French and Latin Expressions Commonly Used in English Author(s): Alexander D. Gibson Source: The French Review, Vol.

47, No. 2 (Dec., 1973), pp. 328-339 Published by: American Association of Teachers of French Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/387901 Accessed: 10/11/2010 03:55
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THE FRENCH REVIEW,

Vol. XLVII. No. 2. December, 1973 Printed in U.S.A.

French and Latin Expressions Commonly Used in English

by Alexander D. Gibson

the intelligentsia in one of our large metropolitan RECENTLY centers were agreeably surprised to discover that the leading daily was carrying an account of the dinner meeting at the annual convention of the National Council of Teachers of English. What was even more astonishing was that the report was given full coverage. Such a favorable recognition of a cultural and intellectual event was almost unparalleled in the history of American journalism. It is devoutly hoped that this departure from featuring the hackneyed, mass-appeal subjects of corruption, malfeasance, and violence will inspire other representatives of the news media to follow this sterling example. In view of the historic import of this journalistic tour de force, we take the liberty of reproducing the account nearly in toto. "The annual convention of the National Council of Teachers of English, held this week at the Knickerbocker Hotel, was climaxed by the traditional dinner meeting in the ornate Louis XIV ballroom. There a thousand English teachers, who had gathered in a commendable spirit of camaraderie, enjoyed a sumptuous banquet planned and prepared by a distinguished maitre d'h6tel and the equally celebrated cordon bleu chef of that hostelry sans pareil. "The menu was designed to provide the ultimate gastronomic delight for all the guests, be they epicures, gastronomes, bon vivants, gourmets, or just plain gourmands. The table d'h6te repast was worthy of the enconiums, eulogies, and laudatory comments of Lucullus or of that French lawyer, economist, and authority on the haute cuisine, Brillat-Savarin, who, as an emigre during the Reign of Terror, sampled American cooking in extenso and discussed it at length in his La Physiologie du Goat. Our older readers will recall that the memory of that savant and dilettante was long cherished and honored by two restaurants at railway terminals in New York and Boston.
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"Following a libation to the gods in the form of an apdritif (Dubonnet, bien entendu), the visiting masters, instructors, professors, doctors, docents, and doctors honoris causa were first (or should we say primo? ) regaled with numerous succulent horsd'oeuvre. Then they were given an d la carte selection of a soup, videlicet, cold Vichyssoise, soupe aux pois, or soupe d l'oignon, served with croutons. For an entrde, they could choose a filet de sole, a chdteaubriant, or a filet mignon, served with pointes d'asperges and a purde de pormmes de terre, accompanied by a vintage year vin blanc, such as Chablis, or a vin rouge, such as Beaujolais or Chdteau Lafitte. Chacun d son goat! It was followed by a gustatory delignt for dessert, in the form of a piche Melba or a tarte d la mode, with petits fours and a slice of fromage de Roquefort, appropriately washed down by a demi-tasse de cafe and a pousse-caf6 in the form of a liqueur, Benddictine, of course. The absence of a pourboire for the gargon was a welcome fringe benefit. "Immediately after the conclusion of this regal feast, one worthy of a princely connoisseur, the presiding dignitary walked to the rostrum and, after some postprandial remarks, opened the sdance. It was noted that, in handling several business items on the official agenda, he observed due humility and proper decorum by refraining from showing the L'stat, c'est moi (incorrectly attributed to Louis XIV) attitude, but he certainly did speak ex cathedra. He reminded his attentive auditors that tempus fugit and that certain formalities must be observed before the formal introduction of the visiting orator. In presenting the newly-elected president, he could well have said: 'Le roi est mort, vive le roi,' but he mercifully did not usurp this prerogative. "The new wearer of the presidential toga spoke feelingly of the status quo of his honorable profession and, being a South Carolinian, quoted the motto of his native state, 'Dum Spiro, Spero.' At that point, the new president, carried away on the tide of his own eloquence and anticipating the subject of the guest speaker's discourse, stole some of the latter's thunder by using some expressions of French and Latin origin. He described the protocol and the modus operandi to be followed in organizing a projected pourparler with other patrons, servants, disciples, and devotees of the linguistic arts, which could lead to a mariage de convenance and It was his prediction that such an perhaps de conscience. could effect the establishment of a quid pro organizational ddmarche quo, which would avoid or avert a malentendu or, worse yet, a

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cul-de-sac. Even a pis aller would forestall the intervention of a deus ex machina, eliminate machinations and maledictions, and would definitely be pro bono publico. "The assembled delegates, whose hearts were warmed by the wine and by the conciliatory remarks of the new wearer of the purple mantle, voiced their approbation loudly, but with the restraint and dignity of scholars. "The visiting dignitary and speaker of the evening, M. Francophile, who represented the American Association of Teachers of French in his capacity as president of that august body corporate, was then formally presented to his audience as a veritable chevalier sans peur et sans reproche and a prestigious bearer of lux et veritas. Touched and flattered by the latter's presence and by the implicit and explicit recognition of their outstanding contribution to American culture, the English teachers, pedagogues, preceptors, and delegates gave their distinguished visitor and academic ally a standing ovation. Visibly affected by their generous tribute and symbolical accolade, the speaker warmly expressed his profound appreciation and conveyed the cordial salutations of his cohorts of colleagues and confrdres to his fellow-educators. "After modestly acknowledging the prolix introduction which he had received from his professional vis-d-vis, the honored guest traced quickly the development of English from its varied sources, placing appropriate stress on its substantial ancestral affiliation with Latin and with one of the latter's filial successors or descendants, French. He went on to illustrate the frequent use-in English-of expressions of such origin which are used with little or no structural change or alteration, not to mention the countless words, phrases, and idioms which, even with considerable modification, still evidence and manifest their maternal derivation and extraction. "His examples were divided into numerous categories, each reflecting some aspect or facet of American life, such as: Art, Belles-Lettres, Cuisine, Diplomacy, Geography, History, Law, Medicine, Military Nomenclature, Music, Religion, and Society. In order to avoid boring his audience by reading lists of words, the speaker wove as many terms as possible into the fabric of his discourse. The text distributed to the media carried supplementary lists, some of which we reproduce here, feeling that they will be of interest to the general public. "M. Francophilo prefaced his full-fledged treatment of the subject by saying that the terms on the menu and on the carte des vins used at the formal dinner had already demonstrated our culinary debt to

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the French. He added the following additional terms in that domain: a la franqaise, au gratin, au lait, biscuit, blanc mange, bombe glacee, bouillon, bouillabaisse, brioche, canape, carafe, champagne, charlotte russe, cognac, collation, coupe marron, creme de menthe, crepes suzette, croissant, eau de vie, eclair, entremets, escargot, flambe, fondue, gateau, gigot, Gruyere, lyonnaise, macaron, macedoine, mousse, omelette aux champignons, omelette aux fines herbes, parfait, pitisserie, plat, prosit, ragofit, rissole, salade, salon de the, salle-a-manger, sante, souffle, souper, truite amandine, veau Marengo, vin rose. "Recalling the major political r8le long played by France in European-and in world-history, the speaker pointed out that, as a natural consequence, the French language was, for a prolonged period, that of diplomacy, as Latin had been for centuries, with the result that many of its terms in that field were adopted by the English. "In order to illustrate this influence, he described the recent historic rendez-vous of two chefs-d'Etat who, seeking to avoid an impasse, if not a rupture, in their relations, had arranged a pourparler at a well-known international spa. Accompanied by a numerous entourage of ambassadors, consuls, ministers, aides, attaches, and charges d'affaires, and armed with aide-memoire to facilitate this ddmarche, they held frequent tite-d-tete in order to discuss several potential casus belli. "Recognizing the danger of chauvinism and of potential hostilities and possessing carte blanche for their diplomatic efforts, they tried to effect a detente, hoping thus to facilitate a rapprochement and the promotion of an eventual entente. Naturally, each diplomat wished to preserve the status quo of the reigime in his country and also desired to avoid incurring charges of lese-majestd or of complicity or involvement in a coup d'etat leading to the possible nullification of a treaty, to an ultimatum, or to an interregnum; so each worked feverishly to establish a modern version of the Pax Romana, which would in time be duly buttressed by pacts and alliances, for he would thus endear himself to his countrymen as an apostle of peace. The customary communiqud at the end of the plenary session indicated that the plenipotentiaries had achieved the desired rapport, accord, and modus vivendi with their colleagues and counterparts. "The speaker read the following expressions from his supplementary list: ancien regime, ante bellum, arbitration, ballon d'essai, bipartite, cessation, coalition, corps diplomatique, de facto, democracy, dossier, douane, emissary, enclave, expose, ex post facto,

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extradition, fait accompli, finesse, homme d'etat, intervention, invasion, liaison, mare clausum, monarchy, moratorium, persona non grata, post bellum, reparations, republic, savoir faire, unilateral. "Tracing the cultural influence of France and the French on the historical past and the geographical present of the United States, the speaker alluded to the notable contribution made by such explorers as Champlain, Joliet, Marquette, and La Salle, by French Huguenots like Beaudoin (Bowdoin), Faneuil, and Revere (Rivoire), by French officers in the American Revolution, Lafayette (La Fayette), De Grasse, and Rochambeau, by French refugees or emigres at the time of the French Revolution-or later-men such as Louis-Philippe, Du Pont de Nemours, Jerime and Joseph Bonaparte, and by the Acadian exiles in Louisiana. "That influence is further manifested and perpetuated in the frequent use of French place names throughout the country, e.g., Abbeville, Baton Rouge, Beaufort, Mount Cadillac on Mount Desert Island, Lake Champlain, Danville, Detroit, Eau Claire, Fond du Lac, Grosse Pointe, Havre de Grace, Joliet, La Rochelle, Louisville, Marquette, Nez Perc6s, Paris, Piedmont, Racine, St. Louis, Sault Ste. Marie, Terre Haute, et cetera and almost ad infinitum, as will be seen in the supplementary listing. Latin in legal terminology, "To dramatize the use-in extenso-of M. Francophile created a fictional dialogue between two advocates who were discussing the designation of the jurisdiction or venue of a certain case and the possibility that a writ of certiorari would be required by the appellate court in that cause celebre. There was some doubt whether the defendant would plead nolo contendere or whether the prosecutor would exercise the right of nolle prosequi. In the process of impaneling the jury, there had been extensive use of voir dire. One of the lawyers protested that the veracity of the testimony of his client, the plaintiff, had been impugned in the proceedings, jus civile, jus divinum. "Following the adjournment of the formal court session, the lawyers and the presiding judge did much philosophizing in camera about lex scripta and lex non scripta, the limitations or restrictions on the exercise of habeas corpus, and the rble of the amicus curiae. "The speaker then enumerated some of his supplementary terms, as follows: ad hominem, adjudicate, a posteriori, a priori, clientele, corpus delicti, corpus juris, cy pres, devisee, e pluribus unum, et ux, executor, homicide, in flagrante delicto, injunction, in loco parentis, interlocutory, inter vivos, intestate, ipso facto, justice, legatee,

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legislation, mandamus, nisi prius, post-obit, prima facie, quasi, reductio ad absurdum, testament, vendee. "Recalling that France's leadership in the diplomatic field was her military superiorindisputably closely linked-historically-with the speaker mentioned-en passant-the ity, following French terms used in English-many without alteration: aide-demilitary camp, avant-garde, barrage, bataillon, bivouac, cadre, casemate, catapulte, c'est la guerre, chasseur, chevron, colonel, corps d'elite, croix de guerre, echelon, epaulette, epee, escadrille, espionnage, esprit de corps, force de frappe, fuselage, general, guerre froide, hors de combat, lieutenant, mitrailleuse, parachute, reconnaissance, reveille, riposte, sabotage, sortie, terrain, uniforme, vedette. "Recognizing that many of his auditors were commuters faced with a late-evening trip to the suburbs, M. Francophile passed lightly over the field of medicine, citing only these terms: ambulance, angina pectoris, cardiac, corpuscle, delirium tremens, dentist, digitalis, femur, grand mal, hipital, idee fixe, laudanum, materia medica, migraine, non compos mentis, nux vomica, oculist, pectoral, post mortem, rigor mortis, sage femme, solar plexus, tic douloureux, umbilical. "Promising a supplementary list, the speaker urged his hearers to shun charlatans, as they would a pest, and to court mens sana in corpore sano. "The same cursory treatment was applied to such categories as: agriculture, industry, and science, where he specifically limited himself to mentioning the following: abattoir, aquarium, aquarius, calendar, calendula, carnivores, centimeter, centrifugal, Charolais, chassis, combustion, corona, dorsal, dahlia, espalier, fauna, flora, glacier, homo sapiens, igneous, mobile, mouflon, pasteurism, Percheron, pesticide, precipice, torque, vacuum, valence, Volvo. "Conscious of the fact that women constituted a majority of the delegates and equally aware of the significant contribution made to feminine attire and appearance by French couturiers, modistes, coiffeurs, and beauty specialists, M. Francophile delighted his listeners by describing a scene in a famous salon de beaute, where the customers and their attendants engaged in an animated conversation about haute couture, parfums, coiffures, chapeaux, modes, and articles de beaute. "To illustrate further the impact and influence of French styles on costume, beauty care, and boudoir accessories, he added these well-known phrases: Alenqon, blouse, boutonniere, brassiere, cerise,

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chaise longue, Chanel, chartreuse, chic, chiffon, cloche, Coty, creme, de rigueur, dernier cri, eau de Cologne, en deshabille, ensemble, fichu, lame, lavalliere, lingerie, lisle, lorgnon, marcel, parasol, parure, peau de soie, perruque, poudre, robe rouge, sachet, talc, trousseau, vogue. "The many foreign travelers in the group were pleased that the head of the AATF gave substantial coverage to art and architecture. His concise and yet eloquent description of chefsd'oeuvre found at the Musee du Louvre, the Palais de Versailles, and the Chadteaux de la Loire was studded with these terms: arabesque, arc-boutant, ars pro artis, baroque, Cezanne, classicisme, column, connaisseur, cubisme, dadaisme, fauvisme, flamboyant, fleur-de-lis, Fragonard, frise, genre, gothique, hors concours, mansard, Matisse, nuance, objet d'art, palette, polychrome, protege, Renaissance, repousse, rococo, Romanesque, tableau, tempera, toile, ton, trompel'oeil, vase, vernissage. "The speaker laid great stress on the strong influence exercised on American culture by the Christian Church and so richly exemplified by the use of Latin expressions in its liturgy and in other related activities. He cited these phrases, mainly Latin: Adeste Fideles, Agnus Dei, Angelus, Anno Domini, Ave Maria, Campo Santo, cardinal, chalice, chapel, chasuble, colportage, Corpus Christi, creche, Decalogue, Dei Gratia, Deo volente, Deus Irae, ex voto, Gaudeamus igitur, Gloria in Excelsis Deo, gloria mundi, Gloria Patri, grace a Dieu, in hoc signo vinces, laus Deo, litany, monastery, Notre-Dame, O Filii, O Filiae, ora pro nobis, Pater Nostra, prie-dieu, Requiem, requiescat in pace, reredos, sacrament, Scripture, Te Deum, Vox clamantis in deserto. "Since the annual convention was scheduled at the height of the concert and theatrical season, the speaker seized the opportunity to dwell on the influence of the French language on the nomenclature of music and dance. He gave a vivid description of the performance of an internationally famous corps de ballet at Lincoln Center. His portrayal included such expressions as: bal, ballet russe, bal musette, baton, carillon, carmagnole, chasse, chef d'orchestre, choreography, clef, contredanse, cotillion, danse macabre, danseuse, d6but, eclat, entre-chat, fugue, gavotte, major, menuet, motif, nocturne, opera, pas de deux, pirouette, postlude, prelude, premiere danseuse, repertoire, temps, timbre. "A parallel treatment was used to focus attention on the fields of belles-lettres, journalism, motion pictures, and the theater, where the

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impact of French and Latin is particularly evident. The words singled out by M. Francophile were: ambiance, appendix, avant-garde, avant-propos, cinema, claque, clich6, couplet, d6cor, denouement, dramatis personae, exempli gratia, expos6, farce, gens de lettres, Harlequin, homme de lettres, imprimatur, incunabula, index, ing6nue, interlude, lacunae, laureate, mise en scene, montage, naturalisme, nom de plume, nota bene, opere citato, paragraph, passim, pastoral, poet, pr6cis, posthumous, quatrain, revue, roman'a cle6, roman-fleuve, romantisme, rondeau, sonnet, soubrette, trag6dienne, tragi-comedy, troubadour, trouvere, ubi supra, vaudeville, virginibus puerisque, vita, vitam impenderi vero, vox populi. "The final category illustrated by the speaker dealt with society, i.e., in a broad sense. It served as a convenient depository for words in general use, and so it had a particular appeal to his auditors. In addition, it contained terms which would normally be placed in minor categories. Among those he cited were: a bas, abstinence, ad hoc, adieu, aura, au revoir, billets-doux, cherchez la femme, ch6ri(e), chicanery, ci-devant, claustrophobia, cloister, condominium, consortium, contretemps, cortege, d6butante, d6ja vu, de luxe, desideratum, de trop, ego, entrepreneur, expertise, extortion, fiat, flair, gamin, gauche, immigration, impalpable, improbable, impuissance, in absentia, inscrutable, insouciance, introspection, intuition, levee, levity, magna (summa) cum laude, naiVete, nouveaux-riches, omnibus, omnipotent, parvenu, penchant, regicide, rural, sabot, sic, sobriquet, soir6e, stellar, titular, versant, vive. "In terminating his address, the guest of honor specified that his treatment of this extensive-even was necessarily vast-subject superficial and that the lists represented only a sampling of the immense number of words of French and Latin origin which enrich English. He lauded the versatility of our language which, by virtue of its innate capacity to adopt, adapt, transform, and assimilate its substantial borrowings and rich heritage from other tongues, has been steadily expanded, developed, and refined. "He quoted Lincoln Barnett who, in his outstanding work, The Treasure of Our Tongue (1967), writes: "Today 300 million, nearly one in ten, employ English as their primary language and 600 million, nearly one in four, can be reached by it in some way." He points out that the qualities which make English an international language "derive from its history and its cosmopolitan antecedents." Although English, continues Barnett, is a member of the Teutonic linguistic group, more than half of its vocabulary is of Latin origin,

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implanted either directly during the four centuries of the Roman occupation and the permanent Norman conquest or indirectly by eclectic borrowings in later epochs from modern French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese. "M. Francophile received a standing ovation from the hundreds of by the eloquent and delegates who were-hopefully-inspired address to strive even harder to inculcate in their charges scholarly greater appreciation and command of their extraordinarily rich and versatile mother tongue. "Your scribe and reporter found this assignment a challenging and uniquely rewarding one. As a result, he has made the commendable, laudable, and firm resolve to assemble his own compendium of foreign phrases employed in English, one which will not be merely a servile imitation of the compilation provided by President Francophile of the AATF, but one which will facilitate the expansion of his vocabulary and the ultimate refinement of his own literary and epistolary style, thus permitting him to acquire a greater mastery of-and to make more effective use of-that highly adaptable instrument of human communication, the English language. "Since President Francophile had generously promised to furnish supplementary lists, we take the liberty of reproducing them here in the order of the categories employed in the text of his discourse. "Cuisine-bonbon, bonbonniere,Camembert,casserole,croquette, entrecote, escargot, fondant, Graves,marinate, mayonnaise, petits pois, plateau, potage, quenelle, r6tisserie, sauce, tartare, the, veloute, Vichy, vin d'honneur, vol-au-vent. "Diplomacy-agent provocateur, armistice, assassin, cabal, canard, cession, colloquium, colloquy, coup d'essai, courier, d'accord, double entendre,en bloc, en prise, en rapport,envoy, force majeure,intern, intrigue,liberation,plebiscite, point de depart, raison d'etat, ratification, rationale, reine, roi, royal, savoir vivre,sub rosa, tripartite. "Geographyand History-Aux Barques, Au Sable, Beaumont, Beauregard, Bel Air, Bellevue, Bate Grise, Bois Blanc, Boise, Bonneville, Castor, Chef Menteur, Cuivre, Deschutes, Des Plaines, Detour, Dubois, Dumont, Fayette, Hennepin, Louisiana, Mobile, Orleans, Roulette, St. Clair, St. Croix, St. Martinville, Verendrye,Vincennes. "Law-administrator,assize, contravention, convene, deposition, divorce, et al, aeque et bono, facsimile, interrogation, Legum Doctor, Juris Utriusque Doctor, obiter dictum, per se, per stirpes, pro forma, pro tempore, quondam, riparian, sequestration, testator, usufruct, uti possidetis, verbatim. "MilitaryNomenclature-abatis, adjutant, affaire d'honneur, aileron, amiral, arquebuse, avion, baionnette, ballon, barricade, bastille, bastion, batterie, bombard, bombardier,brigadier,cadet, caisson, camouflage, canon, capitaine,

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caporal, cavalier, chateau fort, cheval-de-frise, commandant, corvette, demi-lune, dressage, duel, enfilade, expedition, fascine, flotille, fort, fourragere, franc-tireur, gendarme, glacis, honneur et patrie, inexpugnable, invincible, major, manege, manoeuvre, m6daille militaire, mle6e, musette, parapet, pont-levis, portcullis, rapiere, rappel, redoute, r6giment, rempart, revolver, ricochet, ruse, saboteur, salle d'armes, sauve qui peut, semper fidelis, semper paratus, sergent, surveillance, tete-de-pont, touche, veni, vidi, vici, volte-face, voltigeur. "Medicine-aborticide, ambulatory, bacillus, bocal, caudal, cicatrice, coagulate, cutaneous, dementia praecox, demise, dermatology, diverticulitis, embonpoint, enceinte, equilibrium, flux, folie de grandeur, grand mal, in extremis, mal de mer, massage, moribund, noctambulant, olfactory, petit mal, radius, sacrum, suicide, ulna. "Agriculture, Industry, and Science-arc-en-ciel, ampere, audio-visual, auriferous, biped, bovine, calorie, centigrade, centripetal, chamois, circumference, conservation, constellation, convection, contiguous, cumulo-nimbus, deciduous, decimal, flange, focus, fractionate, ignition, impetus, incandescent, induction, inertia, in rerum natura, insomnia, lacustrine, liter, luminous, manufacture, mineral, moutonn6e, omnivorous, petroleum, posterior, quadruped, reclamation, solarium, terra alba, terrarium, tonneau, tourbillon, tumulus, Ursa Major, vinasse. "Costume and Beauty Care-appliqu6e, batiste, bijoux, bonnet, bouffant, bracelet, cape, chenille, corsage, coton, cravate, crepe de Chine, culotte, d6colletage, denier, eau de toilette, ecru, en n6glig6, foulard, jabot, lorgnette, manteau, mirror, mise en plis, organdy, passementerie, peignoir, pince-nez, piqu6, plumes, sacque, salon de coiffure, tissue, toque, toupee, visage, voile. "Art and Architecture-apse, aquarelle, basilica, bas-relief, bourdon, cartouche, cloisonn6, collage, d6coupage, d6me, faqade, faience, figurine, fleche, fusain, gracile, grille, impressionisme, maquette, Manet, mauve, Monet, nacre, nave, oeil-de-boeuf, ogive, papier-miche', passe-partout, pastel, pastiche, peinture, reredos, silhouette, simulacrum, terre verte, transept, volute. "Church-abbe, bishop, canticle, carillonneur, circumcision, colporteur, consolation, crucifer, De Profundis, Domine, dirige nos, Dominus vobiscum, Doxology, ecce homo, flagellant, frere, hymn, Immaculate Conception, Mater Dolorosa, misericordia, novena, novitiate, Nunc Dimittis, nuncio, oblation, papal, pastor, pax vobiscum, Psalmodia Sacra, reliquary, reverence, reverend, Sanctus, Stabat Mater, sursum corda, tabernacle, temple, Tenebrae, Terra Beata, tonsure, ultramontane, Venite, venite adoremus. "Music and Dance-alouette, alto, Au clair de la lune, bagatelle, bass, bis, chanson, chansonnier, chanteuse, chantey, choir, compose, contralto, discoth6que, encore, flageolet, fluite, minor, musique, op6ra bouffe, op6rette, organ, pantomime, poussette, Prelude a' l'apres-midi d'un faune, soprano, tenor, trumpet, verve, viol, violon, violoncelle, voix celeste, vox angelica, vox jubilate. "Belles-Lettres, Journalism, Motion Pictures, Theater-addendum, a huis clos, amanuensis, assonance, ballade, brochure, canard, carpe diem, Cerberus, circumlocution, comedienne, coup de maitre, coup de theitre, critique, deus ex machina, dictum, diseuse, divertissement, elan, entr'acte, envoi, esprit des lois, excelsior, existentialisme, ex libris, femme de chambre, femme fatale, femme savante, fin de siecle, finis, folio, ibidem, idem, in memoriam, inscription, jejune, jongleur, library, lingo, lingua franca, literae humanorum, litt6rateur, loco citato,

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mal du siecle, marionnette, mystique, novel, obit, obituary, opus, opuscule, paginate, panache, parterre, persiflage, personnage, plagiarism, poesy, postulant, pot pourri, preface, premiere, queue, quod erat demonstrandum, quod vide, quorum, Quo Vadis, raconteur, resume, salon, sans-culotte, stet, synonym, translation, vade mecum, vellum, vide ante, vignette. "Society-abacus, ad astra per aspera, ad valorem, alter ego, ambidextrous, apres moi le deluge, apres ski, a propos, arbor vitae, armoire, arriere-pensee, auberge, au contraire, au courant, baccalaureat, baron(ne), bas bleu, beatitude, beau, beau geste, bienvenue, blas6, bois, bonhomie, bonjour, bon marche, bon mot, bonnet rouge, bonsoir, bon ton, bon voyage, boulevardier, bourgeois, bourgeoisie, boutique, bric-a-brac, brouhaha, brut, cache, caleche, capital, carousel, cartel, caveat emptor, census, c'est-a-dire, chatelaine, chez, clairvoyant(e), clique, comte(sse), consensus, continuum, contradiction, conversation, coquette, corrigendum, coup de graice, coupe, coureur des bois, crampon, creme de la creme, daguerreotype, debicle, debit, debris, December, demi-monde, detail, de trop, divorcee, donate, dormant, drap d'or, duc(hesse), edict, elegant, elite, employee, emporium, en famille, en masse, ennui, en regle, en route, erudite, eruption, espouse, ex officio, expedite, extempore, factotum, faute de mieux, fauteuil, faux pas, ffte, fidus Achates, finis origine pendet, flaineur, forte, fortitude, franc, franco, fraternity, fratricide, garage, gauche, germane, Gobelin, grande dame, grande tenue, grange, gratis, Grand Prix, guillotine, hauteur, haut monde, hommage, homme du monde, honi soit qui mal y pense, h6tel-Dieu, ici on parle franqais, ignis fatuus, impeccable, impediment, incubate, incumbent, in esse, in situ, intangible, integer vitae, integration, integrity, interim, in transigence, in transitu, intrepid, itinerary, je ne sais quoi, jeu de mots, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, laissez faire, lapse, largesse, legerdemain, lettre de change, lettre de marque, levee, liberty, madame, mademoiselle, Magna Carta, Magnavox, mairie, maitresse, majordomo, mala fide, malapropos, maquis, Mardi gras, mare nostrum, marquis(e), median, meditation, medium, melange, memento, mercerie, merci, metier, milieu, minutiae, mirabile dictu, Montani Semper Liberi, mon coeur, mondain, monsieur, mot juste, mouchoir, moue, multum in parvo, nacelle, natation, nation, negligence, n'est-ce pas, neuter, nihilism, nisi Dominus, frustra, noblesse oblige, nominate, non sequitur, non sibi, sed omnibus, nostrum, numerous, obeisance, obfuscation, obvious, occult, octogenarian, omnia vincit amor, opponent, optimum, parc, parcel, parlance, parquet, parvenu, pas du tout, patois, patrician, patriot, pecuniary, pell-mell, peu a peu, petit, pied-a-terre, piquant, pique, plateau, plebeian, plein-air, poignant, pollute, pons asinorum, population, portage, porte-cochere, poseur, post scriptum, potable, potent prairie, prevarication, proponent, quadrangle, quadrivium, Quai d'Orsay, quantum, quietus, raison d'etre, rampant, rara avis, rebel, recess, recherche, reciprocity, recidivism, reclame, recreation, referendum, regent, regimen, regina, regional, regression, regulate, relapse, rentier, repartee, repondez, s'il vous plait, reprise, reprobate, retinue, revolution, rex, robust, rosette, rotate, rouge et noir, routine, rus in urbe, salutatorian, sanctum sanctorum, sang-froid, sanguine, sans g6ne, sans souci, satisfaction, seigneur, senate, Senatus Populusque Romanus, servitude, sine qua non, soiree, sorority, s(,mnambulist, sou, specter, spouse, subscription, subterranean, sui generis, table, tabouret, tabula rasa, tacit, tangible, tante, tapis, tarif, taximetre, tedium vitae, temperament, tenet, tenure, terra firma, terra incognita, the dansant, timorous, tissue, tocsin, tolerate,

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339

tourism, tout, tout a fait, tout comprendre, tout de suite, tout le monde, tractable, tradition, transact, transcend, transatlantic, trapeze, treasure, ubiquitous, ultramundane, ultima ratio regum, umbra, unanimous, unique, unstable, urban, urbane, usurpation, usury, ut dict., valance, valedictorian, valet, valise, v6elocipe'de,viable, viaduct, vice-president, vicomte(sse), vinaigrette, vindication, voyageur, vraisemblance."