to 6.1Mbps Data rata upstream is up to 640kbps Major elements:
ADSL Transceiver Unit Central Office (ATU-C) ADSL Transceiver Unit Remote (ATU-R) HPF
Passes data signal to broadband networks

LPF
Passes the voice signal to PSTN/POTS

ADSL Reference Model

DSL Access Multiplexer

DSL Voice and Data Separation

DSLAM - Digital subscriber line access multiplexer

ADSL Configuration

ADSL Configuration
Used over local analog loop Uses FDM with three elements:
Reserve lowest 25kHz for POTS Two FDM bandwidth for upstream and downstream FDM within upstream BW and downstream BW

May use Echo Cancellation to allocate two FDM bandwidth for upstream and downstream:
Better spectrum for downstream bandwidth as echo cancellation reduce attenuation in higher frequency Offer flexibility in changing upstream capacity / no overlap between upstream FDM and downstream FDM

High bit rate DSL (HDSL)

Used for wideband digital transmission Symmetrical Cost effective as compare to T1 Reliably transmit 2.048Mbps Advantage:
Tolerant of local loop modification made by telephone system Moving data between HDSL and T1 is straight forward Use two twisted pairs cable, if one fail HDSL operate with half bandwidth

Limitation:
Short distance

HDSL Configuration

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)

Operate on single pair of twisted pair cable, as opposed to HDSL Allow easy implementation of application that requires symmetrical data rates T1 and E1 speed with max distance 3 km 2B1Q and echo cancellation is used 768kbps data rate in both directions Suited to run web server application

Very high-data rate DSL (VDSL)

Asymmetrical very high bandwidth May operates on top Fiber To The Curb (FTTC) and Fiber To The Neighborhood (FTTN) Downstream data rates 12.9Mbps to 52.8Mbps Upstream data rates 1.5Mbps to 2.3Mbps Max distance 300m to 1.8km (only for WAN) Requires Fiber Optics and ATM Echo cancellation is not used Provides Separate Bandwidths:
POTS: 0 to 4kHz ISDN: 4 to 80kHz Upstream 300 to 700kHz Downstream >1MHz

Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL)

Similar function with SDSL Speed depending on local loop length and quality of transmission medium More suited to application that requires more data flow in one direction as compare to the other Telco may set specific rate for each subscriber Telco may dynamically adjust data rate for each subscriber Popular combination: 6.1Mbps downstream and 640kbps upstream ANSI standard T1.413 Issues 2

Summary Chapter 2
Circuit switches
What is circuit switch? Setup procedure? Advantages and Disadvantages?

Multiplexing
Definition? Advantages and Disadvantages? Type of multiplexing Working description of each multiplexing types Calculation

Summary Chapter 2
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET)
Definition Comparison with SDH Signal rate and how it support lower data rate? Calculation Frame structure SONET Network

Transport Network
Definition Advantages Linear and Ring network

Circuit Switches
Blocking issue Space and Time Division Switches Multistage switches designed

Summary Chapter 2
Telephone network: subscriber lines, digital subscriber lines (DSL)
Not important

Signaling: telephone & SS7

Important of signaling? Signaling techniques

Traffic Management
Not important

Summary Chapter 2
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
BRI & PRI? Basic frame structure

Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN)

Not important

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Implementation