Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Page 1 of 38
design document for Design of A Heart Monitor submitted to: Professor Joseph Picone ECE 4522: Senior Design II Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 April 26, 2001
Submitted by: Todd Peacock, Chong-Meng Teh, Klvin Sui, Craig Williamson Faculty Advisor: Dr. Lori Mann Bruce Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University Box 9571 Mississippi State, MS 39762 Email: {tpp1, ct3, kvs1, lcw1, @ece.msstate.edu}
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 2 of 38
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
What does the heart rate signify? Its a window into your muscles and lungs; it reveals how hard they are working. Your heart pounds to pump oxygen-rich blood to your muscles and to carry cell waste products away from your muscles. The more you demand of your muscles, the harder your heart has to work to perform these tasks. That means your heart must beat faster to deliver more blood. The heart rate gives a good indication during exercise routines of how effective that routine is improving your health. Once only used by elite athletes, heart rate monitors are now becoming an essential tool for everyone from the casual athlete to the personal trainer. Heart monitors provide an easy and scientific measure of the effort you are putting into your workouts. A heart rate monitor is simply a device that takes a sample of heartbeats and computes the beats per minute so that the information can easily be used to track heart condition. Current technolo gy consists of optical and electrical monitors. The electrical method provides a bulky strap around ones chest. The optical method does not require the strap and can be used more conveniently than the electrical method. There are many constraints in producing a heart monitor. First, the technology used to measure the pulse has to be determined. A cost efficient way of measuring the pulse is the combination of a LED and photo-sensor. With the LED technology, ambient light causes excess noise. Therefore, a filter would be needed to attenuate the noise in order that the pulse signal can be extracted. The device must have a display or some way to observe the heart rate. The device should be accurate and easy to use to be attractive to the general pub lic. To make an impact on the market, the design must be small, lightweight, durable and affordable. With these constraints noted, one can propose a design to produce a heart monitor. Using the design constraints described above, we can now state how we will approach our design. The basis of our design is to construct an efficient and affordable heart monitor. A LED and photo-sensor will be used to measure the pulse by measuring the change in blood flow through one of the index fingers. A noise filter will be designed to filter out any unwanted noise and interference from ambient light. A micro-controller will be programmed to count the pulse rate and control a LED display to show the pulse rate. The device will operate in the power range of 3 volts to facilitate battery operation. With this low power consumption, it will last for a reasonably long time under normal use. The final product will be packaged in a small, lightweight, and durable package that will be approximately 2.5 x 1.7 x 1. The production cost will not exceed $90.00. Heart monitors exist today, so our design is not the first heart monitor to be built. However, our device will apply to all ages of people who want to monitor their heart rate for any reason. It will provide fast and accurate readings. Because of its portable size, our design can be used at home or the office or any desired location. Under the time constraints, we will only be able to produce a prototype meeting the general constrains above. Many features could be added such as wireless monitoring, ECG technology, and alarm features.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 3 of 38
Table of Contents
Abstract ____________________________________________________________ 4 1. Introduction_______________________________________________________ 4 2. Problem __________________________________________________________ 4 3. Objectives_________________________________________________________ 3.1 Pulse Detection __________________________________________________ 3.2 Signal Extraction_________________________________________________ 3.3 Pulse Digitization ________________________________________________ 3.4 Display ________________________________________________________ 3.5 Accuracy _______________________________________________________ 5 6 6 7 7 7
4. Approach _________________________________________________________ 8 4.1 Optical transmitter and receiving circuit_______________________________ 9 4.2 Filtering_______________________________________________________ 11 4.3 Digitization of the pulse rate signal _________________________________ 12 4.4 Micro-controller ________________________________________________ 14 4.5 Complete Design________________________________________________ 16 4.6 Cost Analysis __________________________________________________ 17 5. Test Specifications _________________________________________________ 18 6. Test Certification _________________________________________________ 19 7. Summary ________________________________________________________ 35 8. Ackno wledgements ________________________________________________ 35 9. Individual Contributions ___________________________________________ 36 10. References ______________________________________________________ 37
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 4 of 38
Abstract
Heart related disease is rising among todays population. The need for an accurate yet affordable heart monitor is essential to ensure ones health quality. However, in todays market, most heart monitors are expensive and are not user friendly. Our goal is to design and build an affordable heart monitor that is user friendly. In order to make our goal possible, we will utilize optical technology to construct an accurate and inexpensive means for one to monitor his heart rate and stay in touch with his physical condition.
1. Introduction
The goal of our project is to design a low powered heart monitor that will provide an accurate reading of ones heart rate. The monitor will be easy to use, portable, and affordable. It will measure the heart rate from an index finger using an LED and a photosensor to detect changes in blood flow in an index finger. The heart rate will be displayed on a LED display for easy monitoring. The significance of the heart monitor is that it provides an inexpensive and accurate means of measuring ones heart rate at his/her convenience.
2. Problem
The human heart rate is a very good indicator of ones physical condition [1]. In order to monitor the heart, one must have a way to measure his heart rate. Heart rate is measured in different ways. Two of the most common techniques to measure the heart rate are optical and electrical methods. A cost effective and convenient way of measuring the heart rate is using the optical method. The optical method measures the heart rate by sensing changes in blood flow through the index finger. The electrical method requires a bulky strap to be worn around the chest to monitor the heartbeat [4]. The electrical method has an average error of 1% and average cost of $150.00. The optical method has an accuracy rating of 15% and an average cost of $90.00. Our approach is to design a portable monitor that can be used at ones leisure. Therefore, the optical technology will be used in our design. This approach will result in an accurate and portable package by meeting specified design requirements. Design requirements are determined by the optical and signal processing technology. This technology serves as a convenient alternative to other pulse measuring technology. Other technologies are often inconvenient to use, inaccurate, or expensive. A visit to the doctors office will result in the use of an electrocardiogram. Another technique is a stethoscope used in conjunction with a stopwatch [6]. The ECG is accurate but expensive and not as convenient as our proposed design. The stethoscope is a good indicator, but is not as accurate as most people would like. A trip to the doctors office is usually expensive which leaves many people wishing for a cheap and accurate alternative that they can use at their own leisure.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 5 of 38
The goal of our project is to design a low powered heart monitor that will provide an accurate reading of the heart rate using optical technology. The monitor will be easy to use, portable, durable, and affordable. We will incorporate the optical technology using a standard red LED and photo-sensor. The LED and photo-sensor will used to measure the heart rate within seconds from an index finger. A micro-controller will be programmed to count the pulse rate. The heart rate will be digitally displayed on a LED display controlled by the same micro-controller that counts the pulse rate. The significance of the heart monitor is that it provides an inexpensive and accurate means of measuring ones heart rate at his or her convenience. With this in mind, one can begin to see the impact of the heart monitor. The heart monitor will have a significant impact on everybody that is willing to use it [10]. The low price of the heart monitor will make it accessible to every household. One will be able to monitor his heart at home safely, which will eliminate doctor visits unless an abnormality is detected. Studies show that SIDS could be primarily a cardiovascular disorder [3]. With the heart monitor, parents with newborn infants showing symptoms of SIDS could detect any abnormality in the infants heart rate [7]. The heart monitor would also have an impact on athletes. Once athletes start monitoring their heart rates, theyll probably discover the answers to most of the ir fitness questions [8]. With the aid of the heart monitor, athletes can learn to exercise at an ideal heart rate for their training and health maintenance [5]. In athletic training, athletes will be able to use their heart rates to determine how hard they were working [2]. Monitoring the heart rate would help decrease over-training that can lead to injuries and months of rehabilitation. Stress can also be monitored using the heart rate monitor. A person at work could frequently check his or her pulse rate to reduce the onset of stress. In summation, the heart monitor we will design can help monitor anyones health at his or her leisure.
3. Objectives
1. Pulse Detection: Our device will use a red LED and a photo-sensor paired in a manner that will be able to measure ones heart rate through blood reflectivity changes in the index finger. Attenuation will be on average 80% of transmitted light. Voltage created will vary between 0 and 10 mV with respect to each heart pulse. Signal Extraction: We will use a low pass filter to remove any interference caused by ambient light and level detection distortions. The filter used will have a cutoff frequency of 4 Hz, a roll off rate of 20 dB/decade, and pass-band frequencies amplified by a factor of 40dB. Pulse Digitization: The conditioned signal will be analyzed by a comparator to provide a digital pulse of amplitude 1Vpp to be fed into the micro-controller digital input. This stage of the design will require that the amplified and filtered heart pulse signal have a SNR of 20 dB.
2.
3.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 6 of 38
4.
Display: The heart rate will be displayed on a 3-digit LED display. A microcontroller will be programmed to operate the LED display. A 3 digit LED display will be used because it will allow the full range pulses detected by the device to be displayed. Accuracy: Our design should give accurate readings with no more than +/- 10% error. The accuracy of current optical heart monitoring devices is typically 10-15%. Power: The device will operate using a 3-volt lithium coin cell battery source because of the small packaging being utilized by our design. Our target battery is the commonly used CR2477, which has a current capacity of 1000mAh. The device will consume 30mA or less. The battery should last one year under normal use. Durability: The device will be designed to operate in a standard temperature environment of 30 C to 80 C. The device will be shock and water-resistant. Physical Packaging : The final packaged dimensions shall be no larger than a 2.5 x 1.7 x 1 (H x W x D). This small packaging will be achieved by taking advantage of the small footprint of current SMT devices. Cost: Cost will be kept to a minimum to maintain a competitive edge with currently available products. A maximum estimate for production at this point is $90.00. This cost will be achieved through the unique design approach and component selection we will employ.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
HEART MONITOR
Page 7 of 38
high performance, the filter will use a roll off rate of 20 dB/decade. This roll off will provide an attenuation of the greatest source of noise, 60Hz, by 23.5dB. The pulse will have a 14 dB SNR before it will pass through the filter. The pass-band frequencies will be amplified by a factor of 40 dB with the aid of a small signal amplifier. DC blocking will be used to prevent immeasurable pulses caused by a high dc offset from ambient light.
3.4 Display
The heart rate will be displayed on a 3-digit LED display. A micro-controller will be programmed to operate the LED display. Since improper finger placement could cause problems with the user, a flashing segment on the LED display will be used to help the user identify when a heart rate is being measured. A 3 digit LED display will be used because it will allow the full range pulses detected by the device to be displayed.
3.5 Accuracy
Our design should give accurate readings with no more than +/- 10% error. This accuracy is not quite as tight as the tolerance of ECG monitors (+/- 1%) but a significant cost reduction will be achieved by taking our approach. The accuracy of current optical heart monitoring devices is typically 10-15%. The accuracy of our device is controlled primarily by the amount of time used to average the pulse rate from the user. The more time used means more samples and thus greater accuracy. Our device will use a method that will have a dynamic time for pulse gathering. The pulse will be averaged after a set number of pulses are obtained, five in our case, by the micro-controller. This will allow a better distribution of accuracy over the range of pulses that can be measured by the device.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 8 of 38
3.6 Power
The device will operate using a 3-volt lithium coin cell battery source because of the small packaging being utilized by our design. The use of SMT devices will help in the reduction of power needed and thus power source size. A standard watch battery form will be used to aid in compact packaging. Our target battery is the commonly used CR2477. This choice of battery will provide us with a nominal current capacity of 1000 mAh. Given that our device will consume no more tha n 30 mA, the duration of the battery should be 33 hours. The battery should last one year under normal use; however, this will vary from between users. Typical usage of 5 minutes per day will allow the device to operate for 1 year.
3.7 Durability
The device will be designed to operate in a standard temperature environment of 30 C to 80 C. The device packaging will be designed to hold up under normal usage. The packaging will be shock and water-resistant.
3.9 Cost
Cost will be kept to a minimum to maintain a competitive edge with currently available products. A maximum estimate for components at this point is $30.00. This cost will be achieved through the unique design approach and component selection we will employ. Our design will have a market price of $90.00 dollars.
4. Approach
To successfully simulate this project, design will be done in stages. The first stage will be design a circuit that will receive the pulse rate. Next, the signal will be extracted using a filter. Next, the signal must be digitized so that it can be counted. Once these three stages are designed, they will be tied together to show a working design through simulation. If this is done successfully, we should have proof that our design will work. Next, a micro-controller will be used to count the pulse rate and
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 9 of 38
display it on a three digit LED display. Finally, each stage will be put together to form a working project.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 10 of 38
The circuit in Figure 4.1-3 shows our pulse-rate to voltage converter and our source of constant red light that was designed and constructed to gather real- world data for our analysis and design of our pulse detection system. The red LED is simply forward biased through a resistor to create a current flow. The value of R2 was chosen based on the current needed by our 3000 mCandela LED to produce a maximum amount of light output but that was within the current limits of the device. The value calculated was then approximated to a resistance value that is commonly available. The photo-resistor is placed in series with a resistor to reduce the current drawn by the detection system and to prevent shorting the battery when no light is detected by the photoresistor.
Figure 4.1-3 Pulse receiving circuit The diagram in Figure 4.1-4 shows the configuration of the LED and photo-sensor in relation to the index finger. They are placed in such a way that the light has to pass through finger tissue before it enters the photo-sensor.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 11 of 38
4.2 Filtering
Once the pulse rate has been detected, it will need to be extracted. A second order butterworth filter will be used to do this. Using P-SPICE and MATLAB, we will simulate the filter to make sure it will operate under our specified design requirements. Due to interference caused by ambient light and level detection distortions, the desired signal can be extracted from the noisy signal using a second order low pass Butterworth filter. This filter is chosen because it is characterized by a magnitude response that i maximally flat in the passband and monotonic overall. Butterworth s filters sacrifice roll-off steepness for monotonicity in the passband and stopband. Since the heart signal we are measuring is low in amplitude, we do not want any attenuation in the passband and therefore the second order Butterworth filter will meet our design objectives. The frequency response of the filter is obtained by using the following equation: __________ H(jw) = K / v1 + (w/wc)2n
The pole- zero plot for the filter is obtained and shown below;
The gain of the filter used is 1, and R1 = mR, R2 = R, C1 = C, C2 = nC. Since it is a lowpass Butterworth filter, m = 0.229 and n = 3.3. By setting C2 = 0.068 F, the
ECE4512 4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 12 of 38
value of the resistance R1 and R2 and capacitance C1 are obtained using the following equation: ___
fc = 1 / (2pRCvmn );
where fc = 4Hz
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 13 of 38
Figure 4.3-1 Comparator The output from this comparator should be a digital signal that the micro-controller can monitor easily. The circuit operates on the principle that the original signal is subtracted from a phase-shifted version of the original. The phase shifting is obtained by passing the original signal through a first order passive low pass filter. This subtraction is positive for a rising slope and negative for a decreasing slope. Since the op-amp used for the comparison is configured with no feedback the output will change to its maximum positive value for rising edges and change to its maximum negative value for falling edges. The input to the comparator design sho wn in Figure 4.3-1 is required to be on the order of 20 dB. The required SNR level will be obtained from the previous low pass filtering stage. An input signal with an SNR any lower than the 20 dB limit will cause the comparator to falsely trigger on the noise present in the signal. Thus, the low pass filtering of the raw signal is crucial to the proper operation of the comparator circuitry.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 14 of 38
4.4 Micro-controller
A micro-controller is an economical means of counting the pulse rate and controlling a LED display. The circuit diagram in figure 4.4-1 shows the combined microcontroller and display interconnection. Since board space is at a premium in our design, we directed our design toward reducing the number of large chips used. The method used below allows the displays to be driven without the use of a display driver. The displays will be set and refreshed by multiplexing the segment lines to the same I/O pins on the microcontroller.
Programming the micro-controller will involve developing a calculation algorithm to count the pulse rate. The calculation algorithm for counting the pulse rate will be easy to develop using Firmware.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 15 of 38
The micro-controller will continuously be checking if a signal is fed into it. Once a signal is detected the algorithm will begin as follow: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Set the timer to zero. Increment the timer for every peak of the digitized signal. Repeat step two until timer equals 5, and the time taken to reach the 5 counts (Na) is stored. Calculate the beats per minute using equation: BPM = 12Na. Send the heart beat rate to the LED display. If the reset button is pushed the routine will reset.
Start
Reset TMR
N+1
If TMR <5
If Reset
Display BPM
Calculate Frequency
BPM = 12N
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 16 of 38
A/D
MicroController
Display 82
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 17 of 38
Part
Red LED (RS-2760307) Photo-Sensor (RS-2761657) Micro-controller (PIC16F84) 741 Op-Amp (LM324D) 3 volt battery (614-CR2477N) Capacitors and resistors LED display (153-1005-ND) PCB board Plastic package (SCRA-ND) Battery Clip (RS-2710777) Transistor (2N2222)
Price
$1.99 $0.45 $7.33 $0.56 $2.90 $3.85 $5.70 $1.99 $3.06 $0.79 $0.99
Total
$29.61
Table 4.6-1 Cost Analysis for components
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 18 of 38
5. Test Specifications
In order to obtain specifications for our design, several preliminary tests will be conducted. These tests will consist of both analog and digital applications. Hardware and software will be used to perform these tests. We will construct prototypes of each stage of our design to ensure that they interface properly. In table 1 below, a description of the tests used to verify our requirements is illustrated. By performing these tests, we will produce the needed data to ensure that our design will interface and work properly.
Requirement Optical Transmit and Receive Test Circuit Simulation Noise Filtering Firmware Test Physical Packaging
Pulse Detection Signal Extraction Accuracy Display Duration Power Durability Packaging Cost
Table 1. A general description of the tests to be used in the design of a heart rate monitor.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 19 of 38
6. Test Certification
The prototype heart monitor was tested so that it meets all the test specifications set in the beginning of the project. This is done by comparing the hardware results with the simulated results to verify its functionality. The tests are conducted in several parts to ensure that each individual component of the design is functioning.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 20 of 38
The pulse receiving circuit shown above is used to obtain real data using the OScopes in the Communications Laboratory. The scope plot in Figure 6.1.1-2 is obtained from the pulse receiving circuit under low ambient light noise condition. This is achieved in an environme nt where there is no ambient light source in the vicinity. This plot contains the heart beat signal, which is around 2Hz and some 120Hz noise.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 21 of 38
Matlab was then used to simulate the obtained pulse rate with low noise data and figure 6.1.1-3 shows the plot obtained from the simulation.
Raw Signal
v
FF T
H Figure 6.1.1-3 Matlab simulated plot for real pulse rate with low noise In Matlab, the FFT of the low noise signal was obtained to measure its SNR. From the plot above, the SNR is found to be 9.54 dB. The second scope plot shown in Figure 6.1.1-4 on the other hand is obtained under noisy ambient light condition. This plot contains the heart beat signal and a large sum of 120Hz noise.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 22 of 38
Again, Matlab was used to simulate the obtained pulse rate with heavy 120 Hz noise data, shown in figure 6.1.1-4.
Raw Signal
FFT
Hz Figure 6.1.1-5 Matlab simulated plot for real pulse rate with heavy 120 Hz noise
From the plot above, the SNR is calculated to be 18dB. The plot shows the signal is mainly influenced by 120Hz noise and its harmonics at 240Hz.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 23 of 38
The filter is also being simulated using Matlab to verify its functionality. The raw heart pulse signal obtained from section 6.1 is used in the simulation of the Butterworth 2nd order low-pass filter. Figure 6.1.2-3 shows the Matlab simulated plot for the filtered signal with low noise.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 24 of 38
Filtered
FFT
Hz Figure 6.1.2-3 Matlab simulated plot for filtered signal with low noise. From the plot above, the SNR of the filtered signal with low noise is calculated to 34dB.Before the filtering process this signal had a SNR of 9.54dB.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 25 of 38
Figure 6.1.2-4 below shows the Matlab simulated plot for the filtered signal with heavy noise.
Figure 6.1.2-4 Matlab simulated plot for filtered signal with heavy noise.
From the plot above, the SNR of the filtered signal with low noise is calculated to 23.5dB.Before the filtering process this signal had a SNR of 18dB. This plot also proves that the Butterworth 2nd Order low-pass filter has successfully removed the 120Hz noise.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 26 of 38
simulated results from PSPICE. This plot shows that the comparator circuit is able to convert the continuous signal to a discrete signal.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 27 of 38
The comparator is also being simulated using Matlab to verify its functionality. The raw filtered heart pulse signal obtained from section 6.1.2 is used in the simulation of the comparator. Figure 6.1.3-3 shows the matlab simulated comparator output for the filtered signal with low noise. Figure 6.1.3-4 shows the matlab simulated comparator output for the filtered signal with heavy noise.
Comparator Output
Figure 6.1.3-3 Matlab simulated comparator output for signal with low noise
Figure 6.1.3-4 Matlab simulated comparator output for signal with heavy noise.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 28 of 38
6.1.4. Design Simulation using theoretical data for the entire circuitry
This stage of simulation contains the pulse receiving circuit, the filter and comparator. Using P-SPICE, the pulse rate is simulated using a 60 Hz and 120 Hz noise under ideal conditions. This simulation shows that under ideal conditions, our design is successful. The figure below shows three plots that show the process of detecting, filtering, and digitizing the pulse-rate signal.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 29 of 38
6.2. Actual Hardware Test Results 6.2.1. Optical Receive and Transmit Results.
The first phase of the prototype, the optical receiver and transmitter, is constructed and tested. The output of the receiver is connected to an O-scope to obtained the heart beat signal. Figure 6.2.1-1 shows the heart beat signal obtained from the prototype. As expected from our simulation, the obtained signal contains 120Hz noise. This signal has a SNR of 9dB.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 30 of 38
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 31 of 38
6.2.4. Micro-Controller
The micro-controller is programmed to count the number of peaks of the input signal in 10 seconds, and the result is further multiplied by 6 to obtain the total number of peaks per minute. In the testing of the micro-controller, the LED display is connected to the micro controller and a known frequency pulse signal is fed into it. The correct number of peaks per minute value is showed on the LED display. When the microcontroller is integrated into the entire design circuitry, it is able to count the number heartbeats per minute and drive the LED display to display the counted value. Therefore, the interface between the entire circuit and the micro-controller is functional. The accuracy of the heart monitor is also tested. The only way to perform this test is to obtain a more consistent and accurate heart pulse from an electrocardiogram (EKG) and compared the results with the one obtained using the prototype heart monitor. Table 6.2.4-1. shows the results of the comparison.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 32 of 38
Percentage Error (%) 2.56 0.00 5.56 2.38 1.19 5.56 8.33 5.95 7.29
The comparison shows that the accuracy of the prototype heart monitor has a mean of 4.31 and standard deviation of 2.87. However, this accuracy may defer depending on the circumference size of the finger of the user. Table 6.2.4-2 shows the percentage average error of the prototype for different users with different fingers circumference size.
Finger Type Big Finger (3.0) Medium Finger (2.5) Small Finger (2.125)
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 33 of 38
6.2.6. Durability
This part of the test is not performed on the final package of the heart monitor because the final product is not functioning.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 34 of 38
Figure 6.2.7-2 Size Comparison of SMT and Through-hole resistor However, the components are successfully mounted onto the PCB and the PCB is placed into an enclosed rectangular box with the dimension of 2.5 X 1.7 X 1 (H X W X D). Figure 6.2.7-3 below shows the layouts of the design in its final package.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 35 of 38
Part Red LED (RS-2760307) Photo-Sensor (RS-2761657) Micro-Controller (PIC 16F84) 741 Op-amp (LM 324D) 3 Volt Battery (614-CR2477N) Capacitors and resistors LED Display (153-1005-ND) PCB Board Plastic Package (SCRA-ND) Battery Clip (RS-2710777) Transistor (2N2222) Total
Price (USD) 1.99 0.45 6.58 0.50 3.76 3.34 5.58 9.99 2.99 1.56 0.30 37.04
7. Summary
Through thorough simulation, we have shown that the pulse rate can be detected from changes of blood flow through an index finger. Simulation also shows that the pulse rate can be filtered and digitized so that it can be counted to calculate an accurate pulse rate. The results obtained from the prototype matche s the simulation results obtained in Senior Design I. During the course of implementing the prototype, only one design requirement was changed. The power requirement for the design was changed from using one 3- volt lithium cell battery to two 3-volt lithium cell battery. However, the overall design was a success. The prototype is able to detect, filter, digitize, and display the heartbeat of a user.
8. Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge Dr. Lori Bruce for her technical support regarding this project. We also want to thank Dr. Joe Picone for his guidance through the design process.
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 36 of 38
9. Individual Contributions
Todd Peacock Filter and comparator design Micro-controller frequency detection Optical signal generation and detection Matlab and Pspice simulation Packaging Documentation Craig Williamson Filter and comparator design Optical signal generation and detection Matlab and Pspice simulation Packaging Documentation Chong Meng Teh Updating and maintaining the webpage Optical signal generation and detection Matlab and Pspice Simulation PCB layout design Documentation Voon Siong Sui Filter design simulation Micro-controller LED display programming Matlab and Pspice simulation PCB layout design Documentation
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 37 of 38
References
[1] Z. Kmietowicz, Better coronary care reduces deaths from heart disease, British Medical Journal, p600, Tavistock Square, London March 2000. J. Weller, Youve got the beat, Womens Sport and Fitness, p68, USA, September 1997. R. Bandler, Cardiac problem at heart of SIDS?, BBI Newsletter, American Health Consultant, Inc., USA, April 1998. J. Hastings, You Call This Exercise?, Health, Vol. 14, p106, USA, June 2000. M. Bane, Watch the Monitor, Mens Health, Vol. 11, p144, USA, November 1996. P. Kandela, The stethoscope, The Lancet Interactive, UK, p23, September 1998. J. Carroll, SIDS: counseling parents to reduce the risk, American Family Physician, Leawood, KS, April 1998. J. Csatari, The beat goes down, Mens Health, Vol. 10, p23, USA, September 1995. T. Fritz, The Heart of bodybuilding, Muscle & Fitness, USA, p77, October 1999. C. Smith, How to become your own personal trainer with the use of a heart rate monitor, Fire Engineering, Vol. 149, p118, USA, June 1996. J. Hilburn and D. Johnson, Manual of Active Filter Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1973. A. Roll, PIC-based Controllers, Electronics Australia, Vol. 62, p70, September 2000. S. Orfanidis, Introduction to Signal Processing, 1st edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, USA, 1995. R. Goody, Microsim Pspice for Windows: A Circuit Simulation Primer, 2nd edition, vol. 1, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA, 1998. T. Sifferlen and V. Vartanian, Digital Electronics with Engineering Applications, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1970.
[2]
[3]
[4] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01
HEART MONITOR
Page 38 of 38
[16]
M. Fogiel, Modern Microelectronics, Research & Education Association, New York, 1972. J. Millman, Digital and Analog Circuits and Systems, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1979. D. Comer, Modern Electronic Circuit Design, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1976. D. Defatta and J. Lucas and W. Hodgkiss, Digital Signal Processing: A System Design Approach, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1988. PIC Micro Microcontroller Families, http://www.microchip.com/10/lit/pline/picmicro/families/16f8x/index.htm, Microchip Corporation, Santa Clara, California, USA. D. Hanselman and B. Littlefield, Mastering MATLAB 5, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA, 1998.
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
ECE4512
4/ 30/ 01