UNIT 11: EQUILIBRIUM 1. Chemical Equilibrium a. The most common ionic compound is NaCl.

The most common molecular compound is H2O. b. Ionic reactions occur quickly and they go to completion. c. Molecular reactions occur slowly because bonds must be broken and reformed, and most of them are reversible. i. General definition of equilibrium: the rates of opposing processes are equal to each other. ii. Chemical equilibrium: The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. 1. rate fwd = rate rvs 2. The amount of reactants and products remain constant at equilibrium. iii. Equilibrium Constant Keq 1. The amount of reactants and products in a reaction do not affect the ratio of them at equilibrium. 2. For ICE Charts: Keq depends on temperature. Change values always have signs. Change values are always stoichiometric. 3. Equlibrium constant expression: the constant expression before numbers are plugged in. a. Keq = [products]/[reactants] b. [ ] = equilibrium concentration in molarity c. Coefficients become powers in the Keq equation. 4. Does equilibrium favor reactants or products? (Are there more reactants or products?) a. If Keq = 1, [products] = [reactants] b. If Keq > 1, [products] > [reactants] c. If Keq < 1, [products] < [reactants] iv. Equilibrium problems 3 1. . At equilibrium, .28 mol of each of the products, H 2(g) and I2(g), is present. What is the value of Keq?

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r Principle a. A reaction at equilibrium will shift to relieve a stress placed upon it. b. Fritz Haber i. J G r r WW L r r c cr of ammonia synthesized for N2 in explosives. 3H2 + N2 > 2NH3 ii. He increased H2 and N2 and decreased NH3. He decreased heat. He increased pressure, and ultimately got 50/50 r/p. c. Stresses i. Concentration: a reaction shifts away from an increase in concentration and toward a decrease in concentration. ii. Temperature: determine if heat is a reactant or a product, and then treat it as a change in concentration. iii. Pressure: an increase in pressure causes the equilibrium to shift toward the side with fewer moles of gas. d. Examples i. 2HBr(g) < H2 + Br2(g) =+ 1. HBr is added 2. heat is added 3. volume is increased Effects of Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant a. + cr Keq with an increase in T. b. A cr Keq with an increase in T. Equilibrium, Enthalpy, and Entropy H S Spontaneous? Status of reaction positive negative no does not occur

negative negative positive 5. Extra Credit

positive negative positive

yes maybe maybe

goes to completion achieves equilibrium achieves equlibrium