R 8 /_2o11

31.51' A
High-Pass Filter.
Figure

Yo arftfpol*<x

&l .lt

P31.51

One application of L-R-C series circuits is to high-pass or low-

quantity. Consider the L-R-C series circuir shown in Fig. p31.75. The values ol the circuit elements, the source voltage amplitude, antl the
source angular frequency are as shown. Use the phasor diagram tech_ niques presented in Section 3l.l to solve tbr (a) rhe current amplitude and (b) the phase angle @ of the current with respect to rhe source

pass filters, which filter out

either the low- or high-frequency components of a signal. A high-

pass filter

is

shown

in

Fig.

length of wire in the coil.) Derive an expression for V"u,/(, the ratio of the output and source voltage amplitudes, as a function of the angular tiequency a.r of the source. Show that when a.r is small, this ratio is proportional to a.r and thus is small, and show that the ratio approaches unity in the limit of large frequency.

P3 1.51, where the output voltage is taken across the L- combination. (The L_R combination represents an inductive coil that also has resistance due to the large

voltage. (Note that this an_qle is the negative of the phase angle defined in Fig.3l.l3.) Now analyze the same circuit using ihe complex-number approach. (c) Determine the complex impedance of the circuit, 2.p". Tuke the absolute vulue to obtiin Z. the actual irnpetlunce

ol the circuit. rtl) Take the voltage

umplitude rrf rhe

3t.5Sl -100-f) resistor and a 6.00-pF .upu.ito. are connected in parallel to an ac generator that supplies an rms voltage of220y at an angular frequency of 360 rad/s. Use the results of problem 3 L56. Note that since there is no inductor in the circuit, the If uL term is not present in the expression for Z. Find (a) the current amplitude in the resistor; (b) the current amplitude in the capacitor; (c) the phase angle of the source current with respect to the source voltage; (d) the amplitude of the current through the generator. the source current lag or lead the source voltage? !e] _D_oes
31.65

source, /.0*, to be real, and find the complex cuffent ilmplitude /cp". Find the actual currenr amplitude by taking the absolute value of/.n,. (e) Find the phase angle ry' of the current with respect to the source voltage by using the real and imaginary parts of 1.n*, as explained above. (f) Find the complex representations of the voltages across the resistance. the inducrance, and the capacirance. (g) Adding the
bers is real and equal to 200 answers tbund in part (f ), verify that the sum of these complex num_ V the voltage ofthe source.

" Si..i

The currenr in

Figure

F31.6f;

32.43 A small helium-neon laser ernits red u;-iribt. ligt,, *i,t u power of 4.60 mW in a beam that has a diameter of 2.50 mm. (a) What are the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields of the light? (b) What are the average energy densities associated with the elecrric field and with the magneric field? (c) What is the total energy contained in a 1.00-m length of the beam?

certain circuit varies with time as shown in Fig. P31.65. Find the
average

i
Io

curent and the nns cur.16.

rcnt in terms of

i e circular loop of r.r'ire has radius 7.50 cm], sinusoidal electromagnetic plane wave traveling in air passes through the loop, with the direction of the magnetic field of the wave per_ pendicular to the plane of the loop. The intensity of the wave at the
32.48 location of the loop is 0.0195 W/m2, and the wavelengrh of the
wave is 6.90 m. What is the maximum emf induced in the loop?

.75 .'' Complex Numbers in a Circuit. The volrage across a circuit element in an ac circuit is not necessarily in phase with
3f

ir %p*, we define a complex current amplitude by Vp*lZrp^. The actual cunent amplitude is the absolute value ofthe complex current amplitude; that is, / : (1.0**1.0^)l/2. The phase angle @ of the current with respect to the source voltage is given by tan@ = Im(1"0*)/Re(1.0*). The voltage amplitudes Vp-"p^, V2-gpy, and V6-.0^ across the resistance, inductance, and capacitance, respectively, are found by multiplying Irr^by R, iX1, and -r'Xc, respectively. From the complex representation lbr the voltage amplitudes, the voltage across a branch is just the algebraic sum of the voltages across each circuit element: %p, : VR-.p, * Vtrp* * V6'-.0^. The actual value of any current amplitude or voltthe branch
Irp,

\Y. = commonly employed to simplify the analyR:4m{] sis of an ac circuit driven by a sinusoidal source is to represent the impedance Z as a complex number. The resistance R is taken to be the real part ofthe impedance, and the reactance X : Xt - Xc is taken to be the imaginary part. Thus, for a branch containing a resistor, inductor, and capacitor in series, the complex impedance is Z"r* : R + iX, where 12 : - l. If the voltage amplitude across

the current through that circuit rj_..-_ h._d -r rlgure l'J'l ' i element. Therefore the voltage ' L : 0.500 H amplitudes across the circuit elements in a branch in an ac ,onu circuit do not add algebraically.

method that

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