CHAPTER 39

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

Page 39-1

ComputerIntegrated Manufacturing System

Figure 39.1 A schematic illustration of a computerintegrated manufacturing system. Source: U. Rembold, et al., Computer-Integrated Manufacturing and Engineering. Addison-Wesley, 1993.
Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 39-2

CAD/CAM Flow Chart

Figure 39.2 Information flow chart in CAD/CAM application.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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CAD Modeling
Figure 39.3 Various types of modeling for CAD.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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CAD Representations
Figure 39.4 (a) Boundary representation of solids, showing the enclosing surfaces of the solid model and the generated solid model. (b) A solid model represented as compositions of solid primitives. (c) Three representations of the same part by CAD. Source: P. Ranky.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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Octree Representation of a Solid Object

Figure 39.5 The octree representation of a solid object. Any volume can be broken down into octants, which are then identified as solid, void, or partially filled. Shown is two-dimensional version, or quadtree, for representation of shapes in a plane.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

Page 39-6

Routing Sheet
Figure 39.6 An example of a simple routing sheet. These operation sheets may include additional information on materials, tooling, estimated time for each operation, processing parameters (such as cutting speeds and feeds), and other information. The routing sheet travels with the part from operation to operation. The current trend is to store all relevant data in computers and to affix to the part a bar code that serves as a key into the database of parts information.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

Page 39-7

Group Technology

Figure 39.7 Grouping parts according to geometric similarities.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 39-8

Functional and GroupTechnology Layout

Figure 39.8 (a) Functional layout of machine tools in a traditional plant. Arrosw indicate the flow of materials and parts in various stages of completion. (b) Grouptechnology (cellular) layout. Legend: L = lathe, M = milling machine, D = drilling machine, G = grinding machine, A = assembly. Source: M. P. Groover.
Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 39-9

Decision-Tree Coding
Figure 39.9 Decision-tree classification for a sheet-metal bracket. Source: G. W. Millar.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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Opitz Classification and Coding System

Figure 39.10 Classification and coding system according to Opitz, consisting fo 5 digits and a supplementary code of 4 digits.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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MultiClass Classification and Coding System

Figure 39.11 Typical MultiClass code for a machined part. Source: Organization for Industrial Research.
Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 2001 Prentice-Hall Page 39-12

KK-3 System for Rotational Components

Figure 39.12 The structure of a KK-3 system for rotational components. Source: Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

Page 39-13

Flexible Manufacturing Cell

Figure 39.13 Schematic view of a flexible manufacturing cell, showing two machine tools, an automated part inspection system, and a central robot serving these machines. Source: P. K. Wright.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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Flexible Manufacturing System

Figure 39.14 A general view of a flexible manufacturing system, showing several machine tools and an automated guided vehicle. Source: Courtesy of Cincinnate Milacron, Inc.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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Comparison of the Characteristics of Transfer Lines and Flexible-Manufacturing Systems

TABLE 39.1 Characteristic Types of parts made Lot size Part changing time Tool change Adaptive control Inventory Production during breakdown Efficiency Justification for capital expenditure Transfer line Generally few > 100 1/2 to 8 hr Manual Difficult High None 6070% Simple FMS Infinite 150 1 min Automatic Available Low Partial 85% Difficult

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

Page 39-16

Local Area Network Topology

Figure 39.15 Three basic types of topology for a local area network (LAN) (a) The star topology is suitable for situations that are not subject to frequent configuration changes. All messages pass through a central station. Telephone systems in office buildings usually have this type of topology. (b) In the ring topology all individual user stations are connected in a continuous ring. The message is forwarded from one station to the next until it reaches its assigned destination. Although the wiring is relatively simple, the failure of one station shuts down the entire network. (c) In the bus topology all stations have independent access to the bus. This system is reliable and is easier than the other two to service. Because its arrangement is similar to the layout of the machines in the factory, its installation is relatively easy, and it can be reagrranged when the machines are rearranged.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

Page 39-17

ISO/OSI Communication Model

Figure 39.16 The ISO/OSI reference model for open communication. Source: U. Rembold, et al. Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Engineering. AddisonWesley, 1993.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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Expert System
Figure 39.17 Basic structure of an expert system. The knowledge base consists of knowledge rules (general information about the problem) and the inference rules (the way conclusions are reached). The results may be communicated to the user through the natural-language interface. Source: K. W. Goff, Mechanical Engineering, October 1985.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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Expert System Applied to an Industrial Robot

Figure 39.18 Expert system, as applied to an industrial robot guided by machine vision.

Kalpakjian Schmid Manufacturing Engineering and Technology

2001 Prentice-Hall

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