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Steel Insulation
The pipeline roughness is assumed to be 0.028 mm. You can assume that the topsides pipe work has an internal diameter of 0.1 m in line with the riser. The fluid is thought to be very similar to the Wigoth wellstream fluid. In the absence of any fluid compositions, the fluid files generated for Wigoth are to be used. They may be found in the Harthun directory, (Wigoth.tab). The steady state simulations should be performed for two flowrates, specifically, 5 and 15 kg/s. The former case will dictate the insulation levels required whilst the latter will tend to dictate the pipeline internal diameter. The gas fraction for the SOURCE should be set to -1. HINTS: Create a new project in the directory Exercises OLGA 5.0 FA Harthun called {Steady State.opp} Please do not work in the Solutions directory. Create a new case called {Steady State.opi} based on the OLGA Basic Case Template. This will create a complete case which can be run. Expand the case in the Model View window so that the entire model can be visualised. The template now needs to be edited to reflect the current project. Remember to use the Verify button to establish where there are errors in the simulations. Note that the case will run straight away but this will not be the case as the case is modified. It is good practise to modify the default labels to labels which make sense. This will help not only you to understand the model but also the quality assurance checkers and most importantly the course instructors to understand your model. For example, the first material is steel, so change the label from the default MATER-1 to Steel, the second material, MATER-2, is insulation so rename it accordingly. Two different wall structures will need to be defined, one for the pipeline, (with 20 mm of insulation), and a second for the riser (with no insulation). Change the description of the geometry to PRELIMINARY and adjust the Y coordinate of the start of the pipeline to -255 m, (corresponding to the water depth at Harthun).
The initial line sizing will be done using OLGA as a conventional steady state simulator, therefore, the ENDTIME specified under INTEGRATION should be set to the same value as the STARTTIME, i.e. 0 seconds. The inlet flowrate is to be specified using a SOURCE. Change the LABEL to Harthun. Set the GASFRACTION to equal -1. This means that fluid table will be used to establish the ratio of gas to hydrocarbon liquid present in the SOURCE flowrate. The SOURCE temperature and local pressure are taken into account in establishing the equilibrium gas mass fraction. The SOURCE WATERFRACTION should be set to 0, i.e. no water. The following output specifications will also need to be given as a minimum to allow the results of the simulations to be visualised. Remember that the variables specified in the OUTPUTDATA keyword will export the data to the *.out file which allows the data to be viewed in a text editor. (This file contains a print of the input file and certain other useful information from the case). Variables specified under
Select the number of #Parameters to be studied. There are two parameters to be considered in these cases, the pipeline diameter, (PIPE-1) and the flowrate. Right click in Case and select Insert Case and repeat until the desired number of cases have been created. Right click on the next column header and select the parameter to be adjusted. The units may be changed in the next column. Once completed, the parametric study may be run by clicking on [Run Study]. View the results as either a trend or a profile plot to establish the required pipeline diameter and then update the base model with the correct pipeline diameter. Note that the results from the parametric study are referred to by the case number but can be edited in the graphical interface to allow the graphs to be more descriptive. This is done by right clicking in the graph and selecting Configuration... The name may be edited by clicking on the [Title] button. It is possible to perform a parametric study on items relating to each individual flowpath only. Consequently, the effect of changing the insulation levels may not currently be studied using a parametric study. You will therefore need to gradually change the insulation levels until the correct arrival temperature has been established at a flowrate of 5 kg/s. (Hint: increase the total insulation thickness in increments of 5 mm). You may also create duplicate cases to allow the different insulation levels to be compared. As a result of the above steady state simulations, you should now have established the pipeline size required to achieve the desired production rates and established the minimum insulation level required on the pipeline. The pipeline model should now be updated to reflect this configuration.
It is suspected that terrain slugging may cause serious problems to the process facilities on the platform due to the presence of a low point at the riser base. The purpose of this exercise is to establish the possibility of severe slugging in the Harthun riser. Determine the extent of terrain slugging by varying the pipeline inlet flow rate (i.e. at well head) by creating 3 different cases at flowrates of 5 kg/s, 10 kg/s and 15 kg/s to avoid overwriting the results. Each simulation should be run for 2 hours, i.e. remember to change the ENDTIME in INTEGRATION to 2 hours. PLOT can be used to produce a *.PLT file that can be animated by the OLGA-Viewer,. (The OLGA Viewer is be started from the Tools menu.) It is particularly useful in helping visualise the change in some variables along the length of the pipeline with time. Add PLOT to the simulation file to animate the hold-up profile (HOL) every 1 minute
HINTS: Create a new project called {Slugging.opp} and open the steady state case with the correct insulation level. Duplicate and name the new case {Slug 5.opi}. It is recommended that the original case is removed from the new project to avoid inadvertent editing. Make the necessary changes to {Slug 5.opi} and run the simulation. Duplicate {Slug 5.opi} two times (once the original file is correct), call the new files {Slug 10.opi} and {Slug 15.opi} and change the flowrate accordingly. Note that this study could also be performed using a parametric study but in this case use separate cases as the results will be required for subsequent simulations and some simulations will be modified later.
Compare the cases by checking the total liquid volume flow out of the flowline and the pressure at the inlet using trend plots. It is also recommended that the flow regime is checked along the length of the pipeline for each case.
Define a choke with the VALVE key at PIPE_7, section boundary 2. Specify a diameter of 0.1 m. The discharge coefficient (CD) has a default value of 0.84. Start with a value for OPENING of 0.12 (i.e. 12% of full cross sectional area). Decrease the valve opening. Try the following openings: 0.10, 0.04 and 0.01. This sensitivity may be done using a parametric study to allow the results of the different openings to be compared. What is the valve opening required to stabilize the flow at 5 kg/s and what is the down side of this option? Gas Lift Start with the Gas Lift cases create earlier. Add a gas SOURCE at the riser base. You will need to think about how you add only gas at the riser base. Try lift gas rates of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.2 kg/s. Use a gas source temperature of 32C. How much gas injection is required to avoid the slugging problems at 5 kg/s (without choking)? What other issues may present problems with this option?
Turn on SLUGTRACKING. Activate the HYDRODYNAMIC slugging option only. Use default values for all other input in the Property window.
It is important to specify the relevant output variables before you start the simulation. Add the boundary variable ACCLIQ at PIPE_7, Section 3. (ACCLIQ is the accumulated total liquid volume flow on a pipe boundary and is a boundary variable so it can be added to one of the existing TRENDDATA entries). You may also add slug tracking trend plot variables at PIPE_6, Section 1 and at PIPE_7, Section 1. LSLEXP which is the length of a slug when the given boundary is within that slug. Run the case for 2 hours and inspect the result. You should also turn on the DEBUG option under OPTIONS in the Model View window. This will generate slug statistics in the output file. Add the trend variables NSLUG (total no. of slugs in the system) and HT (integration time step). These variables are global variables and should be entered under Output in the Properties window.
To make a partly automatic calculation of liquid slug and surge volume, plot the accumulated liquid volume at the pipeline outlet as a trend plot and right click in the graph. Select <Dataset> <Copy Data> and paste the data into an Excel spreadsheet. In the Excel spreadsheet, perform the following calculation on the ACCLIQ time series: Vsurgej+1 = MAX(0, Vsurgej + ACCLIQj+1 - ACCLIQj - Qdrain*( tj+1 - tj ))
Then select <Fluid> <Enter New Fluid>, (or click on the button in the Fluid Management window), to enter a new fluid into the database. The following window appears.
Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Methane Ethane Propane I-Butane N-Butane I-Pentane N-Pentane Hexane C7 C8 C9+
0.1 1.64 87.39 5.75 2.30 0.48 0.85 0.26 0.30 0.28 0.65 1.1e-4 1.5e-4 100.21 210.00 300.00 0.690 0.750 0.800
The C9 component is a plus component (if the fluid has a plus component, the last component is always considered to be the plus component). No experimental data is given.
Check Save CHAR Fluid and then click [OK] in the fluid window. The fluid is now characterized (i.e. the heaviest component is broken down into a number of new pseudo components). The characterised fluid becomes the last fluid in the database and is to be used for the remainder of the exercise. Make a phase envelope using Phase Envelope option in the Simulations window or by clicking on the icon, ( ) on the toolbar.
Perform a PT flash of the condensate at 15C and 1 bara using the Flash option in the Simulations window or by clicking on the icon, ( ) on the toolbar. The following results window will appear. Note that there is a [Save Phase] button. This allows the individual gas and liquid phase compositions to be
Generate an OLGA fluid property file with the file name {condensate00.tab} using the [OLGA 2000] button on the Interfaces window or by clicking the OLGA 2000 icon, ( ), on the toolbar. (The Interfaces window is opened from either <Windows> <Interfaces> or from the Simulations window.) The following window will appear.
The OLGA table range should be: Pressure range Temperature range = Number of Pressure points Number of Temperature points
Note that it is possible to generate a single {*.tab} file containing a number of different fluids by entering the details of the other fluids under the Fluid 2, Fluid 3 etc Tabs. Use GasCond for Fluid Label. Use the defaults for the other input, click [OK] and wait until the window below appears. Close the window and click [Cancel].
Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Methane Ethane Propane I-Butane N-Butane I-Pentane N-Pentane Hexane C7 C8
0.03 1.23 39.29 7.65 6.43 2.14 4.44 1.99 2.57 4.35 19.50 3.62 100.21 210.00 0.690 0.750
C9+ 6.76 300.00 0.800 No experimental data is given. The last component C9+ is a plus component. Repeat the same as for the gas condensate fluid Complete the following activities as for the gas condensate fluid above:-
The OLGA table range should be: Pressure range Temperature range = Number of pressure points Number of temperature points
The OLGA fluid property file should contain data for two phases only. Everything else is as per the default settings in PVTsim.
Select the duplicated composition, change the name to Three phase and add 0.05 mole % of water to the total composition and press Normalize. Generate an OLGA fluid property file threephase.tab with the following specifications: Pressure range Temperature range = Number of Pressure points Number of Temperature points Check three phase. = 1 to 120 bara -20 to 100C = 50 = 50
Use GasCondWet for the fluid label, the defaults for everything else and generate the new fluid property file.
At the end of the shutdown, the operator will then have two options, namely to restart production or to depressure the pipeline to ensure that the pipeline contents remain outside hydrate formation conditions in the event that production cannot be restarted. The liquid surge volume out of the pipeline for both the start-up and depressurisation options will be determined along with the gas rate to flare. The Production Engineers have also provided the proposed well profile and the expected reservoir conditions. You have been requested to include the wellbore in the simulation model to allow the interactions between the well and the flowline to be assessed. The wellbore is a 1,000 m long deviated pipe with an inclination of 45 followed by an 800 m long vertical pipe to the wellhead. The tubing has an inner diameter of 0.101 m and the thickness of the tubing wall is 6.88 mm. The inner roughness of the tubing is assumed to be 0.025 mm. The formation outside the tubing can be approximated by a 0.6 m thick concentric formation layer. The formation layer should be modelled as a number of layers. The physical properties of the formation rock are given below Material Density [kg/m] 2,243 Specific Heat [J/kg/K] 1,256 Thermal Conductivity [W/m/K] Formation 1.59
Assume a linear geothermal temperature gradient between the perforations and the seabed (70C to 6C).
Elev. = +30
Harthun Pipeline
Add a new WALL structure with the formation layer included (divide this layer into six layers with thicknesses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 150 and 300 mm). Add the two new wellbore pipes as a separate FLOWPATH named Harthun Wellbore. Note that the X coordinates are relative to the wellhead and the Y coordinates are relative to the sea level or LAT;Location Distance (X Coordinate) [m] Reservoir Wellhead -707 0 0 Depth (Y Coordinate) [m] -1762 -1055 -255 5 4 # of Sections
Set-up the CONTROLLER as a manual controller with the following parameters: TYPE = MANUAL STROKETIME = 10 s MAXCHANGE = 0.2 The CONTROLLER set point should be 0 for the first 10 hours of the shutdown (i.e. the leak is closed) and then opened over a 1 minute period. This time series may be entered as a time series by clicking on the Timeseries icon, ( ) in the Properties window.
Add a LEAK in the pipe section immediately upstream of the topsides isolation valve with a diameter of 5 cm. (A LEAK is an item of Process Equipment). The leak should have a back pressure of 5 bara corresponding to the flare system
Specify the following leak variables to be exported to the trend file. Accumulated mass of gas released downstream of leak (ACGLKEX) Accumulated volume of gas released downstream of leak (ACQGLKEX) Accumulated volume of oil released downstream of leak (ACQOLKEX) Gas mass flow downstream of leakage (GGLKEX) Liquid mass flow downstream of leakage (GLLKEX) Run the simulation and confirm that the fluid temperature in the pipeline does not fall into the hydrate formation region. Also check the peak gas and liquid rates and the total volume of liquid generated during the depressurisation.
Enter the Diameter (19 inches) and Roughness (0.0018 inches) in the first row as shown above. These values will become the default values when the new geometry is imported. Select <File> <Import> and select the file {Geo.xy}. (Note that it is also possible to cut and paste from excel.)
The colour of the bars and the % values in the output window indicate the difference between the average angle of the pies within an angle group and the average value of the angle group. Green, (and a low % deviation) represents a good match whereas red (and a high % deviation) represents a poor match. The angle groups can be modified to provide a better match. Select <Tools> <Angle Groups> and the following window will appear. Additional angle groups my be added by clicking [Add] and entering the angle of the new angle group. The angle groups will automatically be re-ordered.
Modify the Angle Groups to give the following groupings. Clicking on [OK] will give the following results which represents a better match between the angle groups and the actual profile.
The profile will then be simplified by using the filter. This is done by selecting <Tools> <Filter> from the main menu. Select the Angle Distribution tab. Move the slider for the X End position to the right to select the entire pipeline and set the Pipe Length for Generated Pipes to 2,000. Save the new geometry as {FILTERED.geo}. Now compare the results by selecting the respective graphs in the Geometry Editor window.
The angle distributions should also be checked to ensure that there is a reasonable match.
The filtered geometry will now be used as the new pipeline profile. Close the {Actual.geo}. Enter the pipeline Diameter (19 inches), Roughness (0.0018 in) and Wall definition (WALL-1) in the tabular format. (The units may be changed by right clicking on the column heading). Note that the cells may be Copied and Pasted using standard windows protocols. We will now specify the length of each pipe section. Select <Tools> <Discretize> from the menu. The Discretize selected profile window will appear. Specify the Min number of sections per pipe as 2 and the Max length of sections as 1,000 m. Save the geometry as {SIMPLIFIED.geo} and select <File> <Exit>. geometry should now be updated. The pipeline
Rename PIPE : PIPE-1 to INLET and the last pipe to OUTLET. The case should now be ready to simulate.
The simulation should be run for 60 minutes at a constant flowrate of 80 kg/s. Then start to reduce the flowrate from 80 to 20 kg/s over 30 minutes and insert the pig after 90 minutes. Run a short case to measure the pig velocity. Assume that the pipe length is 70 km and calculate arrival time for the pig. The flowrate should then be increased to 80 kg/s starting 30 minutes after the pig has arrived at the trap. Now complete the case with ramp-up from 20 to 80 Kg/s over 30 minutes and simulate for a total period of 24 h. Calculate the require surge capacity in the slug catcher using the spreadsheet generated for the Slug Tracking exercise. Assume a drain rate equivalent to 1.2 times the volumetric liquid flowrate at the pipeline outlet for a production flowrate of 100 kg/s, (from the steady state simulations). (The additional capacity represents the over design inherent in any control valve.)
Use the fluid properties file threephase00.tab which you made in the PVTsim exercise (remember to modify the label in the FILES keyword and change the FLUID label for the flowpath). The WATERFRACTION in the SOURCE should be set to 0.05, (i.e. the inlet fluid contains 5% by weight of free water ignoring any saturated water in the gas phase). The pressure at the outlet boundary should be reduced to 715 psia. The integration time should be set to 2.5 days. Make sure plotting frequency is reasonable. Add the plotting variable total water content in the flowpath (WATC) to the TREND plot keyword and water volume fraction (HOLWT) to the PROFILE plot. Also check "MASS SOURCE INFORMATION" in the output file (*.out). Save the case with a different name and change TOTALWATERFRACTION to -1 in the source, i.e. the total amount of water in the inlet fluid is determined from the free water in the PVT table plus any saturated water in the gas phase. Re-run the case, compare the results and explain the difference.
OIL Ltd
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2 5/21/2012
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We are considering a 5.6 mile (9 km) tie-back pipeline in relatively shallow waters to one of our existing platforms offshore Abu Dhabi. In the initial production phase the flow is stable, practically single phase oil. Our concern is flow stability as gas breakthrough is expected to occur in year 4 of the production. The GOR is expected to go from 280 to 985 Sft/Sbl in year 4. We need some preliminary flow stability analysis to establish whether our concern is justified with a GOR of 985 Sft/Sbl ( 175 Sm/Sm). Some data: Pipeline I.D. = 11.7 in 1st stage separator operating pressure = 840 psia Flowing Well Head Temperature = 175F The sea floor temperature = 57F Overall U value = 0.44 Btu/ft/h/F Design production = 18,000 Sbbl/day Water cut = 0 ( ( ( ( ( ( 0.297 m) 58 bara) 79C ) 14C) 2.5 W/m/C) 2,862 Sm/d)
Please find attached the reservoir composition (which has a GOR of 1125 Sft/Sbbl) and a rough drawing of the pipe profile. A quick reply would be highly appreciated. Best Regards Project coordinator OIL E.P.
Fluid analysis
80 ft (24 m)
295 ft (90 m)
265 ft (81 m)
131 ft (40 m)
Run the simulation for 15 hours and observe the liquid level in the separator and the liquid flow out of the separator to see if the level controller is working correctly. Check the controller output for the level controller to determine if the sizing of the liquid drain valve is reasonable.