1

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete - - C C 5 5 - -

Arh. Juergen Mayer
Arh. Santiago Calatrava
Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias , Valencia, Spain
Designed by Santiago Calatrava and Flix Candela
2
Rectangular Section with Compression Reinforcements
(Double Reinforced Rectangular Beams)
1) to reversal moment for the beams of a reinforced frame (the
tension reinforcement provided for the negative moment
becomes the compression steel under positive moment).
2) to increase the moment resisting capacity of the section (when is
not possible to change the dimensions of the beam).
3) to reduce the long-term deflection of an element under service
loads (when the concrete begins to creep, the compressive force
in the beam is transferred from the concrete to the steel, thus
the concrete stress is lowered and deflection due to creep is
much reduced).
3
A. Design of rectangular reinforced concrete section with compression reinforcement
4
5
B. Analysis of doubly reinforced
rectangular section
the resistance moment of the section:
s s c c Rd
z F z F M +
2
x
x d
cu s


3 1

x
d x
cu s
2
3 2


0035 0
3
.
cu

MPa GPa E
s
3
10 200 200
1
3
1

x
d
cu
s

1
3
1
+
cu
s
x
d

1 3
3
s cu
cu

1
3
1 700
700
10 200
0035 0
0035 0
s s
MPa
.
.

the strains of the reinforcements bars are:

x
d
cu
s 2
3
2
1

3
2 2
1
cu
s
x
d

2 3
3
s cu
cu
'

2
3
2 700
700
10 200
0035 0
0035 0
s s
MPa
.
.
'

6
the steel in tension yields if:
the steel in compression yields if:
s
yd
s
E
f
>
1

yd s
f d
x
+

+

700
700
700
700
1

s
yd
s
E
f
>
2

yd s
f d
x
'

700
700
700
700
2 2

for tension
for compression
if the steel not yields, then the steel is in the elastic domain
and the stresses are:

,
_

1
1
700
1 1

s s s
E

,
_

'
E
s s s

1
1 700
2 2
7
Example 1: The resistance moment when the tension stell yields and the compression steel
is in the elastic domain:
2 1 s c s
F F F +
0 X
2 2 1 s s cd yd s
A f x b f A +
1
]
1

,
_

+
x
d
A f x b f A
s cd yd s
2
2 1
1 700
2 2 2
2
1
700 700 d A x A f x b x f A
s s cd yd s
+
0 700 700
2 2 1 2
2
+ d A x f A x A f x b
s yd s s cd

0
700
700
2 2
2 1 2

cd
s
cd
s yd s
f b
d A
x
f b
A f A
x

,
_

cd
s yd s
x
f b
A f A
b

700
2 1
1
x
a

,
_

cd
s
x
f b
d A
c

2 2
700
x
x x x x
a
c a b b
x

2
4
2
8
Conclusion: the compression reinforcements is not used for calculus if :
( )
2 2 2
2
d d A
x
d f x b M
s s cd Rd
+

,
_

2
d x >
If:
and
cd s
f
1

uk ud s
. < 9 0
1
then
x
d x
s
2
2
700


and
2
d x If:

,
_

2
x
d f x b M
cd Rd


then
2
d x
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Example 2: double reinforced section with compression reinforcement in elastic range
versus simple reinforced section. (C20/25, PC52)
10
cm .
f b
f A
x
cd
yd s
54 7
1

,
_

2
x
d f x b M
cd Rd


m kN . M
Rd
54 22
only tension reinforcement: (Example 1 Lecture 4)
Conclusion: the increasing of the resistance moment
of a double reinforced section is small compared
with a similar section simply reinforced if the
compression reinforcement is in the elastic domain
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Example 3: singly versus double reinforced sections
singly reinforced double reinforced
m kN . M
Rd
54 22 m kN . M
Rd
38 23
1.57cm
2

0.57cm
2
1.00cm
2
if this difference is added to the tension reinforcement and the section is considered
as simply reinforced, then an important increasing of resistance moment is obtained:
singly reinforced
m kN . M
Rd
15 27
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Example 4: if we double the reinforcing percentage of the resistance steel both in the case of
singly and double reinforced sections, we obtain:
m kN . M
Rd
54 22
% . p 24 1
singly
reinforced
section
m kN . M
Rd
80 37
% . p 47 2
13
m kN . M
Rd
38 23
Double reinforced section
m kN . M
Rd
12 44
the steel yields both in
tension and compression
reinforcements
m kN . M
Rd
05 51
the compression reinforcement
is in elastic domain (not yields)
( )
2 2 2
2
d d A
x
d f x b M
s s
cd Rd
+
+
,
_

x
A
s1
A
s2
( ) f
yd

b f
cd

x
M
Rd
b x f
cd
d
x
2

A
s2
f
yd
d d
2
( ) +
...
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Conclusions:
in normal reinforcing situations, the compression reinforcement not leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
to over-reinforced elements, the compression reinforcement leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
it is not economic to use compression reinforcement in a section before all the singly reinforcing
possibilities are used
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Sections with resistance reinforcements on multiple rows:



c
j
sj sj
t
i
si si cd
A A f x b
1 1

0 X
x
d x h
i
cu
si

1
3

x
d h E
i
cu
s
si

,
_

,
_

1 700 1
3
x
d h
x
d h
E
i i
cu s si

x
d x
j
cu
sj

x
d
E j
cu
s
sj
1
3

,
_

,
_

x
d
x
d
E
j j
cu s sj
1 700 1
3

16

,
_

,
_

c
j
j
sj
t
i
i
si cd
x
d
A
x
d h
A f x b
1 1
1 700 1 700
x - is the solution of the resulting quadratic equation
Once x calculated, the reinforcements strains and stresses values can be obtained:
for tension reinforcements:
x
d x h
i
cu
si

,
_

,
_

1 0035 0
3
x
d h
.
x
d x h
i i
cu si

and
s si si
E
if
s
yd
si
E
f
<
yd si
f
if
s
yd
si
E
f

for compression reinforcements:
x
d x
j
cu
sj

,
_

,
_

x
d
.
x
d x
j j
cu sj
1 0035 0
3
and
s sj sj
E
if
s
yd
sj
E
f
>
yd sj
f
if
s
yd
sj
E
f

The resistance moment can be calculated with the following relation:


+ + + +
c
j
sj sj sj
t
i
si si si c cd
c
j
sj sj
t
i
si si c c Rd
z A z A z f x b z F z F z F M
1 1 1 1