Legal Flash Cards

1
Ab Absurdo
An equitable exception to the general rule that attorney fees are not awarded, and which allows an award of attorney fees as consequential damages.
8
Abandon
To take someone away from a place without that person's consent, or by fraud.
9
Abandonment
A spontaneous and gratuitous murder.

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Abate
Latin: the accidental harm to a person; e.g. perpetrator aims at X but by chance or lack of skill hits Y.
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Abatement
Encouraging or inciting another to do a certain thing, such as a crime.

12
Abbacinare
Latin: from the start; from the beginning.
ABC Rule
Latin: an evidentiary suggestion or statutory interpretation that is, or leads to, an absurdity.
2
Abduction
A giving up, a total desertion, an absolute relinquishment.

3
Aberemurder
The leaving behind of property; an indifference as to the fate of a chattel.

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10
Aberratio Ictus
To put an end to, to nullify or to become void.

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11
Abet
A reduction in some amount that is owed, usually granted by the person to whom the debt is owed. In the law of torts, the summary removal of a nuisance.
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12
Ab Initio
A barbaric form of corporal punishment meted out in the middle ages where persons would be permanently blinded by the pressing of hot irons to the open eyes.
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19
Abode
A sentence of a person guilty of a crime in which the accused is deemed to have not been convicted; no criminal record issues as regards the offense for which an absolute discharge is granted.
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20
Aboriginal
Shields public officials from being sued for official acts without regard to motive.
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15
Aboriginal Fishing Rights
Offences in which it is not open to a person to avoid liability on the ground that she or he acted under a reasonable mistake of fact which, if the facts had been as the accused believed them to be, would have made his act innocent.
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16
Aboriginal Title
Intentional conduct or an abnormally dangerous condition that cannot be maintained without injury to property, no matter what precautions are taken.
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23
Abortion
The highest rank amongst creditors; he who gets paid in full before any other creditor.
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18
Absolute
An absolute defence to an otherwise defamatory statement because of the venue or context in which the statement was made.
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13
Absolute Discharge
A place or places with which a person has established significant contacts through continuous or extended habitation.
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14
Absolute Immunity
Pertaining to things or land or person or members of a race, which are indigenous to, or first occupied a specified territory.
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Absolute Liability
(Canada) The right of Aboriginals to fish for food, to exchange fish for money or other goods, and to fish commercially.
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Absolute Nuisance
Indians' exclusive right to use and occupy lands they have inhabited from time immemorial, but that have subsequently become discovered by European settlers.
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Absolute Priority Rule
The expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it is viable.

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Absolute Privilege
Final, perfected, complete and unconditional.
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31
Abstract Instruction
A clause in a contract that states that if a payment is missed, or some other default occurs (such as the debtor becoming insolvent), then the contract is fully due immediately.
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26
Abstract of Title
The final and unequivocal expression of assent to another's offer to contract.

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27
Abuse
A non-custodian parent's bundle of rights or times and days during which he/she has exclusive time with the child of the separated parents.
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34
Abuse of Discretion
Persons who aid or abet the principal offender in the commission of the offence, before or after.
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29
Abuse of Process
An unlooked for mishap or occurrence.

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Accardi Doctrine
Person(s) that aids, abets, advises, or encourages the commission of the crime.
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25
Acceleration Clause
An instruction given to a jury which though correct in law, is irrelevant.

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Acceptance
A statement of the conveyances and charges appearing of record and affecting the title to real property.
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33
Access
Physical or nonphysical misuse or maltreatment or use or treatment so as to injure, hurt, or damage.

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34
Accessory
A decision of a judicial body based on an erroneous finding of fact or conclusion of law, or an improper application of law to fact.
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29
Accident
The use of legal process in an improper or unauthorized manner.

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Accomplice
An agency must abide by its own regulations.
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43
Accord and Satisfaction
Action or inaction which binds a person legally even though it was not intended as such.
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38
Accounting
A decision by a judge that a person accused of a crime is not guilty.

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39
Accounts
A bill which has passed through the various legislative steps required for it and which has become law.
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40
Accretion
A formal demand to a court of law and of justice to resolve a dispute.

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41
Accusation
Latin: any right of action dies with the person.

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Accused
The taking of active measures to cut short the life of a terminally ill patient.
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37
Acquiescence
The act of one party, having complied with its contractual obligation, accepting some type of compensation from the other party (usually money and of a lesser value) in lieu of enforcing the contract and holding the other party to their original obligation.
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44
Acquittal
A detailed statement of the debits and credits between parties arising out of a contract or a fiduciary relation.
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Act
The written, detailed or summary, record of a person's management or administration of an estate or of a particular matter.
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Action
The addition to land by the action of water.

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Actio Personalis Moritur Cum Persona

48
The formal criminal charge against a person which specifies the essential ingredients in regards to the alleged offence such as time and place and the relevant reference to the criminal law allegedly breached.
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Active Euthanasia
A person to whom a formal information containing an allegation of a criminal offence has been delivered, or a person arrested for a criminal offence.
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55
Act of God
Latin: for the collection of the goods of the deceased.

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Actual Total Loss
Latin: to the damage.
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57
Actuary
An attachment to a written document.

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52
Actus Dei Nemini Facit Injuriam

53
When property identified in a will cannot be given to the beneficiary because it no longer belonged to the deceased at the time of death.
59
Actus Reus
A fine-print consumer form contract which is generally given to consumers at point-of-sale, with no opportunity for negotiation as to it's terms, and which, typically, sets out the terms and conditions of the sale to advantage the seller.
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54
Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea
Latin: limited in time; to this point.
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49
Ad Colligendum Bona
An event which is caused solely by the effect of nature or natural causes and without any interference by humans whatsoever.
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50
Ad Damnum
Property that is completely destroyed, or lost and irretrievable; a term of insurance and maritime law.
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Addendum
Professionals uniquely skilled in the application of mathematics to risk management, contingent events and opportunity.
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Ademption
Latin: An act of God causes legal injury to no one.

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Adhesion Contract
Latin: a prohibited act.
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Ad Hoc
Latin: conviction of a crime requires proof of a criminal act and intent.
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67
Ad Infinitum
The personnel, activity and structure of the justice system - courts and police - in the detection, investigation, apprehension, interviewing and trial of persons suspected of crime.
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Adjective Law
That body of law which applies for hearings before quasi-judicial or quasi-judicial organizations such as administrative tribunals, or the underlying regulatory agency.
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Adjourn
Hybrid adjudicating authorities which render judicial decisions.

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Adjudicative Fact
A person who manages (administers) the assets of another, such as an estate administrator or the administrator of an insurance plan.
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Ad Litem
Law or judicial body having to do with, or jurisdiction over, shipping and use of the sea.
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66
Adminiculum
To take as one's own.
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61
Administration of Justice
Latin: forever; without limit; indefinitely.

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Administrative Law
Procedural law.
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Administrative Tribunal
The postponement, suspension and interruption of an ongoing hearing or meeting to resume at some future date; to break off for later resumption.
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Administrator
Basic, core facts that must be proven by a party.

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Admiralty
Latin: for the suit.
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Adoption
Latin: some evidence tendered to support something else
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Adoption of Convenience
A statutory term for individuals within a common-law relationship.

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Ad Proximum Antecedens Fiat Relatio Nisi Impediatur Sententia

75
The possession of land, without legal title, for a period of time sufficient to become recognized as legal owner.
81
Adult
The right of a party calling a witness to show that the witness made a prior inconsistent statement.
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76
Adult Child
The Scottish law term for a barrister; one who argues cases for clients before the Court.
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Adultery
A person that is sworn to an affidavit; who gives evidence by way of an affidavit.

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Adult Guardianship
A statement which before being signed, the person signing takes an oath that the contents are, to the best of their knowledge, true.
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Adult Interdependent Partner

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An adoption of a child not for the sake of the child but to the convenience, usually financial, of the adopting parent(s).
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Adverse Possession
Latin: relative words must ordinarily be referred to the last antecedent, the last antecedent being the last word which can be made an antecedent so as to give a meaning.
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Adverse Witness
An individual who has reached, or is over the age of majority.

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Advocate
A son or daughter who has reached the age of majority.

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Affiant
Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not their married spouse.
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Affidavit
The body of law as related to the investigation into the ability of an adult to manage his or her person or affairs, and the resultant guardianship.
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91
Affirmative Action
A term of parliamentary law and procedure referring to a program, written notice and order of business at an upcoming meeting.
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Affirmative Defense
A person who has received the power to act on behalf of another, binding that other person as if he or she were themselves making the decisions.
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Affray
An age generally specified by statute, at which time, upon an individual is given the full gamut of legal rights and responsibilities generally available to an adult of sound mind.
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Affreightment
Damages awarded by a court to reflect the exceptional harm done to a plaintiff of a tort action.
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A fortiori
Unjustified use of force against the territorial integrity of another state.

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Agency
Latin: members of a group having a common male ancestor.
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Agenda
A reverse discrimination law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of individuals who are socially or economically disadvantaged.
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Agent
A reply to a claim which alleges facts from which it results that, notwithstanding the truth of the allegations of the complaint, no cause of action exists.
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Age of Majority
A fight between two or more persons in a public place so as to cause terror to the public.
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Aggravated Damages
A transportation contract whereby a transportation company, shipowner or operator agrees to carry goods in return for a sum of money, the sum being paid called freight.
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Aggression
Latin: with all the more force.

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Agnatio
A fiduciary relationship between one person (a principal) and another (an agent) that the agent shall act on the principal's behalf.
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103
Agreement in Principle
Latin: The catch-all phrase in trespass pleadings to refer to all such other harms and damages that may have been caused by the alleged trespasser other than those specified.
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Aircraft
A defence to a criminal charge to the effect that the accused was elsewhere than at the scene of the alleged crime.
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Air Law
A citizen of a state in transit, working, residing or otherwise within the territory of another state.
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Air of Reality Test
To sell or otherwise dispose of property.

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Akathisia
Latin: under the legal authority of another.

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Aleatory Contract
An amount given to one spouse from another while they are separated.
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Alia Enormia
An agreement as to the terms of some future contract.

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Alibi
An object used for flight through the air.

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Alien
The law of aircraft, their passengers and cargo, and their transit above states and other governed territory.
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Alienate
A pre-requisite test against which a proposed defence to a criminal charge is weighed; that any proposed defence must at least have an evidential foundation.
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Alieni juris
Psychomotor restlessness.
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Alimony
Civil law: a contract which depends on an uncertain event.
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115
Alley
Hair loss.
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116
Alliance
A terrorist organization, nominally Islamic, and originally based in Afghanistan.

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Allision
Also known as 'ADR'; methods by which legal conflicts and disputes are resolved privately and other than through litigation in the public courts, usually through one of two forms: mediation or arbitration.
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Allodial
Canada; a much lighter disposition of a criminal charge regarding an adult accused who would be prepared to plead guilty and which does not result in a criminal record or incarceration but instead usually results in a mild penalty such as community service, an apology to the victim or counseling.
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Allonge
Holistic health care; medical care that is outside of mainstream medical practice and not benefiting from a solid base of research or regulatory control.
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Alluvion
A degenerative disease of the brain of unknown origin resulting in destruction of brain tissue and deterioration in brain function.
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Alopecia
A right of way to serve a limited neighborhood for local convenience and not for general passage.
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al Qaeda
A military treaty between two or more states, providing for a mutually-planned offensive, or for assistance in the case of attack on any member.
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Alternative Dispute Resolution

118
A collision between a moving vessel and a stationary object.

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Alternative Measures
Land ownership that is unfettered, outright and absolute.

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Alternative Medicine
A piece of paper which has been attached to a contract, a check or any promissory note, on which to add signatures because there is not enough room on the main document.
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Alzheimer's
The gradual increase of land by the action of water such as by tides or currents.
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Amalgamation
An unfair, deceptive or manipulative journalism practise of select use of interviews so as to create deceitful impressions.
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Ambassador
To change, to revise; to formally change a statement on the record or the wording of a written document, such as a statute.
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Ambidexter
Latin: friend of the court.
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Ambiguity
A general pardon extended by the government to those persons facing prosecution for, or convicted of specified criminal offences.
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Ambulance Chaser
Absence of law.
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Ambulatory
The temporary imobolization of a vessel near land through the use of some fixing of the boat to the land under the water bed.
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Ambush Interview
The merging of two things together to form one, such as the amalgamation of different companies to form a single company.
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Amend
A citizen that has been officially asked by their country to live in another country in order to legally represent it.
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Amicus Curiae
A lawyer who purports to act for both sides.

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Amnesty
Where a word or phrase is capable of two or more meanings and which, in the context, raises doubt or uncertainty as to which is intended.
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Anarchy
One who follows up cases of accident and tries to induce the injured party to bring suit for damages.
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Anchorage
Something which is mobile or not cast in stone; which can be changed.
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Ancient Lights
Latin: an intention to contract.

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Ancillary Relief
Latin: an intent to do wrong.

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And/Or
To make void forever; to cancel an event or judicial proceeding both retroactively and for the future so that in the eyes of the law, it never occurred.
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Angary
To date back; retroactively.

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Animal
An event or document which pre-dates a marriage.

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Animus
Civil law: the pledge of real property as security for a debt.
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Animus Contrahendi
An opening through which light has flowed uninterrupted for twenty years and which can, in some circumstances, support a claim for nuisance if blocked.
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Animus Furandi
Secondary relief claimed by a litigant which is subordinate or subservient to a principal claim.

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Annulment
Any combination of two options; one, the other (either), or both.

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Antedate
The right of a state at war, in circumstances of necessity, to seize or destroy property belonging to a neutral state.
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Antenuptial
A creature or living thing, other than human, being able to move of its own accord.
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Antichresis
Latin: intention.
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Anticipatory Breach
The ancient criminal offence of atheism or not being Christian, or of denying the doctrines of a state religion.
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Anti-psychotic Drugs
To ask a more senior court or person to review a decision of a subordinate court or person.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder

148
The act of showing up in court as either plaintiff, defendant, accused or any other party to a civil or criminal suit.
154
Anti-trust
The person who initiates an appeal of a judicial body's decision.

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Anton Piller Order
The division and distribution of something into proportionate parts; to each according to their share.
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Apartheid
The informed and objective inspection and estimation of a thing's worth.
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Apostacy
When a party to a contract receives an indication from the other party that they intend on not performing their contractual obligations.
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Appeal
Tranquilizing pharmaceutical products used to minimize or control psychotic episodes or the symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
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Appearance
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

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Appellant
Prohibited trade, marketplace or merchant activities as defined in a relevant anti-trust or such other restraint of trade statute.
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Apportionment
A court order allowing a party to litigation to enter the premises of another to search for and, if found, remove specified documents or items.
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Appraisal
A system of racial segregation or discrimination previously in force in South Africa.
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Appraisement
A clause in a contract which requires a party to refer a dispute to arbitration.

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Appurtenance
The rules of procedure that govern a particular arbitration.

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Arbiter
The adjudicating and presiding officer of a dispute submitted to arbitration.

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Arbitration
The right of an accused to be sentenced by the judge who took his guilty plea.
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Arbitration Act
A rule of interpretation that a judge, called upon to interpret an otherwise unclear legal document, shall take into account the circumstances in which the document was created.
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Arbitration Agreement
Robbery committed while the person accused is armed with a dangerous weapon.
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157
Arbitration Clause
The inspection and appraisal or valuation of property, especially vessels, such as by a court-appointed surveyor, before its judicial sale, thus allowing the court to make an informed decision as to whether the judicial sale price is fair to the parties, particularly where there are competing claims for the proceeds of sale.
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Arbitration Rules
Something that, although detached, stands as part of another thing.

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Arbitrator
An alternate term for arbitrator; preferred in some jurisdictions such as Scotland.

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Arbuckle Rights
An agreement to submit a dispute for a hearing and binding decision by a third-party, an arbitrator(s), who is neither a judge or a Court
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Armchair Rule
A statute that sets out default terms for the conduct of arbitration between parties to a dispute.
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Armed Robbery
A contract between two or more parties to refer a dispute to arbitration.
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Arm's Length
That a product is sold in the condition in which it then exists.

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Arraignment
The targeted, covert killing of an individual without legal process and usually for reasons of, though not necessarily limited to, political or military expediency.
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Arrears
The touching of another person with an intent to harm, without that person's consent.
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Arrest
A thing of value.
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Arrestment
To sell, give or otherwise transfer some legal right or responsibility to another.

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Arson
An attempt to take one's own life with the intentional assistance of another person.
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As Is
A transaction or relationship where there is an absence of control the one over the other.
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Assassination
The formal appearance of an accused person to hear, and to receive a copy of, the charge against him or her, in the presence of a judge, and to then enter a plea of guilty or not guilty.
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Assault
A debt that is not paid on the due date adds up and accumulates in arrears.
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Asset
The detainment or restraint of a person or thing for the purposes of determining legal rights as regards a thing, or suspicion of criminal activity as regards a person.
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Assign
Scots law: the seizure of monies owned by a debtor but held by a third-party.
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Assisted Suicide
The intentional setting of a fire to a building.
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Association
To consent, implicitly or explicitly, to a transfer of a right.

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Assumpsit
Latin; literally 'hear the other side'.

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Asylum
Serial images, with or without sound, intended to be shown by the use of projectors, viewers, or electronic equipment, regardless of the nature of the material in which the works are embodied.
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Asylum Shopping
An application to a court after judgment seeking to avoid execution of that judgment because of some event intervening between judgment and execution which compromises the judgment creditor's entitlement to execution.
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Athens Passenger Convention

186
A private person who examine, inspects or verifies the accounts of another.

192
Attorney
Civil law: a contract or other legal document which has been properly prepared or authenticated by a court officer, such as a notary, and thereafter given enhanced evidentiary status of its authenticity.
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Attorn or Attornment
A form of organizational structure which is institutionally operated on a cost recovery basis, for which incorporation is extended by the government or, in some jurisdictions, as an unincorporated association of individuals, for a set of purposes set out in statute such as religious, scientific, social, literary, educational, recreational or benevolent purposes, and generally operated as nearly as possible at cost.
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Audi Alteram Partem
Medieval era action for breach of contract.

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Audiovisual Work
A secure place of refuge.
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Audita Querela
The practise by an individual given asylum by one state as a refugee, to then use that status to attempt to migrate to another country.
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Auditor
Formally, the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (PAL), 1974, an international treaty which establishes a regime of liability for damage suffered by passengers carried on a seagoing vessel.
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Authentic Act
An alternate word for lawyers or barrister and solicitor, used mostly in the USA.
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Automatic Stay
The removal of land from one real property and its deposit on the property of another, by the sudden action of nature (eg. water or volcano).
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Automatism
Latin: a mother's brother.
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Autopsy
A term of employment law; where an employee is assigned to a new job and his/her position filled by another employee.
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Autrefois Acquit
A back cover page to a legal document designed to show, when folded, what the legal document is and who it is from.
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Averment
Intent to deceive. A person who intentionally tries to deceive or mislead another in order to gain some advantage.
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A Vinculo Matrimonii
The buying of food products in one place and selling them elsewhere at a profit.
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Avulsion
In bankruptcy law; a stay of collection and other similar debt enforcement proceedings against a bankrupt.
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Avunculus
An act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing.

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Backfilling
The post-mortem dissection and examination of an individual to determine the cause of death.
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Backing Sheet
Previously acquitted; an accused cannot be tried for a crime because the record shows he has already been subjected to trial for the same conduct and was acquitted.
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Bad Faith
Pleadings; official allegations of fact made by a party to a lawsuit.

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Badgering
Latin: of marriage.
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Bail
Burden of proof in civil trials.

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Bailee
A group of Indians who share culture and territory and are recognized as a separate government entity for the purposes of limited self-government.
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Bailiff
Available range of frequencies for transmission on a single communications line.

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Bailment
A corporation empowered to deal with cash, domestic and foreign, and to receive the deposits of money and to loan those monies to third-parties.
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Bailor
An individual who is engaged in the business of banking.

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Bait and Switch
A person who has legally declared bankruptcy.
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Balance of Probabilities
The pledge of cash or property to secure the release of a thing or person which would otherwise be held in custody.
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Band
The person who receives property through a contract of bailment, from the bailor, and who may be committed to certain duties of care towards the property while it remains in his or her possession.
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Bandwidth
A person acting with legal authority in the seizure of personal property; and, also, the official in each courtroom who attends to security within.
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Bank
The transfer of possession of something (by the bailor) to another person (called the bailee) for some temporary purpose (eg. repair or storage) after which the property is either returned to the bailor or otherwise disposed of in accordance with the contract of bailment.
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Banker
The person who temporarily transfers possession of property to another, the bailee, under a contract of bailment.
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Bankrupt
To lure a customer by advertising, at a very attractive price, a reputable product and then to denigrate it in favour of another product offered at a higher price.
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Bankruptcy
A lawyer that restricts his or her practice to the court room; a litigation specialist.
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Bankruptcy Trustee
An illegitimate child, born in relationship between two perso are not married (ie. not in wed who are not married at the tim child s birth.
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Bare Trust
A species of self-defence to manslaughter or murder in which expert evidence is led to demonstrate that a female defendant in an abusive relationship comes to believe that to save herself she must kill her husband first.
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Bare Trustee
A three-phase cycle of violent behavior within a spousal relationship.

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Barrator
Offensive and intentional contact, direct or indirect, which causes injury.

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Barratry
Two persons intending to contract but tendering differing form contracts rendering the conclusion as to the terms of the contract, or a determination as to whether there was a contract, difficult.
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Barrister
The formal condition of an insolvent person being declared bankrupt under law.
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Bastard
An officer generally appointed by the court, who takes over the assets of a bankrupt to the benefit of creditors.
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Battered Woman Syndrome

226
A trust that is or has become passive for the trustee because all the duties the settlor may have imposed upon the trustee have been performed or any conditions or terms have come to fruition.
220
Battering Cycle
The trustee of a bare trust; a trust that has been reduced to holding the trust property at the absolute disposal and benefit of the beneficiaries.
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Battery
A person who, on more than one occasion, incites litigation or spreads false rumours.
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Battle of the Forms
An intentional wrongful act committed by the crew or master of a ship to the prejudice of the owner or the charterer.
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235
Batture
Authorized leave from work, paid or unpaid, for the purposes of attending to the funeral of a family member.
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Bawdy House
An international copyright treaty called the Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works signed at Berne, Switzerland in 1886; since amended several times.
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Bench
An improvement put upon a property which enhances its value more than mere replacement, maintenance, or repairs.
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Beneficiary
A muscle-propelled two-wheeled vehicle.

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Benefit of Inventory
Being married to more than one person at the same time; a criminal offence in most jurisdictions.
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Bequeath or Bequests
A legal instrument, such as a statute that, is to be applied to different legal systems.
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Bereavement Leave
An elevation of the bed of a river under the surface of the water or the elevation of the bank when it has emerged from the water or is as high as the adjoining land.
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Berne Convention
A brothel; an establishment of ill repute - within which occur acts of prostitution or lewd sex.
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Betterment
A judge in court session.
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Bicycle
The person for whom a trust has been created.

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Bigamy
A right of legal or testamentary beneficiaries to an estate to demand of the administrator an inventory of the estate.
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Bijural
Gift of personal property or chattels by will.
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247
Bill
A form of access or custody where the children stay in the former family residence and it is the parents who rotate in and out separately and on a negotiated schedule.
248
242
Bill of Attainder
Statutes passed by pro-slavery, Southern states of the USA before and after the Civil War, to limit the civil rights of slaves or freed slaves. All black codes were eventually repealed.
249
243
Bill of Costs
A principle of law so notorious and entrenched that it is commonly known and rarely disputed.
250
244
Bill of Exchange
The scurrilous, deriding or intemperate expression of dissent or criticism of God or a state's official religion.
251
245
Bill of Lading
A trust in which a settlor reserves the right to terminate the trust but to assert no other power over the trust, which is administered without any other measure of control over the trust's administration.
246
252
Binder
Attempt to manipulate sale prices of real property by making representations as to crime rate or ethnic ratios.
247
241
Bird's Nest Custody
A proposed statute, not yet approved.

242
248
Black Code
Conviction and sentence to death directly by statute, as opposed to resulting from trial.
243
249
Black Letter Law
A formal itemized memorandum presented by the successful party to concluded litigation, to the other, as a proposal of costs and disbursements that the issuing party claims.
244
250
Blasphemy
A written order from one person (the payor) to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at some fixed future date, a certain sum of money, to either the person identified as payee or to any person presenting the bill of exchange.
251
245
Blind Trust
A document that a transport company possesses acknowledging that it has received goods, and serves as title for the purpose of transportation.
252
246
Blockbusting
A formal statement or written certification of an insurance policy.
253
259
Blue-Pencil Severance
Property that belongs to no person, and which may be claimed by a finder.

260
254
Blue Ribbon Jury
A written guarantee in regards to the fulfillment of a legal obligation.

261
255
Blue Sky Law
Latin: the good family man.

262
256
Boarding House
The making of an unauthorized copy of a commercially unreleased performance.

263
257
Board of Directors
An establishment wherein liquor is sold without a permit and after legal bar hours.
264
258
Bona Fide
A detailed statement forming part of an insurance document.
259
253
Bona Vacantia
Striking out an offending part of a legal document, such as a contract or a statute.

254
260
Bond
A jury consisting of highly qualified persons.

255
261
Bonus pater familias
An American law term that refers to government controls, through statutes, of the sale of securities to the public.
256
262
Bootlegging
Residential premises where both shelter and food are provided.

257
263
Booze Can
The group of most senior managers, operators and administrators of a corporation or association.
258
264
Bordereau
Latin: good faith.
265
271
Born Alive
The suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or punishment.
272
266
Born Out of Wedlock
A failure of a party to a contract to perform his or her obligations as agreed to within the contract.
273
267
Bottomry
Any act or omission on the part of the trustee which is inconsistent with the terms of the trust agreement or the law of trusts.
274
268
Boulevard
A burglary; to break and enter onto another's premises, land or real property with the intent to there commit a crime, most typically theft
269
275
Boundary
A device which records alcohol impairment.

276
270
Boundary Tree
Judges in ancient and medieval Ireland.
271
265
Brady Rule
A child born and independently breathing or with a heart beat.

266
272
Breach of Contract
Born of parents who were not married at the time of birth.

267
273
Breach Of Trust
An obsolete bond contract by which a ship owner or master borrowed money in a far-off port of call, for the repair of a ship in exchange for which, he would repay the loan on safe arrival at the ship's destination, for which the ship stood as collateral but where the lender assumed the risk of the loss of the ship en route.
274
268
Break and Enter
A roadway of more than ordinary width and in a more elaborate style than an ordinary street.
269
275
Breathalyzer
An imaginary line which marks the limits of two adjacent pieces of real property.
270
276
Brehon
A tree whose trunk, roots or branches encroach on the property or air space of an adjoining owner.
277
283
Bribery
Repeated, persistent and aggressive behaviour intended to cause fear, distress, or harm to another person's body, emotions, self-esteem or reputation.
284
278
Bridge
Marine insurance covering liability in excess of one or more different underlying policies.
285
279
Browne v Dunn, The Rule in

280
A rule of evidence that makes a person prove a certain thing or the contrary will be assumed by the court.
286
Buggery
Breaking and entering a residence for the intention of committing a crime or while lawfully within, commit a crime and to thereafter break out.
281
287
Builders' Lien
A test in tort law linking the tort and the damages (aka causation), which are stated as: "but for" the defendant's negligence, the plaintiff would not have been injured.
288
282
Building Code
A municipal, local or corporate rule or regulation.
283
277
Bullying
A secret payment to a public officer in exchange for preferential treatment.

278
284
Bumbershoot Policy
A structure which spans an obstruction and which affords passage to people or things.
279
285
Burden of Proof
Rule of evidence named after the British case in which it was first established; that if you intend on later impeaching a witness with contradictory evidence, that evidence ought to be put to the witness.
286
280
Burglary
Synonymous with sodomy and referring to 'unnatural' sex acts, including copulation, either between two persons of the same sex or between a person and an animal.
281
287
But For
A statutory charge against real property by those who have contributed material or manpower to its improvement.
282
288
By-Law
A North American legal term for the local or municipal regulation which regulates the construction of new, or renovation of existing buildings.
289
295
Cabotage
Depending on the context, either a period of time from midnight, Saturday to following midnight Saturday, or any period of seven consecutive days.
290
296
Cadaver
A period from January 1 to December 31.

297
291
Calderbank Letter
A property owner's invitation, sometimes at large, sometimes to a select group, for bids to complete a particular project.
298
292
Calendar Day
The official moment that an individual is sworn or entered into a law society or state bar or court and thereafter licensed to practise law in that jurisdiction.
299
293
Calendar Month
Mexican real estate law that requires that any action challenging the title of real property situated in Mexico must be litigated in Mexico and exclusively governed by Mexican law.
300
294
Calendar Quarter
To terminate; to put an end to.
295
289
Calendar Week
Trade transit of a vessel along the coast (coastal trading), from one port to another within the territorial limits of a single nation.
290
296
Calendar Year
A dead human body.
297
291
Call For Tenders
A species of settlement offer delivered in the form of a letter and which can be used in the event that it is rejected and subsequent to trial or hearing of the litigation which results in terms similar to the rejected offer, costs are spoken to.
292
298
Call To The Bar
In some jurisdictions, a period of time from midnight to midnight. In others, a full 24 hour period (eg. 3 am to 3 am).
293
299
Calvo Clause
A period from a specified day in one month to the day numerically corresponding to that day in the following month, less one.
294
300
Cancel
A period of three consecutive months starting on one of January 1, April 1, July 1 or October 1.
301
307
Cancer
The eventual, net proceeds of sale of an asset, subtracting the original purchase price from the sale price.
308
302
Candy
The amount of monies lost when disposing of an asset, the difference between the higher purchase cost and the subsequent but lower amount received when the asset was sold.
309
303
Canon Law
A criminal offence for which the punishment, or one of the punishments, is death, capital punishment.
310
304
Capacity
The most severe of all sentences: that of death.

311
305
Capital Asset
Abandonment by one belligerent to another, of a defined place, usually by way of a negotiated arrangement.
312
306
Capital Expenditure
A judicial decision which is not based on any apparent reason.
307
301
Capital Gain
An aggregation of outlaw cells with the propensity to migrate and grow in size and in the territory covered and the definite destruction of the body.
308
302
Capital Loss
Crystallized sugar more fully called sugar candy; also any confection made of, or so encrusted.
303
309
Capital Offence
The law of the Church; based on religious beliefs.

304
310
Capital Punishment
The power to acquire and assert legal rights.

305
311
Capitulation
A designation of an asset so that profit or loss can be tracked for tax purposes; generally, all and any asset belonging to a tax-payer except those specifically excluded.
306
312
Capricious
A once and for all expense to provide an enduring benefit to a capital asset.
313
319
Cardholder Agreement
An agreement between two or more merchants to create or control a monopoly, to lessen or prevent competition.
320
314
Carriage
A normally humourous and pictorial parody which by caricature, analogy or ludicrous juxtaposition sharpens the public view of a contemporary event, political or social trend.
321
315
Carrier
The entire collection of published legal decisions of the courts which, because of stare decisis, contributes a large part of the legal rules which apply in modern society.
322
316
Carrier's Case
Latin: treaty event.
317
323
Car Ringing
A condition in which the patient loses muscle control and collapses.

324
318
Carry
A supervisor who, rather than genuinely re-assess a subordinate's decision to discipline an employee, official cover notwithstanding, merely rubber stamps it.
319
313
Cartel
A contract presented by a credit card company or through an agent, usually a bank, setting out the terms of the consumer's use of and liability for the credit card.
314
320
Cartoon
The transportation, by carriers, of people or goods for free or for reward.

315
321
Case Law
Persons who carry goods or passengers for others, either freely or for consideration.
316
322
Casus Foederis
A monumental 1473 English case which extended the offence of theft (then called larceny) to include a carrier of goods who, initially lawfully in possession, converts goods to his own use.
323
317
Cataplexy
The movement of stolen vehicles through to sale to unsuspecting new purchasers.

318
324
Cat's Paw
The observation or declaration of a meeting that a member s passed or attained the requis vote, and is thus converted int of the whole meeting or orga
325
331
Causa Causans
A letter which advises a person to stop (cease and desist) using specified legal rights which are asserted by another.
332
326
Causa Proxima Et Non Remota Spectatur

327
A clause in an arbitration agreement which bars a claim if not made in writing and an arbitrator appointed within a set time frame.
333
Causa Sine Qua Non
A legal requirement of a valid offer to contract; that it must be precise and definite in order to be subject to acceptance.
334
328
Causation
A document that attests that a person has received legal advice on a proposed contract, from a lawyer not associated with the other contracting party.
335
329
Caveat
A registration or/of a notice or warning that litigation is ongoing as to ownership of a particular piece of land or other real property.
330
336
Caveat Emptor
A formal request to a court challenging a legal decision of an administrative tribunal, judicial office or organization (eg. government) alleging that the decision has been irregular or incomplete or if there has been an error of law.
331
325
Cease and Desist Letter
The real, effective cause of damage.

326
332
Centrocon Clause
Latin: the immediate, not the remote cause, is to be considered.

327
333
Certainty of Terms
An intervening cause of loss which, though not direct, may nonetheless contribute to the loss.
328
334
Certificate of Independent Legal Advice

335
The cause and effect relationship between an act or omission and damages alleged in a tort or personal injury action.
329
Certificate of Pending Litigation

336
Latin: let him beware. A formal warning.

330
Certiorari
Let the buyer beware or that the buyers should examine and check for themselves things which they intend to purchase and that they cannot later hold the vendor responsible for the broken condition of the thing bought.
337
343
Cestui Que Trust or Cestui Que Use

338
The English law court with exclusive jurisdiction over equity; now phased-out and merged with the common law courts.
344
Ceteris Paribus
A pedestrian lane connecting Gray's Inn with other Inns of the Court in London, England.
345
339
Challenge for Cause
A corporate non-profit body holdings property in trust for educational, religious, anti-poverty or some other purpose beneficial to the community.
340
346
Chamberdeacon
A transportation contract which includes the full and exclusive use of the airplane, vehicle or vessel for the duration of the transportation of either goods or persons.
347
341
Chambers
An order sought by a party seeking return of a child that grants custody of the child to that party after the child has already been removed from the jurisdiction.
348
342
Champerty
A person who has never voluntarily had sexual intercourse outside of marriage such as unmarried virgins.
343
337
Chancery
Latin: the beneficiary of a trust.

338
344
Chancery Lane
Latin: all things being equal or unchanged.

339
345
Charity
A challenge of a prospective juror for which the cause is disclosed by the challenging party (or their lawyer), and submitted to the Court for decision.
346
340
Charterparty
An Irish beggar.
347
341
Chasing Order
A court which sits to dispose of procedural matters.

342
348
Chaste
When a person agrees to finance someone else's lawsuit in exchange for a portion of the judicial award.
349
355
Chattel
A screening barricade established within a law firm to prevent conflicts of interests between associates.
356
350
Chattel Mortgage
A medieval form of contract which allowed for several verifiable authentic versions.
357
351
Check or Cheque
A term of a contract which sets the jurisdiction for dispute resolution, or the applicable law, in the event of any dispute between the conrtracting parties.
358
352
Child
A property right in something intangible, or which is not in one's possession, but enforceable through legal or court action.
359
353
Child of the Marriage
A continuing episodic health condition which requires periodic visits for treament.
360
354
Child Support
A charitable association of persons organized for the advancement of religion and for the conduct of religious worship, services or rites, and that is permanently established.
355
349
Chinese Wall
Moveable items of property which are neither land nor permanently attached to land or a building, either directly or vicariously through attachment to real property.
350
356
Chirograph
When an interest is given on moveable property other than real property (in which case it is usually a 'mortgage'), in writing, to guarantee the payment of a debt or the execution of some action.
357
351
Choice of Law Clause
A form of bill of exchange where the order to pay is given to a bank which is holding the payor s money.
352
358
Chose In Action
A young individual who is under the legal age of majority, or who is the natural offspring of another.
353
359
Chronic Serious Health Condition

360
A dependent child of two persons, married at the time of conception of the child, and for whom both parents are financially liable.
354
Church
Periodic money payments payable by a non-custodial parent, to the custodial parent, for the care of his or her child.
361
367
CIF
Any action that is not a criminal proceeding.

368
362
Circumstantial Evidence
A document in civil law jurisdictions that purports to be a compendium of the applicable law as it pertains to the citizen.
369
363
Citation
A contract by two individuals of the age of majority, of different or same gender, to provide legal rights and obligations as a result of their cohabitation.
370
364
Citizen Informant
A body of law derived and evolved directly from Roman Law, the primary feature of which is that laws are struck in writing; codified, and not determined, as in the common law, by the opinions of judges based on historic customs.
371
365
Citizen's Arrest
Water law: a person who interferes with the natural flow of surface waters so as to cause an invasion of another's interests in the use and enjoyment of his land is subject to liability to the other.
366
372
Citizenship
A civil law requirement to compensate another because of an unlawful injury to his/her person or property.
367
361
Civil Action
Transportation contract acronym for "cost, insurance and freight" usually in reference to the sale price being inclusive thereof.
362
368
Civil Code
Evidence which may allow a judge or jury to deduce a certain fact from other facts which have been proven.
363
369
Civil Covenant of Solidarity

370
An order of a court to either do a certain thing or to appear before it to answer charges.

364
Civil Law
An ordinary citizen who has witnessed a crime and then reports it to law enforcement officials.
365
371
Civil Law Rule
Detainment of a person suspected of having committed a crime, by a person other than a police officer.
366
372
Civil Liability
The status of an individual as owing allegiance to, and enjoying the benefits of, a designated state.
373
379
Civil Liberties
An English case which established a presumption that monies withdrawn from a money account are presumed to be debits from those monies first deposited; first in, first out.
380
374
Civil Rights
A maxim of the law to the effect that any person, individual or corporate, that wishes to ask or petition a court for judicial action, must be in a position free of fraud or other unfair conduct.
375
381
Civil Union
Full and complete days.
376
382
Civil War
A right that belongs to the client of a lawyer that the latter keep any information or words spoken to him during the provision of the legal services to that client, strictly confidential.
377
383
Clandestine
An adoption of a child in which the relinquishing parent surrenders his or her parental rights to unknown parties.
384
378
Class Action
Trade transit of a vessel along the coast, from one port to another within the territorial limits of a single nation.
379
373
Clayton's Case
Natural rights which appertain and are inherent to each person as a human being, and which are protected.
374
380
Clean Hands
Personal rights which civilized communities undertake, by the enactment of positive laws, to prescribe, abridge, protect, and enforce.
375
381
Clear Days
A formal union between two people, of the same or of different genders which results in, but falls short of, marriage-like rights and obligations.
382
376
Client-Solicitor Privilege
War between elements of a national armed forces, a faction of which seeks to displace the existing government.
377
383
Closed Adoption
Something purposely kept from the view or knowledge of others either in violation of the law or to conduct or conceal some illegal purpose.
384
378
Coastal Trading
When different persons combine their lawsuits into one opposed to a common defendant, because the facts are sufficiently similar.
385
391
Co-debtor
Property which has been committed to guarantee a loan.

392
386
Co-debtor Stay
A descendant that is not direct, such as a niece or a cousin.

393
387
Codicil
A rule of tort law which holds that the tortfeasor is not allowed to deduct from the amount he or she would be held to pay to the victim of the tort, any goods, services or money received by that victim from other 'collateral' sources as a result of the tort (eg. insurance benefits).
388
394
Cognates
Trade agreement negotiation between an employer and a person(s) representative of a larger unit of employees, to govern hiring, work, pay and dispute resolution.
395
389
Collaborative Law
A contract on hiring, working conditions and dispute resolution between an employer and a union, the latter representing employees of a defined group.
396
390
Collaborative Law Participation Agreement
An accidental contact between two or more vehicles or ships which causes damage.
391
385
Collateral
One of two or more debtors who are primarily liable to the same debt.
386
392
Collateral Descendant
A stay upon the debt enforcement or collection upon a co-debtor.

387
393
Collateral Source Rule
An amendment to an existing will.

388
394
Collective Bargaining
Relations through the mother.

389
395
Collective Bargaining Agreement

396
A family law dispute resolution encouragement process set in writing which includes a promise to negotiate in good faith, to engage in the exchange of private and confidential information on a without prejudice basis, and a motivational commitment that the participating lawyers or law firms would withdraw if the negotiations fail.
390
Collision
The contract which creates and triggers the formal engagement in the collaborative law process, designed to encourage the settlement of a family law dispute outside of litigation.
397
403
Collusion
A term of parliamentary law which refers to a body of one or more persons appointed by a larger assembly or society, to consider, investigate and/or take action on certain specific matters.
398
404
COLREGS 1972
Latin: a wrongdoer should not be enabled by law to take any advantage from his actions.
405
399
Comity
A feature of a group of people seeking to be certified for a class action, that there are questions of law and fact common to the prospective group (class).
406
400
Commercial Arbitration
Those areas of multi-owner real property which are for the exclusive use of all individual owners.
407
401
Commission
A carrier who accepts to transport goods or passengers indiscriminately.

408
402
Commissioner of Oath
A rule that landowners can dispose of unwanted surface water in any way they see fit, without liability for resulting damage to one's neighbor.
403
397
Committee
A secret agreement between two or more persons, who seem to have conflicting interests, to abuse the law or the legal system, deceive a court or to defraud a third party.
398
404
Commodum Ex Injuria Sua Nemo Habere Debet

405
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972; an international set of standard navigation rules to prevent collisions at sea.
399
Commonality
A principle of international law, that one state, to the greatest extent possible, recognize the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another.
406
400
Common Area
Arbitration of a dispute as to a trade transaction for the supply or exchange of goods or services.
401
407
Common Carrier
A formal group of experts brought together on a regular or ad hoc basis to debate matters within that sphere of expertise, and with regulatory or quasi-judicial powers such as the ability to license activity in the sphere of activity or to subpoena witnesses.
402
408
Common Enemy Doctrine
A formal appointment or commission governments give to individuals empowering them to certify the oath of another upon documents, such as affidavits.
409
415
Common Fund
Two unmarried persons living together as though married.

416
410
Common Interest Privilege

411
Ownership of a mark used in commerce which is asserted because of use and not by the fact of registration.
417
Common Land
A public nuisance; an unreasonable interference with a right common to the general public.
418
412
Common Law
A court to resolve civil disputes between private citizens and not otherwise involving the Crown.
419
413
Common Law Malice
The now extinct offence of an angry woman who, by brawling and wrangling amongst her neighbours, disturbs the public peace.
414
420
Common Law Marriage
The basic share in a corporation.
415
409
Common Law Relationship

416
A fund recovered by a litigant or lawyer for the benefit of persons other than himself or his client, and that litigant or lawyer then entitled to a reasonable attorney's fee from the fund as a whole.
410
Common Law Trademark
A privilege which protects defamatory statements if made in good faith to an individual with an interest in the statement.
411
417
Common Nuisance
Land that, ownership notwithstanding, is available for the use and enjoyment of all, or for the use or enjoyment of a class of persons.
418
412
Common Pleas
Judge-declared law. Law which exists and applies to a group on the basis of customs and legal precedents developed over hundreds of years in Britain.
413
419
Common Scold
A species of malice relevant to defamation proceedings, which focuses on the defendant's feelings towards the plaintiff, and which may give rise to punitive damages.
414
420
Common Share
An ancient form of marriage, by consent and consummation but otherwise recognized in the common law.
421
427
Commorientes
The reduction of a sentence by the government.

428
422
Communism
An animal that serves as a domestic pet.

429
423
Community Custody
A legal entity, allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders, to apply to the government for an independent organization to be created, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives, and empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individuals, such as to sue and be sued, own property, hire employees or loan and borrow money.
424
430
Community Law
An tort law analysis which co negligence of the victim and w to a reduction of the award a defendant, proportionate to the of the victim s negligence
431
425
Community of Interest
Paid or unpaid leave to care or support a gravely ill family member.

432
426
Community Property
Damages that compensate the injured victim for injuries actually endured.
427
421
Commutation
Two or more persons dying at about the same time, usually in the same event, but in circumstances in which it is impossible to determine the order of death.
422
428
Companion Animal
A utopian state of government where specified property or means of production are owned by the state and not citizens or persons, and which may also provide for a form of equal distribution of national production.
423
429
Company
The serving of part of an offender's confinement served in the community while the offender is strictly monitored.
424
430
Comparative Negligence
The law of the European Union as established by treaties and cases of the EU courts.
425
431
Compassionate Care Leave

432
A term of class action law; a requirement for certification, that members of the proposed group represent a community of interests.
426
Compensatory Damages
A marriage property legal term during a marriage or, where re relationship, and which tenants a partnership to each spouse and as belong community ), division on that basis in the ev
433
439
Competency
Accountable for a criminal offense committed by another due to previous knowledge of other's crime.
440
434
Competitive Injury
Interest paid on both principal and previously accumulated interest and added to the principal for purposes of future calculations of interest.
435
441
Complementarity
An agreement to settle a previously existing claim with a substituted performance.

442
436
Complete Diversity
The defence to a crime, or answer to a civil claim, perfected by the relevant oaths of the defendant and a number of supporters.
437
443
Complete Preemption
A form of alternate dispute resolution (ADR) in which a neutral third-party hears both sides and then issues a non-binding suggested resolution.
438
444
Complicated Design Evidence
Civil law term for an unmarried couple living nonetheless as husband and wife or, where same-sex relationships are recognized by law, such similar cohabitation relationships.
439
433
Complicity
An individual's ability to understand the nature and object of legal proceedings being presented, and to consult with counsel.
440
434
Compound Interest
A price difference designed to harm competition.

435
441
Compromise Agreement
The co-existence of two or more equally authoritative systems or sources of law.

436
442
Compurgation
A jurisdictional requirement of US district courts; that that all persons on one side of the controversy be citizens of different states than all persons on the other side.
437
443
Conciliation
American constitutional law; the conversion of a state law cause of action into a federal claim.
438
444
Concubinage
Circumstantial proof of deliberation in a first degree murder case, that in the absence of evidence of planning, the complicated manner of the crime shows that the murder could not have been spur-of-the-moment.
445
451
Concurrent Estates
A unit or defined portion of ownership in real property, similar to an apartment.

452
446
Concurrent Sentence
Obvious or implied forgiveness.

453
447
Conditional Discharge
Conduct on the part of a certified professional that is contrary to the interests of the public served by that professional, or which harms the standing of the profession in the eyes of the public.
448
454
Conditional Sentence
An oath by a solicitor or other employee in a law firm not to disclose any information in regards to a previous client otherwise placing that lawyer or employee in a conflict of interest with other clients of the same law firm.
455
449
Condition Precedent
A loose association of states in which a central, subordinate and limited government structure is created for some common purpose, except in Canada where it is used to describe a federal system in which the central government is not so subordinate to the provincial or regional governments.
450
456
Condition Subsequent
A statement made by a person suspected or charged with a crime, that he (or she) did, in fact, commit that crime.
451
445
Condominium
Property owned by two or more persons at the same time.

446
452
Condonation
A sentence which runs with another.

447
453
Conduct Unbecoming
A sentence of a person found guilty of a crime in which upon completion of specified actions by the accused, no criminal record issues as regards the offense for which a conditional discharge was granted.
454
448
Cone of Silence
A sentence of a person convicted of a crime which allow that person to serve his sentence whilst continuing to reside within his/her community, subject to supervision and reporting, and fully recoverable in the event of breach of those conditions.
449
455
Confederation
A contractual condition that suspends the coming into effect of a contract unless or until a certain event takes place.
450
456
Confession
A condition in a contract that causes the contract to become invalid if a certain event occurs.
457
463
Conflict of Interest
Someone with a firm, fixed, and sincere objection to participation in war in any form or the bearing of arms, by reason or religious, moral or ethical training and belief.
464
458
Conflict of Laws
Sentences which run one after the other.

465
459
Confrontation Clause
A decision achieved through negotiation whereby a hybrid resolution is arrived on an issue, dispute or disagreement, comprising typically of concessions made by all parties, and to which all parties then subscribe unanimously as an acceptable resolution.
466
460
Confusion
Latin: an agreement - a meeting of the minds between the parties where all understand the commitments made by each. A basic requirement for a contract.
467
461
Congenital
An order of the court in terms which have been contractually entered into by parties to the litigation.
468
462
Connivance
Some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party of a contract, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other.
463
457
Conscientious Objector
A personal interest that conflicts with a public or fidiciary interest.

458
464
Consecutive Sentences
A specialized branch of law which resolves cases which have an element of conflicting foreign law.
459
465
Consensus
The constitutional guarantee in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution which requires that an accused person have the right to be confronted with the witnesses against him.
466
460
Consensus Ad Idem
Civil law: grounds for extinguishing a contractual obligation when creditor and debtor become the same person.
461
467
Consent Order
Existing at birth.
468
462
Consideration
Secretly privy or accessory to the act of another.
469
475
Consign
The legal process of interpreting a phrase or document; of trying to find it s meaning.

476
470
Consolidation
When an employer, rather than acting directly, deliberately makes an employee's working conditions so intolerable that the employee is forced into resignation.
477
471
Consortium
A fundamental violation of the rights of an employee, by the employer, so severe that the employee would have the right to consider himself as dismissed, even though, in fact, there has been no act of dismissal on the part of the employer.
478
472
Conspiracy
An implied eviction where the landlord's act or omission justifies the immediate departure of the tenant.
479
473
Constitution
Insured property that has been abandoned because its actual total loss appears to be unavoidable, or because it could not be preserved or repaired without an expenditure which would exceed its value.
474
480
Constitutional Supremacy
A trust which a court declares or imposes onto participants in very specific circumstances such as those giving rise to an action for unjust enrichment, and notwithstanding the lack of any willing settlor to declare the trust.
475
469
Construction
To leave an item of property in the custody of another.

470
476
Constructive Discharge
The union of two or more corporations into one corporate body after which the constituent corporations cease to exist.
471
477
Constructive Dismissal
Companionship, love and affection and intimacy between husband and wife within a mariage.
472
478
Constructive Eviction
An agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act.

473
479
Constructive Total Loss
The basic law of a state which sets out how that state will be organized, the powers and authorities of government between different political units, and by stating and the basic principles of the society.
480
474
Constructive Trust
A system of government in which the law-making freedom of parliamentary supremacy cedes to the requirements of a Constitution.
481
487
Consuetudo Volentes Ducit, Lex Nolentes Trahit

482
Goods that are used or acquired for use primarily for personal, family or household purposes.
488
Consul
A summary form of bankruptcy for qualified individuals.

489
483
Consultation Circle
A deceptive sale of goods or services to a consumer designed to extract money unreasonably excessive given the services rendered or goods provided, if any.
490
484
Consumer Debt
A person found to have committed contempt of court.

491
485
Consumer Debtor
That the meaning of words in a document are to be understood in the sense which they bore at the time of the document.
492
486
Consumer Fraud
Conduct that is disobedient, obstructive or contemptuous to the Court.
487
481
Consumer Goods
Customs leads the willing, law drags the unwilling.

482
488
Consumer Proposal
A representative of a foreign government assigned to another country to promote and protect the commercial interests of the subjects of his government.
483
489
Consumer Scam
A group of individuals from the accused's community who participate in a forum and discuss the offender and the crime with a view to advising the judge as to sentence.
484
490
Contemnor
Debt incurred by an individual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose.

485
491
Contemporanea Expositio
492
A term of bankruptcy law designating debtors who have debts under a prescribed amount.
486
Contempt of Court
An act or omission in the conduct of trade or commerce designed to mislead a consumer.
493
499
Continental Shelf
The right of a person who has discharged a common liability to recover proportionate share from the other(s) that were so liable.
500
494
Contingency Fee
The negligence of a person which, while not being the primary cause of a tort, nevertheless combined with the act or omission of the primary defendant to cause the tort, and without which the tort would not have occurred.
501
495
Continuance
Intentional contempt of court.

502
496
Contraband
An individual defined in the 1951 UN refugee treaty as having a well-founded fear that, were he or she to return to their country of origin, he or she would suffer persecution.
503
497
Contract
A legal action against a person who found and converted someone else property to his own use.
504
498
Contract Law
A written document which transfers property from one person to another, usually real property.
499
493
Contribution
Subsoil and sea bed beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coast and which extends as a natural prolongation of the land into and under the sea.
494
500
Contributory Negligence
A method of payment of legal fees represented by a percentage of an award.

495
501
Contumacy
An adjournment of a trial or some other legal hearing.

496
502
Convention Refugee
An item the possession or production of which in itself is a crime.

497
503
Conversion
An agreement between persons which obliges each party to do or not to do a certain thing.
498
504
Conveyance
That body of law which regulates the formation and enforcement of contracts.
505
511
Conviction
Canada: an application by an accused to exclude a prior criminal record from the knowledge of the jury.
512
506
Co-operative
A pension in food or such other things as may be required for sustenance.

513
507
Co-ownership
Relief sought from a Court which is incidental, consequential or additional to another principal relief.
514
508
Coparcenary
A public official who holds an inquiry into violent or suspicious deaths.

515
509
Copulation
A punishment for some violation of conduct which involves the infliction of pain on, or harm to the body
516
510
Copyright
Officer of a corporation responsible for the official documents of the corporation such as the official seal, records of shares issued, and minutes of all board or committee meetings.
511
505
Corbett Application
The formal decision of a criminal trial which finds the accused guilty.
506
512
Corody
A group of people formed as a separate organization and which has as a stated purpose either in regards to the public at-large or in regards to the common interests of the members.
507
513
Corollary Relief
A generic legal term that refers to various forms of ownership over one asset by more than one person.
508
514
Coroner
An obsolete co-ownership mechanism of English law where property, if there was no will, always went to the eldest son.
509
515
Corporal Punishment
Sexual intercourse.
516
510
Corporate Secretary
The exclusive right to produce or reproduce (copy), to perform in public or to publish an original literary or artistic work, pursuant to a statute usually called the "Copyright Act", or some similar name.
517
523
Corporation
An award of costs which is explicitly left to the discretion of the party to whom costs are awarded.
524
518
Corpse
An entitlement to costs of an interlocutory application regardless of the ultimate result of the main action.
525
519
Corrective Force
The general rule in the law of costs that the ultimate victor at trial may get his or her costs against the loser and including all interlocutory applications.
520
526
Corruption
A formal group of experts brought together on a regular basis to debate matters within that sphere of expertise, often with advisory powers to government.
527
521
Costs
A defendant's claim against a plaintiff.

528
522
Costs Follow The Event
A reply to an offer which is conditional.
523
517
Costs if Demanded
A legal entity, created under the authority of a statute, which permits a group of people, as shareholders, to apply to the government for an independent organization to be created, which then pursues set objectives, and is empowered with legal rights usually only reserved for individuals, such as to sue and be sued, own property, hire employees or loan and borrow money.
524
518
Costs in any Event of the Cause

525
A dead human body.
519
Costs in the Cause
Force used upon those over which an individual generally has guardian responsibilities, used to remove a dependent from a particular situation or to secure compliance with instructions.
526
520
Council
The use of public office for private gain.

521
527
Counterclaim
A court order that the losing party in litigation must pay the successful party's expenses plus an additional allowance, the latter as a contribution towards the winner's legal fees.
522
528
Counter Offer
An award of costs will generally flow with the result of litigation; the successful party being entitled to an order for costs against the unsuccessful party.
529
535
Coup d'etat
A court of law which retains written records of its proceedings and which has the ability to fine or imprison.
536
530
Court
A written document in which signatories either commit themselves to do a certain thing, to not do a certain thing or in which they agree on a certain set of facts.
537
531
Court Martial
A method of proportionate division of a spouse's pension benefits as accrued during the period of marriage.
538
532
Court of Admiralty
Street name for a form of cocaine base, usually prepared by processing cocaine hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate, and usually appearing in a lumpy, rocklike form.
539
533
Court of Exchequer
In a bankruptcy proceeding, forcing a secured creditor to lose his collateral and instead to take a specified cash payment.
540
534
Court of Pie Powder
The practice of imposing unauthorized charges on consumer credit card and other billing statements
535
529
Court of Record
French: an often violent, always sudden and unlawful replacement of an existing government.
530
536
Covenant
Either the room in which, and during which, judicial proceedings are hosted, or to the judicial body presiding over those proceedings, usually personified in the person of a judge.
537
531
Coverture Formula
A military court set up to try and punish offenses taken by members of the army, navy or air force.
532
538
Crack
A rather archaic term used to denote the court which has the right to hear shipping, ocean and sea legal cases; jurisdiction over maritime law cases.
539
533
Cramdown
A law court to consider alleged revenues, debts and duties of the Crown.
534
540
Cramming
A special court that sat in times of public markets or fairs in England in medieval times, with exclusive jurisdiction over disputes between merchants and consumers and any other dispute arising as a result of the market or fair and on fair grounds.
541
547
Credit Card
The forced bankruptcy of a convicted person.

548
542
Creditor
A statute which purports or attempts to set out all prohibited or criminal offences, and their various punishments.
549
543
Cremation
Contumacious behaviour or behaviour which tends to publicly depreciate the authority of the court or the administration of justice.
544
550
Crime
Criminal conversation: synonymous with adultery.

551
545
Crimen Omnia Ex Se Nata Vitiat

546
Unsolicited annoying, alarming or abusive conduct or words which are threatening.

552
Crimes Against Humanity
That body of the law that deals with conduct considered so harmful to society as a whole that it is prohibited by statute, prosecuted and punished by the government.
547
541
Criminal Bankruptcy
A plastic card issued to concede to the holder, upon presentation to authorized stores or service providers, products or services on credit.
548
542
Criminal Code
A person to whom money, goods or services are owed by the debtor.

543
549
Criminal Contempt
The reduction of the body of a deceased human to its essential elements by incineration.
544
550
Criminal Conversation
An act or omission which is prohibited by criminal law and punished, usually by fine or imprisonment.
545
551
Criminal Harassment
Latin: property obtained by crime is tainted (vitiated).

546
552
Criminal Law
An international criminal justice offence; the perpetration of acts of war upon a civilian, non-soldier population.
553
559
Criminal Libel
A legal theory, companion to t skull rule, which limits a tor defendant s exposure to a pla injuries to the plaintiff s condit the time of the tort.
560
554
Criminal Negligence
A medieval form of punishment; a chair in which was restrained an offender.

561
555
Cross Examination
Latin: whose is the soil, his it is even to the skies and to the depths below.
562
556
Crown
Latin: for whoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to heaven and down to hell.
563
557
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

558
Latin: gross negligence.
564
Cruelty
A sentence or bail condition that gives the individual the freedom to move about in the community so long as they return to their residence for the hours specified (often 9 p.m. to 7 a.m.).
559
553
Crumbling Skull Rule
A criminal offence; deliberate publication of defamatory lies which the publisher knows to be false.
554
560
Cucking Stool
Reckless disregard for the lives or safety of other persons.

555
561
Cuius Est Solum Ejus Est Usque Ad Caelum

562
The examination of a witness called by the other side at trial and for which leading questions are permitted.
556
Cuius Est Solum Ejus Est Usque Ad Coelum Et Ad Inferos

563
The English Monarch, where she is the symbolic head of state.

557
Culpa Lata
Punishments which involve unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.

558
564
Curfew
Conduct that causes bodily or mental injury, or apprehension to such injury, to a person or an animal, without legitimate purpose.
565
571
Curial Deference
Using the Internet to support deliberate, repeated and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm someone else.
572
566
Curtesy
Synonymous with Internet; a decentralised but interconnected body of data and self-maintained telecommunications network.
573
567
Curtilage
The bad faith registration of trademarks, as domain names, by non-trademark owners, who then try to sell the domain names back to the trademark owners.
574
568
Custodia Legis
As near as may be.
569
575
Custody
A cash compensation ordered by a court to offset losses or suffering caused by another s fault or negligence.
576
570
Custom
Latin: harm absent a wrong.
571
565
Cyber-bullying
That general courts ought to defer to the rulings of specialized tribunals save exceptional circumstances.
566
572
Cyberspace
Widower's right to an interest in his deceased wife's real property.

567
573
Cybersquatting
The yard surrounding a residence or dwelling house which is reserved for or used by the occupants for their enjoyment or work.
574
568
Cy-pres
In the custody of the law; the taking, seizing or holding of something by lawful authority.
569
575
Damages
Charge and control of a person or item of property.

570
576
Damnum Absque Injuria
The consensual regulation of human conduct and commerce by the community itself.
577
583
Damnum Injuria Datum
A father who ignores a Court order to pay child support.

584
578
Dance Hall
A custom of medical-legal ethics that vital organs should only be transplanted from dead patients.
585
579
Dangerous Driving
Force which creates a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily injury.
586
580
Dangerous Offender
Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions and of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem.
581
587
Danger to Society
Tax payments due to the state, incurred and payable as a result of the death of the tax-payer.
588
582
Day
A sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal.
583
577
Deadbeat Dad
Latin: wrongful injury to the property of another.

578
584
Dead Donor Rule
A public hall devoted to dancing and for which admission is not based on personal selection or invitation.
579
585
Deadly Force
The operating of a motor vehicle in a manner which has as one of its inherent qualities the exposure of the public to harm or injury.
580
586
Death
A person convicted of serious crimes and who is likely to re-offend.

581
587
Death Duties
Where an offender would engage in conduct, the consequences of which would be grave or serious for society.
582
588
Death Penalty
A consecutive period of 24 hours.
589
595
De Bene Esse
Willful or reckless misrepresentation or concealment of material facts with an intent to mislead.

596
590
Debenture
An intentional act or omission in the course of trade or commerce that has the tendency or capacity to mislead or create the likelihood of deception.
591
597
De Bonis Non
An explicit warning from one state to another, in the form either of a reasoned intent to commence hostilities or of an ultimatum which carries the same result.
598
592
Debt
A decision or order of government or judicial body.

599
593
Debtor
The name given to a final and conclusive court order after the condition of an interim or intervening order (decree nisi) is met.
594
600
Decedent
A provisional decision of a court which does not have force or effect until a certain condition is met such as another petition brought before the court or after the passage of a period time.
595
589
Deceit
To take something for what it is worth, such as evidence collected for the time being, in the absence of, but in anticipation of, litigation, admissibility to be determined when such thing is sought to be used against another at trial.
590
596
Deceptive Trade Practice
A document which creates or acknowledges a debt or loan.

591
597
Declaration of War
Latin: assets not yet administered.

592
598
Decree
An amount of money due and payable, from one person to another.

593
599
Decree Absolute
A person who owes money, goods or services to another, the latter being referred to as the creditor.
594
600
Decree Nisi
An individual who has died.
601
607
Dedimus Potestatem de Attornato Faciendo

602
Deliberate publication of defamatory lies which the publisher knows to be false.

608
Deed
An order of the Court striking a claim because no appearance, answer, reply or defence has been filed within the applicable deadlines.
603
609
Deem
A side-contract which contains a condition which, if realized, could defeat the main contract.
610
604
De Facto
The right to use lethal force to prevent a felony committed within a person's home.
611
605
Defalcation
The individual, company or organization who defends a legal action taken by a plaintiff and against whom the court has been asked to order damages or specific corrective action redress some type of unlawful or improper action alleged by the plaintiff.
612
606
Defamation
Lawyers who represent persons facing criminal charges.
607
601
Defamatory Libel
Latin: An ancient common law exemption from the requirement to attend any court summons in person allowing, instead, representation by an attorney.
602
608
Default Judgment
A written and signed document which sets out the things that have to be done or recognitions of the parties towards a certain object.
609
603
Defeasance
To accept a document or an event as conclusive of a certain status in the absence of evidence or facts which would normally be required to prove that status.
604
610
Defence of Habitation
Latin: in fact.
611
605
Defendant
1. Defaulting on a debt or other obligation such to account for public or trust funds. Usually used in the context of public officials. 2. The setting-off of two debts owed between two people by the agreement to a new amount representing the balance.
606
612
Defense Attorney or Defence Counsel
An attack on the good reputation of a person, by slander or libel.
613
619
Deficient
An act which is neither sudden nor rash and for which an individual considered the probable consequences beforehand.
614
620
Defile
Willful blindness to criminal activity.

621
615
Defunct Company
Ignoring a situation known to exist.

622
616
Dehors
The private and candid give-and-take of a consultative or policy development process by a public agency.
623
617
De Jure
A freedom of information exemption as regards documents or records created during and within a government agency's internal decision-making process.
624
618
Delegatus Non Potest Delegare
The intentional concealment of the process of cogitating, consulting or other private methods of arriving at a judicial decision.
619
613
Deliberate
USA constitutional law: the substandard performance of an attorney.

614
620
Deliberate Ignorance
To corrupt the integrity of a thing.

615
621
Deliberate Indifference
A corporation which has been cancelled by the jurisdiction which initially created it.
616
622
Deliberative
French for outside. In the context of legal proceedings, it refers to that which is irrelevant or outside the scope of the debate.
617
623
Deliberative Process Privilege

624
Latin: of the law.
618
Deliberative Secrecy
Latin: a delegate cannot delegate.
625
631
Delict
Land held by a noble under the English feudal system, in absolute ownership.
632
626
Delirium
Latin: a common law principle whereby judges will not sit in judgment of extremely minor transgressions of the law.
633
627
Delusion
A form of government in which the people freely govern themselves; where the executive (or administrative) and law-making (or legislative) power is given to persons chosen by the population; the free people.
628
634
Demand Letter
A term of transportation law which refers to the damages payable to a carrier as compensation for lost time.
635
629
A mostly obsolete motion put to a trial judge after the plaintiff has completed his or her case, in which the defendant, while not objecting to the facts presented, and rather than responding by a full defence, asks the court to reject the petition right then and there because of a lack of basis in law or insufficiency of the evidence.
630
636
Dementia
Latin: new.
631
625
Demesne
A civil law term which imposes liability on a person who causes injury to another, or for injury caused by a person or thing under his custody.
632
626
De Minimis Non Curat Lex

633
A sudden onset of acute confusion and hyperactivity.

627
Democracy
A firm yet irrational belief and which may affect an individual's capacity to contract.
628
634
Demurrage
A letter from a lawyer, on behalf of a client, that demands payment or some other action, which is allegedly due or in default.
635
629
Demurrer
A word coined by the diplomatic community and referring to a strongly worded warning by one country to another and often, either explicitly or implicitly, with the threat of military consequence.
636
630
De Novo
A chronic impairment of cognitive and intellectual functioning including memory impairment, which interferes with the activities of daily living.
637
643
Denunciation
The official statement by a witness taken in writing (as opposed to testimony which where a witnesses give their perception of the facts verbally).
644
638
Deodand
Where an individual under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, recklessly engaged in conduct which created a grave risk of death to another person, and thereby caused the death of another person.
645
639
Depecage
A degree of moral turpitude and psychical debasement associated with a crime such as repeated and excessive acts of physical abuse or unreasonably brutality or outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible, and inhuman.
646
640
Dependent Indian Community

641
An accounting procedure in which the cost or other recorded value of a fixed asset less estimated residual value (if any) is distributed over its estimated useful life in a systematic and rational manner.
647
Deponent
Property that has been abandoned; especially in maritime law: a ship that is floundering or in peril and which the crew has been abandoned without hope for recovery or with no intention of saving the ship or of returning thereto.
648
642
Deportation
The enlarging of land adjacent to water by the gradual retreat of the water line.
643
637
Deposition
A principle of sentencing in criminal law; that the sentence send a clear message to the general public that the offence is serious and the punishment just.
638
644
Depraved Heart Murder
An object that has been involved in some personal injury, is forfeit to the government.
639
645
Depravity of Mind
(USA) The process of cutting up a case into individual issues, each subject to a separate choice-of-law analysis.
640
646
Depreciation
(USA) Any area validly set apart for the use of the Indians under the superintendence of the Government.
641
647
Derelict
A person who gives evidence verified by oath, as within an affidavit.

642
648
Dereliction
The removal of a foreign national under immigration laws for reasons such as illegal entry or conduct dangerous to the public welfare.
649
655
Derivative Action
A common law action similar to conversion and also involving the possession of property by the plaintiff may also ask for damages for the duration of the possession.
656
650
Derivative Work
Latin for 'he has wasted.'
651
657
Descendant
The transfer or conveyance of property by will, usually in reference to real property.

658
652
Design Patent
Muslim law: non-Muslims.

659
653
Detention
Latin: saying.
654
660
Deterrence
A form of government with a single person as decision-maker; a single ruler.
655
649
Detinue
A class action brought for a wrong done to a corporation.

650
656
Devastavit
Intellectual property (copyright): a work that builds on, or reassembles, with some degree of originality, existing works.
651
657
Devise
Those person who are born of, or from children of, another are called that person s descendants.
652
658
Dhimmi
A patent on ornamental or aesthetic features of a device.

653
659
Dicta or Dictum
The exercise of an element of physical constraint of an individual.

654
660
Dictatorship
A principle or objective of sentencing a person guilty of a crime which ensures that the punishment is sufficient to deter the guilty person, and others, from committing the same crime.
661
667
Dies Dominicus Non Est Juridicus

662
Peaceful representations between states.

668
Diffused Surface Water
An official representative of a state, present in another state for the purposes of general representation of the state-of-origin or for the purpose of specific international negotiations on behalf of the diplomat's state-of-origin.
663
669
Dilatory Plea
Immunity extended to diplomat officers from criminal and civil jurisdiction of their host state.
670
664
Diligence
An irresistible impulse to indulge in intoxicants; chronic alcoholism.

671
665
Dillon's Rule
Contempt of Court which is aimed expressly against the dignity or authority of the Court itself in the person of its Judges or officers.
666
672
Diploma
When the Court stops a trial determining that an essential fact has not been proven.
667
661
Diplomacy
Latin: Sunday is not a day for judicial or legal proceedings.

662
668
Diplomat
Water that is on the surface of land because of rain, melting snow or floods.
663
669
Diplomatic Immunity
A formal challenge which questions not the cause of action, but the propriety of the suit, or the mode in which the remedy is sought.
670
664
Dipsomania
The degree of attention or care required of a person in a given situation.

665
671
Direct Contempt
A rule of judicial interpretation that a municipality may exercise only those powers expressly conferred by statute, necessarily or fairly implied by the expressed power in the statute, or essential and not merely convenient.
666
672
Directed Verdict
A certificate of completion of a college or university program of study.
673
679
Direct Evidence
A renunciation or refusal of rights or liability which might otherwise fall upon the person.
680
674
Director
A formal notice filed with the Court and served on the defendant, ending active litigation.
681
675
Direct Tax
The making known to the other side of a law suit, of all relevant evidence.
682
676
Disability Insurance
A trust in which the settlor has given the trustee full discretion to decide which (and when) members of a defined group of beneficiaries is to receive either the income or the capital of the trust.
677
683
Disbursement
A distinction based on the personal characteristics of an individual resulting in some disadvantage to that individual.
684
678
Discharge
An employer's decision to terminate a contract of employment.
679
673
Disclaimer
Evidence tendered in trial in the form of recounting of personal observations or a document which directly establishes a fact sought to be proven.
680
674
Discontinuance
Senior manager(s) selected by shareholders to manage a corporation.

675
681
Discovery
A tax demanded from the very persons who it is intended or desired should pay it.
676
682
Discretionary Trust
An insurance contract in which the insurer agrees to pay money or to other benefits in the event that the person insured becomes disabled.
683
677
Discrimination
Miscellaneous expenses other than lawyer fees and court costs (i.e. filing fees) which paid on behalf of another person and for which reimbursement will eventually be demanded of that person.
684
678
Dismissal
A sentence of a person found guilty of a crime in which that person does not receive a criminal record of conviction, either absolutely or conditionally.
685
691
Dismissal Without Prejudice

686
A common law remedy available to landlords to hold the tenant's belongings while the tenant is behind on rent but continues to occupy the premises.
692
Disorderly House
A lawyer in the USA charged with prosecution of criminal charges on behalf of the government.
693
687
Disrate
Jurisdiction of a US federal court to dispose of a matter meeting a monetary threshold even though it involves residents of different states.
688
694
Dissent
A proportionate distribution of profits made in the form of a money payment to shareholders, by a for-profit corporation. Dividends are declared by a company's board of directors.
695
689
Dissolution
A doctrine of absolute right of a monarch premised on the belief that an individual's tenure as monarch was an act of God, and thus the king can set the law, or to ignore or change the law as may have been set by a representational parliament.
696
690
Distraint
The final, legal ending of a marriage, by Court order.
691
685
Distress
A dismissal of an action before it is judges on the merits and leaves the parties as though the action had never been filed, subject to limitations in local Court rules.
686
692
District Attorney
A place where acts prohibited by statute are habitually indulged in or permitted.

687
693
Diversity Jurisdiction
A term of maritime law where an officer or other seaman is either demoted in rank or deprived of a promotion.
688
694
Dividend
To disagree.
695
689
Divine Right of Kings
The act of ending, terminating or winding-up a company or state of affairs.

690
696
Divorce
The right of a landlord to seize the property of a tenant which is in the premises being rented, as collateral against a tenant that has not paid the rent or has otherwise defaulted on the lease, such as wanton disrepair or destruction of the premises.
697
703
Divorce a Mensa et Thoro

698
A rule or principle or the law established through the repeated application of legal precedents.
704
Diyya
A typical requirement in extradition: that the receiving state not prosecute the individual being extradicted but for the offence for which extradition was sought.
705
699
Djabr
A pet; dogs, cats or other tame animals or birds and which serve some purpose for its owner or others.
706
700
DNA
An assault or battery upon another member of a family or, in some jurisdictions, threatening words.
707
701
Dock
The permanent residence of a person; a place to which, even if he or she were temporary absent, they intend to return.
708
702
Docket
Used when referring to easements to specify that property (i.e. tenement) or piece of land that benefits from, or has the advantage of, an easement.
703
697
Doctrine
An obselete form of divorce order which did not end the marriage but allowed the parties to reside separate; in effect, a legal or judicially-sanctioned separation of two married persons.
704
698
Doctrine of Specialty
Muslim law: the payment by an aggressor to his victim of a sum of money to thus avoid a retaliation punishment ("kisas").
699
705
Domestic Animal
Muslim law: a father's right to constrain his son or daughter into a marriage of the father s choosing.
700
706
Domestic Violence
Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. A chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting').
707
701
Domicile
An artificial basin or enclosure for the reception of vessels.

702
708
Dominant Tenement
An official court record book which lists all the cases before the court and which may also note the status or action required for each case.
709
715
Dominion Utile
The presentation of an array of photos to a crime victim for the purposes of identifying the perpetrator, by an officer neither involved in the investigation nor aware of who the suspect is.
710
716
Dominium Directum
A punitive measure against a for that party s failure, in all o circumstances, to have accep offer to settle that should have accepted.
717
711
Domitae Naturae
Double recovery of funds or property through two different sources effectively or potentially doubling the entitlement.
718
712
Donatio Mortis Causa
The secret use of escrow funds with those of another escrow fund, for the purposes of financial gain by the holder of the escrow funds, and without the knowledge of the owners of the two funds.
713
719
Donee
Recitals of statements of others within a statement that is itself hearsay; an out-of-court declaration containing another out-of-court declaration.
714
720
Donor
A prohibition against being tried or sentenced twice for the same offense.
715
709
Double-Blind Photographic Identification

716
Latin: the property rights of a tenant; exclusive right to use a thing

710
Double Costs
Latin: qualified ownership of a land: not having possession or use of property but retaining ownership.
711
717
Double Dipping
Animals which are of a nature easily tamed and may be readily domesticated.
712
718
Double Escrow
A death-bed gift, made by a dying person, with the intent that the person receiving the gift shall keep the thing if death ensues.
713
719
Double Hearsay
The recipient of a trust; either the trustee or the beneficiary.

714
720
Double Jeopardy
The person who donates property to the benefit of another, usually through the legal mechanism of a trust.
721
727
Double Patenting
The bank which has the drawer's checking account from which a check is to be paid.
728
722
Double Recovery
The person who signs a check to his or her bank ordering the latter to pay the face amount of the check to the payee.
729
723
Double Ticketing
A horrific and barbaric punishment imposed upon traitors pursuant to ancient common law: partial hanging, disembowelling and cutting of body into quarters.
730
724
Dower
French: an ancient right to keep the property of any deceased foreign subject.
731
725
Doyle Rule
French: an ancient right of any land-owner to claim the wreck and men (as slaves) of any ship which wrecked upon waters adjacent to his land.
732
726
Dragnet Clause
The American Psychiatric Association mental disorder manual and classification.
727
721
Drawee
An attempt by a patentee to receive two consecutive patents on essentially the same invention thus extending the term of exclusivity.
728
722
Drawer
Double dipping; accessing funds or property through two different sources effectively or potentially doubling the entitlement.
723
729
Drawn and Quartered
A sales strategy in which a merchant puts two price tags on a product to lure the consumer to the till where he/she is asked to pay the higher of the two ticketed prices.
724
730
Droit d'aubaine
A widow's life estate interest in her husband's real property if he died intestate.
725
731
Droit de naufrage
(USA) A rule of criminal process that the use for impeachment purposes of a defendant's silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
726
732
DSM-IV
A clause in a credit agreement which purports to secure future liabilities.
733
739
Dual Criminality
Fundamental procedural legal safeguards of which every citizen has an absolute right when a state or court purports to take a decision that could affect any right of that citizen.
740
734
Dual Sovereignty Doctrine

735
Latin: for so long as she remains chaste.

741
Duces Tecum
A corporation created solely for the purpose of insulating an individual or another corporation from liability in either contract or import.
736
742
Ducking Stool
Latin: for so long as she remains unmarried.

743
737
Due Care
Latin: for so long as she remains single (unmarried) and chaste.

744
738
Due Diligence
Latin: for so long as she remains a widow.
739
733
Due Process
A typical requirement of extradition treaties: that the conduct alleged constitute a crime in both the demanding and the delivering state.
740
734
Dum Casta
A maxim of law which allows the double prosecution of a person by more than one state for the same crime, where both states have jurisdiction for the prosecution, and notwithstanding the double jeopardy rule.
741
735
Dummy Corporation
Latin: bring with you.
742
736
Dum Sola
A contraption of medieval English justice comprised of a chair in which a convict was affixed and then immersed repeatedly into a body of water.
737
743
Dum Sola et Casta Vixerit

744
The degree of care which a person of ordinary prudence would exercise under the same or similar circumstances.
738
Dum Vidua
Reasonable verifications and precautions taken to identify or prevent foreseeable risks.
745
751
Dunnage
A place to live in.
746
752
Duplex
Exception to the hearsay rule: a statement of fact made by a dying victim relating to the cause and circumstances of a homicide.
753
747
Duress
Phenomena related to forces operating within the earth itself, and not to the merely superficial effects of external forces, such as erosion by run-off rainwater.
754
748
Duty
A legal right to the access over or use of another's land or waterway.

755
749
Duty of Care
Those convicted of the obsolete offence of intentional, covert and direct listening-in to another's conversations, and the subsequent use of the contents thereof to disturb the peace.
750
756
Duty of Fair Representation
Church law.
751
745
Dwelling
Materials used by ships to secure and protect cargo.

746
752
Dying Declaration
A house which has separate but complete facilities to accommodate two families as either adjacent units or one on top of the other.
753
747
Earth Movement
Where a person is prevented from acting (or not acting) according to their free will, by threats or force of another, it is said to be 'under duress'.
754
748
Easement
A legal obligation for a person to conduct himself to a certain standard failing which he could be liable for negligence if damages occur in the result.
749
755
Eavesdroppers
An obligation to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the protection of another against an unreasonable risk of harm.
750
756
Ecclesiastical Law
A union's duty to be free of arbitrary judgment or discrimination or bad faith towards one it its members.
757
763
E-Commerce
Of the same kind or nature.

764
758
Economic Activity
Electronic or telecommunications systems used to track and supervise the locations of individuals.
765
759
Education
The act of freeing a person who was under the legal authority of another (such as a child before the age of majority) from that control (such as child reaching the age of majority).
766
760
Eggshell Skull Doctrine
This is an act of international military aggression where an order is made prohibiting ships or goods from leaving a certain port, city or territory and may be enforced by military threat of destroying any vehicle that attempts to break it or by trade penalties.
761
767
Eighth Amendment
The illegal transfer of money or property that, although possessed legally by the embezzler, is covertly and fraudulently converted to the embezzler's own property.
768
762
Ejectment
Improper influence on a juror.
763
757
Ejusdem or Eiusdem Generis

764
The buying and sellling of goods and services on the internet.

758
Electronic Monitoring
The production, distribution, and consumption of commodities.

759
765
Emancipation
Imparting of knowledge; academic instruction and professional training.

760
766
Embargo
A tort-feasor or a wrongdoer takes his victim as he finds him.

761
767
Embezzle
US constitutional amendment that prohibits "excessive bail (or) fines (and) cruel and unusual punishment...."
762
768
Embracery
A ancient now disused claim to remove an individual from poccupying another's real property, based on tresspass.
769
775
Eminent Domain
A person who is contractually bound to a worker - the employee - to give that worker money as a salary or wages, in exchange for ongoing work and for which the employer directs the work and exercises fundamental control over the work.
776
770
Emolument
A contract in which one person, the employee, agrees to perform work for another, the employer.
777
771
Empanel
An employment contract during which the employer may terminate the employment at any time subject only to the reason not being contrary to public policy.
778
772
Emphyteusis
Entirely a creation of statute; minimum employee rights extended for work within the jurisdiction served by the relevant statute.
773
779
Employee
Latin for 'purchase' or referring to the contract in which something is bought.

780
774
Employee Choice Doctrine
A statute or regulation pursuant thereto.
775
769
Employer
USA: The legal power to expropriate private land for the sake of public necessity.
770
776
Employment
Wages, benefits or other benefit received as compensation for holding some office or employment.
771
777
Employment at Will
Also, "impanel"; the official call to duty of a jury, usually as called by the clerk of the Court in which the jury is to act, and just before the jurors are sworn in.
778
772
Employment Standards
Civil law: a long-term lease of land or buildings; 99 years or such similar long term, or even in perpetuity.
773
779
Emptio or Emtio
A person who has agreed by contract to perform specified services for another, the employer, in exchange for money.
780
774
Enactment
The forfeiture of a departing employee's right to judicial review of a restrictive covenant if that employee agreed voluntarily to receive post-employment benefits as consideration for the covenant.
781
787
En banc
A statute that confers validity on a second marriage of a missing person's spouse after a specified absence.
788
782
Endorsement
An old common law action against any person who caused a husband to lose the love, services or society of his wife.
789
783
Endowment
The inducement, by law enforcement officers or their agents, of another person to commit a crime for the purposes of bringing charges for the commission of that artificially-provoked crime.
784
790
Enduring or Continuing Power of Attorney

785
To give over the care of something to another.

791
Englishry
French: A fetus recognized as a child then alive for the purposes of wills and estates.
792
786
Engrossing
A bar to a party from asserting a legal claim or defense that is contrary or inconsistent with his or her prior action of conduct.
787
781
Enoch Arden Law
(French) As a full bench.
788
782
Enticement
Something written on the back of a document. An alternate spelling, in some English jurisdictions, is 'indorsement'.
783
789
Entrapment
The devotion of property to a specific and particular trust.

784
790
Entrust
A power of attorney that continues even if and after a donor becomes incapacitated.
785
791
En Ventre Sa Mere
The proving to the authorities that a killed person was English.

786
792
Equitable Estoppel
The buying of products in bulk and the individual re-sale at profit.
793
799
Equitable Fraud
When the performance of something is outstanding and a third party holds onto money or a written document (such as shares or a deed) until a certain condition is met between the two contracting parties.
794
800
Equity
The practice of playing the spy, or of employing spies.

801
795
Equity Delights to do Justice, and not by Halves

796
A mostly informal title associated with those who practice law.

802
Erga Omnes
A valid excuse for not appearing in Court when summoned.

803
797
Error In Objecto
A person's property; often used to refer to the net worth of a deceased individual.
804
798
Escheat
A deferment of property transfer at the time of death to avoid, reduce or transfer tax liability.
799
793
Escrow
Conduct which, having regard to some special relationship between the two parties concerned, is an unconscionable thing for the one to do towards the other.
794
800
Espionage
A branch of English law which developed hundreds of years ago when litigants would go to the King and complain of harsh or inflexible rules of common law which prevented "justice" from prevailing.
801
795
Esquire
A maxim of equity that once invoked successfully, equity will, fully and with finality, resolve the dispute between the parties.
796
802
Essoin
Latin: towards everyone.
803
797
Estate
A mistake by a perpetrator as to the identity of the victim; an error as to the object of his act.
798
804
Estate Freeze
Where property is surrendered to the government upon the death of the owner, because there is nobody to inherit the property.
805
811
Estate Law
The putting to death, by painless method, of a terminally-ill or severely debilitated person.

812
806
Estoppel
Some permanent act by landlord, or by person or thing under his control, which deprives a tenant of enjoyment of the rented premises.
807
813
Estover
Proof of fact(s) presented at a judicial hearing such as a trial.

814
808
Et. al.
Latin: in justice and fairness.

815
809
Et Impotentia Excusat Legem

810
A recorded oral examination of the other side to litigation before trial and under oath, but not before a judge, with a view to obtaining admissions or discovering facts.
816
Eugenic
The questioning of your own witness under oath.
811
805
Euthanasia
That part of the law which regulates wills, trusts, probate and other subjects related to the management of another's property.
812
806
Eviction
A rule of law that when person A, by act or words, gives person B reason to believe a certain set of facts upon which person B takes action, person A cannot later, to his (or her) benefit, deny those facts or say that his (or her) earlier act was improper.
807
813
Evidence
Limited rights granted to a tenant of land to certain product of the land, mostly wood.
808
814
Ex Aequo Et Bono
Latin: and others.
815
809
Examination for Discovery

816
The law excuses someone from doing the impossible.

810
Examination In Chief
A measure taken to avoid or prevent the birth of a defective child.
817
823
Examination on Affidavit
Latin: as of right.
818
824
Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus

819
The executive branch is the administrative arm of government (and thus also called the 'administration' or the 'administrative branch of government'); the one with the most employees as it operates, implements and enforces all the laws created by the legislative branch, and as interpreted, from time to time, by the judiciary.
825
Exchequer
A person specifically appointed by a testator to administer the will ensuring that final wishes are respected (i.e. that the will is properly "executed").
820
826
Excommunication
A person who meddles with the estate of a deceased person.

827
821
Exculpate
The year from date of death generally granted to the executor to collect and disburse the testator's assets.
828
822
Excusable Homicide
Contempt committed outside the court.
823
817
Ex Debito Justitiae
An examination under oath of the deponent of an affidavit.

818
824
Executive Branch
Latin: exception of a non-performed contract.

819
825
Executor
A court of law designed to determine claims by the Crown.

820
826
Executor De Son Tort
The exclusion of a specified individual from a particular church.

821
827
Executor's Year
That which excuses from fault; justifies a wrong action.

822
828
Ex Facie Contempt
The accidental or self-defence killing of another person.
829
835
Exhibit
A child born outside of marriage.

836
830
Exhumation
Latin: by virtue of office.
831
837
Exigent Circumstances
Latin: outside the awareness of a party.

838
832
Existing Aboriginal and Treaty Rights

833
A person who has abandoned his or her country of origin and citizenship and has become a subject or citizen of another country.
839
Existing Indian Family
The voluntary renunciation or abandonment of citizenship.

840
834
Ex Juris
A witness with a defined area of expertise and on that basis and strictly within that area, is allowed to give opinion evidence to the Court (or jury, as the case may be).
835
829
Ex-nuptial Child
A document or object shown to the court as evidence in a trial.

830
836
Ex officio
The removal of human remains from a grave or vault for the purpose of examination.
831
837
Ex Parte
An unusual and time-sensitive circumstance that justifies conduct that might not be permissible or lawful in other circumstances.
838
832
Ex Patriate
Canada: those aboriginal and treaty rights as they existed on April 17, 1982.
833
839
Expatriation
American aboriginal (Indian) law: an exemption of an otherwise Indian child from statutory entitlements, where that child shows no link to an existing Indian band or family.
834
840
Expert Witness
Latin: outside of the jurisdiction.
841
847
Ex Post Facto
Latin: on the relation of, or the information of.

848
842
Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius

843
The termination of legal rights.

849
Expressive Association
Forcing a person to give up property in a thing through the use of violence, fear or under pretense of authority.
850
844
Express Trust
The arrest and delivery of a fugitive wanted for a crime committed in another country, usually under the terms of a extradition treaty.
845
851
Expropriation
Conduct which is a crime in both the state seeking extradition and the state extraditing.
852
846
Expunge
A vote on a resolution presented to a corporate body which has obtained the assent of a number of the members present greater than a majority.
847
841
Ex Rel
Latin: after the fact.
848
842
Extinguishment
Latin: the expression of one thing is the exclusion of the other.

843
849
Extortion
A group that engages in some form of public or private expression.

844
850
Extradition
A trust which is clearly created by the settlor, usually in the form of a document (eg. a will), although they can be oral.
845
851
Extradition Crime
The forced purchase of land by a public authority from a private owner.

846
852
Extraordinary Resolution
To remove permanently; to cancel.
853
859
Ex Turpi Causa Non Oritur Action

854
A limited exception to the exclusivity of intellectual property allowing fair critique or private study use of the protected material, and with appropriate acknowledgement.
860
Facial Mapping
The hypothetical most probable price that could be obtained for a property by average, informed purchasers.
861
855
Facilitate
A statutory exemption to copyright for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.
862
856
Factum
A wrong description of an item in a legal document (such as a will) will not necessarily void the gift if it can be determined from other facts.
857
863
Faint Hope Clause
An intentional or accidental untruth.

864
858
Fair Comment
The intentional and total confinement of a person against his will without lawful justification.
859
853
Fair Dealing
Latin: Of an illegal cause there can be no lawsuit.

854
860
Fair Market Value
An identification technique which distinguishes unique facial characteristics of an individual.

855
861
Fair Use
To make easy or less difficult.

856
862
Falsa Demonstratio Non Nacet

863
The written summary of a litigant's position to be taken and expounded upon in a judicial proceeding, including a concise summary of relevant facts and law and brief arguments with reference to authorities where applicable.
857
FALSE
Canada criminal law: a term in a 25 year prison term that salvages a remote possibility that the individual may be paroled prior to the full completion of the term of incarceration.
864
858
False Arrest
A comment made which though defamatory, is not actionable as it is an opinion on a matter of public interest.
865
871
False Imprisonment
A legal right in land; or a money payment to purchase a service or a right.

872
866
Family
The most extensive tenure allowed under the intestate. In many common law jurisdictions, land is held in fee simple: as close as one can get to absolute ownership.
873
867
Fascism
A form of ownership which passes onto successive lineal descendants of the owner.
874
868
Fault
The killing of a human being without justification or excuse.

875
869
Federalism
A serious crime for which the traditional punishment is prison for more than a year, or death.
876
870
Federal Paramountcy
French: a married woman.
871
865
Fee
Intentional and total imprisonment of a person against his or her will and without lawful justification.
866
872
Fee Simple
The central, fundamental unit of society responsible for the primary development and socialization of children.
867
873
Fee Tail
A form of government which is authoritarian, oppressively conservative, who believe in the supremacy of the stated national group, and which, at least initially, purports to vest law-making and administrative authority in the hands of workers or their organizations.
868
874
Felonious Homicide
A breach of duty or negligence and, in some circumstances, the errors or omissions of others or of things under a person's control.
869
875
Felony
A system of government which has created, by written agreement, a central and national government to which it has distributed specified legislative (law-making) powers, and called the federal government, and regional governments (or sometimes called provinces or states) governments to which is distributed other, specified legislative powers.
876
870
Feme Covert
A doctrine of constitutional law which gives priority to the application of a federal statute where those terms conflict with the operation of a provincial statute.
877
883
Feme Sole
A legal duty of loyalty and faithfulness towards another.

884
878
Fence
Latin: that you cause to be made. Mostly used to refer to a writ of judgment enforcement obtained under the old common law of England.
879
885
Ferae Naturae
A US Constitution article which provides fundamental rights in regards to legal process such as the immunity in regards to self incrimination.
880
886
Feudal System
An order or judgment of the Court that finally disposes of the rights of the parties.
887
881
Fiat
The law of Islam. Also spelled fikh.

888
882
Fiat Justitia Ruat Caelum
Public safety officers have no claim for injuries suffered during the performance of their duties on the premises of a hazard, even if intentionally created.
883
877
Fiduciary
French: an unmarried woman.

878
884
Fieri Facias
A structure which encloses real property, wholly or partially, to impede entry and exit.
879
885
Fifth Amendment
Latin: wild in nature; usually in reference to wild animals such as monkeys or lions.
880
886
Final Order
A social structure that existed throughout much of Europe between 800 and 1400 and that revolved around a multi-level hierarchy between lords (who held land granted under tenure from the king), and their tenants (also called 'vassals').
881
887
Fiqh
A shortly-worded and short-form, often truncated, Court order.

882
888
Firefighters' Rule
Latin: do justice though the heavens fall.
889
895
First Amendment
A legalese test against which insurance contracts are assessed.

896
890
First Degree Murder
Waters which escape from a watercourse in great volume and flow over adjoining lands in no regular channel.
897
891
First In, First Out Rule
A method of calculating the ceiling of liability in the event of loss while ships are under tow, using the tonnage of all ships in the flotilla.
892
898
Fishing Expedition
Things found floating on the sea, issue from a ship that has been lost.
899
893
Fixed Trust
Acronym for 'free on board'; a contract whereby the seller of goods agrees to absorb the costs of delivering the goods to the purchaser's transporter of choice.
900
894
Fixtures
Summary exam used to assess dementia.
895
889
Flesch Reading Ease Test

896
The amendment to the US Constitution which sets out freedom of expression.

890
Flood Waters
The unlawful killing of another human being with malice, premeditation and deliberation.
891
897
Flotilla Principle
Each withdrawal in an account, made without particulars, is presumed to be a return of all or part of the oldest deposit.
892
898
Flotsam
A speculative demand for information without any real expectation about the outcome of the demand or its relevance to the litigation.
899
893
F.O.B.
A trust in which a beneficiary has an entitlement to a fixed income.

894
900
Folstein MMSE
A chattel which has become real property by having been affixed thereto.
901
907
Fool
The making of a false document knowing it to be false with intent that it should be used or acted on as genuine to the prejudice of another.
902
908
Forage
A form of international agreement wherein the signatories agree to give each other's citizens and corporations legal treatment no less favourable to that given to their own citizens and corporations.
903
909
Force Majeure
The court or forum most suitable for the ends of justice.

910
904
Foreclosure
An agreement to buy or sell a specified thing at a fixed price at some future date.
911
905
Forestalling
A 1868, post-USA civil war amendment to the US Constitution designed to, inter alia, give full civil and legal rights to former slaves.
906
912
Forfeiture
US constitutional protection against unreasonable search or arrest.
907
901
Forgery
A human being in form but destitute of reason from birth.

902
908
Formal Reciprocity
The act of searching for provisions.

903
909
Forum Conveniens
French for an act of God; an inevitable, unpredictable act of nature, not dependent on an act of man.
904
910
Forward Contract
The sale of real property secured by a mortgage, in order to satisfy an outstanding loan.
905
911
Fourteenth Amendment
The purchase of food products before it arrives, or as as it comes to a food market, with the intent to sell the same again at a higher price.
912
906
Fourth Amendment
Seizure of private property because it was illegally obtained, is an illegal substance or the legal basis for possession has ended.
913
919
Franchise
Cocaine which has been purified by dissolving in a heated solvent, and then burned and the fumes inhaled.
920
914
Franchisee
That men and women have the liberty of contracting as they see fit with the expectation that those contracts will be judicially enforced if necessary, subject only to public policy.
921
915
Franchisor
Freedom to communicate ideas without restraint, whether orally or in print or by other means of communication.
922
916
Frankpledge
Use of real estate for an indeterminate time.

923
917
Fraud
The money paid by a person for the transportation of goods.

924
918
Fraudulent Conveyance
A form of corporate structure in the United Kingdom for the conduct of life or health insurance, pension fund or education-related business.
919
913
Freebase
A licensing contract in which a holder of certain legal rights gives another to sell or package those rights.
914
920
Freedom of Contract
The person who receives, for consideration, the license to right to sell a product or service and to operate a business along the lines developed by the franchisor and using the franchisor's trade name or other designation.
915
921
Freedom of Expression
The legal rights holder who licenses, in whole or in part, those legal rights to another pursuant to a franchise agreement.
922
916
Freehold
A community pledge in medieval England whereby a defined number of people were jointly held responsible for the denunciation of any crime within their group.
917
923
Freight
Deceitful or deceptive conduct designed to manipulate another person to give something of value.
918
924
Friendly Society
A transfer of an interest in property done with intent to defeat creditors or others of their just and lawful entitlements.
925
931
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

926
Standard commercial movable things that are sold by measure, number or weight.
932
Frustration
Latin: mentally impaired persons cannot validly sign a commit their will.
933
927
F*ck
Latin: theft or a thing stolen..

934
928
Fugitive
The seizing of a person's property, credit or salary, on the basis of a law which allows it, and for the purposes of paying off a debt.
929
935
Functus Officio
A wooden mallet used by a judge to bring proceedings to a start or to an end or to command attention in his or her court.
936
930
Funeral
A form of limited land ownership in England pre-Conquest (1066) which vested to all sons equally.
931
925
Fungibles
Bars the admission of physical evidence and live testimony obtained directly or indirectly through the exploitation of unconstitutional police conduct.
926
932
Furiosi Nulla Voluntas Est

933
The inability to complete a contract because the object of it has been lost or fundamentally changed.
927
Furtum
To denunciate something, or a general swear word without necessarily referring to sex. Fornication Under the Crown of the King
934
928
Garnishment
One who runs away to avoid arrest, prosecution or imprisonment.

929
935
Gavel
Latin: an officer or agency whose mandate has expired either because of the arrival of an expiry date or because an agency has accomplished the purpose for which it was created.
930
936
Gavelkind
Formal observances held for a deceased person, usually before burial or cremation.
937
943
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

938
Systematic killing of persons because of their ethnicity.

944
General Average
The intentional setting of electoral boundaries taking into account traditional voting patterns, so as to attempt to influence the taking of an elected office.
945
939
General Counsel
When surgery is performed by an unauthorized substitute surgeon.

946
940
General Deterrence
When a lawyer is hired to draft an official court document on behalf of a self-represented litigant.
947
941
Generalia Specialibus Non Derogant

942
A transfer of property with nothing given in return.

948
General Partner
To provide for the gift of property to a second recipient if a certain event occurs, such as the death of the first recipient.
943
937
Genocide
Multilateral international trade treaty first created in 1947 and frequently amended.
938
944
Gerrymander
A principle of maritime law where in the event of emergency, if cargo is jettisoned or expenses incurred, the loss is shared proportionately by all parties with a financial interest in the voyage.
945
939
Ghost Surgery
The senior lawyer of a corporation.

940
946
Ghostwriting
A sentencing objective which aims to discourage persons other than the offender, from committing a similar offence.
941
947
Gift
Latin maxim of interpretation: the provisions of a general statute must yield to those of a special one.
942
948
Gift Over
The individual in a limited liability partnership business structure, who oversees the management of the business, and who is personally exposed to the debts of the business.
949
955
Gladue Rights
Organization of law-making and law enforcement; the form and institutions by which law and order are developed and maintained in a society.
950
956
Global Deterioration Scale

951
A provisions in law or a contract which exempts persons already engaging in the activity which the law or contract prohibits, from adverse results from the subsequent law or contract.
957
God
An American criminal justice procedure whereby, in each court district, a group of 16-23 citizens hold an inquiry on criminal complaints brought by the prosecutor and decide if a trial is warranted, in which case an indictment is issued.
958
952
Golden Rule
The material part or essence of a charge, grievance or complaint.

959
953
Goods
One of four Inns of the Court, self-regulating associations of barristers in England and wales.
960
954
Goodwill
England, Wales and Scotland, since 1707.
955
949
Government
(Canada) Purported special rights available only to Aboriginal offenders on sentencing.

950
956
Grand-Father Clause
A psychiatric tool charting stages of dementia.

951
957
Grand Jury
Supreme being.
958
952
Gravamen
A rule of statutory or legal document interpretation which allows a shift from the ordinary sense of as word(s) if the overall content of the document demands it.
953
959
Gray's Inn
A chattel which is, generally, subject to sale.

954
960
Great Britain
An intangible business asset which includes a cultivated reputation and consequential attraction and confidence of repeat customers and connections.
961
967
Grievance
An individual who, by legal appointment or by the effect of a written law, is given custody of both the property and the person of one who is unable to manage their own affairs, such as a child or mentally-disabled person.
968
962
Grievance Arbitration
A guardian appointed to direct litigation on behalf and in the interests of a person otherwise incapable of managing their affairs.
963
969
Grossly Unfair
A person who is appointed to manage the property and financial affairs of an incapable individual.
970
964
Gross Negligence
A person appointed to manage the health and well-being of another.

971
965
Guarantee or Guaranty
The office or duty of one who legally has the care and management of the person, or the estate, or both, of a child.
972
966
Guarantor
A machine designed to inflict capital punishment by dropping a blade onto the neck, thus quickly severing of the head from the body.
967
961
Guardian
A claim by a union or a unionized employee that a collective bargaining agreement has been breached.
962
968
Guardian Ad Litem
The resolution of a dispute as to an alleged violation of a term of a collective bargaining agreement, by arbitration.
963
969
Guardian of the Estate
Manifestly unfair; clearly more than merely unfair; disproportionately unfair.

964
970
Guardian of the Person
An action or an omission in reckless disregard of the consequences to the safety or property of another.
965
971
Guardianship
A back-up debtor who steps in if the primary debtor defaults.

966
972
Guillotine
A person who pledges payment or performance of a contract of another, but separately, as part of an independently contract with the obligee of the original contract.
973
979
Guilty
A secret trust in which the donor announces the trust but not the objects or the beneficiaries.
980
974
Habeas Corpus
A temporary group home designed to facilitate the reentry into society of prison inmates.
981
975
Habit
A special Court order in regards to document disclosure where, in special cases, a lawyer for a litigant, as an officer of the Court, first review documents from specified sources, or at large, and identifies and proposes to set aside and distinguish documents weighed relevancy, for reasons of privilege, privacy, confidentiality, or the potential personal embarrassment of the party given the personal nature of the information in a document.
976
982
Habitual Offender
Unsolicited words or conduct which tend to annoy, alarm or abuse another person.
983
977
Habitual Residence
An error which beyond a reasonable doubt, did not contribute to a decision.

984
978
Hadley v Baxendale, Rule in
An American statute which controls political activity of government employees.
979
973
Half-Secret Trust
A person found guilty of a criminal charge, either as a result of an acknowledgment of it by pleading guilty, or as a result of a trial at which the accused was found guilty of the offence changed.
980
974
Halfway House
Latin: a court petition which orders that a person being detained be produced before a judge for a hearing to decide whether the detention is lawful.
975
981
Halliday Order
A regular response to a specific situation.

976
982
Harassment
A person who is convicted and sentenced for crimes over a period of time and even after serving sentences of incarceration, demonstrates a propensity towards future criminal conduct.
983
977
Harmless Error
Ordinary residence.
984
978
Hatch Act
A rule of contract law which limits the defendant of a breach of contract case to damages which can reasonably be anticipated to flow from the breach.
985
991
Hate Crime
Evidence that is offered by a witness of which they do not have direct knowledge but, rather, their testimony is based on what others have said to them.
992
986
Hawaiian
Damage to the heart muscle by occlusion of blood supply.

993
987
Hawala
A finding or allegation that conditions of employment are so unusual or extraordinary conditions as to have the potential to cause mental disorder or a heart attack.
994
988
Hawker
A sudden uncontrollable state of mind provoked by a blow or some other personal provocation.
995
989
Healing Period
(USA) A controversial legal position taken by law enforcement officers based on an alleged right to restrict freedom of speech where such expression may create disorder or provoke violence.
990
996
Hearing
Damages sought for loss of enjoyment of life.
991
985
Hearsay
The public incitation of hatred against an identifiable group.

986
992
Heart Attack
A descendant of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.
987
993
Heart Attack Standard
Arabic: a form of international money transfer often used to conduct money laundering.
988
994
Heat of Passion
A person who goes about carrying goods from house to house to endeavour to sell them there.
989
995
Heckler's Veto
A term of disability insurance which bridges, in time, the employee between the injury or sickness, and maximum medical improvement.
996
990
Hedonic Damages
The presentation of evidence before an adjudicating body as may be required for a full disclosure and challenge of alleged facts.
997
1003
Heir
A historic criminal offence comprised of the act of public denial of Christian doctrines.
1004
998
Henson Trust
A right in ancient common law of a land lord, upon the death of his tenant, to pick any beast belonging to the estate of the deceased tenant.
999
1005
Hereditament
A legal obligation or right which is not extinguished by the death of the person who held those rights, or was liable for the obligation, but are transferred to the estate.
1006
1000
Hereditas
Scot law: real property.
1001
1007
Hereditas Damnosa
A term of international and maritime law; the open ocean, not part of the exclusive economic zone, territorial sea or internal waters of any state.
1002
1008
Hereditas Jacens
A clause in a transportation contract purporting to extend liability limitations which benefit the carrier, to others who act as agents for the carrier such as stevedores or longshoremen.
1003
997
Heresy
A beneficiary of a will or an intestacy.

998
1004
Heriot
A discretionary trust for a person in receipt of social assistance or disability benefits designed to top-up that person's income but without making them ineligible.
999
1005
Heritable Obligation
Something which can be inherited.

1000
1006
Heritage
Latin: the estate of a deceased person.

1001
1007
High Seas
Latin: an inheritance that is more of a burden than a benefit.

1002
1008
Himalaya Clause
Latin: an unclaimed estate.
1009
1015
Hippocratic Oath
A rule limiting the use of circumstantial evidence in the trial of a criminal offence.
1016
1010
Hiraba
A will written entirely in the testator s handwriting and not witnessed.

1017
1011
Hired Gun
A form of international agreement in which a host country allows a foreign national to continue to fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of his country of origin even as regards acts or commerce in the host country.
1018
1012
Hissing
A break and enter of occupied residential premises with forced confinement, assault or battery of occupants.
1019
1013
Hitman Scam
The act or omission of one human being, which ends the life of another.
1020
1014
Hockey
Sexual contact between two persons of the same sex.
1015
1009
Hodge's Case
An oath of professional conduct sworn by physicians at the commencement of their career.

1010
1016
Holograph Will
Muslim law: organized crime such as highway robbery.

1011
1017
Home-Country Rule
An expert with a bias or who adapts his or her expert evidence to the requirements of the party that calls him/her as a witness.
1012
1018
Home Invasion
A common law right given to the audiences of public performances to openly express their opinion of the performance.
1013
1019
Homicide
A consumer scam usually conducted by email in which the recipient is approached by an alleged assassin who seeks money in lieu of completing his task.
1014
1020
Homosexuality
A game played on ice in which opposing teams of six players each, try to drive a small black hard rubber disk called a puck into the oppising goal by hitting it with a curved stick.
1021
1027
Honest Services Doctrine
Latin: the enemy of mankind.

1028
1022
Honour of the Crown
The mixing of property for the purposing of effecting a proportionate division.

1029
1023
Hors de combat
The judicial obligation upon an individual that she/he be forbidden to leave his or her place of residence except for limited, specified circumstances.
1030
1024
Hospital
Muslim law: divine punishments; the category of crimes most egregious and therefore most severely punished.
1031
1025
Hostile Witness
A community fugitive-containment strategy of medieval England where a yell went up denouncing a crime, and all within earshot took up the chase.
1026
1032
Hostile Work Environment
An individual or group's sense of self-respect and self-worth, physical and psychological integrity and empowerment.
1027
1021
Hostis Humani Generis
(USA) A judicially developed criminal offence of bribes or kickbacks which seek or in fact deprive another a right to honest services.
1028
1022
Hotchpot
A phrase of Canadian aboriginal law in reference to the sometimes generous attitude the law takes to the definition of aboriginal rights.
1023
1029
House Arrest
French: outside of combat. A civilian or a soldier who has relinquished or been extricated from combat status.
1024
1030
Hudud
A health care facility which offers medical treatment including, as may be necessary, board and lodging and necessary incidents such as nursing care or use of technical equipment.
1025
1031
Hue and Cry
A party's witness who demonstrates such adversity to answering questions that the trial judge allows leading questions to be put to that witness.
1032
1026
Human Dignity
A pattern of ongoing and persistent harassment severe enough to alter the conditions of employment.
1033
1039
Humanitarian and Compassionate Grounds

1034
A special right that married persons have to keep communications between them secret and even inaccessible to a court of law.
1040
Humanitarian Doctrine
A criminal offence for which the prosecutor has the option of charging as an offence punishable by summary conviction or as an indictable offence.
1035
1041
Human Remains
A charge on property upon which an unpaid creditor may enforce payment of the debt.
1042
1036
Human Right
Muslim law: The mandatory waiting period before a divorce created by talaq becomes effective.
1043
1037
Human Trafficking
The wrongful taking or using another person's identifying information for the purpose of fraud or other criminal activity.
1044
1038
Hung Jury
A person incapable of managing his person or his affairs from birth.
1039
1033
Husband-Wife Privilege
A criteria of immigration law; an unusual, undeserved or disproportionate hardship caused to a person seeking consideration.
1040
1034
Hybrid Offence
A principle of tort law which requires an individual to take every action at hand to avoid an accident where peril to another human being is otherwise imminent.
1035
1041
Hypothec
The body of a deceased person, in whole or in parts, regardless of its stage of decomposition.
1036
1042
Idda
An individual's statutory right to equal treatment and free from discrimination prohibited by statute and which, generally, provides a civil remedy to provide compensation or to punish such discrimination when it is reported.
1037
1043
Identity Theft
The transportation or commercial exchange of an individual by coercion or deception for the purpose of exploitation.
1038
1044
Idiot
A jury which is unable to arrive at a required unanimous or near unanimous verdict.
1045
1051
Ignorance of the Law
Also, "empanel"; the official call to duty of a jury, usually as called by the clerk of the Court in which the jury is to act, and just before the jurors are sworn in.
1052
1046
Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat

1047
A trust that is imposed by law onto certain situations either by presuming an intention of the participants to create a trust, or simply because of the facts at hand.
1053
Imbecile
A party to whom documents are produced within litigation will not use them for collateral or ulterior purposes.
1054
1048
Immovable
A civil law term: a system that allocates monies received from a debtor who has more than one debt and who has not, with the payment, specified to the creditor to which debt the monies are applied.
1049
1055
Immunity
Latin: in the absence of.
1050
1056
Impaired
A closed and private session of Court or some other deliberating body.
1051
1045
Impanel
A mistake of law in relation to a person's rights or responsibilities.

1046
1052
Implied Trust
Latin: ignorance of the law is no excuse.

1047
1053
Implied Undertaking Rule
An individual with a lack of normal mental ability but not complete or absolute.
1048
1054
Imputation of Payments
Land and fixtures thereto, civil law term.

1049
1055
In Absentia
An exemption that a person enjoys from the normal operation of the law such as a legal duty or liability, either criminal or civil.
1050
1056
In Camera
A deterioration of an individua and decrease in his or her s ph Used primarily in criminal law; the influence of alcohol or disa regards to a person s physica impairment.
1057
1063
Incapacitated
An individual who has a significant risk of personal harm based upon an inability to adequately provide for nutrition, health, housing, or physical safety.
1064
1058
Incest
Legal rights which are intangible such as copyrights or patents.

1065
1059
Inchmaree Clause
An intangible right which is attached to property and which is inheritable.

1066
1060
Inchoate
A term of statute of costs which are in excess of party and party costs and which may equal or come close to completely indemnify the successful litigant.
1067
1061
Inchoate Offence
A right or title in property that cannot be made void, defeated or canceled by any past event, error or omission in the title.
1068
1062
Income Tax
Contract with a third-party to perform another's obligations if called upon to do so by the third-party, whether the other has defaulted or not.
1063
1057
Incompetency
An individual who lacks the ability to meet essential requirements for physical health, safety, or self-care.
1058
1064
Incorporeal
The crime of sexual contact with a blood relative usually including a parent, child, sibling, grandparent or grandchild.
1059
1065
Incorporeal Hereditament
A standard clause in maritime insurance contracts covering risk of events not directly linked to perils at sea such as, but not necessarily limited to, loading accidents.
1060
1066
Increased Costs
A legal right or entitlement that is in progress and is neither ripe, vested nor perfected.
1061
1067
Indefeasible
Acts which are criminal even though they precede harmful conduct.
1062
1068
Indemnity
A mandatory payment imposed on residents of a pro rated portion of their income as a contribution towards the costs of government services.
1069
1075
Independent Contractor
Treaties, statutes, executive orders, court decisions and administrative actions defining and implementing the relationship between national, state or proivincial governments, and Indian tribes and individuals.
1070
1076
Independent Source Doctrine

1071
A right of exclusive occupancy in land by Indians.

1077
Indian
A body of Indians of the same or a similar race, united in a community under one leadership or government, and inhabiting a particular though sometimes ill-defined territory.
1078
1072
Indian Canon
An offence which the government can opt to cause trial by a more formal process than by summary process.
1079
1073
Indian Child
The formal document by which the state sets out the claim that a person has committed a crime.
1080
1074
Indian Country
Native to a particular territory.
1075
1069
Indian Law
A person hired by another not as an employee but, rather, pursuant to a contract for service where the engaging party does not supervise or control the detail of the work, and where the party engaged remains self-employed.
1070
1076
Indian Title
(USA) Evidence initially discovered during an unlawful search, but later obtained independently through activities untainted by the illegality, may be admitted into evidence
1071
1077
Indian Tribe
Nomenclature selected by Canada and USA to refer to and define their aboriginal or indigenous people.
1072
1078
Indictable Offence
A principle of statutory interpretation that statutes should be construed liberally in favor of Indians.
1073
1079
Indictment
(USA) Any unmarried individual under 18 who is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an tribe and is the biological child of a member of a tribe.
1074
1080
Indigenous
(USA) Land within an Indian reservation and all such other dependent Indian territories, and all land acquired by Indians in which tribal and federal laws normally apply and state laws do not.
1081
1087
Indigent
Murder of an infant soon after its birth.

1088
1082
Indirect Contempt
A sudden reduction or stoppage of blood flow.

1089
1083
Indirect Tax
Canada: the charging document in a criminal prosecution.

1090
1084
Industrial Design
The residual, automatic and ex officio authority of a court of law to regulate proceedings before it including punishing contempt.
1091
1085
Ineffective Assistance
A legal procedure to prevent a debtor from compromising property upon which a creditor holds a charge.
1092
1086
In Facie Contempt
A court order that prohibits a party from doing something (restrictive injunction) or compels them to do something (mandatory injunction).
1087
1081
Infanticide
A poor person; not penniless but in need and who has no financial support from any other.
1082
1088
Infarction
Contempt of court which occurs not in the presence of a judge acting judicially, but which tend to degrade the court or to obstruct or embarrass the administration of justice by the court.
1089
1083
Information
The passing on of a tax or duty by the person who first pays it, through subsequent transactions.
1084
1090
Inherent Jurisdiction
A new product or packaging design, or some such ornamental feature, and eligible for intellectual property law exclusive-use protection.
1091
1085
Inhibition
In USA constitutional law, grounds for reversing a criminal law judicial determination where relevant legal advice was deficient and prejudicial.
1092
1086
Injunction
Contempt of court that occurs in the face of the Court.
1093
1099
In Jure Non Remota Causa Sed Proxima Spectatur

1094
Smaller boarding schools for apprenticing law students and serving as preparatory schools for the Inns of the Court up to about 1590.
1100
In Limine
The several professional associations of barristers, to which all barristers in England or Wales must belong to one, to wit, Lincoln's Inn, Middle Temple, Gray's Inn or Inner Temple.
1101
1095
In Loco Parentis
In defamation, the inferential, inherent or secondary meaning of words.

1102
1096
Inner Temple
Latin: both parties are equally at fault.

1103
1097
Innocent Passage
Latin: regarding a person; a right, action, judgment or entitlement that is attached to a specific person(s).
1104
1098
Innominate Terms
Latin: regarding a thing; proprietary in nature; a right or judgment related to the use or ownership of an item of property.
1099
1093
Inns of Chancery
Latin: In law the near cause is looked to, not the remote one.
1094
1100
Inns of Court
Latin: at the beginning or on the threshold.

1095
1101
Innuendo
A person who, though not the natural parent, has acted as a parent to a child and may thus be liable to legal obligations as if he/she were a natural parent.
1096
1102
In Pari Delicto
One of four Inns of the Court, self-regulating associations of barristers in England and Wales.
1097
1103
In Personam
A term of international law referring to a ship or aircraft's right to enter and pass through another's territory so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the other state.
1104
1098
In Rem
An implied term of a contract which is neither classed as a condition or a warranty but somewhere in between; an intermediary or innominate term.
1105
1111
Insanity
Where a persons agrees, for consideration, to pay a certain amount on the occurrence of a specified event.
1112
1106
Inscrutable Fault
Incorporeal property; personal property that lacks a physical existence.

1113
1107
Insider Trading
Ethereal property; of the mind, intangible, with no corporeal existence, though capable of being expressed in a tangible medium.
1108
1114
Insolence
The malicious and outrageous causation of severe emotional distress.

1115
1109
Insolvent
A wilfully false statement that comes to and causes mental anguish to another.
1116
1110
Insubordination
Torts actionable upon evidence of an intent to cause harm on another, such as assault, trespass, false imprisonment, private nuisance, defamation or invasion of privacy.
1111
1105
Insurance
Disorder which impairs the human mind and prevents distinguishing between actions that are right or wrong.
1106
1112
Intangible Property
A judicial finding that a fault has occurred but the court is unable to locate the source, to pinpoint a tort-feasor.
1107
1113
Intellectual Property
Participation by corporate officers, directors or employees in the trade of a stock based on confidential or privileged corporate information, knowing that information to be confidential, and seeking thereby to acquire profits or avoid losses on the stock market.
1108
1114
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

1115
Insulting a supervisor at the workplace or during the tenure of an employment contract.

1109
Intentional Infliction of Nervous Shock

1116
A person not able to pay his or her debts as they become due.
1110
Intentional Tort
Willful failure to obey a supervisor's lawful orders.
1117
1123
Inter Alia
A temporary injunction; which lasts only until the end of the trial during which the injunction was sought.
1124
1118
Interculturalism
A person who, without legal right, runs a business (eg. without mandatory licenses), or who wrongfully interferes or intercepts another's business.
1119
1125
Interim Order
A commercial dispute subject to arbitration and in which a significant international elements exists such as, for example, the head offices of the disputants are different countries or the performance of the underlying contract is in a foreign state.
1126
1120
Interjurisdictional Immunity
1121
An international treaty which standardizes, for signatories, the rules related to salvage and the compensation thereof.
1127
Interlineation
Crimes which affect the peace or safety of more than one state or which are so reprehensible in nature as to justify the intervention of international agencies in the investigation and prosecution thereof.
1122
1128
Interlocutory
Offences made criminal in international law and related matters such as jurisdiction, courts and tribunals.
1123
1117
Interlocutory Injunction
Latin: 'among other things', 'for example' or 'including'.

1118
1124
Interloper
"A government policy regarding the relationship between a cultural majority and cultural minorities, which emphasizes integration by exchange and interaction.
1119
1125
International Commercial Arbitration

1126
A temporary court order; intended to be of limited duration, usually just until the court has had an opportunity of hearing the full case and make a final order.
1120
International Convention on Salvage, 1989

1127
The purported inability of the Canadian Federal government to legislate in an area assigned by the Constitution to the Provincial government, and vice versa.
1121
International Crime
An addition of something to a document after it has been signed. Such additions are ignored unless they are initialed by the signatories and, if applicable, witnesses (eg. wills).
1128
1122
International Criminal Law
Housekeeping, procedural proceedings taken during the course of, and incidental to a trial.
1129
1135
International Law
Latin: in terror, fright, threat or warning.

1136
1130
International Will
Latin: as between or amongst themselves.

1137
1131
Internet
One who is given standing in litigation even though they were not originally a party.
1138
1132
Internet Service Provider
Latin: from one living person to another living person.

1139
1133
Inter Partes
Dying without a will.
1134
1140
Interrogatories
Latin: for all purposes, in regards to all and everything.
1135
1129
In Terrorem
A combination of treaties and customs which regulates the conduct of states amongst themselves, and persons who trade or have legal relationships which involve the jurisdiction of more than one state.
1136
1130
Inter Se
A will which which is valid if meeting the requirements of an international wills statute and notwithstanding deficiencies in form as regards to domestic wills.
1131
1137
Intervener
A global computer network through which the almost-instant delivery of data or files occurs between connected computers.
1132
1138
Inter Vivos
An entity that provides any Internet communication service, including connectivity to subscribers.
1133
1139
Intestate
Latin: between, among parties.

1134
1140
In tota fine erga omnes et omnia
Pre-trial numbered and written questions on relevant matters to the litigation, sent to the other side of litigation, and for which reply is mandatory.
1141
1147
In Toto
Any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter or improvement thereof.
1148
1142
Intrusion Upon Seclusion
An invitation to another person to make an offer to contract.

1149
1143
Intuitu Personae
A person invited, implicitly or explicitly, upon the real property of another.

1150
1144
Inuit
Relevant to occupiers' liability; a person who, implicitly or explicitly, invites another to a place.
1151
1145
Inure
A criminal offence contingent on language in any given jurisdiction but, generally, the unlawful killing of a human being without malice in the commission of an unlawful act or in the commission of an act which might produce death, in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection.
1146
1152
Inurement Clause
Acronym for "I owe you"; a written acknowledgment of a debt.
1147
1141
Invention
Latin: in total.
1148
1142
Invitation to Treat
A privacy tort; intentionally intruding upon the seclusion or private affairs or concerns of another if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.
1143
1149
Invitee
Latin: Because of the person.

1144
1150
Invitor
A person native to the Far North of North America.

1145
1151
Involuntary Manslaughter
To take effect, to result; to come into operation.

1146
1152
IOU
A clause in a clegal document, such as a contract or will, that purports to extend the benefits of the document beyond the signatories.
1153
1159
Ipso facto
Abbreviation for juris doctor or doctor of jurisprudence and the formal name given to the university law degree in the United States.
1154
1160
Ipso jure
Things intentionally thrown overboard a ship in order to save the ship, and which things thrown over then sink.
1161
1155
Islamic Law
A tenet of Islamic law to adherents, with the reward of eternal life in Paradise, if they promote and exhort the word of Muhammad and the Koran to others, and not necessarily excluding the use of violence.
1156
1162
Jactitation
Liability of more than one person for which each person is liable to pay back the entire amount of a debt or damages.
1163
1157
Jald
A child custody Court decision that both parents share joint legal custody and joint physical custody.
1164
1158
Jay Walking
When two or more persons are equally owners of some property.
1159
1153
J. D.
Latin: by the act itself.
1160
1154
Jetsam
Latin: by operation of law.
1161
1155
Jihad
The law according to the Muslim faith and as interpreted from the Koran.
1156
1162
Joint and Several Liability
A false boast designed to increase standing at the expense of another.

1157
1163
Joint Custody
Muslim law: flogging, a punishment for some crimes.

1158
1164
Joint Tenancy
Violation of traffic regulations, particularly when crossing a street or road other than at an intersection, or failure to used designated pedestrian crosswalks or to obey pedestrian traffic signals.
1165
1171
Joint Venture
A person against whom a judgment in money (eg. damages) has been obtained.
1172
1166
Jones Act
A branch of government; judges.

1173
1167
Joyce Model of Joint Guardianship

1168
The power the law gives the Court or a judge to choose among two or more alternatives, each being lawful.
1174
Judex
Absolute immunity from civil liability for official decisions or acts.

1175
1169
Judgment
That judges are not subject to pressure and influence, and are free to make impartial decisions based solely on fact and law.
1176
1170
Judgment Creditor
Pre-trial release of an individual accused of a crime; bail.
1171
1165
Judgment Debtor
A legal relationship among individuals or corporations to invest or apply other resources, for some common purpose.
1166
1172
Judicial Branch
A section of a 1920 American law which gave injured sailors, or their estate, the right to sue the employer if the injury or death resulted from the employer's negligence.
1167
1173
Judicial Discretion
A British Columbia model of joint guardianship in respect to children as between separated parents.
1168
1174
Judicial Immunity
A form of judge in early Roman law.

1169
1175
Judicial Independence
A decision given by a court of law.

1170
1176
Judicial Interim Release
Any person entitled to enforce a judgment against another.
1177
1183
Judicial Lien
Latin: by right, under legal authority.

1184
1178
Judicial Notice
A right of the Crown.
1179
1185
Judicial Proceeding
The private or commercial acts of a state.

1186
1180
Judicial Review
Latin: imperial authority.
1181
1187
Jura Regalia
Legal authority to judge or to act in a given situation or case.

1188
1182
Jurat
Case law, or the legal decisions which have developed and which accompany statutes in applying the law against situations of fact.
1183
1177
Jure
A lien obtained by judgment or other judicial proceeding.

1178
1184
Jure Coronae
A doctrine which enables a judge to accept a fact without the need of a party to prove it through evidence.
1179
1185
Jure Gestionis
Procedurals and hearings before a court, or a tribunal or administrative board that performs a judicial function
1180
1186
Jure Imperii
A process where a court of law is asked to rule on the appropriateness of the decision of an administrative agency or tribunal.
1187
1181
Jurisdiction
Rights which belong to the Crown or to the Government.

1182
1188
Jurisprudence
The written certification by a judicial officer that a deponent or affiant recognizes and endorses all parts of an affidavit he or she proposes to sign, and confirms that an oath has been administered in this regard to the affiant.
1189
1195
Juristic Reason
To unlawfully disrupt the independence of a jury member with a view to influencing that juror otherwise than by the production of evidence in open court.
1196
1190
Juris Utriusque Doctor
Latin: the law or a legal right.

1197
1191
Juror
Latin: the legal authority to wage war.

1198
1192
Jury
Latin: peremptory law.
1193
1199
Jury Nullification
Latin: the right to deduct; an ancient right to a king upon the property of a foreigner who died within the king's territory, to a portion of the decedent's estate.
1200
1194
Jury Secrecy Rule
Law adopted by consent.
1195
1189
Jury Tampering
An explanation based upon law for the enrichment of one at the detriment of another.
1190
1196
Jus
Latin: a combined law degree, in both civil and canon law.

1191
1197
Jus Ad Bellum
A member of a jury; a person who has taken an oath to serve on a jury.

1192
1198
Jus Cogens
A group of citizens randomly selected from the general population and brought together to assist justice by deciding which version, in their opinion, constitutes 'the truth' given different evidence by opposing parties.
1199
1193
Jus detractus
The extraordinary power of a jury to issue a verdict contrary to the law as applied to the proven facts.
1194
1200
Jus Dispositivum
A rule of law which prohibits the disclosure, by a member of a jury, of statements or opinions voiced during jury deliberations.
1201
1207
Jus Ex Injuria Non Oritur
A necessary prerequisite of a matter put to a court of law for resolution; that an actual and substantial controversy be at hand.
1202
1208
Jus Publicum
An obsolete judicial position of English nobility; that of chief justice of the realm.
1209
1203
Jus Spatiandi Et Manendi
The blameless killing of another human being.

1210
1204
Just Cause
An answer or defence to an allegation of wrongful conduct that the act or omission, though admittedly committed, was not wrongful in all the circumstances.
1211
1205
Justice
A judicial proceeding or trial which has a predetermined outcome or where the basic legal rights of a party are jumped over.
1212
1206
Justice of the Peace
(USA) When an unwed father promptly demonstrates a full commitment to his parental responsibilities, he is entitled to recognition of his real parental relationship absent a showing of unfitness.
1207
1201
Justiciability
Latin: a legal right or entitlement cannot arise from an unlawful act or omission.
1202
1208
Justiciar
Latin: legal rights enjoyed by all citizens; more recently used in reference to the right of the public to access shorelines for fishing, boating, swimming, water skiing and other related purposes.
1209
1203
Justifiable Homicide
Latin: the right to stray and remain.

1204
1210
Justification
Employment law: misconduct of an employee, or some other event relevant to the employee, which justifies the immediate termination of the employment contract.
1205
1211
Kangaroo Court
A state of affairs in which conduct or action is both fair and right, given the circumstances.
1206
1212
Kelsey S. Father
A judicial officer with a limited role, usually in criminal law, to perform minor judicial tasks such as authorizing search warrants and approving criminal charges.
1213
1219
Key-Man Insurance
An agreement between a ch protection worker and a mem the child s extended family or person known to the child, to c and financially support the ch
1220
1214
Khula
(USA) Conspiracy to defraud the United States by frustrating the functions of the Internal Revenue Agency.
1221
1215
Kidnap
An impulse control disorder characterized by the inability to resist impulses to steal objects.
1222
1216
Kin
A standard requirement of police officers executing a search warrant that they first knock on the main entry door and announce the purpose of their attendance.
1223
1217
King's Bench
An investigation technique involving a law enforcement officer attending at the door of certain premises to speak with the occupants, or asking for consent to search the premises.
1224
1218
Kitabia
Acting voluntarily and intentionally and not because of mistake or accident.
1219
1213
Kith and Kin Arrangement

1220
Life insurance to protect a business upon the death of a key individual.

1214
Klein Conspiracy
Muslim law: a divorce on the wife's initiative and upon payment of an agreed amount to the husband.
1215
1221
Kleptomania
To confine a person against his or her will.

1216
1222
Knock and Announce Rule

1223
A blood relative.
1217
Knock and Talk
Originally, the common criminal court of the common law; later, the general superior court.
1218
1224
Knowingly
Muslim law: women who qualify for marriage with Muslim men as belonging to acceptable religions for this purpose.
1225
1231
Known Loss Doctrine
An expanse of standing water or a widened portion of a river.

1232
1226
Kolstad Defense
An immigration law term; an individual who has relocated and changed his permanent residence to a state where he does not have citizenship but does limited rights associated with residency.
1227
1233
Labor Organization
A land or building owner who has leased the land, the building or a part of the land or building, to another person.
1234
1228
Labor Union
The intentional rubbing against men to please them in a sexual way.

1235
1229
Laches
A criminal offence now more commonly referred to as theft, covering the unlawful or fraudulent removal of another's property without the owner's consent.
1236
1230
Laissez-faire
A principle of tort law which requires an individual to take every action at hand to avoid an accident where peril to another human being is otherwise imminent.
1231
1225
Lake
A principle of insurance law which prevents an insured from coverage if the insured knew the loss was probable at the time of the insurance contract.
1226
1232
Landed Immigrant
(USA) A defense an employer can make in a civil rights case to defeat a claim for punitive damages.
1227
1233
Landlord
A defined group of employees formed for the purposes of representing those employees with the employer as to the terms of a collective contract of employment.
1228
1234
Lap Dancing
1229
1235
Larceny
An allegation that a legal right is stale under the circumstances and noi longer able to support enforcement.
1230
1236
Last Clear Chance Doctrine
French: leave alone. A theory of contract law that persons ought to have freedom of contract with minimal state or judicial interference.
1237
1243
Law
When a court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case.
1238
1244
Law French
A principle of maritime and international law; that the sailors and vessel will be subject to the laws of the state corresponding to the flag flown by the vessel.
1245
1239
Law Journal
A serial publication which publishes, verbatim, judgments of a court of law.

1246
1240
Law Merchant
An individual trained in the law and that has been certified to give legal advice or to represent others in litigation.
1247
1241
Law of Nations
The work of a lawyer in giving legal advice or in suggesting an application of that law in advancing an issue of a client.
1248
1242
Law of Nature
A group of German jurists sympathetic to the Nazi Party before and during World War II.
1243
1237
Law of the case Doctrine
Rules of conduct approved and enforced by the government of and over a certain territory (eg. the 'laws' of Australia).
1238
1244
Law of the Flag
The original language of the English courts after the Norman conquest.
1239
1245
Law Report
A scholarly or academic publication presenting commentary of emerging or topical developments in the law, and often specializing in a particular area of the law or legal information specific to a jurisdiction.
1246
1240
Lawyer
International commercial law; the law as it relates to merchant

1241
1247
Lawyering
The body of rules that nations in the international community universally abide by, or accede to, out of a sense of legal obligation and mutual concern.
1248
1242
Lawyer's League
The uncertain and elastic concept of regulation of conduct based on morality, conscience or God.
1249
1255
Lay by the Heels
A special kind of contract between a property owner and a person wanting temporary enjoyment and exclusive use of the property, in exchange for rent paid to the property owner.
1256
1250
Lay Day
Real property held under a lease.

1257
1251
Lay-Off
A gift of a chattel by will.
1252
1258
Lay on the Table
An acronym or abbreviation for a law report or other regular or periodic law or legal and authoritative publication directing a reader to the full document.
1253
1259
Leading Question
The lawful entitlement to make decisions in regards to another, such as a parent or a prison warden.
1260
1254
Learned Intermediary Doctrine
Legal terms combined in long-winded sentences, or varied or with permutations, with the initial design of legal or drafting precision but which otherwise add unnecessary complexity or inadvertently resulting in confusion.
1255
1249
Lease
To commit to prison.
1256
1250
Leasehold
A term of a maritime law contract: days stipulated for the loading or unloading of cargo from a ship.
1251
1257
Legacy
A temporary discharge of an employee.

1252
1258
Legal Citation
Also to table ; a term of parlia and procedure which refers to regards to another motion be debated, but intended to def disposition of the pending m
1253
1259
Legal Custody
A question which suggests an answer; usually answerable by yes or no.

1254
1260
Legalese
A doctrine of American personal injury law which places upon a prescribing physician the primary responsibility to warn patients of the hazards of prescribed pharmaceutical products.
1261
1267
Legal Fiction
Broad, general facts that are not unique and relate indirectly to the parties to litigation.
1268
1262
Legalism
The tenant, the person to whom is granted exclusive possession of a thing under the terms of a lease.
1269
1263
Legal Professional Privilege

1264
The landlord; a person who grants a lease, usually the owner of the thing being leased.
1270
Legatee
An undertaking to pay money on stated terms such as the occurrence of a specified event or document(s).
1271
1265
Legislation
Scots law: a subpoena, in the form of a warrant, to a material witness in a criminal matter to testify at trial.
1272
1266
Legislative Branch
A request of a judge in one jurisdiction to a court of another, to examine a specific witness.
1267
1261
Legislative Fact
A ruling on law based on hypothetical facts.

1262
1268
Lessee
The rigorous and ruthless adherence to the word of the law, usually combined with a policy to regulate as much as possible.
1263
1269
Lessor
A shield against disclosure of communications between a solicitor and his/her client.

1264
1270
Letter of Credit
The person to whom personal property is gifted pursuant to a will.

1265
1271
Letters of Exculpation
Written and approved laws.

1266
1272
Letters Rogatory
The elected law-making branch of government.
1273
1279
Lettre de Cachet
Latin: The law does not compel a man to do that which is impossible.
1280
1274
Lex Causae
Unwritten law; the common or custom law.

1281
1275
Lex Fori
Written law; statutes.
1276
1282
Lex Loci
A conflict of law rule that selects the applicable law based on the venue or location of something.
1283
1277
Lex Loci Contractus
A legal obligation, either due now or at some time in the future.

1284
1278
Lex Loci Delecti
Written form of defamation such as on the Internet, in a newspaper or a letter.
1279
1273
Lex Non Cogit Ad Impossibilia

1280
A discretionary, arbitrary and often secret order issued by the King of France for the execution of some act.
1274
Lex Non Scripta
Latin; law of the cause.
1281
1275
Lex Scripta
Latin for the law of the forum.

1276
1282
Lex Situs
Latin; the law of a place as in where a right was acquired or a liability incurred.
1277
1283
Liability
Latin: the law of the place where the contract is made.

1278
1284
Libel
Latin: the place of the wrong.
1285
1291
Liberal Construction
Independent existence as an animate being.

1292
1286
License
A right to use and to enjoy land and/or structures on land only for the life of the life tenant.
1293
1287
Licensee
The beneficiary of a life estate.

1294
1288
Licensor
Disregarding the general rule a corporation is a legal entity distinct from its shareholders by regarding the company as a mere agent or puppet of a controlling shareholder or parent corporation.
1289
1295
Lieber Code
Also "lagan"; things thrown from a ship and attached to a float or buoy to mark their location.
1296
1290
Lien
A guarantee or deposit made by a ship owner to meet any damage claim, and calculated on the negligent ship's tonnage.
1291
1285
Life
A form of construction which allows a judge to consider other factors when deciding the meaning of a phrase or document.
1292
1286
Life Estate
A special permission to do som on, or with, somebody else s p which, were it not for the lice could be legally prevented or g to legal action in tort or tresp
1287
1293
Life Tenant
The recipient or beneficiary of a license to use something.

1288
1294
Lifting the Corporate Veil
The person who grants a license to another, the latter called the licensee.
1289
1295
Ligan
The 1863 military code of conduct written by Francis Lieber at the request of US President Abraham Lincoln.
1290
1296
Limitation Fund
A property right which remains attached to an object that has been sold, but not totally paid for, until complete payment has been made.
1297
1303
Limitations or Statute of Limitations

1298
A person who is a direct descendant such as a child to his or her natural parent.
1304
Limited Partner
Pre-determined damages.
1305
1299
Limited Partnership
The converting of the the assets of a person into cash.

1306
1300
Limited Power of Attorney

1301
Latin: a dispute or matter which is the subject of ongoing or pending litigation.

1307
Limitrophe
A form of construction which does not allow evidence extrapolated beyond the actual words of a phrase or document but, rather, takes a phrase or document at face value, giving effect only to the actual words used.
1302
1308
Lincoln's Inn
A person who is a party to a legal action.
1303
1297
Lineal Descendant
Loss of a legal right or cause of action because of the passage of time.

1298
1304
Liquidated Damages
A unique colleague in a partnership relationship who has agreed to be liable only to the extent of his (or her) investment.
1299
1305
Liquidation
A partnership with at last one general partner and a limited partner, the latter contributing financially or otherwise but not otherwise involved in the business or, generally, personally liable for the debts of the partnership.
1300
1306
Lis Pendens
A POA limited by a condition or term or in regards to a specific item of property.

1301
1307
Literal Construction
Adjacent, bordering or contiguous.

1302
1308
Litigant
1309
1315
Litigation
Abbreviations for law degrees as in bachelor of law, master or law, or doctorate.

1316
1310
Litigation Loan
The attempt by special interest groups, directly or through agents, to influence the views of members of a deliberative assembly.
1311
1317
Litigation Privilege
An employer's decision to bar unionized employees entry to the workplace until such time as they accept to work on the employer's terms and conditions or based on a lapsed collective bargaining agreement.
1312
1318
Livery
Latin: the place; venue.
1313
1319
Living Trust
Latin: The law of the place where the facts occurred.

1320
1314
Living Will
Latin: legal standing before a court.
1315
1309
LL.B., LL.M. or LL.D.
A dispute is in 'litigation' (or being 'litigated') when it has become the subject of a formal court action or law suit.
1310
1316
Lobbying
A loan made by a third-party to litigation, typically a finance company, to a litigant to finance the litigation, and often on harsh terms.
1317
1311
Lockout
Non-disclosure protection imposed on documents which come into existence after litigation commenced or in contemplation, and where they have been made with a view to such litigation, either for the purpose of obtaining advice as to such litigation, or of obtaining evidence to be used in such litigation, or of obtaining information which might lead to the obtaining of such evidence.
1318
1312
Locus
Delivery.
1319
1313
Locus Regit Actum
A trust from persons to take effect during their living years, to benefit others.
1314
1320
Locus Standi
A document that sets out guidelines for dealing with life-sustaining medical procedures in the eventuality of the signatory's sudden debilitation.
1321
1327
Lodge Act
Damages claimed based on alleged detrimental alterations of a person's life or lifestyle or a person's inability to participate in the activities or pleasures of life that were formerly enjoyed.
1322
1328
LOF 2000
An offer in which prizes and high value items are awarded by random chance to participants who buy lottery tickets.
1329
1323
Loitering
An emotional attachment towards another evidenced by kindness, consideration, understanding, patience, sacrifice or sufferance, if necessary, and words and actions.
1330
1324
Long Arm Statutes
Latin: the law tends to overlook rash or inconsiderate language spoken in the heat of the moment.
1331
1325
Long-Term Offender
Financial advantage taken in bad faith.

1332
1326
Lord Advocate
The law as it relates to the assessment and committal of persons incapable of managing themselves or their affairs.
1327
1321
Loss of Enjoyment of Life
A 1950 law of the United States of America which allowed foreign nationals who enlisted in the US Army for at least a 5 year tour of duty, to obtain US citizenship.
1322
1328
Lottery
A Lloyd's standard form of salvage contract.

1323
1329
Love
To waste time; to be idle.
1330
1324
Lubricum Linquae Non Facile Trahendum Est In Poena

1331
A statute which purports to regulate persons outside of its territorial jurisdiction.

1325
Lucre
A convicted person for whom there is a substantial risk of re-offending.

1326
1332
Lunacy law
Scottish law: head of public prosecutions and the investigation of deaths.
1333
1339
Lunatic
The taking of a person into friendly custody.

1340
1334
Lust
The obligation of one person to contribute, in part or in whole, to the cost of living of another person.
1341
1335
Abuse of power by public officers.

1342
1336
Machine Gun
Latin: bad faith.
1337
1343
Mailbox Rule
Doing something which is illegal.

1344
1338
Maill
Spite or ill-will.
1339
1333
Mainprize
An individual who, though once of sound mind, can no longer manage his person or his affairs.
1334
1340
Maintenance
A strong desire for sexual relations.

1335
1341
Maladministration
Ancient common law: the symbol branded on the thumb of persons convicted of manslaughter.
1336
1342
Mala Fides
A firearm which can shoot more than one shot without having to be reloaded and by single function of the trigger.
1337
1343
Malfeasance
A contract law exception that makes a mailed acceptance of an offer valid as of posting.
1338
1344
Malice
Scots law: rent.
1345
1351
Malicious Prosecution
Latin: animals which are now generally domestic, presumed gentle and readily tamed, such as dogs, cats, cows and horses.
1352
1346
Mandamus
The act of freeing a slave.

1353
1347
Mandate Rule
A temporary injunction that freezes the assets of a party pending further order or final resolution by the Court.
1354
1348
Mania
Property acquired by either of two spouses while they are married together.
1355
1349
Manifest Abuse of Discretion

1350
A specialized body of law particular to transportation by water.

1356
Manslaughter
A lien which attaches to a ship and its cargo.
1351
1345
Mansuetae Naturae
An intentional tort which redresses losses flowing from an unjustified prosecution.

1346
1352
Manumission
A writ which commands an individual, organization (eg. government), administrative tribunal or court to perform a certain action, usually to correct a prior illegal action or a failure to act in the first place.
1347
1353
Mareva Injunction
An inferior court has no power or authority to deviate from the mandate issued by an appellate court.
1348
1354
Marital Property
An abnormally elevated mood state.

1349
1355
Maritime Law
An American standard of judicial review: discretion exercised improvidently or thoughtlessly and without due consideration.
1350
1356
Maritime Lien
Unlawful killing of a human being without malice or deliberation.
1357
1363
MARPOL 73/78
If a creditor has access to two sources of payment, he shall take his payment out of that fund upon which another creditor has no access or lien.
1358
1364
Marriage
The suspension of regular government and habeas corpus or the reliance of military law enforcement.
1365
1359
Marriage Agreement
A partial settlement to litigation where some defendants settle by accepting a term of which is a loan by the settling defendant to the plaintiff, to be repaid by any monies recovered from the remaining defendant(s).
1360
1366
Marriage Brokerage Contract

1361
A unique way to organize a business where the property is bought by, or transferred to, a trustee (such as a trust company) and the trustee issues trust units, which the investors, or their designates, hold as beneficiaries.
1367
Marriage Contract
A partly-empowered superior-level court judge, used mostly for interlocutory and procedural civil hearings.
1368
1362
Marriage of Convenience
A format of international agreements wherein a host state agrees to extend to foreign nationals the same legal rights that the foreign government extends to its own citizens inside its state.
1363
1357
Marshalling
Acronym for the international treaty for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as modified in 1978.
1358
1364
Martial Law
The voluntary union for life of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others.
1359
1365
Mary Carter Agreement
An agreement between two persons in anticipation of or during the marriage, and in regards to rights and responsibilities as they may flow from the relationship.
1360
1366
Massachusetts Trust
A contract of introduction to unwed persons, payment due and payable upon marriage.
1361
1367
Master
A contract between prospective husband and wife, or during the marriage, and which settles in whole or in part, their respective rights and obligations as regards the marriage.
1362
1368
Material Reciprocity
A marriage entered into not for love and mutual affection but in order to facilitate immigration.
1369
1375
Matrimonial
A preliminary legal requirement to proving employment discrimination: that the adverse employment decision which is complains of was more likely than not motivated by discrimination.
1376
1370
Matrimonial Asset
A test to assess specific personality characteristics including emotional factors.

1377
1371
Matrimonial Debt
Evidence of past violence by a victim of crime.

1378
1372
Matrimonial Property
The result and performance detail(s) of work.

1379
1373
Matrimony
A statutory charge on real property arising from labor or material supplied to improve upon it.
1380
1374
Mayhem
A form of arbitration in which the arbitrators starts as a mediator but in the event of a failure of mediation, the arbitrator imposes a binding decision.
1375
1369
McDonnell Douglas Framework

1376
Of or relating to the state of being married; of marriage.

1370
MCMI - Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

1377
An asset owned by one or both of two persons who are married to one another which, upon the application of one of the spouses to a court, is subject to division between them.
1371
McMorris Evidence
A debt contracted during a marriage and for which both spouses are equally liable, regardless of who contracted the debt or who is directly liable for it.
1372
1378
Means and Manner
Property owned by one or both of two persons who are married to one another which, upon the application of one of the spouses to a court, is subject to division between them.
1373
1379
Mechanic's Lien
The legal state of being married.

1374
1380
Med-Arb
Violently depriving another person of a body part to render less effective that person's defence of self.
1381
1387
Mediation
A document which generally is not intended to be legally binding but, if meeting the other criteria, can be, in law, a contract.
1388
1382
Medical Expert
Latin for guilty mind; guilty knowledge or intention to commit a prohibited act.
1389
1383
Medical Malpractice
Wanton, malicious or unnecessary infliction of pain or suffering upon the feelings or emotions of another.
1390
1384
Meeting
A psychiatric disorder; a clinically significant disease, illness or disability of the mind.

1391
1385
Meeting of the Minds
A person who is incapable of managing his person or his affairs.

1392
1386
Melton's Case
Subnormal general intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period and is associated with impairment of learning and social adjustment or maturation.
1387
1381
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

1388
A neutral facilitator who assists the parties to a dispute in communicating and negotiating a settlement.
1382
Mens Rea
A witness tendered to offer opinion evidence within the confines of his or her area of medical expertise.
1383
1389
Mental Cruelty
Negligence of a health care professional in the diagnosis, care, and treatment of a patient.
1384
1390
Mental Disorder
The coming together for the transaction of a lawful object of two or more persons.
1385
1391
Mentally Ill
The fact of contracting parties arresting their thoughts on a common set of fundamental terms.
1386
1392
Mentally Retarded
A mid-1500s English case, never brought to Court because the king and his Parliament defeated the otherwise meritorious claim by retroactive statute.
1393
1399
Mercantile Law
1400
1394
Merchant
The lowest allowable rate of pay as established by statute.

1401
1395
Merchantable Quality
A young person not yet of the age of majority.

1402
1396
Merger
The official written record of a meeting.

1403
1397
Mesne Profits
A formal record of a contract which settles one or more live issues before a Court.
1404
1398
Metis
A requirement that police officers, in the U.S.A., before any questioning is so begun, warn suspects upon arrest that they have the right to remain silent, that any statement that they make could be used against them in a court of law, that they have the right to contact a lawyer and that if they cannot afford a lawyer, that one will be provided.
1399
1393
Middle Temple
The law as it relates to merchants and commerce; commercial law.

1394
1400
Minimum Wage
A person engaged in the making, buying or selling of goods or services.

1395
1401
Minor
A product which is undamaged and usable and of sufficient quality to merit purchase at the requested price by a reasonable buyer.
1402
1396
Minutes
The absorption of one corporation by another.

1397
1403
Minutes of Settlement
Profits from land while it has been improperly held.

1398
1404
Miranda Warning
A term of Canadian aboriginal law referring to an individual with mixed white and Indian blood.
1405
1411
Miscarriage of Justice
Offence in aid of the most seriously punished crimes in the ancient common law of England.
1412
1406
Miscegenation
A false and material statement which induces a party to enter into a contract.
1413
1407
Misdemeanor
A fundamental error going to the root of a purported contract.

1414
1408
Misfeasance
A partial or complete trial which is found to be null and void and of no effect because of some irregularity.
1415
1409
Mis-joinder
Facts that, while not negating a wrongful action, tend to show that the defendant may have had some grounds for acting the way he/she did.
1410
1416
Misleading Advertising
The obligation upon a person who sues another for damages, to minimize - mitigate - those damages, as far as reasonable.
1411
1405
Misprision
A substantial wrong which occurs during a trial which so infects the proceedings as to merit quashing the result on appeal.
1406
1412
Misrepresentation
Interracial cohabitation or marriage.

1407
1413
Mistake
(USA) A crime of lesser seriousness than a felony where the punishment might be a fine or prison for less than one year.
1408
1414
Mistrial
Improperly doing something which a person has the legal right to do.
1409
1415
Mitigating Circumstances
When a person has been named as a party to a law suit when that person should not have been added.
1410
1416
Mitigation of Damages
Materially false or misleading representations concerning a product or service.
1417
1423
Mixed Blood
Muslim law: the investigating and, in some cases, prosecuting office of criminal justice.
1424
1418
MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

1419
Half of something. For example, it can be said that joint tenants hold a moiety in property.
1425
M'Naghten Rules
A form of government in which law-making power is given to a single person, usually holding such authority by birthright and not by merit.
1420
1426
Mobilia Sequuntur Personam, Immobilia Situa

1421
An item accepted by all as payment for debts or for goods or services.

1427
Modi Vivendi
The conversion or transfer of money obtained by crime for the purposes of frustrating law enforcement.
1428
1422
Modus Operandi
A commercial advantage enjoyed by only one or a select few companies in which only those companies can trade in a certain area.
1423
1417
Mohtasib
Persons of half, or more or less than half, Indian blood.

1418
1424
Moiety
An objective personality test designed to detect a number of major patterns of personality and emotional disorder.
1419
1425
Monarchy
A defence to criminal law liability developed in England; if, at the time of the offence, the accused had a disease of the mind such that he was unable to know that his act was wrong.
1426
1420
Money
Latin: movables follow the person, immovables their locality.

1421
1427
Money Laundering
Latin: limited force. A temporary and often limited interim agreement between states pending negotiation and ratification of a treaty.
1428
1422
Monopoly
Latin: method of operation.
1429
1435
Mooring
The person who extends credit secured by a mortgage; the mortgage lender.
1436
1430
Moot
The person who borrows money secured by conceding a mortgage against his interest in real property.
1437
1431
Moot Court
Latin: Death puts an end to everything.

1438
1432
Moral Turpitude
French: dead hand. Property taken out of circulation.

1439
1433
Moratorium
Statutes of ancient English law which prevented the transfer of real property to or from corporations in general, or to or from religious corporations in particular.
1440
1434
Mortgage
Ancient law as set out in the first five books of the Bible (Old Testament).
1435
1429
Mortgagee
The securing of a vessel to the shore or to the bottom, including by anchor.

1430
1436
Mortgagor
A matter where the issue raised concerns a hypothetical or abstract question

1431
1437
Mortis Omnia Solvit
A trial on a fictional or hypothetical issue, usually hosted by law schools, as training for future barristers or litigators.
1432
1438
Mortmain
An act of baseness or depravity contrary to accepted moral standards.

1433
1439
Mortmain Statutes
The temporary suspension of legal action against a person.

1434
1440
Mosaic Law
An interest given on a piece of land, in writing, to guarantee the payment of a debt or the execution of some action.
1441
1447
Motion
Muslim law: a scholar of Muslim lawyer; one sufficiently versed in Muslim law.
1448
1442
Motion to Strike
A doctrine of state policy of active encouragement and support of the co-existence of multiple cultures within a same territory.
1449
1443
Motorcycle
A system for selling products in which participants get paid for selling products to other participants who, in turn, are paid for selling the same products to yet more participants.
1450
1444
Motor Vehicle
Intentional homicide (the taking of another person s life), without legal justification or provocation.
1451
1445
MOU
Muslim law: any person who professes as a religion, that there is but one God and that Mohammad is the prophet of that God.
1446
1452
Movable
The body of law derived from the Koran and other recorded sayings of the Muslim prophet Muhammad (570-632).
1447
1441
Mujtahid
A proposal made to a Court or at a meeting and intended to be considered and decided upon.
1442
1448
Multiculturalism
A motion put to the Court to strike a pleading or evidence of a witness.

1443
1449
Multi-level Marketing
A motor vehicle with two wheels in the same plane designed to convey people.
1444
1450
Murder
A self-propelled contrivance designed for the carriage of persons or things.

1445
1451
Muslim
Abbreviation of Memorandum of Understanding. A document intended to become a contract but which, if meeting other criteria, can be recognized, in law, as a contract.
1446
1452
Muslim Law
Civil law: things not attached to land and which may be carried from place to place.
1453
1459
Muta
A sealed and secret will requiring strict formalities and available only in limited civil law jurisdictions.
1460
1454
Mutatis Mutandis
A unique combination of a given and a surname, assigned to an individual, generally at birth, and used to identify distinguish that individual both socially and in regards to the assertion or defence of legal rights.
1461
1455
Mutilation
A condition in which a person has an overwhelming need to sleep and will fall asleep virtually at any time of day or any place
1462
1456
Mutual Combat
Muslim law: a disobedient wife.

1463
1457
Myocardial Infarction
A distinct group or race of people that share history, traditions and culture.
1464
1458
Myocardium
A situation beyond the ordinary which threatens the health or safety of citizens and which cannot be properly addressed by the use of other law.
1459
1453
Mystic Will
Muslim law: a temporary marriage; for a fixed period.

1454
1460
Name
Latin: with changes on points of detail.

1455
1461
Narcolepsy
To render a thing imperfect by cutting off or destroying a part.

1456
1462
Nashiza
A fight into which both parties enter willingly, or in which two persons, upon a sudden quarrel, and in hot blood, mutually fight upon equal terms.
1457
1463
Nation
Permanent damage caused to the middle layer, the heart muscle, usually by sudden obstruction of blood flow.
1458
1464
National Emergency
The cardiac muscle at the middle layer of the heart.
1465
1471
National Interest
From necessity spring privileges upon private rights.

1472
1466
National Treatment
A defense or excuse from conviction of a crime committed.

1473
1467
Natural Fool
A psychosexual disorder, sexual relations with a corpse.

1474
1468
Natural Justice
A breach of a duty to take care.

1475
1469
NCND Agreement
A document of an amount of money, or a title, which is readily transferable to another.

1476
1470
Necessaries of Life
To communicate on a matter of disagreement between two parties, with a view to first listen to the other party's perspective and to then attempt to arrive at a resolution by consensus.
1471
1465
Necessitas Indicit Privilegium Quoad Jura Privata

1472
A matter which has or could have impact upon all other members of society.
1466
Necessity
A tenet of international trade agreements whereby nations must afford imported goods the same treatment that they afford domestic or national products (no discrimination).
1467
1473
Necrophilia
A human being in form but destitute of reason from birth.

1468
1474
Negligence
Basic or fundamental judicial rights extended to a person with rights at issue.

1469
1475
Negotiable Instrument
An international trade instrument; non circumvention/non disclosure agreement used in the preliminary stages of a business transaction where the Seller and Buyer do not know each other, but are brought into contact with each other by one or more intermediaries (also known as brokers or middlemen), to fulfill the transaction.
1476
1470
Negotiate
A product or service sold or provided to an individual not legally competent, which are useful to his or her comfort or convenience taking into account the age and condition of the individual.
1477
1483
Negotiation
Anti-psychotic, tranquilizing pharmaceutical products used in the treatment of some mental illnesses such as, but not limited to, schizophrenia.
1484
1478
Negro
A legal citation unique to cases issued from a particular court with numbering assigned sequentially, and designed for electronic database and Internet cataloging retrieval.
1485
1479
Nemo Debet Locupletari Ex Aliena Jactura

1480
A state's declared impartiality and non-interference in the declared or de facto war of other states.
1486
Nemo Judex In Parte Sua

1481
The nearest blood relative of a deceased.

1487
Nerve Center Test
Muslim law: marriage.
1482
1488
Nervous Shock
Latin: a civil jury trial.
1483
1477
Neuroleptic
Discussion for the purposes of exploring and arriving at an agreement.

1478
1484
Neutral Citation
Black-skinned inhabitants of tropical Africa or their descendants.

1479
1485
Neutrality
Latin: no one should be enriched by another's loss.

1480
1486
Next of Kin
Latin: no person can judge a case in which he or she is party or in which he/she has an interest.
1481
1487
Nikah
A judicial analysis used to determine a corporation's real place of business where activities are decentralized; the focus is locating where the corporation's overall policy originates.
1482
1488
Nisi Prius
A recognizable psychiatric illness caused by the breach of duty.
1489
1495
Nolle Prosequi
Latin for not his deed and a special defense in contract law to allow a person to avoid having to respect a contract that she or he signed because of certain reasons such as a mistake as to the kind of contract.
1490
1496
Nolo Contendere
Not doing something that a person should be doing.

1497
1491
Nominative Fair Use
When a person, who should have been made a party to a legal proceedings, has been forgotten or omitted.
1498
1492
Non-compete Agreement
Operated as nearly as possible at cost; an organization not seeking profit and which does not disgorge excess income to its members, in the form of dividends or otherwise.
1499
1493
Non Compos Mentis
Latin: it does not follow.
1494
1500
Nondisclosure Agreement
Pre-action third party discovery to an intended plaintiff without notice to the intended defendant.
1495
1489
Non Est Factum
Latin: no prosecution.
1496
1490
Nonfeasance
Latin: I will not defend.
1497
1491
Non-joinder
The use of another's trademark to identify a thing and does not imply current sponsorship or endorsement.
1492
1498
Non-profit
An agreement on the part of a departing employee restricting, in some way, same-industry employment.
1493
1499
Non Sequitur
Latin: Not of sound mind.
1500
1494
Norwich Order
A contract between the holder of confidential information and another person to whom that information is disclosed, prohibiting that other person from disclosing the confidential information to any other party.
1501
1507
Noscitur a sociis
Substitute a new debt for an old debt, canceling the old debt.
1508
1502
Notary
Latin: an empty pact; a contract for which there is no consideration.

1509
1503
Not For Profit
Excessive or unlawful use of property to the extent of unrea annoyance or inconvenience neighbor or to the public.
1510
1504
Notice of Motion
Latin: deemed retroactive.

1511
1505
Notional Severance
Latin: consent, not physical intercourse, constitutes marriage.

1512
1506
Notwithstanding
A religious or solemn affirmation to tell the truth or to take a certain action.
1507
1501
Novation
Latin: that the meaning of a word may be known from accompanying words.
1502
1508
Nudum Pactum
A legal officer with specific judicial authority to attest to legal documents usually with an official seal.
1503
1509
Nuisance
Operated as nearly as possible at cost; on a cost-recovery basis; an organization not seeking profit and which does not disgorge excess income to its members, in the form of dividends or otherwise.
1510
1504
Nunc Pro Tunc
A formal notice to participants in litigation of an intent to seek specific relief in an action.

1505
1511
Nuptias non concubitus sed consensus facit.

1512
Reading down a contractual provision so as to make it legal and enforceable.

1506
Oath
In spite of, even if, without regard to or impediment by other things.
1513
1519
Obiter Dictum
A matrimonial or joint tenant property compensatory claim based on an allegation that one spouse or joint tenant ought to be debited the value of her or his exclusive occupation of the family or jointly-held home.
1514
1520
Obligations
The employment and function assessment and treatment of post-injury, illness or disability.
1521
1515
Obligee
Liability of a person who controls land or building(s) in regards to damages caused to others who enter thereon.
1522
1516
Obligor
Conduct prohibited and punishable by the State.

1523
1517
Obscenity
A explicit proposal to contract which, if accepted, completes the contract and binds both the person that made the offer and the person accepting the offer to the terms of the contract.
1524
1518
Obstructing Justice
A management-level employee of a corporation entrusted with discretion in the exercise of some portion of corporate powers.
1519
1513
Occupational Rent
Latin: an observation by a judge on a matter not specifically before the court or not necessary in determining the issue before the court.
1520
1514
Occupational Therapy
A legal requirement established by law, contract or as a result of unlawful harm caused to the person or property of another.
1515
1521
Occupiers' Liability
The person who is to receive the benefit of someone else's obligation.

1516
1522
Offense
A person who is contractually or legally, committed or obliged, to providing something to another person (the obligee).
1517
1523
Offer
A publication which is illegal because it is morally corruptive.

1518
1524
Officer
An act which tends to impede or thwart the administration of justice.
1525
1531
Officially Induced Error
An adoption in which the natural parents select the adoptive parents, and may give the natural parents some access to the child.
1532
1526
Oligarchy
A contract silent as to an essential term left either to the discretion of one of the contracting parties, or in making the duration of the contract indefinite.
1527
1533
Oligopoly
There is no constitutionally protected expectation of privacy in open spaces.

1534
1528
Ombudsman
A lawyer or litigant's initial remarks at trial, to the finder of fact, either a judge or jury, setting out their road-map or case theory.
1529
1535
Omnibus Bill
A principle of the common law that proceedings ought to be open to the public, including the contents of court files and public viewing of trials.
1530
1536
Onus
Latin: the sense of legal obligation. In international law, acceptance of a practice as sufficient to create legal obligations.
1531
1525
Open Adoption
A mistake of law caused by reliance upon erroneous legal advice obtained from an appropriate official.
1526
1532
Open-Ended Agreement
A form of government in which a few persons rule and govern by assuming all legislative and administrative authority.
1527
1533
Open Fields Doctrine
A market condition that results when there are but a few sellers
1528
1534
Opening Statement
A person whose occupation consists of investigating customer complaints against his or her employer. Many governments have ombudsmen who will investigate citizen complaints against government services.
1535
1529
Open Justice
A draft law before a legislature which contains more than one substantive matter, or several minor matters which have been combined into one bill, ostensibly for the sake of convenience.
1536
1530
Opinio Juris
Latin: the burden.
1537
1543
Oral History
A standard of appellate review, an error that must have altered the result or may well have altered the result.
1544
1538
Order
The Scottish law term for umpire.

1545
1539
Order of the Coif
Latin: agreements must be kept.

1546
1540
Ordinance
A disposable, portable, non-electronic device that systematically infuses an anaesthetic through an implanted catheter.
1541
1547
Orphan
A judicial award of spousal support or compensation for services, money, and goods contributed during a longterm nonmarital relationship.
1542
1548
Out-of-Court Settlement
A standard of appellate review, an error that is readily or plainly seen.
1543
1537
Overriding Error
The truthful and reliable rendition of Indian or Native customs as they existed before the arrival of Europeans to North America based entirely on community word-of-mouth transmissions of the alleged customs from generation to generation.
1538
1544
Oversman
A formal written direction given by a member of the judiciary; a court decision without reasons.
1539
1545
Pacta Sunt Servanda
The ancient order of barristers in England.

1540
1546
Pain Pump
An executive decision of a government which has not been subjected to a legislative assembly (contrary to a statute).
1541
1547
Palimony
A person who has lost one or both of his or her natural parents.
1542
1548
Palpable Error
An agreement between two litigants to settle a matter privately before the Court has rendered its decision.
1549
1555
Panhandle
Father or mother or as otherwise may be defined by statute such as through adoption or same-sex relationships. Also, the controlling corporation of another.
1556
1550
Paralegal
A form of emotional child abuse where a custodial parent belittles or vilifies the other parent to the child.
1557
1551
Parallel Parenting
Latin: of equal fault.
1552
1558
Parasomnia
Latin: Equitably and without preference.

1559
1553
Pardon
An area of land set aside for passive common use, where certain types of activities are restricted, to permit individuals to escape the intensity of urban life.
1560
1554
Parens Patriae
The aggregate or assembly of institutions that comprise the legislative apparatus of government in democratic societies.
1555
1549
Parent
To beg for money in a public place.

1550
1556
Parental Alienation
A person who is not a lawyer or is not acting in that capacity but who provides a limited number of legal services.
1551
1557
Pari Delicto
A form of custody and guardianship order in which such authority transfers from parent to parent as the children are exchanged.
1558
1552
Pari Passu
Sudden unexplained arousal from sleep, sometimes combined with sleep-walking or hand gestures or other bizarre activities.
1553
1559
Park
A pardon is a government decision to allow a person who has been convicted of a crime, to be free and absolved of that conviction, as if never convicted.
1554
1560
Parliament
Latin: literally, father of the country. Refers to the inherent jurisdiction of the courts to make decisions concerning people who are not able to take care of themselves.
1561
1567
Parliamentary Law
An organization in which two or more persons carry on a business together.

1568
1562
Parliamentary Supremacy
1563
The standard award of costs being, in the result, a partial indemnity to the successful party to litigation for his or her litigation expenses.
1569
Parole
A partition wall; a dividing wall which separates two adjoining real properties.
1570
1564
Parol Evidence Rule
Shares issued by a company which have a minimum price.

1571
1565
Parricide
The formal presentation of a trustee's accounts to a court for approval.

1572
1566
Particulars
Making some false representation likely to induce a person to believe that the goods or services are those of another.
1567
1561
Partnership
Rules of deliberative bodies by which their procedure is regulated.

1562
1568
Party and Party Costs
A peremptory rule of constitutional law which gives the legislative branch of government to set the law, as opposed to the judicial branch (the courts).
1563
1569
Party Wall
A conditional release from incarceration during which a prisoner promises to heed certain conditions (usually set by a parole board) and submit to the supervision of a parole officer.
1570
1564
Par Value Shares
Verbal evidence is inadmissible to vary or contradict the terms of a written agreement.

1565
1571
Passing Of Accounts
Killing one's father or another a family member or close relative.

1566
1572
Passing-Off
The material facts which a party to litigation alleges are true and which that party will seek to prove at trial in support of the relief claimed.
1573
1579
Passive Euthanasia
Being a father.
1574
1580
Passport
Medical doctors who practice pathology; determine through laboratory medicine the causes of tissue disease.
1581
1575
Past Recollection Recorded

1576
Laboratory medicine; that branch of medicine that studies diseases, their causes and effects.
1582
Patent
Civil law: the aggregate of things owned by a person.

1583
1577
Patentee
Civil law: a claim by a creditor against a third party to rescind any transfer of property made to the third party by the debtor done to frustrate enforcement of the creditor's debt.
1584
1578
Patently Unreasonable
An affidavit of indigence, of poverty.
1579
1573
Paternity
Intentionally withholding a life-saving medical procedure so as to not artificially prevent death.

1574
1580
Pathologist
A document issued in the name of a government vouching for the citizenship of an identified individual.
1575
1581
Pathology
An exception to the hearsay rule, whereby evidence of which a witness has no current recall can nonetheless be admitted for the truth of its contents as it was recorded at a time when the witness was able to verify its accuracy.
1576
1582
Patrimony
An exclusive privilege granted to an inventor to make, use or sale an invention for a set number of years.
1577
1583
Paulian Action
A person to whom a patent has been granted; who appears on the official government registry as the patent owner.
1578
1584
Pauper's Oath
A decision that is clearly irrational; evidently not in accordance with reason.
1585
1591
Payee
The downloading of a computer file to a user's computer, using software, which then allows the user to make the file available to other users, other "peers".
1592
1586
Payor
A statute which lists and defines prohibited conduct (crimes) and the punishments associated with each.
1593
1587
Peace Bond
Latin: during litigation.
1588
1594
Peace Officer
An rule of maritime law that if a ship is in some violation of a navigation statute at the time of a collision, she is presumed to be at fault.
1589
1595
Pederasty
An electronic surveillance device which attaches to a phone line and which registers every number dialed from a specific telephone.
1590
1596
Pedophile
A private or government fund (or payments therefrom), from which intermittent and regular benefits or allowances are paid to a person upon his or her retirement or disability.
1591
1585
Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
The person to whom payment is addressed or given.

1586
1592
Penal Code
The person who makes required payment(s).

1587
1593
Pendente Lite
A recognizance entered into by an individual in which he commits himself to keep the peace and be of good behaviour, and other conditions, for a specified period of time.
1588
1594
Pennsylvania Rule
Law enforcement officer; person empowered to make arrests; police officer.

1589
1595
Pen Register
A sexual abuse crime wherein an adult male grooms and sexually assaults an adolescent male outside of his family.
1590
1596
Pension
An individual who prefers a child as a sexual partner.
1597
1603
Peonage
Also "preemptory challenge"; a party's challenge of a prospective juror for which no reason or justification need be given.
1604
1598
Per Capita
The intentional violation of a promise or of some trust, such as misusing a flag of truce during war in order to facilitate an attack.
1605
1599
Percolating Water
A contract wherein a third-party, in exchange for a fee, secures another's fulfillment of a contract or performance of a duty.
1606
1600
Per Curiam
Damage to property occurring as a result of an accident at sea.

1607
1601
Peremption
Latin: through want of care.

1608
1602
Peremptory
Latin: by misadventure.
1603
1597
Peremptory Challenge
Compulsory service in payment of a debt.

1598
1604
Perfidy
Latin: by the head. The proposed distribution of an estate of property to surviving specified beneficiaries only and not, in the event of pre-death of the beneficiary, to the heirs of the pre-deceased beneficiary.
1605
1599
Performance Bond
Water which seeps or filters through the ground without any definite channel and not part of the flow of any waterway (eg. rain water).
1606
1600
Peril of the Sea
Latin: on behalf of the court.

1601
1607
Per Incuriam
A period of time fixed by law for the existence of a right.

1602
1608
Per Infortunium
Final or absolute or not open to challenge.
1609
1615
Perjury
Latin: whereby he loses the company of his wife.

1616
1610
Permanent Resident
Latin: of itself.
1611
1617
Permissive Waste
An entity recognized by the law as separate and independent, with legal rights and existence including the ability to sue and be sued, to sign contracts, to receive gifts, to appear in court either by themselves or by lawyer and, generally, other powers incidental to the full expression of the entity in law.
1612
1618
Perpetual Injunction
An email sent by an employee within an employer's server but which serve no business purpose.
1619
1613
Perpetuating Testimony
When one spouse has offered such indignities to the other spouse as to render his or her condition in life intolerable.
1620
1614
Perpetuity
Information that identifies or describes an individual.
1615
1609
Per Quod Consortium Amisit

1616
An intentional lie given while under oath or in a sworn affidavit.

1610
Per Se
An individual who has status in a country usually less than citizenship but more than just a visitor.
1611
1617
Person
The failure of a possessor of a thing to exercise the care of a reasonable person to preserve and protect the estate for future interests.
1618
1612
Personal Email
A permanent injunction.
1619
1613
Personal Indignities
The recording of evidence when it is feared that the person with that evidence may soon die or disappear and that this person's evidence, if recorded, could then be used in the future to prevent a possible injustice or to support a future claim of property.
1614
1620
Personal Information
Forever; of unlimited duration.
1621
1627
Personal Injury
Chattels, goods, property other than real property.

1628
1622
Personal Interest
(USA-family law) The restoration of a parent to a formerly held constructive and useful role as a parent within a reasonable time.
1629
1623
Personality Disorder
The person who administers the estate of a deceased person as executor or Court-appointed administrator.
1630
1624
Personal Jurisdiction
A contract in which the skills or talents of a party are material.

1631
1625
Personal Knowledge
A trip which would have been made in spite of the failure or absence of the business purpose and would have been dropped in the event of failure of the private purpose, though the business errand remained undone.
1632
1626
Personal Living Expenses
Personal property.
1627
1621
Personal Property
Injury to the natural body of a person.

1622
1628
Personal Rehabilitation
An interest in either the subject matter or a relationship with the parties before a judicial body.
1623
1629
Personal Representative
A group of disruptive personality traits which become evident by adolescence or early adulthood.
1630
1624
Personal Services Contract

1631
The court's authority to determine a claim affecting a specific person.

1625
Personal Trip
Something a witness actually saw or heard.

1626
1632
Personalty
Expenses reasonably necessary to maintain health and well-being, to enjoy life's activities, and the capacity to earn money.
1633
1639
Personal Use
A policy of the US Justice Department that following a state prosecution there should be no federal prosecution for the same transaction in the absence of compelling federal interests.
1640
1634
Persona Non Grata
The formal, written document submitted to a court, and which asks for the court to redress what is described in the petition as being an injustice of some kind.
1641
1635
Personnel File
An action in maritime law in which a person seeks to obtain a judgment as to title of a vessel independently of possession.
1642
1636
Per Stirpes
A petty or underhanded lawyer or an attorney who sustains a professional livelihood on disreputable or dishonorable business.
1637
1643
Per Tout Et Non My
A minor crime and for which the punishment is usually just a small fine or short term of imprisonment.
1644
1638
Perverse Verdict
When a tort has been committed on foreign soil, it cannot be brought on home soil unless it was actionable if it had of occurred on home soil, and without legal justification at the place it occurred.
1639
1633
Petite Policy
Non-business use.
1640
1634
Petition
Latin: an unwelcome person. A diplomat who is no longer welcome to the government to which he is accredited.
1635
1641
Petitory Suit
An employer's folder of employee records collected in regards to qualifications, promotion, transfer, compensation or disciplinary action.
1642
1636
Pettifogger
Latin: an entitlement to participate in the distribution of property, such as an estate, that flows down to the named beneficiary's next heir if he or she is otherwise unable to take his or her share.
1643
1637
Petty Offense
French: as to the whole and not just a part.

1638
1644
Phillips v Eyre, Rule in
A decision of a jury which runs altogether contrary to the evidence presented before it.
1645
1651
Phonorecord
Latin: charitable purposes.

1652
1646
Physical Care
To surround the entrance of a business or agency and encourage patrons to boycott it or to otherwise negatively call attention to it.
1647
1653
Physical Control
Circumstances in which more than one court is seized of the adjudication of the same issue.
1654
1648
Physical Cruelty
A structure extending from shore into navigable water to afford passage to and from vessels.
1655
1649
Physical Custody
To hold a corporate entity liable for the acts of a separate, related entity.
1656
1650
Physical Force
A proportionate share settlement agreement
1651
1645
Pia Causa
Material object in which sounds are fixed and from which the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated.
1652
1646
Picket
A variant of child custody distinguished in some jurisdictions as the mere right to maintain a home for the minor child and provide for his/her routine care.
1647
1653
Piecemeal Litigation
Having the means to initiate any movement of, and in close proximity to the operating controls of a vehicle.
1648
1654
Pier
Family law, grounds for divorce, cruelty which is physical in nature and which renders continued cohabitation intolerable.
1649
1655
Piercing the Corporate Veil

1656
The right to organize and administer the day to day care of a child or a thing.
1650
Pierringer Release
Power, violence, or pressure directed against an individual consisting in a physical act.
1657
1663
Pillory
Dogs which exhibit appearance and physical characteristics of any of a pit bull terrier or Staffordshire, American or American Staffordshire bull terrier.
1658
1664
Pinkerton Doctine
A judicial analysis used to determine a corporation's real place of business which prioritizes the venue of corporate activities.
1659
1665
Piracy (Intellectual Property)

1660
A selection of a venue to serve as the nexus of a tort when the tort evolves from a series of events, and for the purposes of establishing liability that may flow from the alleged tort.
1666
Piracy Jure Gentium
The representation of the work of others as one's own.

1667
1661
Piracy (Maritime Law)
Limited grounds upon which an appeal alleging deficient jury instructions will be allowed, which were not objected to at the time they were presented to the jury: the error must be so obvious or serious that the public reputation and integrity of the judicial proceeding is impaired.
1662
1668
Pirate
If, during a lawful pat-down search, an officer feels an object whose mass makes it immediately identifiable as contraband, that officer can seize the item.
1663
1657
Pit Bull
A medieval punishment and restraining device made of moveable and adjustable boards through which a prisoner's head or limbs were pinned.
1658
1664
Place of Operations Test
(USA) The conviction of a conspirator for criminal offenses committed by a co-conspirator that are within the scope of the conspiracy or in furtherance of it, and are reasonably foreseeable as a necessary or natural consequence of the conspiracy.
1659
1665
Place of the Wrong
Unauthorized duplication of an matter protected by intellectual property.

1660
1666
Plagiarism
Piracy according to the law of nations.

1661
1667
Plain Error
Violence or depredation on the high seas or in the air, for private ends, using aircraft or vessels.
1662
1668
Plain Feel Doctrine
A person who engages in piracy.
1669
1675
Plain Meaning Rule
A preliminary challenge to a court's authority to decide the action before it.

1676
1670
Plaintiff
Latin for administration (is) complete.

1677
1671
Plain View Doctrine
Casual recreational shooting, often at cans and other items found lying around.
1678
1672
Plat
A direction to a oil well operator to permanently close the well.

1679
1673
Plea Bargaining
A system or philosophy, which, in the name of respect for diversity, acknowledges the existence of different political opinions, moral and religious beliefs, and cultural and social behaviour.
1674
1680
Pleadings
To kill or take an animal or fish from the property of another.
1675
1669
Plea to the Jurisdiction
A rule of interpretation that where the plain meaning of a statute is apparent, there is no room for interpretation.
1670
1676
Plene Administravit
The person who initiates, who brings or files a case with a court; who sues.
1671
1677
Plinking
The authority for law enforcement officers, otherwise lawfully upon premises gut not armed with a search warrant, to seize any item within their line of sight and reasonably believed to be related to the commission of a crime
1672
1678
Plug and Abandon Order
A subdivision map prepared for approval by a governmental authority.

1673
1679
Pluralism
Negotiations during a criminal trial in which the accused agrees to admit to a smaller crime in exchange for which the prosecutor agrees to ask for a more lenient sentence than would have been recommended if the original charge had of been proceeded with.
1674
1680
Poach
That core document(s) of a party to litigation in which he or she formally sets out the facts and the law which support that party's position.
1681
1687
Poinding
Planning decisions of a government agency; also, an insurance contract.

1688
1682
Poinding of the Ground
A doctrine which prevents a court of law from determining issues which are essentially political; within the purview of the executive branch of government.
1689
1683
Point of NoveltyTest
Expressions which comment on government action rather than the private conduct of an individual.
1690
1684
Point of Order
Civil law: an offer which has not been accepted.

1691
1685
Police Interrogation
A solid, liquid, gaseous, or thermal irritant or contaminant.

1692
1686
Police Power
The discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance that is likely to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life.
1687
1681
Policy
Scottish law: The seizure of a judgment debtor's personal property to satisfy the terms of the judgment.
1682
1688
Political Question Doctrine

1689
Scottish law: The post-judgment seizure and judicial sale, of the judgment debtor's property attached to his land, to satisfy the terms of the judgment.
1683
Political Speech
A test to assist in determining whether a product infringes upon an existing design patent; whether the accused product appropriates the novelty of the patented one.
1684
1690
Pollicitation
A term of parliamentary law an which refers to an interjection meeting by a member, who do the floor, to call the attention o an alleged violation or breac assembly s or meeting s rule
1685
1691
Pollutant
Questioning put to an accused by the police with the purpose of eliciting a statement.
1686
1692
Pollution
A local or regional government's authority to enforce within its limits, laws, ordinances or regulations.
1693
1699
Polyandry
The portrayal of sexual acts solely for the purpose of sexual arousal.
1700
1694
Polygamy
Law proper, as opposed to moral laws, or to natural/ God-made law.

1701
1695
Polygraph
The emergency roundup of a group of civilians or soldiers to address a significant civil law enforcement crisis.
1702
1696
Polygyny
Where a party entitled to possession of a vessel seeks to recover that vessel.

1703
1697
Ponzi Scheme
A rule of contract law that makes an exception to the general rule that an acceptance is only created when communicated directly to the offeror.
1698
1704
Poor Law
Latin: After the author's death.
1699
1693
Pornography
The having of more than one husband by a wife.

1694
1700
Positive Law
Being married to multiple wives or husbands at the same time.

1695
1701
Posse Comitatus
A lie-detector machine.
1702
1696
Possessory Action
One man with several wives.

1697
1703
Postal Rule
A form of investment fraud whereby initial investors are promised a return of their investment by the enlistment of subsequent investors.
1704
1698
Post Mortem Auctoris
Law related to the relief of the indigent.
1705
1711
Postnuptial Agreement
Latin: an initiating document presented to a court clerk to be officially issued on behalf of the court or a the covering memo or letter from the lawyer (or plaintiff) which accompanies and formally asks for the writ to be issued by the court officer.
1712
1706
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

1707
An offence initially to prefer the Pope or his authority as against the King of England or Parliament, but later included a wide assortment of offenses against the King and always leading to serious penalties.
1713
Potestative Condition
A introductory written statement of facts or assumptions upon which a statute or contract is based.
1714
1708
Power of Attorney
Words that express a wish or a desire rather than a clear command.

1715
1709
Practice of Law
A case which establishes legal principles to a certain set of facts, coming to a certain conclusion, and which is to be followed from that point on when similar or identical facts are before a court.
1710
1716
Practicks
The superceding of any lower jurisdiction's law in the event of a law on topic extant within a higher jurisdiction.
1711
1705
A separation agreement.
1712
1706
Praemunire
A mental disorder that results from an extreme traumatic stress.

1707
1713
Preamble
A condition made in a contract the fulfillment of which is entirely in the control of one of the parties to the contract.
1708
1714
Precatory Words
A document which gives a person the right to make binding decisions for another, as an agent.
1709
1715
Precedent
The giving of legal advice or of representation of another as agent in a court of law or through rules of court, or in the preparation of legal documents or in dispute or contractual negotiation.
1716
1710
Preemption Doctrine
Scots law: Court of Sessions judge's notes later compiled and released to jurists for study and precedent purposes, now superseded by modern law reports.
1717
1723
Preemptory Challenge
The liability of an occupier of real property towards injury to others.

1724
1718
Pre-existing Condition
A contract entered into by prospective spouses prior to marriage but in contemplation and in consideration thereof.
1725
1719
Preferred Shares
Evidence that persuades a judge or jury to lean to one side as opposed to the other, during the course of litigation.
1726
1720
Pre-Hire Agreement
A method of acquiring or extinguishing rights through the inaction of the legal owner.
1727
1721
Preliminary Inquiry
A report filed with the court prior to sentencing covering the offender's personal and family history and present environment.
1728
1722
Premeditation
A facilitative mechanism used at trial to assist a witness in recalling his or her memory, thus revived.
1723
1717
Premises Liability
Also "peremptory challenge"; a party's challenge of a prospective juror for which no reason or justification need be given.
1718
1724
Pre-nuptial Agreement
A common exclusion of disability insurance contracts for exacerbation of medical conditions known to have existed within a specified time-frame.
1725
1719
Preponderance
A share in a company that has kind of special right or privile attached to it, such as that it distinguished from the compa common shares.
1720
1726
Prescription
An employer agrees to hire specific union members or their referrals for the purpose of working on anticipated jobs, within the construction industry, during the contract period.
1721
1727
Pre-Sentence Report
Canada: An initial inquiry that occurs at the demand of an accused wherein a judge screens the proposed criminal charge against the available evidence.
1728
1722
Present Memory Revived
Specific intent to commit a crime for some period of time, however short, before the actual crime.
1729
1735
President
A bonus given to the captain of a vessel to supplement his/her wages and salaries.
1736
1730
Presumption of Advancement
1731
Oldest son inherits.
1737
Presumption of Fact
An agent s master; the perso whom an agent has receive instruction and to whose bene agent is expected to perform make decisions.
1738
1732
Presumption of Innocence
1733
A member of the enemy's armed forces, or attached to the hostile army for active aid, who has fallen into the hands of the captor, either fighting or wounded, on the field or in the hospital, by individual surrender or by capitulation.
1739
Price Fixing
(USA) A rule of procedure which deems that any court document mailed by a self-represented inmate is deemed filed on the date of delivery to prison authorities for mailing.
1740
1734
Prima Facie
A person's right to control access to his or her personal information.
1735
1729
Primage
The appointed or elected head of a group of individuals, such as of a company or of a state.

1730
1736
Primogeniture
A presumption in trust, contract and family law which suggests that property transferred from a parent to a child, or spouse to spouse, is a gift and would defeat any presumption of a resulting trust.
1737
1731
Principal
A conclusion of fact constructed logically from other proven facts.

1732
1738
Prisoner of War
A legal presumption that benefits a defendant in a criminal case and which results in acquittal in the event that the prosecutor does not prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
1733
1739
Prison Mailbox Rule
A conspiracy formed for the purpose and with the effect of raising, depressing, fixing, pegging or stabilizing the price of a commodity.
1740
1734
Privacy
(Latin) A legal presumption which means on the face of it or at first sight.
1741
1747
Private Carrier
A will valid in spite of defect of form, when made by mariners or soldiers.

1748
1742
Private International Law
A doctrine of contract law that prevents any person from seeking the enforcement of a contract, or suing on its terms, unless they are a party to that contract.
1749
1743
Private Law
Property taken at sea from an enemy.

1750
1744
Private Nuisance
Courts instituted for the purpose of trying judicially the lawfulness of captures at sea.
1751
1745
Privative Clause
The formal certificate given by a court that certifies that a will has been proven, validated and registered and which, from that point on, gives the executor the legal authority to execute the will.
1746
1752
Privilege
A punishment given out as part of a sentence which means that instead of jailing a person convicted of a crime, a judge will order that the person reports to a probation officer regularly and according to a set schedule.
1747
1741
Privileged Will
One who carries goods or passengers of his choosing and in particular cases and not to the general public indifferently.
1742
1748
Privity of Contract
A specialized branch of law which resolves cases which have an element of conflicting foreign law.
1743
1749
Prize
Law which regulates the relationships between individuals.

1744
1750
Prize Court
An unreasonable interference with the use or enjoyment of land.

1745
1751
Probate
A section of law, typically right in the statute that creates an administrative tribunal, that states that all or select decisions of that tribunal are final and conclusive and not subject to judicial review.
1752
1746
Probation
A special and exclusive legal advantage or right such as a benefit, exemption, power or immunity.
1753
1759
Probationary Employee
A servitude which resembles an easement and which allows the holder to enter the land of another and to take some natural produce such as mineral deposits, fish or game, timber, crops or pasture.
1754
1760
Probative
Latin: for the sake of form.

1761
1755
Pro Bono
A legal restriction against the use of something or against certain conduct.

1762
1756
Procedural Law
A person whom is to be the beneficiary of a promise, an obligation or a contract.

1763
1757
Proctologist
The person who has become obliged through a promise (usually expressed in a contract) towards another.
1764
1758
Procurator Fiscal
A promise made to another party to a contract that the contract will not be enforced in whole or in part and which, once acted upon, prevents subsequent proceedings to enforce the contract as against the person who relied on the promise.
1759
1753
A new employee who, for a period of time, is being tested to enable the employer to ascertain the suitability of the employee for its purposes.
1760
1754
Pro Forma
Tending to prove.
1761
1755
Prohibition
Latin: for the good.
1762
1756
Promisee
The rules of legal process such as the rules of evidence and of procedure in enforcing a legal right or obligation.
1757
1763
Promisor
A medical doctor who studies and treats disorders of the rectum and anus.
1758
1764
Promissory Estoppel
Scots law: the prosecutor who acts on behalf of the state in criminal prosecutions.
1765
1771
Promissory Note
Latin: a person who holds something only as possessor, not necessarily as owner.
1772
1766
Proof in Common Form
Latin: he whose possession is taken away by fraud or injury will be deemed to continue to possess.
1773
1767
Proof in Solemn Form
To offer a document as being authentic or valid.

1774
1768
Proper Lookout
Owner.
1769
1775
Property
Latin: to divide proportionate to a certain rate or interest.

1776
1770
Propinquity
To end a session of a Parliament, and all business then on the agenda, until it is summoned to reconvene.
1771
1765
Pro Possessore
An unconditional, written and signed promise to pay a certain amount of money, on demand or at a certain defined date in the future.
1772
1766
Pro Possessore Habetur Qui Dolo Injuriave

1773
A summary approval of an uncontested will by the court, subject to subsequent contest.

1767
Propound
The pronouncement by a court that a will is formally approved and not subject to later contest barring fraud or the discovery of a later will.
1774
1768
Proprietor
The legal obligation on the part of a vessel or motor vehicle operator to keep an ongoing watch of its path and other traffic or obstacles.
1775
1769
Pro Rata
A comprehensive collection of legal rights over a thing.

1770
1776
Prorogation
Nearness in place; close-by. Also used to describe relationships as synonymous for kin.
1777
1783
Pro Se
Latin: something done temporarily only and not intended to be permanent.

1784
1778
Prosecute
International agreements of a less formal nature than a treaty and which amends, supplements or clarifies a treaty.
1785
1779
Prosecutorial Discretion
Conduct that would cause a reasonable person to lose self control.

1786
1780
Pro Socio
The most direct, effective or substantial cause of a tort; relevant where the negligence of more than one person contributed.
1781
1787
Prospectus
A written appointment given b member of an organization to person allowing the proxy hold specific meeting on the memb including the exercise of the voting rights.
1788
1782
Prostitute
One who essentially serves as a second parent to a child and is a relationship to which the child's parent has consented.
1783
1777
Pro Tempore
Latin: on one s own behalf.

1778
1784
Protocol
To bring or administer judicial proceedings.

1779
1785
Provocation
Discretionary powers exercised by the government's prosecution service such as whether to prosecute charge recommended by police, to stay an ongoing proceeding, plea bargaining, or the taking over of a private prosecution.
1780
1786
Proximate Cause
Latin: on behalf of a partnership.

1781
1787
Proxy
A document in which a corporation sets out the material details of a share or bond issue and inviting the public to invest by purchasing these financial instruments.
1782
1788
Psychological Parent
An individual who offers lewd sexual acts for the gratification of a customer and in exchange for money.
1789
1795
Publication
Those laws which regulate the structure and administration of the government, the conduct of the government in its relations with its citizens, the responsibilities of government employees and the relationships with foreign governments.
1796
1790
Public Defender
A nuisance (tort) which interferes with public convenience or welfare.

1797
1791
Public Domain
Certain acts or contracts are said to be against public policy if they tend to promote breach of the law, of the policy behind a law or tend to harm the state or its citizens.
1798
1792
Public Domain Citation
Advertising which states in general terms that one product or service is superior and which does not otherwise imply any specific representation in regards to the product or service.
1799
1793
Public Duty Doctrine
Junior or lower in rank, as opposed to the chief justice.

1800
1794
Publicity
Special and highly exceptional damages ordered by a court against a defendant where the act or omission which caused the suit, was of a particularly heinous, malicious or highhanded nature.
1795
1789
Public Law
Communication of the alleged defamatory statement to a third-party.

1790
1796
Public Nuisance
An attorney in the USA paid for by the state but representing an indigent individual in a criminal matter.
1791
1797
Public Policy
Property that is available or accessible to the public.

1792
1798
Puffery
A legal citation unique to cases issued from a particular court with numbering assigned sequentially, and designed for electronic database and Internet cataloguing retrieval.
1793
1799
Puisne
A principle of personal injury law; that government owes duties to the public at large rather than to individuals.
1794
1800
Punitive Damages
The use of an individual's name, image or reputation to promote products or services.
1801
1807
Purge
Latin: What law is imposed by foreign powers on our merchants, we will impose on their's.
1808
1802
Putative Father
Latin: amount or extent.
1803
1809
Quaere
Latin: as much as is deserved.

1810
1804
Quaestor
To set aside.
1805
1811
Qualified Immunity
Civil law: a contract implied and imposed by law resulting from certain actions of a person.
1812
1806
Qualified Privilege
Civil law: a delict (wrong) caused by negligence.
1807
1801
Quam legem exteri nobis posuere, eandem illis ponemus

1808
To apologize or the taking of such other action as may be deemed by a court of law to suffice for the purposes of vacating a charge of contempt of court.
1802
Quantum
A presumed but not DNA-confirmed father of a child.

1803
1809
Quantum Meruit
Latin for "query" as in an issue on which some doubt or question exists.

1804
1810
Quash
In ancient Roman law, senior legal advisor.

1805
1811
Quasi-Contract
Shields public official from any litigation in regards to acts undertaken in good faith.
1806
1812
Quasi-Delict
A defence in defamation actions that defeats the claim when the alleged defamation issues during specified occasions.
1813
1819
Quasi-Judicial
Questions touching the scope, effect or application of a rule of law which the courts apply in determining the rights of parties.
1820
1814
Queen's Bench
A term of parliamentary law and procedure which refers to an urgent motion made at a meeting which seeks an immediate ruling on an alleged violation of the rights or privileges of members as a whole, or in regards to a negative personal remark.
1821
1815
Queen's Counsel
An appellate standard of review of a lower court's order where the appeal issues are divided between question(s) of fact and question(s) of law.
1822
1816
Quesas
A 1290 English statute that held that notwithstanding the subdivision (subinfeudation) of a feeholding; the new tenant owed feudal rights and obligations not to the seller but to the Land Lord.
1817
1823
Question of Discretion
A formal process of the exercise of eminent domain in which the government takes possession before the adjudication of compensation.
1818
1824
Question of Fact
Latin: whatever is planted in the ground, belongs to the ground.
1819
1813
Question of Law
Administrative tribunals or government officials which, in their decision-making process, are subject to the rules of natural justice.
1820
1814
Question of Privilege
Originally, the common criminal court of the common law; later, the general superior court.
1815
1821
Question of Mixed Law and Fact

1822
An archaic designation of a barrister, phased out in most jurisdiction, indicating of its title holder faithfulness to the Crown, but more recently, contribution to the profession of lawyers.
1816
Quia Emptores
Muslim law: the right of a person who has suffered corporal injuries by the act of another, to inflict, or have inflicted similar injuries upon the aggressor.
1817
1823
Quick Take
Where an appeal predominantly takes issue with the lower court's exercise of judicial discretion.
1818
1824
Quicquid Plantatur Solo, Solo Cedit
Questions about what actually took place between the parties.
1825
1831
Quid Pro Quo
Latin: he who is earlier in time is stronger in law.

1832
1826
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment

1827
A trust which arises to the benefit of the donor when property is advanced for a specific purpose and that purpose fails.
1833
Quiet Enjoyment
Latin: who as well.
1828
1834
Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se

1829
A document in which a person who has an alleged interest in real property, transfers this interest to another.
1835
Qui Jure Suo Utitur Neminem Facit Injuriam

1830
Latin: That which is without a remedy is valid by the thing itself, if there be no fault.
1836
Qui Non Obstat Quod Obstare Potest, Facere Videtur
The minimum number of voting members that must be in attendance at a meeting of an organization for that meeting to be regularly constituted.
1831
1825
Qui Prior Est Tempore, Potior Est Jure

1832
Latin: something for something.

1826
Quistclose Trust
Workplace harassment which conditions employment or promotion on sexual favors.

1827
1833
Qui Tam
A landlord's obligation to provide the tenant with reasonable privacy and freedom from any interference with the tenant's exclusive use and enjoyment of the rented premises.
1828
1834
Quitclaim
Latin: he who acts through another, acts himself.

1829
1835
Quod Remedio Destituitur Ipsa Re Valet, Si Culpa Absit

1836
Latin: he who exercises his legal rights harms no one.

1830
Quorum
Latin: an individual who does not prevent something which he/she could of prevented, is taken to have done that thing.
1837
1843
Quo Warranto
Money paid to have a kidnapped person released.

1844
1838
Racial Pollution
Sex with a woman, other than the perpetrator's wife, without her consent.
1845
1839
Racial Profiling
Latin: to take away forcefully.

1846
1840
Rack
The act by a principal, after the agent has acted, confirming that what the agent may have done without authority, is binding on the principal.
1841
1847
Racketeering
Latin: reasons for a decision.

1848
1842
Rand Formula
Latin: by reason of the place.
1843
1837
Ransom
Latin: legal procedure taken to stop a person or organization from doing something for which it may not have the legal authority, by demanding to know by what right they exercise the controversial authority.
1844
1838
Rape
A prohibition of sexual relations with persons outside of defined races.

1839
1845
Rapina
Targeting of individual members of a particular racial group, on the basis of the supposed propensity of the entire group.
1840
1846
Ratification
A medieval form of punishment or confession extractor in which the subject was affixed to a wooden platform and separate ropes attached to each of his four limbs, which were then pulled apart by a system of pulleys.
1841
1847
Ratio Decidendi
The interfering with trade or commerce by violence or threats.

1842
1848
Ratione loci
(CAN) Union dues are withheld from the pay of an employee, whether or not he or she belongs to the union.
1849
1855
Ratione Personae
The legal rationale behind a court's judgment, expressed verbally or in writing.

1856
1850
Real Estate
Latin: changed circumstances.

1857
1851
Real Obligation
A presumption of fact which can be defeated by persuasive evidence to the contrary.

1858
1852
Real Property
A document which acknowledges the delivery of a thing or the payment of money.

1859
1853
Reasonable Doubt
A term of international treaties by which two or more states agree to extend to the other's citizens specified legal rights on the same standing as its own citizens.
1860
1854
Reasonable Man
Advice or counsel which although presented as such, the recipient is free to take or leave, or which may be binding in the context.
1855
1849
Reasons
Latin: by reason of his person.

1850
1856
Rebus Sic Stantibus
Same as real property; land and rights attached to land.

1851
1857
Rebuttable Presumption
A legal obligation associated with real property.

1852
1858
Receipt
A property interest in land.

1853
1859
Reciprocity
A threshold of proof in criminal cases in most modern criminal law systems which requires the trier of fact to be sure, not certain, of the accused's guilt, before convicting.
1854
1860
Recommendation
An ethereal concept of conduct against which liability is weighed.
1861
1867
Reconciliation
An application made to a judge that he/she not hear a particular case because of a real or perceived conflict of interest; that the judge recuse himself (abstain) from the case.
1868
1862
Reconvention
Removing text or images from an original document.

1869
1863
Recorder
Latin: that part of a lease which sets out the amount of rent and when it is payable.
1870
1864
Recoupment
Reverting title to property.

1871
1865
Recross Examination
An irrelevant legal issue.
1866
1872
Rectal Prolapse
The re-opening of an examination-in-chief after cross-examination, to cover matters that may have arisen during cross-examination.
1867
1861
Recusation
The act of separated spouses returning to family cohabitation.

1862
1868
Redact
A rule of jurisdiction which enables a counterclaim against another who, although otherwise beyond the jurisdiction of the court, has voluntarily submitted to jurisdiction by iniating the principal action.
1869
1863
Reddendum
An ancient judicial position in the legal history of England and Wales, now mostly a part-time judicial appointment given to practising barristers or solicitors in England and Wales.
1864
1870
Redemption
A rebate of a debt or claim because of a right of the debtor arising out of the same transaction.
1865
1871
Red Herring
The resumption of cross-examination by the original cross-examiner in order to respond to matters that may have arisen during the re-examination of a witness.
1866
1872
Redirect Examination
A medical condition in which the lower end of the bowel (the rectum) falls or pops out of the anus.
1873
1879
Red test
An informer; a person who has supplied the facts required for a criminal prosecution or a civil suit.
1880
1874
Refoulement
A with prejudice concession made by a party to give up all claims in regards to an alleged tort or contract.
1881
1875
Refugee
Faith and worship in a god.

1882
1876
Regiam Majestatem
A right to future enjoyment or ownership of real property.

1883
1877
Regrating
Latin: an action that has been put over, deferred to a later time.
1884
1878
Regulation
Remedial judicial action to right a wrong or to prevent a infringement upon a legal right.
1879
1873
Relator
Money paid to have a kidnapped person released.

1874
1880
Release
The return of an alleged refugee to his state of origin.

1875
1881
Religion
A person who is outside his state of origin or of residence, and cannot return for fear of human-rights related persecution.
1876
1882
Remainder
An ancient compendium of Scottish law; circa 1320.

1877
1883
Remanet
The buying of food products at a market not for demonstrable personal need, but for the purposes of resale at the same market, or one nearby.
1884
1878
Remedy
A law on some point of detail, supported by an enabling statute, and issued not by a legislative body but by an executive branch of government.
1885
1891
REMO
To abrogate or cancel a contract putting the parties in the same position they would have been in had there been no contract.
1892
1886
Renewable Energy
Taking and setting at liberty, against the law, either goods or imprisoned persons.
1893
1887
Rent
Latin: a thing abandoned.
1888
1894
Replevin
Investigating or closely studying a subject.

1895
1889
Republic
Government-owned land set aside for the exclusive use of Aboriginal people.
1896
1890
Republication
Latin: things done.
1891
1885
Rescind
Abbreviation for reciprocal enforcement of maintenance orders, an international system of enforcement of support orders.
1886
1892
Rescue
Electrical energy derived from naturally occurring resources and which do not deplete the source as energy is produced.
1887
1893
Res Derelicta
Money or other consideration paid by a tenant to a landlord in exchange for the exclusive use and enjoyment of land, a building or a part of a building.
1894
1888
Research
A legal action taken to reclaim goods which have been distrained.

1889
1895
Reserve
A form of government where the law-makers and administrators are chosen by the people and not king or queen, or chosen thereby.
1890
1896
Res Gestae
The validation of a previously invalid will by express reference to it in a subsequent will or codicil.
1897
1903
Residential Tenancy
The party that responds to a claim filed in court against them by a plaintiff.
1904
1898
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Latin: restitution to the original position.

1905
1899
Res Judicata
The return to a rightful owner of a thing wrongfully taken.

1906
1900
Res Noviter Veniens Ad Notitiam

1901
An alternate form of dealing with crime by engaging both offender and victim in post-offence mediation.
1907
Resolution
A contract in which a party agrees to be restricted in some regards as to future conduct.

1908
1902
Respondeat superior
A trust that is presumed by the court from certain situations.
1903
1897
Respondent
The lease of residential premises for residential purposes.

1898
1904
Restitutio In Integrum
Latin: the thing speaks for itself.

1899
1905
Restitution
Latin: already subject to judicial determination.

1900
1906
Restorative Justice
Latin: Fact(s) newly coming to knowledge.

1901
1907
Restrictive Covenant
The formal decision of an organization. A motion which has obtained the necessary majority vote in favor.
1902
1908
Resulting Trust
Latin: let the principal answer.
1909
1915
Retainer
Any interest, vested or contingent, the enjoyment of which is postponed.

1916
1910
Retorsion
A trust which can be revoked at the discretion of the settlor.

1917
1911
Retraxit
Rebellion, often by organized military action, but always with the support of a significant proportion of the population, aimed at the replacement of an existing government.
1918
1912
Reverse Mortgage
The king should be subject to the law for the law makes the king.
1919
1913
Reverse Payment
Muslim law: the rejection of the religion of Islam by a Muslim.

1920
1914
Reversion
A written amendment as to the coverage of an existing life or health insurance policy.
1915
1909
Reversionary Interest
A contract between a lawyer and his (or her) client, wherein the lawyer agrees to represent and provide legal advice to the client, in exchange for money.
1910
1916
Revocable Trust
Discriminatory actions against the citizens of one state by and within that of another, as a gentle reprisal against some perceived injustice imposed upon their own citizens in and by the targeted state.
1917
1911
Revolution
Latin: a withdrawal of a legal action.

1912
1918
Rex Debet Esse Sub Lege, Quia Lex Facit Regem

1919
A loan made by the homeowner on which the home stands as collateral, and which payment is not required until the homeowner sells, moves out or dies, and the loan amount and interest, is then paid out of the proceeds of sale.
1913
Ridda
A payment by a patent holder to an infringer in consideration of the infringer's cease and desist.
1914
1920
Rider
A future interest left in a transferor or his (or her) heirs. A reservation in a real property conveyance that the property reverts back to the original owner upon the occurrence of a certain event.
1921
1927
Right of First Refusal
Form and content of law that was developed by the Romans during their 1,000 year empire starting in 500 BC; form in that it was written, and with content that sought to publish a comprehensive code of private law thus addressed a predictable structure for its people and the economy.
1922
1928
Right of Hot Pursuit
Rented residential premises where an individual shares a kitchen and bathroom with others.
1929
1923
Riot
Medieval Papal and Roman Catholic court.

1930
1924
Riparian Rights
A common law and public order criminal offence which has gone beyond an unlawful assembly in that some action has been taken towards either the crime intended or the disturbance of the peace.
1925
1931
River
Muslim law: the essential requirements for marriage.

1932
1926
Robbery
A common law rule that prevents suspending the transfer of property for more than 21 years or a lifetime plus 21 years.
1927
1921
Roman Law
A right given to a person to be the first person allowed to purchase a certain object if it is ever offered for sale.
1922
1928
Rooming House
The right of a state to chase and arrest a vessel which has committed an offense within its waters.
1923
1929
Rota Court
Three or more persons who assemble and advance a purpose together, with the intent to use force if necessary, and raising alarm of a reasonable person(s).
1924
1930
Rout
Special rights of people who own land that runs into a water bank (a riparian owner is a person who owns land that runs into a river).
1925
1931
Rukun
A watercourse which is of capacity to be navigated.

1926
1932
Rule Against Perpetuities
Theft under threat or use of force.
1933
1939
Rule in Aerocide
A witness who, while under cross-examination, is unresponsive.

1940
1934
Rule in Foss v Harbottle
Strict liability for landowners for damage caused by dangerous substances which escapes from their land and damages others.
1941
1935
Rule in Shelley's Case
Doing business on a Sunday.

1942
1936
Rule of Law
Delight in physical or mental cruelty.

1943
1937
Rule of Lenity
Regular payment for services.

1944
1938
Rules of Court
The exchange of goods or services for consideration.
1939
1933
Runaway Witness
A Canadian legal principle applicable in employment law which holds an employer to the reasons for a dismissal expressed at the time of dismissal, and prohibiting the attempt to later advance other reasons.
1940
1934
Rylands v. Fletcher, the Rule in

1941
A rule of corporations law: shareholders have no separate cause of action in law for any wrongs which may have been inflicted upon a corporation.
1935
Sabbath Breaking
A mostly abolished rule in estate law to the effect that if a life estate was created but the remainderman was the heir of that person, the life estate collapsed and the entire estate vested in that person.
1942
1936
Sadism
That individuals, persons and government shall submit to, obey and be regulated by law, and not arbitrary action by an individual or a group of individuals.
1937
1943
Salary
A rule of construction of statutes: that criminal statute ambiguities are resolved in favor of the defendant or accused.
1938
1944
Sale
Rules of procedure and conduct during the sitting of a court of law uniformly applicable to litigants and their lawyers, and governing the hearings of claims and motions, and defences or responses thereto.
1945
1951
Salus Populi Est Suprema Lex

1946
Muslim law: theft.
1952
Salvage
A term in a sales or services contract in which the seller defers to the buyer the sole and unilateral discretion as to whether or not the goods or services tendered are acceptable. In the event the price is not paid, no cause of action exists unless the buyer acting in good faith is satisfied, no matter how good the goods or services are in terms of quality.
1947
1953
Salvor
Latin: chess game but in English law, the exchequer, usually in reference to the Court of Exchequer.
1954
1948
Sanction
Personal scurrilous abuse of a judge as a judge.

1955
1949
Sanctuary
Elements of an original work that are so trite or common that they are not captured by copyright.
1956
1950
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
A severe, chronic and generally disabling mental disorder that severely disrupts normal thoughts, speech and behavior.
1951
1945
Sariqa
Latin: the welfare of an individual yields to that of the community.

1946
1952
Satisfaction Guaranteed
The rescue of vessels or cargo in peril at sea, and the reward thereof.
1947
1953
Scaccarium
A person who engages in salvage.

1948
1954
Scandalizing the Court
To sanction can mean to ratify or to approve but it can also mean to punish. The sanction of a crime refers to the actual punishment, usually expressed as a fine or jail term.
1949
1955
Scenes A Faire
A special criminal law option available in Medieval times to persons who had just committed a crime, allowing them to seek refuge in a church or monastery.
1950
1956
Schizophrenia
An American federal law, 2002, which substantially revised and strengthened securities laws and their administration in the aftermath of high profile corporate accounting scandals such as that involving Enron.
1957
1963
School
A medieval offense; women who were verbally disputative; who incited or agitated against the public peace.
1964
1958
School Board
A contract between two parties that they will submit any dispute between them to arbitration before taking any court action.
1965
1959
School Bus
A literate person who sells his reading or writing services to illiterate others.
1966
1960
Scienter
A person enlisted to assist in the conduct of a vote.

1967
1961
Scintilla Juris
A waxed impression proving authenticity of a document.

1968
1962
Scold
A Court order that restricts access to or disclosure of any record or document filed in a proceeding.
1963
1957
Scolding
A place for education of a lower grade, usually below a college or university.

1958
1964
Scott v Avery Clause
An elected body corporate which manages delegated powers in regards to the delivery of education services within a defined territory.
1965
1959
Scrivener
A vehicle which transports children to or from school activities for compensation.

1960
1966
Scrutineer
Latin: actual or guilty knowledge; knowingly.

1961
1967
Seal
Latin: a spark of legal right.

1962
1968
Sealing Order
A troublesome and angry woman who, by brawling and wrangling amongst her neighbours, breaks the public peace, increases discord and becomes a public nuisance.
1969
1975
Search
Payment or deposit of money or some form of security in lieu thereof, into court, by a litigant to secure the payment of such costs if such person does not prevail.
1976
1970
Search Warrant
Latin: self-defence.
1971
1977
Secret Trust
The speaking or publishing of words which excite public disorder or defiance of lawful authority.
1978
1972
Securities
The legal possession of property; historically, possession under claim of freehold.

1979
1973
Security
A dispossession of something against the will of the possessor.

1980
1974
Security Deposit
A trust created by a settlor and to the settler's exclusive benefit during his or her lifetime.
1975
1969
Security for Costs
A probing exploration for something that is concealed or hidden from the searcher.
1970
1976
Se Defendendo
A court order that gives a police the permission to enter private property and to search for evidence of the commission of a crime, for the proceeds of crime or property that the police suspect may be used to commit a crime.
1971
1977
Sedition
A trust where, to a stated beneficiary, the donor secretly communicates that he/she holds title in trust for another.
1972
1978
Seisin
Negotiable instruments which yield dividends or interest.

1973
1979
Seizure
Something given to ensure the payment of a loan.

1974
1980
Self-Benefit Trust
Money paid to another to be held as security for the occurrence of a specified event.
1981
1987
Self-Defence
A jury which has been confined to a location where they can be shielded from outside distractions while their deliberations are ongoing.
1982
1988
Semayne's Case
The taking of someones property, voluntarily (by deposit) or involuntarily (by seizure), by court officers or into the possession of a third party, awaiting the outcome of a trial in which ownership of that property is at issue.
1983
1989
Sentence
The land which suffers or has the burden of an easement.

1990
1984
Sentencing Circle
From Roman law and now a feature of civil law; equivalent to the common law's easement: access rights over, under or on the property of another.
1985
1991
Separate Property
An alleged cross claim by a defendant against the plaintiff which, if successful, would result in the reduction of elimination of the plaintiff's claim.
1992
1986
Separation Agreement
An agreement, or the document which articulates the agreement, which sets or resolves rights.
1987
1981
Sequestered Jury
A person is not responsible for an act if the conduct is carried-out in self-defence of self or of another.
1982
1988
Sequestration
A 1604 English case that established the right of a home-owner to defend his premises against intrusion ("every man's house is his castle") yields to those seeking to enter with lawful authority such as to make an arrest.
1983
1989
Servient Tenement
The judgment given to a person who has been convicted (i.e. found to be guilty) of a crime.
1984
1990
Servitude
A sentencing opportunity at which an accused hopes to favourably influence the court passing sentence, by convening a conciliatory pre-sentence meeting between offender and victim.
1985
1991
Set-Off
A marital property regime wherein property acquired or owned by a married person and which, notwithstanding the marriage or, where recognized, a marriage-like relationship, remains the separate property of the spouse who acquired or to whom was gifted the item of property.
1992
1986
Settlement
A private contract between separating spouses resolving issues of joint, family or marital property or assets, support and child responsibilities.
1993
1999
Settlor
A term used in human rights legislation and referring primarily to harassment in employment situations, related to sex or gender, which detrimentally affects the working environment.
1994
2000
Severance Pay
Penetration by the penis of a woman's labia.

2001
1995
Sex
An individual's preference in terms of sexual relationship with others - whether homosexual or heterosexual.
2002
1996
Sexual Abuse
A portion of a for-profit corporation bought by cash.

2003
1997
Sexual Assault
A family law support or maintenance term referring to a situation where a child spends about an equal amount of time in the care and home of each of the two separated or divorced parents, and the parents share the legal rights in regards to the child.
2004
1998
Sexual Exploitation of a Minor
Persons who own a share(s) of a for-profit corporation.
1999
1993
Sexual Harassment
The person who actually creates a trust by donating property to be managed and administered by a trustee but from which all profits would go to a beneficiary.
1994
2000
Sexual Intercourse
An amount of money an employer owes to an employee in lieu of notice, in exchange for the employee's agreement to sever an employment contract forthwith.
1995
2001
Sexual Orientation
Gender, as in male or female. Also refers to sexual intercourse.

1996
2002
Share
The tort or crime of an assault of a sexual nature.

1997
2003
Shared Custody
A sexual act upon or directed to another which is unwanted and not consented to by the other.
1998
2004
Shareholder
The use of a child for the purposes of pornography.
2005
2011
Shareholder agreement
The pledging and charge upon title of a ship and its machinery as security for a loan.
2012
2006
Sharia Law
A sudden and disturbing impression on the mind.

2013
2007
Sharp Practice
A sentencing strategy: a brief period of incarceration followed by release under supervision.

2014
2008
Sheriff
Willful concealment of unpurchased merchandise of any retail store.

2015
2009
Sherman Antitrust Act
A buy-sell agreement where a shareholder wishes to sell his or her shares, or an irreconcilable disagreement on a fundamental issue in regards to the corporation breaks out between shareholders, the sale can be forced by the sell of the holdings of one shareholder to the other.
2010
2016
Ship
Muslim law; the crime of consuming alcoholic beverages.
2011
2005
Ship Mortgage
A contract between the shareholders of the company and the company itself, in which certain things which would otherwise be the purview of the board of directors, are predetermined.
2006
2012
Shock
Muslim or Islamic law, both civil and criminal justice as well as regulating individual conduct both personal and moral.
2007
2013
Shock Probation
Prohibited conduct by a licensed lawyer in taking, or attempting to take advantage of a slip or overlooked technical matter by the other side to litigation, and to agree to reasonable requests which either prejudice his client or the interests of justice.
2008
2014
Shoplifting
Individuals empowered to ensure the security of courthouses generally and courtrooms especially, to keep prisoners secure whilst in the courthouse, to secure jurors during trials and to assist in the execution of court orders.
2009
2015
Shotgun Clause
American federal statutes that defines and prohibits contracts or conspiracies which are designed to restrain trade.
2010
2016
Shurb Al-Khamr
A boat or any vessel used in navigation.
2017
2023
Sick Leave
Latin: without which, not.
2018
2024
Sic Utera Tuo Ut Alienam Non Laedas

2019
Maritime law: In the context of a legal claim against a particular ship, and in certain circumstances, the law allows the arrest of another ship belonging to the same owner, called a sister ship.
2025
Silent Partner
Latin: location.
2020
2026
Similar Fact Evidence
A 1791 amendment to the American Constitution guaranteeing fundamental rights in criminal proceedings such as speedy trial, impartiality, public evidence of witnesses and a right to a lawyer.
2021
2027
Simony
Muslim law: the legal authority of Muslim theocracies to supplement the broad criminal law principles of the Koran and other Muslim legal texts of sacred origin, on points of detail.
2028
2022
Sine Die
Verbal or spoken defamation.
2023
2017
Sine Qua Non
Time off from work, paid or unpaid, on account of an employee's temporary inability to perform duties because of sickness or disability.
2024
2018
Sister Ship Arrest
Latin: use your property in such a fashion so as to not disturb others.

2019
2025
Situs
A person who invests in a company or partnership but does not take part in administering or directing the organization; he or she just shares in the profits or losses.
2020
2026
Sixth Amendment
Evidence tendered in a criminal trial to demonstrate that the accused previously engaged in the relevant prohibited activity.
2021
2027
Siyasa Shar iyya
The selling of miracles or the promise of some other alleged form of Divine service in exchange for money.
2022
2028
Slander
Latin: without a day. Taken to mean without fixing a day for continuation.
2029
2035
Slander of Title
A group of people formed as a separate organization and which has as a stated purpose some charitable or benevolent purpose either in regards to the public at-large or in regards to the common interests of the members, and which operates as nearly as possible at cost.
2030
2036
Slavery
Synonymous with buggery and referring to unnatural sex acts, including copulation, either between two persons of the same sex or between a person and an animal (the latter act is known as bestiality).
2031
2037
Slip Rule
International treaty promoting the safety of life at sea.

2038
2032
Small Claims
A business by a single individual which is not formally organized and for which the individual and the business are indistinguishable in law.
2033
2039
Socage
A lawyer that restricts his or her practice to the giving of legal advice and preparation of formal legal documents, and does not normally litigate.
2040
2034
Socialism
An award of all costs associated with litigation.
2035
2029
Society
Intentionally casting aspersion on someones property including real property, a business or goods (the latter might also be called slander of goods).
2030
2036
Sodomy
When a person (called master) has absolute power over another (called slave) including life and liberty.
2031
2037
SOLAS - Safety of Life at Sea Treaty

2038
A rule by which a Court can very exceptionally reopen a published order but only to correct a accidental slip or omission such as a clerical error.
2032
Sole Proprietorship
A regular court but which has simplified rules of procedure and process to deal with claims of a lesser value.
2033
2039
Solicitor
A term of the feudal land ownership system which referred to the tenure which was exchanged for certain goods or services which were not military in nature.
2034
2040
Solicitor and Client Costs
A form or system of government which champions the equal sharing of land and equal return of the product of the land and industry to all citizens.
2041
2047
Solicitor and Own Client Costs

2042
Unsolicited email transmitted through the Internet.

2048
Solicitor's Lien
A scale of costs generally equivalent to solicitor and client costs and also approaching complete indemnity to the successful litigant.
2043
2049
Solidary Obligation
A jury drawn to certain specifications given the alleged complexities of the matter to be tried.
2050
2044
Son Of A Bitch
A term of art in Canadian family support law referring to outside-of-the-ordinary expenses related to the care and upkeep of a child.
2051
2045
Sovereign
A private lawyer who temporarily and on a case-by-case basis only, investigates or manages the prosecution in lieu of the public prosecutor.
2052
2046
Sovereignty
A vote on a resolution presented to a corporate body which has obtained the assent of a number of the members present greater than a majority.
2047
2041
Spam
One of the most punitive awards of costs, requiring a party to pay the other's legal bill.
2042
2048
Special Costs
A lawyer s right to retain client s document and property pending payment of the lawyer s bill.
2043
2049
Special Jury
Civil law: a legal relationship where one or more of several debtors are each liable to pay the entire amount, or one or more of several creditors each able to collect the whole.
2044
2050
Special or Extraordinary Expense

2051
A derogatory and possibly defamatory reference to another person suggesting that they are of substandard lineage.
2045
Special prosecutor
Has two meanings. The first one is a technical word for the monarch (king or queen) of a particular country as in the Sovereign of England is Queen Elizabeth. The other meaning of the word is to describe the supreme legislative powers of a state: that they are totally independent and free from any outside political control or authority over their decisions.
2052
2046
Special Resolution
A state's ability to legislate without legal limitation save as set by themselves and the reach of international law.
2053
2059
Specific Deterrence
A child custody decision which results in the splitting up of the children; that legal custody of one or more of the children is with the father, and that of one or more of the other children are with the mother.
2054
2060
Specific Intent
The intentional destruction of evidence.

2061
2055
Specific Performance
The physical or emotional abuse of a spouse.

2062
2056
Speech
Payments to an ex-spouse which are temporary or indefinite, lump sum or periodic, designed to pool and share the income of both spouses for that period of time necessary for the lower-income spouse to become economically self-sufficient.
2063
2057
Spendthrift Trust
To be married or as if married.
2064
2058
Spite Fence
A concentrated flow of water coming from under the ground.
2059
2053
Split Custody
Deterrence, as an objective of sentencing, which is fit to a particular offender.

2054
2060
Spoliation
A state of mind that exists when the circumstances indicate the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act.
2055
2061
Spousal Abuse
A remedy in the event of breach of contract, whereby the Court orders a party found in breach of his/her contractual obligations to perform their specific duty as set out in the contract.
2056
2062
Spousal Support
The expression of an idea in circumstances where it is likely that the message would be understood.
2057
2063
Spouse
US law: a trust which in design prevents a beneficiary from depleting the trust funds, or from his creditors demanding payment therefrom.
2064
2058
Spring
A fence built not to any beneficial purpose but, rather, to annoy a neighbor.
2065
2071
Springing Power of Attorney

2066
The ability to sue and speak to the Court on a controversy based on personal interest in the outcome.
2072
Sprinkling Trust
Committees which have a continued existence; that are not related to the accomplishment of a specific, once-only task as are ad hoc or special committees.
2073
2067
Spy / Spies
An elitist, secretive and abusive court convened from time to time by British kings from at least King Henry VII (1457-1509) to 1640.
2074
2068
Stab Wound
Latin: stay with what has been decided.

2075
2069
Standard
Medieval English law term for legal transactions involving a Jewish person.
2076
2070
Standard of Review
Groups of people which have acquired international recognition as an independent country and which have a population, a common language and a defined and distinct territory.
2071
2065
Standing
A power of attorney which becomes legally effective on the occurrence of an event (such as incapacity).
2066
2072
Standing Committee
Discretion given to a trustee to distribute income from a trust fund disproportionately between beneficiaries.
2067
2073
Star Chamber
A person who acts clandestinely or on false pretenses to endeavour to obtain information of or within another state with the intention of communicating or selling it to others.
2068
2074
Stare Decisis
A bodily injury caused by a knife or other sharp or pointed instrument.

2069
2075
Starr
The technical or performance specifications in regards to a product.

2070
2076
State
The applicable threshold of an appeallable error; often distinguishable as between questions of law, of fact, or mixed questions of fact and law.
2077
2083
State Immunity
The deadline set by statute on the assertion of a right by litigation.

2084
2078
Statement of Claim
A 1535 English law that prevented, for a time, the legal structure of a use.
2085
2079
Statement of Defence
The written laws approved by legislatures, parliaments or elected or appointed houses of assembly.
2086
2080
Static Condition
Statutes sharing a common purpose or relating to the same subject and which are construed together.
2087
2081
Statute of Frauds
A lien arising solely by force of a statute on specified circumstances or conditions.

2088
2082
Statute of Limitations
A statutory definition of rape which allows for conviction regardless of the consent, such as with a minor.
2083
2077
Statute of Repose
A principle of international law which exempts a State from prosecution or suit for the violation of the domestic laws of another state.
2084
2078
Statute of Uses
The document which sets out the plaintiff's allegations of fact and thus, engages the judicial process by seeking trial.
2079
2085
Statutes
A defendant's written answer or reply to a statement of claim, admitting or denying each and every one of the facts contained in the statement of claim and alleging such facts as the defendant wishes to assert at trial in opposition to the plaintiff's case.
2080
2086
Statutes in Pari Materia
A condition that does not change and is dangerous only if someone fails to see it and walks into it.
2081
2087
Statutory Lien
A statute that set a minimum standard for enforceable contracts, usually requiring at a minimum something in writing or the actual exchange of reciprocal obligations, at least in part.
2082
2088
Statutory Rape
A procedural rule which limits the time in which a party may bring an action for a right which has already accrued.
2089
2095
Statutory Trust
The status of one spouse in regards to the natural children of the other spouse issue from another.
2096
2090
STAXI, State Trait Anger Expression Inventory

2091
A child which which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother breathe or show any signs of life.
2097
Stay
USA: consent order.
2092
2098
Steal
(USA law) An agreement between the parties with respect to an issue before the court.
2099
2093
Stenographer
Latin: the offspring of a person; his or her descendants.

2100
2094
Step-Child
Available merchandise or the aggregate of a person's share holdings in a corporation.
2095
2089
Step-Parent
A trust created by the effect of a statute.

2090
2096
Still-born Child
A psychological test which measures the intensity of anger in an individual and the disposition to experience angry feelings.
2097
2091
Stipulated Judgment
To stop; to suspend; also known as a stay of proceedings; when a law suit is suspended either indefinitely or until the occurrence of a condition imposed by the court.
2092
2098
Stipulation
The taking of something from another without any legal right to do so.
2093
2099
Stirpes
An individual employed to receive and transcribe dictation.

2094
2100
Stock
Help!
2101
2107
Storm in Progress Rule
An employee with minor supervisory duties.

2108
2102
Storm Warning
Dashing through a public area in the nude.

2109
2103
Straight Condemnation
A watercourse having banks and channel through which waters flow, at least periodically.
2110
2104
Straight-line Depreciation
A public way or road, usually urban, and embraces the surface from side to side and end to end.
2111
2105
Strangle
Latin: the strictest letter of the law.

2112
2106
Strata
Tort liability which is set upon the defendant without need to prove intent, negligence or fault; as long as you can prove that it was the defendant's object that caused the damage.
2107
2101
Straw Boss
A doctrine of personal injury law excusing a property owner for injuries occurring before the owner has had a reasonable chance to address hazards created by a storm.
2102
2108
Streaking
Data available to an ordinary investor that would give rise to a suspicion of fraud.
2103
2109
Stream
A formal process for the exercise of eminent domain in which a price is adjudicated and then the property bought by the government.
2110
2104
Street
A depreciation formula which writes off the cost of an asset at a fixed percentage rate every year of an asset's useful life.
2105
2111
Strictissimi Juris
To interrupt breathing by interference with the windpipe.

2106
2112
Strict Liability
Title in a prescribed part of a building coupled with a tenant in common interest in common areas.
2113
2119
Strike
Latin: under judicial consideration.

2120
2114
Strip Search
The subsequent lease of property that is itself leased; with the primary tenant retaining an interest in the original lease.
2121
2115
Striptease
The grant by a licensee of certain licensed rights to a third party.

2122
2116
Style of Cause
To be subject to the orders or direction of another; of lower rank.

2123
2117
Subfile Order
Latin: an order of a court which requires a person to be present at a certain time and place or suffer a penalty (subpoena means, literally, under penalty).
2124
2118
Subinfeudation
The substitution of one person to the rights of another.
2119
2113
Sub Judice
A common stopping of work by a group of employees.

2114
2120
Sublease
The removal of all or part of an individual's clothing so as to visually inspect private areas or undergarments.
2115
2121
Sublicense
Removal of clothing in a manner so as to arouse sexual desire.

2116
2122
Subordination
The formal title of the proceedings in a court of law, usually the action number, the name of the court and the full, formal and complete name(s) of the plaintiff(s) and that of all defendant(s).
2123
2117
Subpoena
A declaration of rights as regards waterways for the interim regulation of those rights pending a final determination of those rights either by contract or judicially.
2118
2124
Subrogation
The process whereby, under the feudal system of tenure, a person receiving a grant of land from a lord, could himself become a landlord by subdividing and subletting that land to others.
2125
2131
Subsidiary
A person who takes over the rights of another.

2132
2126
Sub Spe Rati
A principle of tort law which alleviates the standard of care in emergency circumstances.
2133
2127
Substantial Abuse
A spontaneous altercation which occurs in the heat of passion.

2134
2128
Substantial Awareness Test

2129
Anger or terror sufficient to obscure the reason of an ordinary person, preventing deliberation.
2135
Substantive Law
A standard clause in a maritime insurance policy which allows the insured to recover from the insurer any reasonable expenses incurred by the insured in order to minimize or avert a loss to the insured property, for which loss the insurer would have been liable under the policy.
2130
2136
Substituted Service
A trademark which does not describe the product but instead suggests it, requiring some imagination to connect with the nature of the product.
2131
2125
Successor
A corporation subordinate to a dominant company which is able, through share ownership, to exert influence or control over its affairs.
2132
2126
Sudden Emergency Doctrine

2133
Latin: in the hope of ratification.

2127
Sudden Fight
A term of American bankruptcy law which precludes a debtor from availing him or herself of bankruptcy protection.
2128
2134
Sudden Heat
The realization by a person of the harmful nature of a crime or a tort perpetrated against him/her.
2129
2135
Sue and Labour Clause
Core law which determines rights and obligations, as opposed to procedural law.
2130
2136
Suggestive Mark
A method of delivery of a court document on a person other than in-person and generally subject to pre-authorization by the Court.
2137
2143
Suicide
The trial of an action by way of affidavit evidence only or by use of truncated process.
2144
2138
Sui Generis
In the USA, this is one of the initial documents issued in a civil suit; giving the defendant notice of the claim and an opportunity to defend it.
2139
2145
Sui Juris
A scrape, bruise, discoloration, or swelling, of minimal severity.

2146
2140
Summa Ratio Est Quae Pro Religione Facit

2141
An injunction obtained in a secret convening of the court where in the result, the court file, the names of the parties and even the terms of the injunction order are secret except as between the parties, counsel, the judge and the court staff.
2147
Summary Conviction Offence

2142
An application to a court to stay proceedings; most frequently, to stay enforcement or collection proceedings upon a judgment.
2148
Summary Judgment
A contract by which a surety obligates itself to pay a final judgment rendered against its principal under the conditions stated in the bond.
2143
2137
Summary Trial
To intentionally take one's own life.

2138
2144
Summons
Latin: of its own kind.
2145
2139
Superficial Wound
Latin: one's own law; having full capacity.

2140
2146
Super Injunction
Latin: The best rule is that which advances religion.

2141
2147
Supersedeas
In Canada, a less serious offence than indictable offences and for which both the procedure and punishment tends to be less onerous.
2148
2142
Supersedeas Bond
A court order dismissing a claim summarily, upon application, and based on the allegation that there is no claim or defence with a reasonable prospect of success.
2149
2155
Superseding Cause
Superfluous allegations, especially in regards to pleadings.

2156
2150
Supervisor
A declaration of an overpowered belligerent that it is ceasing hostilities.

2157
2151
Suppressed Evidence
A judicial prerogative retained on a person convicted of cri sentencing of some futureaper a convicted time deferred until person s compli the convicted probation ord an interim
2158
2152
Surety
Circumstances in the preparation or signing of a document that give rise to suspicion as to mental capacity of, or fraud or duress upon the signatory.
2153
2159
Surety Bond
A civilian merchant assigned to an army in the field to provision soldiers with consumer goods.
2160
2154
Surface Waters
Lands which, from excessive rainfall or other causes, retain at some seasons of the year excessive water which damages and renders them unfit for use.
2155
2149
Surplusage
An intervening act or event which overwhelms a defendant's antecedent negligence and prevents him/her from being liable.
2156
2150
Surrender
An employee with limited management discretion or responsibilities.

2151
2157
Suspended Sentence
The intentional non-disclosure by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused and asked for by the accused, where that evidence is material either to guilt or punishment.
2152
2158
Suspicious Circumstances
2159
The person who has pledged him or herself to pay back money or perform a certain action if the principal to a contract fails, as collateral, and as part of the original contract.
2153
Sutler
A three party bond contract in which a third party (the "surety") backs up a principal by agreeing to honour the principal's obligation(s) towards the obligee of a bond in the event of the latter's default.
2160
2154
Swamp
Waters falling on the land by precipitation or rising from springs.
2161
2167
Sweepstakes
A notice sent to an Internet service provider allleging and detailing unlawful publishing activity
2168
2162
Synallagmatic Contract
A term of parliamentary law and procedure that revives a motion that had been, previously tabled.
2169
2163
Syndicate
Muslim law: The right given to a Muslim man to divorce his wife by mere unequivocal statement.
2170
2164
Ta'azir
The act of supplementing a jury otherwise incomplete.

2171
2165
Taft-Hartley
An order to the local sheriff to round up as many new jurors as may be required to complete a jury on which one or more jurors are missing or have been successfully challenged.
2172
2166
Take-Down Lights
Additional jurors summoned to complete a jury.
2167
2161
Take Down Notice
A contest where prizes are awarded in a random draw.

2162
2168
Take From The Table
A civil law term for a reciprocal or bilateral contract: one in which both parties provide consideration.
2163
2169
Talaq
A formal, informal or secret group of individuals or, more usually, corporations, formed to carry on a specified purpose.
2164
2170
Tales
Muslim law: discretionary and corrective punishments for minor crimes.

2165
2171
Tales de circumstantibus
The name of an American federal labor law which was passed in 1947, and which sought to equalize legal responsibilities of labor organizations and employers; ie. balance the Wagner Act, which, it was felt, may have gone to far in protecting union rights.
2172
2166
Talesmen
Bright police cruise lights directed at a person while shadowing the cruiser occupants.
2173
2179
Tamper
Jurisdiction of a state or of a court of law over a legal action as it may be affected by the effects or passage of time.
2180
2174
Tax
A contract by which the owner of real property (the landlord), grants exclusive possession of that real property to another person (tenant), in exchange for the tenant's periodic payment of some sum of money (rent).
2181
2175
Tax Amnesty
A form of common law co-ownership where, when real property was transferred to a husband and a wife, the property could not be seized or sold unless both spouses agreed or by ending the marriage.
2176
2182
Taxation of Costs
A person to whom a landlord grants temporary and exclusive use of land or a part of a building, usually in exchange for rent.
2183
2177
Tax Avoidance
Share a specified proportion of ownership rights in real property and upon the death of a tenant in common, that share is transferred to the estate of the deceased tenant.
2184
2178
Tax Evasion
An unconditional offer of a party to a contract to perform their part of the bargain.
2179
2173
Temporal Jurisdiction
To interfere improperly or in violation of the law such as to tamper with a document.

2174
2180
Tenancy
A payment to a public authority, required by statute, for a public purpose.

2175
2181
Tenancy By The Entireties

2182
An opportunity afforded to a tax payer to rectify errors or omissions in past tax years or returns.
2176
Tenant
The formal quasi-judicial review of a bill of costs or other determination of costs payable by one litigant to another.
2177
2183
Tenants In Common
To avoid taxes by arranging one's affairs so as not to incur tax.

2178
2184
Tender
A prohibited or illegal act or omission which is designed to reduce a person s tax liability.
2185
2191
Tenement
A justifiable protective search for weapons, even in the absence of probable cause to arrest, where there is a suspicion that an individual is armed and dangerous.
2192
2186
Tenendum
A document to take effect upon the death of the author and in which his or her chattels are transferred to a new owner.
2193
2187
Tenure
The legal ability to sign a will.

2194
2188
Terminal Year
A trust created by a will and which takes effect upon the death of the testator.
2195
2189
Territorial Sea
The signatory of a valid will.

2196
2190
Terrorism
The oral evidence of a witness in a judicial proceeding, such as a trial.
2191
2185
Terry Search
Property that could be subject to easements.

2186
2192
Testament
Latin: to be held. In law, that part of a contract in which an interest in real property is created that sets out the extent or limitations of that interest.
2193
2187
Testamentary Capacity
A right of holding or occupying land or a position for a certain amount of time.

2188
2194
Testamentary Trust
A portion of a calendar year from and including January 1 to a person's date of death.
2189
2195
Testator
Waters adjacent to a state's coast and subject to its sovereignty.

2190
2196
Testimony
Violence against civilians intended to intimidate a population or a government from taking or abstaining from an act.
2197
2203
Theft
A menace designed to intimidate the person on whom it is directed to take some action, and which carries with it some sanction if not performed.
2198
2204
Theocracy
Bodies of water within a state's territorial waters and that are subject to the ebb and flow of ordinary tides, whether navigable or not, and usually excluding harbors or lakes.
2205
2199
Theory of the Case
A clause in a contract which sets a strict deadline within which either party may bring a dispute to either a court or to arbitration.
2206
2200
Thin Skull Rule
A contractual term requiring performance within a specified time.

2207
2201
Third Party
A tenth or a recurring payment to a church usually, but not always, of a tenth of a person's earnings.
2208
2202
Third Party Claim
The right or proof of ownership.
2203
2197
Threat
To steal an item of property.

2198
2204
Tidal Waters
A form of government which defers not to civil development of law, but to an interpretation of the will of a God as set out in religious scripture and authorities.
2199
2205
Time-Bar Clause
A short, succinct statement of the theme of an action as evidence will be presented, organized and support at trial.
2200
2206
Time of the Essence
An additional exposure in tort liability towards persons who are particularly vulnerable or more fragile than the norm, who may have inherent weaknesses or a pre-existing vulnerability or condition; the tort-feasor takes his victim as he finds them; he compensates for all damages he caused, even if damages are elevated compared to a norm because the plaintiff was thin skulled.
2207
2201
Tithe
A person who is not privy to a contract or a party in a lawsuit.

2202
2208
Title
A claim made by a defendant within existing legal proceedings seeking to enjoin a person not party to the original action, to enforce a related duty.
2209
2215
Tonnage
The intentional infliction of pain or suffering on an animal or a person and as for the latter, even if for the purpose of obtaining information such as a confession or the names of accomplices, or as a punishment for crime.
2216
2210
Tontine
Money placed in a bank account with the instruction that upon the settler's death, whatever is in that bank account will pass to a named beneficiary.
2217
2211
Torah
The assistance given by one vessel to accelerate the progress of another.

2218
2212
Torrens Land Registration System

2213
An expert in the science of toxicology, the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents such as drugs or poisons.
2219
Tort
A process of identifying the substitute of an original asset claimed by the plaintiff.

2220
2214
Tort-Feasor
1188 statement of English common law.
2215
2209
Torture
The carrying capacity of a ship measured in tons.

2210
2216
Totten Trust
An arrangement very similar to joint tenancy, between several people whereby they all, initially, share the profits from some investment but once only one of the initial investors survives, said investment accruing fully to the last survivor.
2211
2217
Towage
A primary source of Jewish law including the Old Testament of the Bible and subsequent interpretations thereof.
2212
2218
Toxicologist
A land registration system invented by Robert Torrens and in which the government is the keeper of the master record of all land and their owners.
2213
2219
Tracing
The body of the law which allows an injured person to obtain compensation from the person who caused the injury.
2214
2220
Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae
The person(s) who has committed a tort.
2221
2227
Trade Fixtures
A written notice to a driver of a suspected violation of traffic law, and specifics thereof.
2228
2222
Trade Libel
An official direct and verbatim written record of what was said, as in a court of law or other judicial proceedings, or even private conversations.
2223
2229
Trademark
Delivery from one person to another of property.

2230
2224
Trade Secret
A person who receives property being transferred.

2231
2225
Trade Union
The person from whom title or ownership to property moves.

2232
2226
Trafficking
Latin: The cause of action is changed into matter of record, which is of a higher nature, and the inferior remedy is merged in the higher.
2227
2221
Traffic Ticket
Fixtures created during the course of a commercial lease and which revert to the tenant at the end of the lease if removable without damage.
2228
2222
Transcript
Defamatory statements made in regards to the quality of a business' product(s) or services.

2223
2229
Transfer
A word, name, logo or slogan used by a person selling goods or services to distinguish and identify their goods or services from those of another.
2230
2224
Transferee
Unique and discreet commercial information.

2225
2231
Transferor
2226
2232
Transit In Rem Judicatam
The selling or involvement in commercial activity of something for which commercial activity is unlawful
2233
2239
Transmutation
The resolution of a dispute by examination of evidence submitted by opposing litigants by a tribunal or Court of law, and determination of (1) guilt (in a criminal trial) or (2) of a civil dispute of fact or law.
2234
2240
Traverse
An ancient dispute resolution method where those in dispute would fight one another until submission or death.
2241
2235
Treason
The trial of a criminal or civil action, in medieval England, by torture or drowning.

2242
2236
Treaty
(USA) A doctrine that Indian tribes are immune from judicial proceedings without their consent or Congressional waiver.
2243
2237
Trespass
(USA) A doctrine which recognizes Indian tribes' inherent powers to self-govern, to determine the structure and internal operations of the governing body itself, and exemption from state law that would otherwise infringe upon this sovereignty.
2244
2238
Triage
Latin: three necessities owed all common law landowners to the kingdom.
2239
2233
Trial
The conversion of a separate property asset into marital property intentionally or by virtue of words and actions during marriage.
2240
2234
Trial by Battle
To deny an allegation or the validity of an office or of some other official act.

2235
2241
Trial by Ordeal
To aid or enlist with a state enemy or to attempt or conspire to harm the head of state, such as a king, queen or president.
2236
2242
Tribal Sovereign Immunity

2243
A formal agreement between two states signed by official representatives of each state.
2237
Tribal Sovereignty
Unlawful interference with another s person, property or rights.

2238
2244
Trinoda Necessitas
To sort or choose, especially as a process used to determine the urgency or need for emergency care based on a preliminary assessment or observation.
2245
2251
Trite Law
A form of government other than a monarchy in which the formal written constitution is not adhered to and is broken by force of arms by a single person who then undertakes to rule as a monarch and primarily in his personal interests.
2252
2246
Trover
Latin: of the utmost good faith.

2253
2247
Truancy
Latin: For every wrong, the law provides a remedy.

2254
2248
Trust
The American uniform child and spousal support legislation, the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act already adopted and implemented by most states.
2255
2249
Trustee
Activities that can cause injury to others, even when conducted with the greatest prudence and care.
2256
2250
Trustee De Son Tort
Latin: beyond that which is sought.
2251
2245
Tyranny
A principle of law so notorious and entrenched that it is commonly known and rarely disputed.
2246
2252
Uberrimae Fidei
An old English and common la proceeding against a person w found someone else s proper has converted that property to own purposes.
2247
2253
Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium
The willful and unjustified absence of a child from school.

2248
2254
UIFSA
A legal obligation with respect to property given by a person (donor) to another (trustee) to the advantage of a beneficiary
2249
2255
Ultrahazardous Activity
A person who holds property rights for the benefit of another.

2250
2256
Ultra Petita
A person who is not a regularly appointed trustee but because of interference with the trust can be held by a court as constructive trustee which entails liability for losses to the trust.
2257
2263
Ultra Vires
Special or specified circumstances that partially or fully exempt a person from performance of a legal obligation so as to avoid an unreasonable or disproportionate burden or obstacle.
2264
2258
Umpire
The unconscientious use by one person of his/her power over another in order to induce the other to compromise a property right.
2259
2265
UNCITRAL
A dismissal of an employee in the absence of a substantial reason.

2266
2260
Unconscionable
When a witness called by a party merely gives unfavorable answers to questions posed during examination in chief, that party may not cross examine the witness but may still lead evidence in contradiction.
2261
2267
Underground Stream
2268
2262
Under Protest
England and Wales with Scotland (forming Great Britain), and Northern Ireland.
2263
2257
Undue Hardship
Latin: without authority.
2264
2258
Undue Influence
Another word for an arbitrator or an arbitrator appointed to resolve an arbitration when the original arbitrators cannot agree.
2259
2265
Unfair Dismissal
Acronym of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law; also known in law as the abbreviation in reference to arbitration rules and laws published by that agency.
2266
2260
Unfavourable Witness
A bargain or contract which is clearly unfair, exorbitant, harsh, contrary to common sense or good conscience.
2261
2267
Union
Waters that flow underground within a reasonably water that passes through or under the surface in an ascertainable channel.
2268
2262
United Kingdom
A qualification made to a legal action taken by a person that the action is contrary to the intent or desire of the person making the protest.
2269
2275
United States Code
Specialty in medicine that deals with the male and female urinary tracts and the male genitalia.
2276
2270
Unitrust
Latin: trust.
2271
2277
Unjust Enrichment
The rights to the product of another's property.

2278
2272
Unlawful Assembly
Excessive or illegal interest rate.

2279
2273
Unnatural Will
Related to the uterus or, in estate law, siblings issue of a common mother.
2280
2274
URESA
Latin: It is better for a thing to have effect than to be made void.
2275
2269
Urology
Codified collection of federal legislation in the United States.

2270
2276
Use
A trust which in the distribution of benefits from time to time to the beneficiary, pools capital and income, and does not otherwise distinguish between the capital of the trust and the income of the trust for the purposes of establishing interim payments to a beneficiary.
2277
2271
Usufruct
Benefiting from the action or property of another without legal justification.

2272
2278
Usury
Three or more persons together holding the intent to commit a crime or to otherwise disturb the peace.
2273
2279
Uterine
A will which differs from what might of been otherwise expected of a testator such as a large gift to a stranger, or the exclusion of his children from his estate.
2274
2280
Ut Res Magis Valeat Quam Pereat
Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act of the United States, as created in 1950 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws.
2281
2287
Uzi Machine Gun
An expert's assessment, appraisal or opinion as to the market value of an item of property.

2288
2282
Vacatur
Latin: power is vain if never put into action.

2289
2283
Vagrancy
A subservient, usually land-based relationship to another under the feudal system.

2290
2284
Vagrant
Any thing that is designed to transport persons or objects.

2291
2285
Vagueness
Latin: a sale.
2286
2292
Valeat Quantum Valere Potest
Latin: sale of goods.
2287
2281
Valuation
A sub-machine gun using a blowback mechanism with a bolt that wraps around the end of the barrel, and empty cases ejected through slots in the body.
2282
2288
Vana Est Illa Potentia Quae Nunquam Venit In Actum

2289
Latin: to set aside a judgment.

2283
Vassal
A criminal offence of being intentionally unemployed and thereby neglecting to maintain himself or his family.
2284
2290
Vehicle
A tramp or homeless person.

2285
2291
Venditio
A law which lacks in precision as not to give sufficient guidance for legal debate.
2286
2292
Venditio Bonorum
Latin: it shall have effect as far as it can have effect.
2293
2299
Vendor
Litigation undertaken to annoy or oppress.

2300
2294
Venue
Liability for the tort of another even though the person being held responsible may not have done anything wrong.
2301
2295
Verba Fortius Accipiuntur Contra Proferentem

2296
Latin: to wit or that is to say.

2302
Verdict
The displacement of a judge and jury to the location of events which are being described at trial.
2303
2297
Vessel
Latin: the law assists those that are vigilant with their rights, and not those that sleep thereupon.
2304
2298
Vetrovec Warning
A form of slavery under the English feudal land system; the Lord owned a villein outright, as a chattel.
2299
2293
Vexatious Action
The seller; the person selling.

2294
2300
Vicarious Liability
Location or proposed district of a judicial hearing.

2295
2301
Videlicet
Latin: a contract is interpreted against the person who wrote it.

2296
2302
View
French: truth told; the decision of a jury.

2297
2303
Vigilantibus Et Non Dormientibus Jura Subveniunt

2304
Watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water.
2298
Villeinage
Canada: a warning given by a judge to a jury in regards to the frailities of the evidence tendered by certain witnesses.
2305
2311
Vinculum Juris
Not legally binding. A document that is void is useless and worthless; as if it did not exist.
2312
2306
Vir
A mini-hearing held during a trial on the eligibility of prospective jurors or the admissibility of contested evidence.
2313
2307
Visa
Latin: to one who is willing, no harm is done.

2314
2308
Viva Voce
A tax amnesty program whereby a delinquent taxpayer discloses information not previously reported to a tax agency, and by doing so voluntarily, avoids liability to penalty or prosecution normally associated with prior non-disclosure.
2315
2309
Viz
The possessor's direct acts or activity of harming property which he or she holds for another, as in a trustee for a trust beneficiary.
2316
2310
Voidable
In maritime law, the time of a ship's transit from one place to another.
2311
2305
Void or Void Ab Initio
Latin: a legal bound.
2312
2306
Voir Dire
Latin: man or husband.
2313
2307
Volenti Non Fit Injuria
A permit issued by a state allowing for the temporary visit by a citizen of another, for a period of time and a specific purpose.
2308
2314
Voluntary Disclosure
Latin: by voice.
2315
2309
Voluntary Waste
Latin: to wit, that is to say.

2310
2316
Voyage
A legal entitlement, such as a contract, that is extinguishable at the option of a party.
2317
2323
Voyeurism
Increased damage award in a wrongful dismissal case because of the manner in which the dismissal was handled by the employer.
2318
2324
Wager of Law
An application to a judge to dismiss a law suit alleging that the litigant has inexcusably delayed moving the litigation along and that under the circumstances, the litigation ought to be dismissed.
2319
2325
Wages
Muslim law: property dedicated to charitable purposes.

2326
2320
Wagner Act
The use of violence and force between two or more states to resolve a matter of dispute.
2327
2321
Waiver
Excessive brutality during war, in contravention of an international treaty or convention.

2328
2322
Waiver By Conduct
A document giving a person legal authority to do a certain thing.
2323
2317
Wallace Damages
The secret viewing of another person in a place where that person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy, for the purposes of the viewer's sexual arousal
2318
2324
Want of Prosecution
An ancient English law defence to a claim of contractual debt.

2319
2325
Waqf
Compensation for work or services.

2320
2326
War
The informal name of the National Labor Relations Act of the United States of America (NLRA).
2321
2327
War Crimes
An intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.

2322
2328
Warrant
The abandonment of a right implied from a person's conduct.
2329
2335
Warranty
Shares in a corporation which is stated to be, or issued as fully paid but which in fact, has not been paid for.
2336
2330
War Treason
An instrument of combat; something to fight with - used or designed to injure or kill.

2337
2331
Washerwoman Syndrome
2332
Device designed to kill humans through the use of atomic or nuclear energy or the release of chemicals, poisons, biological agents or radioactivity.
2338
Waste
Being married.
2333
2339
Waterboarding
A unique, now archaic species of common law mortgages where a person collects rents or profits in regards to specified real property, until the loan and any interest, is paid off.
2340
2334
Watercourse
A fine set for injury or death of certain animals or person and upon which, the perpetrator was required to pay to the family of the deceased. Also spelled wergild.
2335
2329
Watered Stock
A guarantee given on the performance of a product or the doing of a certain thing.

2330
2336
Weapon
Acts committed within the lines of a belligerent as are harmful to him and are intended to favour the enemy.
2331
2337
Weapon of Mass Destruction

2338
Changes in the skin condition that result from being immersed in water.
2332
Wedlock
The abuse, destruction or permanent change to property by one who is merely in possession of it as in the case of a tenant or a life tenant.
2339
2333
Welsh Mortgage
A criminal investigation interrogation technique whereby a person suspected of having or withholding relevant information is blindfolded and bound on their back, sometimes with the face covered with porous or nonporous material, and subjected to water poured over their mouth and nose such as to simulate drowning and to thus, under duress, elicit information.
2340
2334
Wergeld
A stream usually flowing in a particular direction, in a definite channel, having a bed or banks, though it need not flow continually.
2341
2347
Wharf
A written statement, usually signed, made by an individual, which directs the distribution of their property when they die.
2348
2342
Whiplash
Acting voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally.

2349
2343
Whistleblower
An electronic surveillance device which secretly listens in and records conversations held over a phone line.
2350
2344
Wild Animal
According to law books of the Middle Ages, the act of invoking evil spirits or consulting, covenanting with, entertaining, employing, feeding, or rewarding any evil spirit.
2351
2345
Wild Horse Annie Act
An assembly of local elders in medieval England.

2352
2346
Wildlife
A cancellation of a statement of defence or counterclaim by a defendant.
2347
2341
Will
A platform elevated over the surface of the water to receive or disembark passengers or merchandise from vessels.
2342
2348
Willfully
Soft tissue (nerves and muscles) damage to the neck or lower brain area, often caused by a rear-end motor vehicle collision.
2343
2349
Wire-tapping
An employee who reports a supervisor or an employer's legal violations or wrongdoings.

2344
2350
Witchcraft
Animals that, as a matter of common knowledge, are naturally ferocious, unpredictable, dangerous, mischievous, or not by custom devoted to the service of mankind at the time and in the place in which it is kept; ferae naturae.
2345
2351
Witenagemote
A 1959 American law that sought to restrict the use of motorized vehicles by cowboys rounding-up wild horses on public land.
2346
2352
Withdrawal
Animals living in their natural habitat and not within the possession or control of humans.
2353
2359
Without Prejudice
Also known as words of substitution; words which describe what should happen to a gift if the person first named is no longer alive when it takes effect.
2360
2354
With Prejudice
A public benefit scheme in which qualified workers who are injured in the workplace, receive compensation, commensurate with their degree of injury, regardless of fault.
2361
2355
Witness
The aggregate of active web sites forming and available through and on the Internet.
2362
2356
Wobbler
An abandoned vessel, or something abandoned off a vessel, which is either afloat, stranded, aground or sunken.
2363
2357
Women's Court
An official court document, signed by a judge or bearing an official court seal, which commands the person to whom it is addressed, to do something specific.
2364
2358
Words of Limitation
An act or omission that exposes a person to civil or criminal liability.
2359
2353
Words of Purchase
A reservation made on a statement that it cannot be used against in future dealings or litigation.
2354
2360
Workers' Compensation
A statement or order that is conclusive between the parties as to the dispute between them.
2355
2361
World Wide Web
A person who perceives an event (by seeing, hearing, smelling or other sensory perception).
2356
2362
Wreck
An offense known to American criminal law which offers to the district attorney the option of charging as a misdemeanor or as a felony.
2363
2357
Writ
An in camera court set up to hear cases involving women.

2358
2364
Wrongful
Words in a conveyance or in a will which set the duration of an estate.
2365
2371
Wrongful Birth
A child's tort claim for bringing the child to birth where the person so doing knew or ought to have known that the child would be born into a life of painful and debilitating disease.
2372
2366
Wrongful Conviction
A tort claim alleging that the defendant's negligence has caused an unwanted pregnancy and birth.
2373
2367
Wrongful Death
The unlawful termination of an employment contract.

2374
2368
Wrongful Discharge
A form of signature upon contracts by persons illiterate.

2375
2369
Wrongful Dismissal
Sexually explicit material.
2370
2376
Wrongful Invasion
A common law rule precluding prosecution for murder where the victim died a year and a day, or later, after the infliction of the ultimately fatal wounds.
2371
2365
Wrongful Life
A mother's claim in tort that she would not to have given birth to the child with serious genetic defects but for the defendant's negligence in testing or counselling.
2366
2372
Wrongful Pregnancy
A conviction of a person accused of a crime which, in the result of subsequent investigation, proves erroneous.
2367
2373
Wrongful Termination
A law action which claims damages from any person who, through negligence or direct act or omission, caused the death of certain relatives (eg. spouse, children or parent).
2368
2374
The unlawful discharge (dismissal) of an employee.

2369
2375
X-Rated
The unlawful termination of an employment contract.

2370
2376
Year-and-a-day Rule
In the context of the tort of nuisance, the enjoyment of property rights of another.
2377
2383
Yellow Dog Contract
Nil; no quantity or number.

2384
2378
York-Antwerp Rules
Muslim law: an insult proffered by a husband upon his wife which likens the wife to some prohibited female relation of his, and exposes the husband to divorce.
2385
2379
Young Offender
Muslim law: sexual relations; occurring outside of bond of marriage.

2386
2380
Yukky
Devices consisting of two opposite series of members adapted to be attached one on each side of an aperture in some article and to interlock so as to close the aperture upon the slide being operated in one direction, or to separate so as to leave the aperture open upon the slide being operated in the opposite direction.
2381
2387
Zealous Witness
A mechanically driven human corpse.

2388
2382
Zebra Crossing
The application of a law which restricts specified territory as to use.
2383
2377
Zero
A name given in American labor law to contract of employment by which the employee promises not to join a union and to forfeit employment if he/she joins a union during the period of employment.
2384
2378
Zihar
A set of internationally-accepted rules, first published in 1890, proposing points of detail in the application of the maritime law principle of general average.
2379
2385
Zina
Young persons who, in many states, are treated differently than adult criminals and are tried in special youth courts.
2380
2386
Zipper
Distasteful or contemptible.
2381
2387
Zombi
A witness who demonstrates disproportionate enthusiasm while testifying.

2382
2388
Zone or Zoning
Striped white or yellow lines painted on asphalted streets indicating a pedestrian crossing or a pedestrian right-of-way.

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1

A spontaneous and gratuitous murder.

Encouraging or inciting another to do a certain thing, such as a crime.

Latin: from the start; from the beginning.

A giving up, a total desertion, an absolute relinquishment.

The leaving behind of property; an indifference as to the fate of a chattel.

To put an end to, to nullify or to become void.

Aboriginal Fishing Rights

Absolute Priority Rule

The expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it is viable.

Final, perfected, complete and unconditional.

The final and unequivocal expression of assent to another's offer to contract.

An unlooked for mishap or occurrence.

An instruction given to a jury which though correct in law, is irrelevant.

Physical or nonphysical misuse or maltreatment or use or treatment so as to injure, hurt, or damage.

The use of legal process in an improper or unauthorized manner.

An agency must abide by its own regulations.

Accord and Satisfaction

A decision by a judge that a person accused of a crime is not guilty.

A formal demand to a court of law and of justice to resolve a dispute.

Latin: any right of action dies with the person.

The addition to land by the action of water.

Actio Personalis Moritur Cum Persona

Latin: for the collection of the goods of the deceased.

Actual Total Loss

Latin: to the damage.

An attachment to a written document.

Actus Dei Nemini Facit Injuriam

Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea

Latin: limited in time; to this point.

Latin: An act of God causes legal injury to no one.

Latin: a prohibited act.

Latin: conviction of a crime requires proof of a criminal act and intent.

Hybrid adjudicating authorities which render judicial decisions.

To take as one's own.

Latin: forever; without limit; indefinitely.

Basic, core facts that must be proven by a party.

Latin: for the suit.

Latin: some evidence tendered to support something else

A statutory term for individuals within a common-law relationship.

Ad Proximum Antecedens Fiat Relatio Nisi Impediatur Sententia

A person that is sworn to an affidavit; who gives evidence by way of an affidavit.

Adult Interdependent Partner

An individual who has reached, or is over the age of majority.

A son or daughter who has reached the age of majority.

Unjustified use of force against the territorial integrity of another state.

Latin: members of a group having a common male ancestor.

Latin: with all the more force.

Air of Reality Test

To sell or otherwise dispose of property.

Latin: under the legal authority of another.

An agreement as to the terms of some future contract.

An object used for flight through the air.

Civil law: a contract which depends on an uncertain event.

A terrorist organization, nominally Islamic, and originally based in Afghanistan.

Alternative Dispute Resolution

A collision between a moving vessel and a stationary object.

Land ownership that is unfettered, outright and absolute.

Latin: friend of the court.

A lawyer who purports to act for both sides.

Something which is mobile or not cast in stone; which can be changed.

Latin: an intention to contract.

Latin: an intent to do wrong.