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Background and Applications
FOREWORD SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 SECTION 6 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS DESIGN SITUATIONS ROAD TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS SPECIFICALLY FOR ROAD BRIDGES ACTIONS ON FOOTWAYS, CYCLE TRACKS AND FOOTBRIDGES RAIL TRAFFIC ACTIONS AND OTHER ACTIONS SPECIFICALLY FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES MODELS OF SPECIAL VEHICLES FOR ROAD BRIDGES FATIGUE LIFE ASSESSMENT FOR ROAD BRIDGES ASSESSMENT METHOD BASED ON RECORDED TRAFFIC
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
GENERAL ORGANISATION FOR ROAD BRIDGES Traffic load models - Vertical forces : LM1, LM2, LM3, LM4 - Horizontal forces : braking and acceleration, centrifugal, transverse Groups of loads - gr1a, gr1b, gr2, gr3, gr4, gr5 - characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent values Combination with actions other than traffic actions
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Background and Applications
LOAD MODELS FOR LIMIT STATES OTHER THAN FATIGUE LIMIT STATES Field of application : loaded lengths less than 200 m (maximum length taken into account for the calibration of the Eurocode For very long loaded lengths, see National Annex) Load Model Nr. 1 Concentrated and distributed loads (main model general and local verifications) Load Model Nr. 2 Single axle load (semi-local and local verifications) Load Model Nr. 3 Set of special vehicles (general and local verifications) Load Model Nr. 4 Crowd loading : 5 kN/m2 (general verifications)
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Background and Applications
Characteristic values
Frequent values
Quasi-permanent values
LM2 (4.3.3)
LM3 (4.3.4)
LM4 (4.3.5)
1000 year return period (or probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 years) for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factors equal to 1, see 4.3.2). 1000 year return period (or probability of exceedance of 5% in 50 years) for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factor equal to 1, see 4.3.3). Set of nominal values. Basic values defined in annex A are derived from a synthesis based on various national regulations. Nominal value deemed to represent the effects of a crowd. Defined with reference to existing national standards.
1 week return period for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factors equal to 1, see 4.3.2).
1 week return period for traffic on the main roads in Europe ( factor equal to 1, see 4.3.3).
Not relevant
Not relevant
Not relevant
Not relevant
Not relevant
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Background and Applications
Carriageway width w
width measured between kerbs (height more than 100 mm recommended value) or between the inner limits of vehicle restraint systems
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Background and Applications
nl = 1 nl = 2
0
w 3 nl
w = 3 , and the 3
w nl = Int 3
3m
NOTE For example, for a carriageway width equal to 11m, nl = Int width of the remaining area is 11 - 33 = 2m.
1 Lane Nr. 1 (3m) 2 Lane Nr. 2 (3m) 3 Lane Nr. 3 (3m) 4 Remaining area
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Background and Applications
q1k = 9 kN/m2
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The main load model for road bridges (LM1) : diagrammatic representation For the determination of general effects, the tandems travel centrally along the axes of notional lanes
For local verifications, a tandem system should be applied at the most unfavourable location.
Where two tandems on adjacent notional lanes are taken into account, they may be brought closer, the distance between axles being not less than 0,50 m
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Background and Applications
Q1
1 0,9
Qi
i2
1 0,8
q1
1 0,7
qi
i2
1 1
qr
1 1
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Recommended value : Q = Q 1
(National Annex)
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a) Pavement and concrete slab 1 Wheel contact pressure 2 Pavement 3 Concrete slab 4 Middle surface of concrete slab
b) Pavement and orthotropic deck 1 Wheel contact pressure 2 Pavement 3 Bridge floor 4 Middle surface of the bridge floor 5 Transverse member
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Background and Applications
Q1 = q1 = 1 Qlk = 180 + 2,7L For 0 L 1,2 m Qlk = 360 + 2,7L For L > 1,2 m
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Background and Applications
r : horizontal radius of curvature of the carriageway centreline [m] Qv : total maximum weight of vertical concentrated loads of the tandem systems of LM1
Qi
( 2Qik )
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Background and Applications
Groups of loads
Group of loads gr1a : LM1 + reduced value of pedestrian load on footways or cycle tracks (3 kN/m2)
Group of loads gr2 : characteristic values of horizontal forces, frequent values of LM1
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Background and Applications
Group of loads gr5 : special vehicles (+ special conditions for normal traffic)
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Background and Applications
Table 4.4b Assessment of groups of traffic loads (frequent values of the multi-component action)
CARRIAGEWAY Load type Reference EN 1991-2 Load system gr1a Groups of loads
a)
Vertical forces 4.3.2 LM1 (TS and UDL systems) Frequent values Frequent values Frequent value a) 4.3.3 LM2 (single axle) 5.3.2(1) Uniformly distributed load
gr1b gr3
See 5.3.2.1(3). One footway only should be considered to be loaded if the effect is more unfavourable than the effect of two loaded footways.
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Table 4.5 - Indicative number of heavy vehicles expected per year and per slow lane (FLM3 and FLM4 Models)
Traffic categories 1 Roads and motorways with 2 or more lanes per direction with high flow rates of lorries Roads and motorways with medium flow rates of lorries M ain roads with low flow rates of lorries Local roads with low flow rates of lorries
2 3 4
0,125 10 0,05 10
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1 LORRY SILHOUETTE
4,20 1,30
80 140 140 90 180 120 120 120 90 190 140 140 90 180 120 110 110
A B B A B C C C A B B B A B C C C
3,20 5,20 1,30 1,30 3,40 6,00 1,80 4,80 3,60 4,40 1,30
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A second vehicle may be taken into account : Recommended axle load value Q = 36 kN Minimum distance between vehicles : 40 m
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Verification procedure with Load Model FLM 3 Determination of the maximum and minimum stresses resulting from the transit of the model along the bridge
LM = Max LM Min LM
The stress variation is multiplied by a local dynamic amplification factor in the vicinity of expansion joints
fat
The model is normally centered in every slow lane defined in the project specification. But where the transverse position is important, a statistical distribution of this position should be taken into account. Finally : fat = fat LM
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Fatigue Load Models for road bridges Representation of the additional amplification factor
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VEHICLE TYPE
1
2 3
TRAFFIC TYPE
4 Long distance Lorry persentage 5 Medium distance Lorry percentage 6 Local traffic Lorry percentage Wheel type 7
LORRY
4,5
70 130
20,0
40,0
80,0
A B
4,20 1,30
5,0
10,0
5,0
A B B A B C C C A B B B A B C C C
3,20 5,20 1,30 1,30 3,40 6,00 1,80 4,80 3,60 4,40 1,30
50,0
30,0
5,0
15,0
15,0
5,0
10,0
5,0
5,0
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ACTIONS FROM VEHICLES ON THE BRIDGE Vehicles on footways and cycle tracks Impact forces on kerbs Impact forces on safety barriers
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Recommended characteristic value for : - footways and cycle tracks on road bridges, - short or medium span length footbridges :
q fk = 5,0 kN/m 2
Recommended expression for long span length footbridges :
120 q fk = 2,0 + L + 30
qfk 2,5 kN/m
2
kN/m 2
q fk 5,0 kN/m 2
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For footbridges only, a horizontal force should be taken into account, to be applied along the deck axis at the surfacing level Qflk. Its characteristic value, which may be altered in the National Annex, is equal to the higher of the two following values : 10% of the total uniformly distributed load as defined in 5.3.2.1, 60% of the total service vehicle load where relevant (5.3.2.3(1)P). The horizontal force is applied simultaneously with the vertical load, but not with the concentrated load.
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Background and Applications
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Background and Applications