How To Reference

This information sheet advises on referencing the most common sources for your research. To find out more and also about referencing other sources, e.g. Wikis, Podcasts, Conferences, Diagrams, Cinema, Theatre, Interviews, Works of Art, Photographs etc, there is a list at the end for you to use and refer to.

Why Reference?

To inform your reader of your sources To acknowledge these sources To show the difference between your views and those of the experts in the area To give credibility to theories, discussions, arguments and knowledge that you present in your work To show that you have read a range of sources To avoid PLAGIARISM (a serious academic offence) To strengthen your writing to help you get better marks or grades

How to Reference
The author/date system (or Harvard system) This is the most commonly used system at the University BUT some Departments use a Footnoting system. Check with your Tutor, Programme Administrator, or Subject Guides/Handbooks, which system your department uses. Information on Footnoting (numerical system) can be found on pgs 86 91 in Cite them right by R.Pears and G.Shields, (2008), published by Pear Tree Books. Copies of this book are available in the Library. Further information on this system is also available at: http://www.deakin.edu.au/currentstudents/study-support/study-skills/handouts/oxford-docnote.php

The Harvard system: REFERENCING BOOKS This emphasises the author's name and year of publication of the book, actually in the text that you are writing. Full details of these publications etc. are listed at the END of your assignment - on a separate sheet - called the Bibliography or Referencing List. As the in-text references are woven into your writing, it means they don't interrupt the flow of your writing, e.g. In a recent study (Evans, 2008), qualifications of school leavers were analysed Handy (1994) has argued that education is the key to economic success for individuals, organisations and nations So, in your sentence, you need to include

Authors surname Year of publication

This is called CITING, i.e. you put into your own words someone elses writing but you must acknowledge it as their idea(s) not your own. Please note: sometimes sources do not have an identifiable author, but rather, an organisation is credited with authorship. If that is the case, use the organisations name as the author. In the Bibliography list at the END of your assignment, it will look like this: Handy, C. (1994) Title of book written in italics, Place of publication: Name of publishers. Bell, J. (2005) Doing your research project, Maidenhead: Open University Press. (N.B. Bibliographies are usually arranged alphabetically by authors surnames) Using the authors exact words is called QUOTING, e.g. Pearson (1995, p.3) however argues that a search for a solution to ethical dilemmas using the methods of moral philosophy has failed. So, if QUOTING (from a book, journal, etc.), you need to also include the page number and speech marks. Remember, if quotes are over two lines long, they need to be indented and you do not need the speech marks, e.g. Robert Reich (2001) has argued that pay is proportionate to the skill you offer in the labour market: If you have been in a job that's rote or routine or your job can be done by computerised machines or by software over the internet, you're likely to be paid less than you used to be paid for doing it. (Reich, 2001, p.32). Remember: Keep quotes to a minimum in assignments. Citing and paraphrasing are more effective ways of making points, constructing arguments etc.

Secondary Referencing
This is when the author of the book/text you are reading mentions another author. You want to refer to this other author this is called Secondary Referencing: In the text: e.g. Murray's conclusion (2007) supports the views of White (2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p.82) on genetic abnormalities in crops. So, you are reading Murrays book and he has referred to White in his book. You need to

include the words 'cited in' and the page number where you found it in Murray's book, when you do your reference. In the Bibliography it would look like this: Murray, B. (2007) Title of book written in italics, Place of publication: Name of publisher.

Books published in a second or subsequent edition

In the text: e.g. Fenna (2004) looks at the three phases of the policy making process. In the Bibliography: e.g. Fenna, A. (2004) Australian public policy, 2nd edn, French's Forest NSW: Pearson Education Australia.

Book by 2 or 3 authors
In the text: Coates and Holyroyd (2003) look at national patterns of internet use. In the Bibliography: Coates, K. & Holyroyd C. (2003) Japan and the Internet revolution, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

An edited book
In the text: The volume edited by Watts (2003) includes chapters examining the general impact of computer technologies and their particular application to education. In the Bibliography: Watts, M. M. (ed.) (2003) Technology: taking the distance out of learning, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Chapter in an edited book

Each chapter in the book has a different author. The book is edited by one or more editors. In the text: The view proposed by Franklin (2002, p.88) In the Bibliography:

Franklin, A.W. (2002) 'Management of the problem', in Smith, S. M. (ed.) The Maltreatment of children, Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95. So, Franklin wrote the chapter and Smith edited the book. The book is called The Maltreatment of children.

Journal Articles
In the text (citation): Bosworth and Yang (2000, p.455) stated. In the Bibliography: Bosworth, D. & Yang, D. (2000). 'Intellectual Property Law, Technology Flow and Licensing Opportunities in China', International Business Review, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 453-477.

e-journals (journal articles in online collections)

In text: Bright (1985, p.269) found the word 'poetry' ambiguous In the Bibliography: Bright, M. (1985) 'The poetry of art', Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 46, no. 2, pp.259 277, JSTOR [Online]. Available at: http://uk.jstor.org/ (Accessed: 16 June 2008). You need to include the name and URL of the online collection in your reference. In this case, the collection is JSTOR.

Referencing the Internet

Give the name of the author of the website and date of the site in brackets. DO NOT PUT WEBSITE ADDRESS IN THE TEXT. In text citation: The University of Southampton (2008) provided information about learning styles. In the Bibliography: University of Southampton (2008) Learning Styles [Online]. Available at:
http://www.academic-skills.soton.ac.uk/studytips/learn_styles.htm (Accessed: 19 Dec

2011). So, in the bibliography you include author's name, title of Internet site, the word [online], website address and the date you accessed the website. Note: Where there is no named author you should use the name of the organisation/company.

If there is no author or organisation, use the title of the website remove and the word 'website' in brackets in the in- text citation, e.g. (VAK Model, 2010). Remove the word website from the in-text reference. Place title in italics. In the Bibliography: The first line of the reference would look like this: Dragon project (2000) [online] If there is no author and no title of the webpages, use the URL, but ask yourself how useful these pages might be.

Referencing Newspaper Articles

In text citation: House prices fell by 2.1% last month (Old, 2008). In the Bibliography: Old, D. (2008) 'House Price gloom', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn.), 26 June, p.25. If there is no author in the newspaper article: In text citation: The article (The Times, 2008, p.7) reported In the Bibliography: The Times (2008) 'Bank accounts', 14 June, p.7.

Email
In text citation: This was confirmed by Jones (2010). In the Bibliography: Jones, R. (2010) Email to Sandra Smith, 11 January. So, the sender is Jones and the recipient is Smith. (You should seek permission from the sender, where possible, to use the correspondence for reference purposes).

Lecture notes
If lecture notes/slides are available online, they should be treated as an online source. Otherwise, you can reference them as follows:

In text citation: On the subject of essay writing, Roberts (2009) asserts that When structuring a Dissertation, Preece (2010) suggests In the Bibliography: Roberts, L. (2009) Essay Writing, Lecture to BABM Study Skills Year 1, University of Redfern, School of Management, 19 October. Preece, M. (2010) Dissertation Planning and Critical Thinking, Study Workshops Programme, University of Chichester, Student Support Services, 25 January.

Reference and Bibliography lists

Although you should be guided by the house style within your subject area for Bibliographies, widely accepted practice involves having two separate lists at the end of your assignments. The first list, on a separate sheet after you have completed your assignment, is called References. On this list you include all references relating to in-text citations and quotes, ordered alphabetically by authors surnames. The second list, on a separate sheet, is called Bibliography. This list should include ALL references, i.e. all the references from the Reference list PLUS references relating to any background/additional reading which have helped inform the writer (you!) in your preparatory work but which havent been directly referred to in the assignment. All of the References should be listed alphabetically according to authors names. (If you have difficulty remembering what goes in which list, remember that the word Refer is actually in the word Reference and it is in this Reference list that you include all the references you have REFERRED to in your assignment). Finally, this information sheet advises on referencing the most common sources for your research. It has drawn on the sources below for examples and explanations. To find out more and about other sources, e.g. wikis, podcasts, conferences, diagrams, cinema, theatre, reviews, works of art, photographs etc, the following will be useful: Books: Cottrell, S. (2003) The Study Skills Handbook, 2nd Edn, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Neville, C. (2007) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, Milton Keynes: OUP. Neville, C. (2010) References and Bibliographies, Effective Learning Service, Bradford University, School of Management [Online] Available at http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/management/external/els/pdf/refandbib.pdf (Accessed 12 December, 2011).

Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: The essential guide to referencing and plagiarism, Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.

An e-book version of Cottrells book is also available on The Study Stick

Websites: http://learning.londonmet.ac.uk/TLTC/learnhigher/Dissemination/ http://learning.londonmet.ac.uk/TLTC/learnhigher/Plagiarism/ http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard/htm?harvard_id=48 www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html http://www.learnhigher.ac.uk/ http://www.learnhigher.ac.uk/