Tay Son - District Solid Waste Management Plan

Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU
Project Management Unit

Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen
Proposal for performing Consultancy on Developing DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTfour Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the PLAN Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon andUP TO 2025 Tay Son (VIE 07 035 11)
TAY SON
EP&T
DECEMBER 2011 SEPTEMBER 2010
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. 1.2. 2. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4 THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................. 4
TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 4 2.1. LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management ............................................... 4 2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management ............................................ 5 2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ................................... 8 2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 8 2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD ........................................................................................... 9 2.2. THE PROVINCE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................... 10 2.3. DISTRICT DECISIONS REGARDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................... 11 2.4. TARGETS FOR THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 11
3.
PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 .............................................................. 12 3.1. DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE ................................................................................................................ 12 3.2. CURRENT SITUATION IN TAY SON DISTRICT .............................................................................................. 13 3.2.1. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 13 3.2.2. Current Waste Disposal Site .................................................................................................. 14 3.2.3. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 15 3.2.4. Agricultural/Farm Waste ....................................................................................................... 15 3.3. DOMESTIC WASTE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERATION RATE TILL 2025....................................................... 15 3.3.1. Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste ................................................ 15 3.3.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025 .......................................................................... 16 3.4. PLAN FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT SOURCE 2011-2025 ........................................................................ 18 3.4.1. Markets ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.4.2. Households ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source ..................................................................... 20 3.5. PLAN FOR WASTE COLLECTION 2011 - 2025 ........................................................................................... 24 3.5.1. Methodology for Collection of Waste.................................................................................... 24 3.5.2. Waste Transfer and Transportation ...................................................................................... 26 3.5.3. Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment ....................................................................... 28 3.5.4. Demand for Waste Collection Facilities ................................................................................. 29 3.5.5. Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles ................................................................. 35 3.5.6. Requirements to Waste Management Workers .................................................................... 37 3.5.7. Cost of Waste Collection System ........................................................................................... 38 3.5.8. Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ........................................................................ 43 3.6. REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 46 3.6.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 46 3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district ........................................................ 46 3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ............................................ 47 3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives......................................................................................................... 48 3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure ........................................................................ 48 3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media ....................................................................... 52

3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection .................................................................... 53 3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source .................................................................................. 53 3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District ........................................................ 54 3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025 .............. 54 3.7. REQUIREMENTS TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM .................................................................................... 57 3.7.1. Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025 ........................................................................... 57 3.7.2. District Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................................ 58 3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................... 60 3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................. 61 3.8. CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 61 3.9. COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 62 4. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025............................................................ 62 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 5. DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/HAZARDOUS WASTE .................................................................................... 62 CURRENT SITUATION AND PLANS ........................................................................................................... 64 POSSIBILITIES FOR WASTE PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMISATION; .............................................................. 65 PRESENT AND FUTURE QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE .......................................................................... 65 THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE ................................................................................ 66 REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 66
PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE .................................................................. 67 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. DEFINITION OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ................................................................................................ 67 CURRENT SITUATION ........................................................................................................................... 68 FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF HCW .......................................................................................................... 69
6.
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ................................................................................................................ 69 TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 - 2025......................................................................... 70 MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 87 SANITARY LANDFILL CALCULATIONS .................................................................................... 89
ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C
1. Background
Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, Tay Son District is located about 35 km North West of Quy Nhon and its capital is Phu Phong sub-town. The District has a total area of 690 km2 and the population in 2009 was 123,300 people. The District is divided into 1 sub-town and 14 communes.
1.1.
Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan
The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in Tay Son District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.
1.2.
The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan
This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 3, for industrial waste in section 4, and for healthcare risk waste in section 5. An overview of the related Governments laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 2. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.
2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

2.1. 2.1.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management
The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows: 1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste 2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy. 3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritised in order to save land resource. 4. The Government encourages the socialisation in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste. The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.
2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities. ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety. ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country. ISWM should be based on the polluter pays principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations. Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.
With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015: By 2020:
85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. 100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated. 90% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 85% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted.
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan By 2025: 80% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 50% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 65% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 80% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 70% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 80% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 100% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 100% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 90% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 90% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 85% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated. 90% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 100% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.
Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste Enhance source separation Increase the collection and transport of solid waste Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste Treat solid waste Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.
In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation: 1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management. 2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes. 3. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. 4. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy 6
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan 5. Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM 6. Raise awareness 7. Strengthen international cooperation Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below:
No Programme Targets Due year & leading implementer 2020 MoNRE
01
Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste
- Set up and implement measures for the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste - Develop recycling industry
02
Promoting solid waste separation at source
- Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste separation at source - Disseminate source separation models
2015 MONRE
03
Investing into the construction of solid waste treatment facilities at regional level Treating domestic solid waste in the urban areas during 2009-2020 Recovering the environment for the solid waste treatment and landfilling works
Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the economic zones in the whole country as approved by the Prime Minister
2020 MoC
04
Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the urban areas in the whole country, using technologies that limit landfilling - Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg - Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in the whole country to meet the required environmental standards Strengthen integrated solid waste management in the rural areas and craft villages
2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE
05
06
Strengthening solid waste management in rural areas and craft villages Building a database and a solid waste data monitoring system
2020 MARD
07
Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country in order to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management of both the central and local governments Gradually increase public awareness on the separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions Improve the system of standards, regulations, technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions
2015 MoNRE
08
Raising public awareness
2020 MoIT 2015
09
Building a legal, policy and institutional system for

integrated solid waste management 10 Treating healthcare waste during 2009-2025 etc. on integrated solid waste management MoC
Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated by the healthcare establishments be collected and treated properly as required by the environmental standards
2025 MoH
2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLTBKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.
2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste. The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc. 8
3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level. 5. Organisation for implementation The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.
2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents: Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology; Composition of both general and hazardous waste; Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site; Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site; Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site; Air emission and odour from the treatment site;
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.
Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows: 1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular. 2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoCs address as bxd-vp@hn.vnn.vn Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoCs Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000 guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.
2.2.
The Province Solid Waste Management Plan
In August 2009 the Peoples Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates using current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world and adjusting it to the suitable conditions of Viet Nam. The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015: - 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. - 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures. By 2020: - 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. - 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source. 10
The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province to the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.
2.3.
District Decisions regarding Solid Waste Management
There are no District decisions or regulations pertaining to solid waste management. The District follows the provincial regulations that govern the management of solid waste.
2.4.
Targets for the District Solid Waste Management
In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities: Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products; Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy; Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.
The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in Tay Son District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, the majority of healthcare wastes are properly treated; only the waste arising from small sources still need to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management. The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows: 11
Objective no. 1:
Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on the health of the population and on the environment
Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are: By the year 2020, 60% of all domestic solid waste produced in the District is recycled, composted or placed in a central landfill. All inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2015. Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas. All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2014. All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2015. Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms of pollution from industrial waste
Objective no. 2:
Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are: By the year 2015, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities. Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility. By 2013 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.
3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

3.1. Definition of Solid Waste
In Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we refer to domestic solid waste rather than dailylife solid waste, where domestic solid waste refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defined as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities1.
This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term domestic solid waste is used in the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term municipal solid waste may cause.
12
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Thus it must be understood that domestic solid waste is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.
3.2. 3.2.1.
Current Situation in Tay Son District Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service
Waste is collected within Phu Phong sub-town by the Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative. The Cooperative was established around 1984 and has 20 staff in total. The waste collection services were initiated in 1998. The company collects waste from 3,500 households of 5,200 households in Phu Phong sub-town. The total amount of solid waste collected is about 32 m3/day; estimated to be equivalent to 16 tonnes per day. Other than waste collection, the company also offers advice and products to farmers, including the sale of soil, fertiliser, seeds, assistance with drainage and irrigation, as well as small scale loans. Overall the companys turnover is approximately 1.2 billion VND, whereof 800 million VND is from waste management and park services. The Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative has one small flat bed truck and four sturdy pushcarts (similar to those used for transporting wares in markets). The truck collects solid waste from large waste generation sources as market, hospital and from households along the main roads every afternoon. The pushcarts collect solid waste from households along the smaller roads and alleys in both mornings and afternoons and then gather collected wastes at some selected transfer points so that the truck can easily come and pick it up. Each pushcart completes six to eight collection trips per day.
Collecting waste from the market. The waste is placed in reuse bags (such as the red bag being emptied), to ease the transfer of waste onto the truck.
Typical collection point and pushcart.
The companys truck is manned by a driver and two workers; an additional four waste collectors will join at the waste transfer points and are responsible for loading waste into the truck. The waste collection takes place from 6:30 to 11:00 in the morning and from 13:30 to 17:30 in the afternoon.
13
Pushcart used in Phu Phong town, Tay Son District.
Vehicle used to collect waste in one of the three settlements along Highway no. 19.
Three settlements along Highway no. 19 have established their own simple waste collection systems under the auspices of their Peoples Committees. This applies to Phu An Village (in Tay Xuan commune where the dumpsite is located); Tay Giang commune and Tay Phu commune. In each case about 500 households are served using a locally made truck with a 2-tonne capacity. These vehicles then transport the waste to the Districts dumpsite. Other communes within the District have also established waste collection systems and dumpsites. Due to the time limit, visits to all these waste collection companies were not feasible. Information on small waste collection companies will be collected in the next phase. The Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative collects about 16 tonnes of waste per day. It is estimated that the communal collection companies serve a population of approximately 10,000 people and to collect ten tonnes of waste per day. This gives a total of 26 tonnes of domestic waste collected every day in the Tay Son District.
3.2.2.
Current Waste Disposal Site
In 2004, a temporary dumping site was established for Tay Son District. The dumpsite is named Phu An dumpsite, it is about 4 km from town and located in Tay Xuan commune; it has total area of 72,410 m2 and the area of phase 1 is 27,500 m2 for constructing one cell to receive solid waste and one cell to storage and treat leachate. Phu An dumpsite is planned to have 4 waste cells and so far, only the first cell has been constructed and put into operation. The road to the dumpsite is in poor condition and impassable to passenger cars during the wet season. The dumpsite itself consists of a large water logged depression (at least in the rainy season) that is encircled by a dirt track. Waste is dumped at the edge of the depressions, partially on the roadway. The scavengers (two during a visit in November 2010) then partially move the waste into the depression as they sort through the waste. To minimise the volume of waste along the edges of the dumpsite, the waste is regularly set on fire outside the wet season.
Phu An Dumpsite, Tay Son District
14
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan The site for the planned future sanitary landfill of Tay Son District is adjacent to the existing Phu An Dumpsite, which has an area of 10-20 ha and is about 3 km from the residential area. Two communes that collect waste to the North of Phu Phong have also established their own dumpsites.
3.2.3.
Current Fees and Cost Recovery
The Cooperative is responsible for the collection of the solid waste management fee from the waste generators; the fee is paid by the population directly to fee collectors that are hired especially for this duty. In return, the fee collectors receive 10% of the collected fees. The fees follow the regulation of the Binh Dinh PPC and are as follows: Households along main roads have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month Households along small roads have to pay 6,000-8,000 VND/household/month Small (household) scale enterprises have to pay 15,000-20,000 VND/enterprise/month Medium enterprises have to pay 30,000 VND/enterprise/month Hospital and market have to pay 3,000,000 VND/month
Around 80-90% of serviced households pay their waste collection fee. The income of the Cooperative is about 400 millions VND per year from collection fee payment and furthermore it receives 100 to 200 millions VND per year as a subsidy from the Tay Son Peoples Committee budget.
3.2.4.
Agricultural/Farm Waste
Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province2, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.
3.3. 3.3.1.
Domestic Waste Characteristics and Generation Rate till 2025 Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste
The domestic solid waste composition was analysed in Phu Phong in 2010; the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below. Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:
Mr. Todd Hyman
15
Result streets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total
% % 60.38% 5.86% 33.60% 0.17% 100.00%
The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:
Result Markets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total % % 76.5% 6.9% 16.6% 0.0% 100.0%
As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.
3.3.2.
Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025
The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in Tay Son District was 123,339 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 1.16%3. This means that the population of Tay Son district will increase from 125,000 in year 2010 to around 148,000 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
Somers: Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province
16
160.000 140.000 Population in Tay Son district 120.000 100.000 80.000 60.000 40.000 20.000 -
Year Towns Communes Tay Son district
Fig. 3.1 Increased population in Tay Son district within the strategy period. Within Binh Dinh Province, as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows: Cities of rank III & IV: Towns of rank V: 0.9 kg/person/day 0.8 kg/person/day
For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present the collection rates for Phu Phong sub-town, as well as every commune, are based on information from the district, as well as estimates by the consultancy. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 2025. At present the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated4. Phu Phong is expected to become a provincial level town in the near future and has therefore been included as such in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. Tay Giang and Tay Binh are expected to become district towns in 2015 and have therefore been included as towns in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As can be seen from these tables, some communes, such as Tay Xuan already have very high waste collection rates today; others such as Binh Thanh expect to increase their collection rates over the coming years. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Phu Phong sub-town and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased
4
Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6
17
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Phu Phong sub-town being treated at source and 30% in the communes.5 Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Phu Phong subtown and Tay Giang commune (that has become a town by then), as well as in Tay Xuan commune where the waste collection rate is already 70% today. All other communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.
90,00 80,00 70,00 DSW Collection rate (%) 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 -
Towns
Communes
Year
Tay Son district
Fig. 3.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period. By 2015 it is expected that approximately 80 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 65.7% will receive treatment: 23.67 tonnes per day (29.58%) will be recycled at source and another 28.60 tonnes (35.75%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 76.6% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.
3.4.
Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025
A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.
Tay Xuan Commune expects that there will be no interest or incentives to treat organic waste at source, the commune therefore do not foresee any treatment of organic waste at source.
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3.4.1.
Markets
The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected separately, stored in the markets waste storage area until it can be taken to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,6 is described in the following: This basic model, focusing on centralised collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.
3.4.2.
Households
Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular:7 Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected by the project from tests of the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following findings: After 2 months of demonstration, the outcome was: The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste); For the bins that there were no larvae, the decomposition was only 20% - 30% (most of the waste was garden waste and pig faeces).
6 7
The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers Phase 3 draft report. The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers Phase 3 draft report.
19
Mesophilic bin (from the Somers report).
Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kgs of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description. A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.
3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from households; - Organic waste from markets will be treated in mesophilic bins which can receive about 15 kg organic waste/bin/day while organic wastes from households will be treated in smaller mesophilic bins which will receive approximately (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day in the towns and (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day in the communes. It is planned that each mesophilic bin will be shared by 2 households. - Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2; - A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; - A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. - Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years. Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for Tay Son District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.1. Distribution of these organic treatment units
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan for towns and communes are described in Table 3.2 and 3.3. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of Tay Son is described in Table 3.4. Table 3.1 Number of mesophilic units required to treat organic waste up to 20258 Number of mesophilic units Year For market waste For household waste Total 2012 0 0 0 2013 82 1,333 1,415 2014 130 2,098 2,228 2015 161 2,657 2,818 2016 163 2,688 2,851 2017 164 2,719 2,884 2018 196 3,305 3,502 2019 199 3,344 3,542 2020 255 4,223 4,478 2021 258 4,272 4,530 2022 261 4,321 4,583 2023 264 4,372 4,636 2024 267 4,422 4,690 2025 271 4,474 4,744
The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.
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Table 3.2 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets for Tay Son District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of markets 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 13 6 4 5 5 6 3 6 6 6 5 1 0 9 6 82 2014 25 13 7 7 8 10 5 9 6 10 7 1 0 14 9 130 2015 26 13 9 10 10 13 7 12 6 13 9 2 0 19 12 161 2016 26 13 9 10 10 13 7 12 6 13 9 2 0 19 12 163 2017 26 13 9 10 11 13 7 12 6 13 9 2 0 20 12 164 2018 27 13 11 13 13 17 9 15 6 17 12 2 0 25 15 196 2019 27 13 11 13 13 17 9 15 6 17 12 2 0 25 16 199 2020 41 20 14 16 16 21 11 19 10 20 15 3 0 31 19 255 2021 41 21 14 16 17 21 11 19 10 21 15 3 0 31 19 258 2022 42 21 14 16 17 21 11 19 10 21 15 3 0 31 19 261 2023 42 21 14 17 17 22 11 19 10 21 15 3 0 32 20 264 2024 43 21 15 17 17 22 12 20 10 21 15 3 0 32 20 267 2025 43 22 15 17 17 22 12 20 10 22 16 3 0 32 20 271
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Table 3.3 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households for Tay Son District up to 2025 No. Locality 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL Number of mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 145 72 79 91 93 119 63 106 70 116 83 15 0 173 108 1,333 2014 294 146 120 138 141 180 95 161 70 177 127 23 0 263 163 2,098 2015 2016 2017 2018 307 153 210 241 246 315 167 280 74 308 221 40 0 459 285 3,305 2019 311 155 212 244 249 319 169 283 74 312 223 40 0 464 288 3,344 2020 472 235 258 296 302 387 205 344 113 378 271 49 0 564 350 4,223 2021 477 237 261 299 306 391 207 348 114 383 274 49 0 570 354 4,272 2022 483 240 264 303 309 396 209 352 116 387 278 50 0 577 358 4,321 2023 489 243 267 306 313 400 212 356 117 392 281 50 0 584 362 4,372 2024 494 246 270 310 317 405 214 360 118 396 284 51 0 590 367 4,422 2025 500 249 273 314 320 410 217 364 120 401 287 51 0 597 371 4,474 297 300 304 148 149 151 162 164 166 186 188 191 190 192 195 243 246 249 129 130 132 217 219 222 71 72 73 238 241 244 171 173 175 31 31 31 0 0 0 355 359 363 220 223 225 2,657 2,688 2,719
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.4 Total investment cost of mesophilic units for Tay Son District up to 2025 New investment of mesophilic bins Investment cost (x 1,000 VND) Year For market For household For market For household Total Total waste waste waste waste 2012 2013 82 1,333 1,415 28,537 466,619 495,156 2014 49 765 813 17,032 267,587 284,620 2015 31 560 590 10,679 195,912 206,592 2016 2 31 33 652 10,789 11,442 2017 2 31 33 660 10,915 11,575 2018 32 586 618 11,176 205,034 216,210 2019 2 38 41 797 13,420 14,217 2020 57 879 936 19,847 307,721 327,569 2021 3 49 52 1,037 17,145 18,182 2022 3 50 53 1,049 17,344 18,393 2023 3 50 53 1,061 17,545 18,606 2024 3 51 54 1,073 17,748 18,822 2025 3 51 54 1,086 17,954 19,040 Total 271 4,474 4,744 94,688 1,565,734 1,660,421 The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.
3.5. 3.5.1.
Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025 Methodology for Collection of Waste
STREET SWEEPING Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Phu Phong town. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the town, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle. PUBLIC AREAS Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HOUSEHOLDS ON MAIN ROADS Waste collection mode for households along main roads in the town For households located along Highway No. 19 or main roads, as these households are close to each other, door to door collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/basket, empty it and return bag/basket (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until the pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste 24
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. Waste collection mode for households located along Highway No. 19 and main roads is illustrated in Fig. 3.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every day. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles. House 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location House 2 House 3 House 4 .. House n
House 1
Next collection route
Transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 3.3 Waste collection mode for households located along Highway No. 19 and main roads. Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in the town For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main street. Waste collection mode for communes In the urban areas of a commune, door to door waste collection mode as described in the case of town/sub-town is recommended Each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going door to door for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is described in Fig. 3.4. The waste collection frequency is every two days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a two day period.
Village transfer point 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location
Village transfer point 2
..
Village transfer point n
Commune/commune s transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Next collection route Fig. 3.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune.
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan For scattered settlements and isolated households, households must bring their waste to bins/containers located along the (main) roads. Collection of Solid Waste from Markets Every market has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their wastes to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be treated in mesophilic bins, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the markets waste storage area. The organic waste can then be transported to the mesophilic bins, whereas the non-biodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill. Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals Domestic solid wastes from hospitals are segregated from hospitals infectious wastes, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.
3.5.2.
Waste Transfer and Transportation
Waste Transfer As it is a relatively long distance from Phu Phong sub-town and other communes to the waste disposal site, transferring the collected waste from pushcarts to transportation vehicles for transport to the landfill seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarised in Table 3.5 and Table 3.6. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option. Table 3.5 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option: Strengths Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty Weaknesses Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as no waste in my backyard Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc. If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station Opportunities One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan9
Threats Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location
Table 3.6 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option
9
Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020
26
Strengths This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically. Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce. Weaknesses It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points
Opportunities Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.
Simple technique and low operational cost requirement
Threats The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.
Transportation 10 Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons: The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming; The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions.
Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 3.5.
10
This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences
27
Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck
Hospital (Rendezvous point 2)
Ward rendezvous point 3
..
Ward rendezvous point n
Next collection route Fig. 3.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district. The quantities of waste that have to be collected for each year can be found in Annex A. Given that a substantial portion of the waste is taken care of at source, either through the sale of recyclable materials to scavengers or through the use of the organic faction of the waste at the household or market, the increase in the amount of waste that has to be collected is relatively modest, as can be seen in figure 3.6.
16.000 Amount of DSM collection (tonnes/year) 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0
District sanitary landfill
Loaded compactor truck
Year
Collection from towns Total collection from Tay Son district Collection from communes
Fig. 3.6 Domestic solid waste collected in Tay Son district.
3.5.3.
Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment
Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). At least two pushcarts should be provided. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one 28
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.7. Table 3.7 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025 Year Number of pushcarts Number of brooms* Number of labour safety clothing** Demand Investment Demand Investment Demand Investment 2011 6 6 24 24 12 12 2012 6 0 24 24 12 12 2013 6 0 24 24 12 12 2014 6 0 24 24 12 12 2015 6 6 24 24 12 12 2016 6 0 24 24 12 12 2017 6 0 24 24 12 12 2018 6 0 24 24 12 12 2019 6 6 24 24 12 12 2020 6 0 24 24 12 12 2021 6 0 24 24 12 12 2022 6 0 24 24 12 12 2023 6 6 24 24 12 12 2024 6 0 24 24 12 12 2025 6 0 24 24 12 12
* 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 24 brooms/year ** 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 3 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 12 labour safety clothing/year
3.5.4.
Demand for Waste Collection Facilities
Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L bins located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarised in Table 3.8. The proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Tay Son District is presented in Fig. 3.7.
240 L bin (b) 660 L container (c) 660 L container-pushcart Fig 3.7 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for Tay Son District. Table 3.8 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment Collection equipment Density Percentage of
Typical amount in 29
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan (kg/m3) Waste in 240 L bin Waste in 660 L container Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 350 350 volume used when emptied 60% 60% 100% container (kg) 50 140 230
Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in Tay Son district is conducted based on the conditions summarised in Table 3.9. Table 3.9 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste in Tay Son district
AREA EQUIPMENT SERVICE ESTIMATED DIVISION OF
SYSTEM COVERAGE
Towns
240 L bin
Located along main streets and central areas of the towns Central waste producers as markets, administrative offices, institutions, hotels Collection of waste from residential areas Located along main streets and central areas of the towns Collection of waste from residential areas
660 L container
660 L pushcart
Communes 240 L bin
660 L pushcart
20-30% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 25% 10-20 of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10% 60-70% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 65% 10-15% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10% 80-90% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 90%
On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in Tay Son district is estimated and summarised in Table 3.10 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in tables 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13.
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.10 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection in Tay Son District up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 80 78 82 86 87 87 90 90 97 98 99 100 101 102 Towns 660 L Containers 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 17 17 17 17 17 17 660 L Pushcarts 47 44 47 49 49 50 51 51 55 56 56 57 58 58 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 48 91 50 93 49 91 55 101 56 107 58 108 56 102 64 115 63 120 65 125 66 127 72 135 75 135 79 148
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Table 3.11 Demand on 240 L bins for Tay Son District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL 2012 56 18 4 7 5 6 4 4 8 8 8 128 2013 53 19 4 8 3 5 6 4 4 8 7 7 128 2014 51 22 3 9 3 4 9 3 4 1 8 7 7 131 2015 49 25 3 4 4 9 3 4 12 3 3 1 8 6 7 141 2016 50 25 3 4 4 9 3 4 12 3 3 1 8 6 8 143 Number of 240 L bins 2017 2018 2019 2020 50 51 51 55 25 26 26 28 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 11 10 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 12 13 13 14 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 145 146 154 160 2021 56 28 4 4 4 10 3 5 14 5 4 1 10 8 7 163 2022 57 28 4 4 4 10 3 5 14 5 4 1 10 8 8 165 2023 57 29 4 5 5 11 3 6 14 6 4 1 10 9 8 172 2024 58 29 4 5 5 11 4 6 14 6 5 1 10 9 9 176 2025 59 29 5 5 6 11 4 6 14 7 5 1 10 10 9 181
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Table 3.12 Demand on 660 L container for Tay Son District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL 2012 9 3 1 13 2013 9 3 1 13 2014 8 4 2 14 2015 8 4 2 14 2016 8 4 2 14 Number of 660 L containers 2017 2018 2019 2020 8 8 8 9 4 4 4 5 2 2 2 3 14 14 14 17 2021 9 5 3 17 2022 9 5 3 17 2023 9 5 3 17 2024 9 5 3 17 2025 9 5 3 17
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Table 3.13 Demand on 660 L pushcart for Tay Son District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL 2012 32 11 7 14 9 4 7 8 15 15 16 138 2013 30 11 7 16 5 9 3 6 7 15 14 14 137 2014 29 13 6 16 5 8 5 6 7 2 15 13 13 138 2015 28 14 6 7 7 16 5 8 7 6 6 1 15 12 12 150 2016 28 14 6 7 7 18 5 8 7 6 6 2 15 12 15 156 Number of 660 L pushcarts 2017 2018 2019 2020 29 29 29 31 14 15 15 16 6 6 6 7 7 6 7 8 7 6 7 8 19 19 21 20 5 5 5 6 8 7 8 9 7 7 7 8 6 5 9 10 6 6 7 7 2 1 2 2 15 15 15 16 12 12 14 14 15 14 14 13 158 153 166 175 2021 32 16 7 8 8 20 6 9 8 10 7 2 19 15 14 181 2022 32 16 7 8 8 20 6 9 8 10 7 2 19 15 16 183 2023 33 16 8 9 9 20 6 10 8 11 8 2 19 17 16 192 2024 33 17 8 9 9 20 6 10 8 11 8 2 19 17 16 193 2025 33 17 9 10 10 21 7 12 8 13 9 2 20 19 16 206
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan As the collection system is expanded, the required equipment for each town and commune should be carefully evaluated. A commune such as Tay Phu is visited by many tourists on a daily basis, and may therefore need more and/or different equipment to manage its waste in the best possible manner. During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.14 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years. Table 3.14 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection in up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 80 4 4 81 7 4 88 1 8 5 89 2 Towns 660 L Containers 13 1 13 1 16 1 16 660 L Pushcarts 47 3 2 47 1 4 2 51 2 4 3 52 2 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 48 91 2 2 (1) 6 10 49 97 4 3 14 23 48 102 6 8 1 2 20 31 51 102 10 21
3.5.5.
Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles
Transportation vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rearend loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). It should also be considered whether a smaller capacity compactor truck would be better suited in the areas of Phu Phong town where the streets and alleys are narrow. Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.15. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.16.
Fig. 3.8 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.
Table 3.15 Secondary collection and transportation system data 35
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Average loading time per 240 L bin Town Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container Time for emptying one container: 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart n/a Commune Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container
Average loading time per 660 L container
Average loading time per 660 L pushcart
Average time for transportation between communes Average distance for return trip to landfill Average transportation speed to landfill Average time at landfill
Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart 20 minutes
20 km 30 km/h 20 minutes
40 km 25 km/h 20 minutes
Table 3.16 Average time per trip of compacter truck Waste collection time (minutes/trip) Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune) Average time to transport to landfill Average time at landfill Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time) Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip) Town 185 minutes 0 minutes 40 minutes 20 minutes 37 minutes 282 4.7 Commune 160 minutes 140 minutes 96 minutes 20 minutes 57 minutes 473 7.8
Based on the data presented in Table 3.15 and 3.16, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarised in Table 3.17.
36
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.17 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation Year Amount of waste to be Operating time to collect Total operating Truck Total collected (tonnes/day) waste (minutes/trip) time of truck needed truck Towns Communes In Towns In Communes (hours/day) 2012 15.78 11.10 556 656 20 2.53 3 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 15.33 16.00 16.90 17.09 17.29 17.49 17.70 19.04 19.26 19.48 19.71 19.94 20.17 11.19 11.05 11.99 12.61 12.93 12.42 14.17 14.40 14.93 15.38 16.64 16.84 18.14 540 564 596 603 610 617 624 671 679 687 695 703 711 661 653 709 746 764 734 838 851 883 909 984 995 1073 20 20 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 30 2.50 2.54 2.72 2.81 2.86 2.81 3.04 3.17 3.25 3.33 3.50 3.54 3.72 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. New investment for compactor truck is estimated and presented in Table 3.18 where the life time of the truck is 10 years. Table 3.18 New investment in compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation of the district up to 2025 Year Total compact truck required New investment 2012 3 3 2013 3 0 2014 3 0 2015 3 0 2016 3 0 2017 3 0 2018 3 0 2019 3 0 2020 3 0 2021 3 0 2022 3 3 2023 4 1 2024 4 0 2025 4 0
3.5.6.

Requirements to Waste Management Workers
Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition: For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart; For primary waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcarts; For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants. 37
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarised in Table 3.19. Table 3.19 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation Workers to Workers to operate pushcarts Drivers Year operate compactor Town Communes trucks 2012 24 46 6 3 2013 22 47 6 3 2014 24 46 6 3 2015 25 51 6 3 2016 25 54 6 3 2017 25 54 6 3 2018 26 51 6 3 2019 26 58 6 3 2020 28 60 6 3 2021 28 63 6 3 2022 28 64 6 3 2023 29 68 8 4 2024 29 68 8 4 2025 29 74 8 4
3.5.7.
Cost of Waste Collection System
The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.20 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment Item Unit price (USD) 240 L bin 24 660 L container 105 660 L pushcart 200 8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000
Unit Price (x 1000 VND) * 480 2,100 4,000 1,600,000
* Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarised in table 3.21. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.22.
Table 3.21 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of Tay Son
Total equipment Year 240l Bins 660l Containers 660l Pushcarts Compact trucks 240l Bins Total investment (x 1,000 VND) 660l Containers 660l Pushcarts Compactor trucks Total cost (x 1,000)
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2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 128 2 3 10 130 4 7 18 136 7 9 25 140 12 13 1 13 1 16 1 16 138 2 3 12 144 4 4 25 153 10 6 34 154 23 3 3 1 61,440 960 1,440 4,800 62,400 1,920 3,360 8,640 65,280 3,360 4,320 12,000 67,200 5,760 27,300 2,100 27,300 2,100 33,600 2,100 33,600 552,000 8,000 12,000 48,000 576,000 16,000 16,000 100,000 612,000 40,000 24,000 136,000 616,000 92,000 4,800,000 4,800,000 1,600,000 5,440,740 8,960 15,540 52,800 665,700 17,920 21,460 108,640 710,880 43,360 4,830,420 1,748,000 716,800 97,760
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Table 3.22 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes in Tay Son district Number of equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND) Towns Communes Towns Communes Year 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts 2012 80 13 47 48 91 38,400 27,300 188,000 23,040 364,000 2013 2 2 960 8,000 2014 4 1 3 (1) 1,920 2,100 12,000 (480) 2015 4 2 6 10 1,920 8,000 2,880 40,000 2016 81 13 47 49 97 38,880 27,300 188,000 23,520 388,000 2017 1 4 3 4,000 1,920 12,000 2018 7 1 4 3,360 2,100 16,000 2019 4 2 14 23 1,920 8,000 6,720 92,000 2020 88 16 51 48 102 42,240 33,600 204,000 23,040 408,000 2021 1 2 6 8 480 8,000 2,880 32,000 2022 8 1 4 1 2 3,840 2,100 16,000 480 8,000 2023 5 3 20 31 2,400 12,000 9,600 124,000 2024 89 16 52 51 102 42,720 33,600 208,000 24,480 408,000 2025 2 2 10 21 960 8,000 4,800 84,000
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.23 have been used. Table 3.23 Operation and maintenance unit cost Item
Annual Unit costs (x 1,000 VND/year)
240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container 660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container 660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container 8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost = 5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck) Equipment per worker: Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) Average salaries per driver of compactor truck Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver Total salary including social costs etc.
144
630
1,200
210,000
403,200
300 30,000 21,600
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.24.
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Table 3.24 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district Total Operation Costs and Maintenance Cost (x 1,000 VND) Sub-towns Communes Compactor truck Equipment Salary for Year 240 L 660 L 660 L 240 L 660 L Maintenance Fuel for workers truck drivers bins containers pushcarts bins pushcarts 2012 1,920 1,365 9,400 1,152 18,200 150,000 1,209,600 22,500 90,000 2013 48 400 150,000 1,209,600 22,350 90,000 2014 72 105 600 150,000 1,209,600 22,500 90,000 2015 96 400 144 2,000 150,000 1,209,600 24,300 90,000 2016 1,944 1,365 9,400 1,176 19,400 150,000 1,209,600 25,200 90,000 2017 200 96 600 150,000 1,209,600 25,500 90,000 2018 168 105 800 150,000 1,209,600 24,750 90,000 2019 96 400 336 4,600 150,000 1,209,600 26,700 90,000 2020 2,112 1,680 10,200 1,152 20,400 150,000 1,209,600 28,050 90,000 2021 24 400 144 1,600 150,000 1,209,600 28,950 90,000 2022 192 105 800 24 400 150,000 1,209,600 29,250 90,000 2023 120 600 480 6,200 200,000 1,612,800 31,200 120,000 2024 2,136 1,680 10,400 1,224 20,400 200,000 1,612,800 31,350 120,000 2025 48 400 240 4,200 200,000 1,612,800 33,300 120,000
Salary for workers 1,555,200 1,544,400 1,555,200 1,684,800 1,749,600 1,771,200 1,717,200 1,857,600 1,954,800 2,019,600 2,041,200 2,160,000 2,170,800 2,311,200
Total 3,059,337 3,016,798 3,028,077 3,161,340 3,257,685 3,247,196 3,192,623 3,339,332 3,467,994 3,500,318 3,521,571 4,131,400 4,170,790 4,282,188
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan As can be seen in table 3.24 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.16 billion VND; this would serve to collect 10,567 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 132,000 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is about 293,700 VND per tonne or around 23,500 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 23,500 * 2/3 = 31,330 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 13,000 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a pushcarts only completes one collection route per day. In towns a waste collection worker can normally complete two collection routes with a pushcart per day. This means that each worker in towns could be issued with two pushcarts or that the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Either way, the number of collection workers in towns will be halved, furthermore, if the pushcart is emptied twice per day, only half the number of pushcarts is needed. Finally, the trucks only operate around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much as possible.
3.5.8.
Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection
Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or sub-towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; - Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month; - Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities. Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals, 43
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant. On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UBND as follows: - In the town and sub-towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and - In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month. The cost recovery from household fees is estimated in Table 3.25 (with the assumption that 100% of the serviced households pay collection fee) is insufficient to cover 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Tay Son District 11. It is possible to compensate 59-100% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the secondary collection system (to transport collected wastes to landfill) or about 43-59% (from 2012 to 2025) of cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee. Table 3.25 Cost recovery for waste collection system
Total cost for operating waste collection system (x 1000 VND/year) 3,059,337 3,016,798 3,028,077 3,161,340 3,257,685 3,247,196 3,192,623 3,339,332 3,467,994 3,500,318 3,521,571 4,131,400 4,170,790 4,282,188 Total cost for Total cost for operating operating primary waste secondary waste collection collection system system (x 1000 (x 1000 VND/year) VND/year) 1,609,737 1,567,198 1,578,477 1,711,740 1,808,085 1,797,596 1,743,023 1,889,732 2,018,394 2,050,718 2,071,971 2,198,600 2,237,990 2,349,388 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 Number of serviced households Cost recovery from household fee (x 1000 VND/year) 739,623 794,297 858,116 983,009 1,014,310 1,033,239 1,052,470 1,136,898 1,277,017 1,303,553 1,332,410 1,400,796 1,417,046 1,487,648
Year
Subtowns
Commune s
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
4,279 4,446 4,963 5,492 5,556 5,620 5,685 5,751 6,649 6,726 6,804 6,883 6,963 7,044
4,935 5,492 5,727 6,810 7,170 7,354 7,542 8,649 9,472 9,747 10,054 10,919 11,045 11,938
The District has to consider one of the three following options: - Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned above.
11
The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in Tay Son District will be covered by the fee collection from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan + Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no explanation requirement. + Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household fee can only compensate about 59-100% of the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the cost for operating the primary waste collection system (Table 3.26) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 10,300 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 7,400 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1. Slightly increase in household fee seems to be easy to convince households to participate in the program. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: new fee should be approved by the Province. Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational cost of waste collection system (Table 3.26) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 17,800 VND/household/month in 2012 and decreasing to 12,300 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1 and 2. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be even more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2. Table 3.26 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month) Year New household fee New household fee recommended option 2 recommended option 3 2012 10,270 17,818 2013 9,454 16,452 2014 8,857 15,363 2015 8,362 14,015 2016 8,403 13,868 2017 8,347 13,707 2018 7,933 13,190 2019 7,900 12,729 2020 7,444 11,757 2021 7,532 11,753 2022 7,441 11,565 2023 7,391 12,599 2024 7,345 12,494 2025 7,433 12,317
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future if number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.
3.6.
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.
3.6.1. Background
The Environment Protection Agency under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons: The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the Environment Life-work budget. However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities. The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.
3.6.2. Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see implementation/action plan, section 2.1: Establish a district solid waste management board). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group industrial waste management organises awareness raising for the target population industrial enterprises), funding of all activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group industrial waste management is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is
46
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group. In a second phase (2013 mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.
3.6.3. Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that: The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established. The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level. Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as: o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%. o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started. o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities. o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive. o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service. o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source. The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory approach. Visual tools such as mapping community problems and problem tree should be used.
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Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.
3.6.4. Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations: To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune. The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organising and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level. The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home. During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Projects budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.
3.6.5. Organisation and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows: 48
Env. Communication core team at district level Env. Communication core team at Towns/communes level Waste collectors MB Waste collectors Env. Communic ation team at community level Households Env. Communication team at school level
EPA
DoCI Provincial level
PPMU (2012 2014)
Market MB
Pupils
HH Sellers
Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial level)
Direct relationship Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting) The resources and functions should as follows: Unit 1 Environmental Communication Core team at district level Responsibilities - In charge of overall management and coordinate the environmental communication activity at district level. - To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity. - To orient the precise objectives for each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process). - To organise capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill. - In the period 2012 2014 PPMU and Members - Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office - District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers. - District Womens Union officer - District Youth Association officer - District Farming Association officer. - District Educational Office staff. - (6 members)
49
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 2025 the groups will be self-management and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA. To participate in the capacity development organised by district. To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval. To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community In the period from 2012 2014 will organise training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To organise quarterly meeting with EC group to review the implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly To participate into capacity development program will be organised by the district. To cooperate with head teachers/mistress in schools to build a yearly EC and submit to the district for approval. To provide documents/ communication tools/ budget for EC activities in classes. In the period from 2012 2014 will provide training on SWM, communication skills for head teachers in schools. To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To review every quarter with the Members
2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level
- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader - Officer who is in charge of Environment activity - WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 7 members)
3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level
- Representative of school management board. - Teachers who in charge of the movements - Teachers at primary school: teaching music and fine arts. Teachers at secondary schools: teaching civics and biology
50
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly. To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by towns/communes. To present the ideas/initiatives of the community and to cooperate with the key EC group at towns/communes to build the environmental communication action plan at their hamlet/sub-ward. To implement the environmental communication at their hamlet/subward. The main communication will be: organise meeting at cells to discuss with community people on the improvement of the existing SWM at their communities; home visits to mobilise, consulting and explanation on the habit/attitude to improve the existing SWM such as: participate the collection service, payment collection fee dispose the waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques. To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by schools. To cooperate with core group to formulate the EC activity for school. To carry out the EC activity in classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organise some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organise Members
4 Environmental Communication Team at community level
This is a main force to work with community people in hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, the members of the team will be flexible. It is depending to the context of each area to invite the ones who has free time and interested in this environmental activity. However, the core members should be based on the existing mass organisation and local authority staff such as: - Sub-ward management board member. - Cell leaders. - WU branch - YA. - Farming Association branch. - Veteran Association branch. - Volunteers who are ready to participate into environmental communication activity. - Waste collection workers at community.
5 Environmental Communication Team at school level
For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organise extra-curricular activities
51
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste - To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process. Members
3.6.6. Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting peoples attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the Districts Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees. The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate: Binh Dinh Newspaper. Binh Dinh television station. Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station.
Topic for the communication should include the following topics: Introducing the project activities quarterly. Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae. Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system. The importance of paying waste collection fees. Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.
For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors practices are representative of the local peoples practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organisations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme.
52
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan From 2012, the District Peoples Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh Peoples Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.
3.6.7. Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.6.3 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
3.6.8. Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 3.4, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Group to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units. 53
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.6.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to: Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost. Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.
Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities. Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation: Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production. A site to place the equipment. Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc. Support on the sale of the larvae.
3.6.9. Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste management system.
3.6.10. Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025
The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.
54
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.27 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND)
Activity 2011 (8 towns/communes) Cost
Unit No price No price
2012 (2 towns/ communes) Cost
2013 (5 new communes) Cost

No price No
2014 Cost
price
total 2011 - 2015-2025 (Annual Costs) 2014 Cost

No price
1 Technical Expertise Support

Pool of Experts Training Materials and Course Costs Demonstration Projects days unit
50 10 1 167,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 7,200 227,200 40,000 120,000 67,200 168,000 40,000 80,000 48,000 562,400
45,000 5,000 40,000
2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 2.1 Training/ w orkshop at Dist. level
For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school Time Time Time Time Time Time unit Per. Time Time Time Time Time Time
1 1 1 1 1 1 8 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
1 1 1 1 1 1 10 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
2.2 Sharing experience

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.3 Annual closure w orkshop

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.4 Com m unication tools 2.5 Managem ent fee (stationary/ transportation m eans) Dist. Core team (6
per.)
2,340,000 2,250,000 50,000 40,000 177,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 50,000 7,200 284,000 50,000 150,000 84,000 210,000 50,000 100,000 60,000 3,011,200
30 6
45,000 5,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 7 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 162,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 35,000 7,200 306,000 75,000 105,000 126,000 235,000 75,000 70,000 90,000 2,083,200
30 45,000 6 5,000
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 92,200 -
5,100,000
1 30,000 1 30,000 5 5,000 6 1,200
60,000 30,000 30,000 25,000 7,200
598,800 120,000 60,000 60,000 120,000 60,000 60,000 180,000 90,000 90,000 150,000 28,800 6 1,200
7,200 -
7,200 201,000 75,000 126,000 165,000 75,000 90,000 373,200
3 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at com m unity

Formulating annual action plan Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes)
8 8 8
5,000 15,000 8,400
10 10 10
5,000 15,000 8,400
15 7 15
5,000 15,000 8,400
15 5,000 5 15,000 15 8,400
276,000 1,093,200 75,000 240,000 75,000 450,000 126,000 403,200 215,000 828,000 75,000 240,000 50,000 300,000 90,000 288,000 1,963,200 7,620,000
15 15
5,000 8,400
4 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at school

Formulating annual action plan Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Total
8 8 8
5,000 10,000 6,000
10 10 10
5,000 10,000 6,000
15 7 15
5,000 10,000 6,000
15 5,000 5 10,000 15 6,000
15 15
5,000 6,000
55
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.28 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro)
(from excel file "CD actions 2011 - SEM2" Establishment of DSWMGroups & subgroups in 4 districts: Define coaching process of sub-groups: Start up coaching processes & follow up 2011 6,200 8,340 34,000 Total 2012 48,000 10,080 Total 2013 25,200 12,500 Total year Basis for calculation
48,540 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed 5 working groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 working groups*12m 58,080 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed (1 board+6 workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/m*12m technical, project management, leadership, ... 5 trainings (1 training per working group area*5 working group areas) 25 participants*5 trainings*100 EUR/p/training 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 working groups*12m 47,780 10,080 164,480 input (HR+budget) provided by province/districts 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 workinggroups*12m
coaching of sub groups (consultant fees) coaching process (meetings/workshops)
continued coaching (less intensive) possible technical trainings
coaching process (meetings/workshops)
10,080 Total 2014
Total BUDGET (2011 2014)
The above table includes costs for: experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation allowances to organise meetings of the working groups study trips technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training. Table 3.29 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)
2012 STT Content unit time Price 400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2013 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2014 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 852,000 12,000 300,000 540,000 28,800 4,800 24,000 14,400 2,400 12,000 150,000 1,045,200 Total 2012- 2014 Yearly (2015 - 2025) No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400
1 Television station 1.1 Television news 1.2 Video clip production 1.3 Video clip broadcast 2 Radion station 2.1 Radio news Technical article (composting, SWM 2.2 sustainability) 3 Newspaper 3.1 News page 3.2 Technical article (composting) 4 Publishement of DVD Total
video clip 100,000 time time article article article unit 2,000 400 2,000 400 2,000
5 10,000
As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 2.5 billion VND for the awareness raising programme plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 370 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.
56
3.7.
Requirements to the Waste Disposal System
Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 Solid Waste Landfill Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains in the long term as an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of Tay Son within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.
3.7.1.
Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025
The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows: WLandfill = (Wtotal Wtotal * Rrecycled Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF) Where: WLandfill : Wtotal : Rrecycled: Rcomposted: Rcollection: Rrecycled at LF quantity of waste transported to landfill total quantity of waste generated rate of waste sold for recycling rate of waste treated/composted at source rate of collection, in percentage percentage recycled at the landfill
The assumptions described in section 3.3.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 3.29.
57
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.29 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025
Quantity Generated Year (Kg/day) (Tonnes/yr) Percentage Recycled at source (%) Quantity Recycled at source Remaining after Recycled at source Percentage Collected and Treated at Landfill (Kg/day) Quantity Collected and Treated at Landfill (Tonnes/yr) (%)
(Kg/day)
(Tonnes/yr)
(Kg/day)
(Tonnes/yr)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
75,519 76,395 77,281 78,178 79,084 80,002 109,956 111,231 112,522 113,827 115,147 116,483 117,834 119,201 120,584 121,983
27,564 27,884 28,208 28,535 28,866 29,201 40,134 40,599 41,071 41,547 42,029 42,516 43,009 43,508 44,013 44,524
12 12 12 20 24 30 22 22 24 24 27 27 27 27 27 27
9,134 9,240 9,348 15,571 19,331 23,665 23,940 24,217 26,750 27,060 31,454 31,819 32,188 32,562 32,940 33,322
3,334 3,373 3,412 5,683 7,056 8,638 8,738 8,839 9,764 9,877 11,481 11,614 11,749 11,885 12,023 12,163
66,385 67,155 67,933 62,607 59,753 56,337 86,016 87,014 85,772 86,767 83,693 84,664 85,646 86,639 87,644 88,661
24,230 24,511 24,796 22,852 21,810 20,563 31,396 31,760 31,307 31,670 30,548 30,902 31,260 31,623 31,990 32,361
34 34 40 42 45 51 35 35 35 37 40 40 41 42 42 43
22,346 22,605 26,885 26,520 27,049 28,891 29,704 30,220 29,910 31,863 33,433 34,185 34,863 36,351 36,773 38,309
8.156 8.251 9.813 9.680 9.873 10.545 10.842 11.030 10.917 11.630 12.203 12.478 12.725 13.268 13.422 13.983
3.7.2.
District Sanitary Landfill
To build a sanitary landfill for the districts in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are all not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The site for the planned future sanitary landfill is adjacent to the existing Tay Son Dumpsite and is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.12 The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 31.29 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell will have a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites.. A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The sites water
12
TCXDVN 261 : 2001
58
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008. The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the existing dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 36.9 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend. In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. For a District sanitary landfill 68,000 m2 of land is required, and if the landfill is shared with An Nhon District a gross area 120,000 m2 will be needed. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.31, the total operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 380,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows:
Table 3.30 Landfill Staffing
59
Staff Category
Landfill Manager Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) LTP Operator Chief Mechanic Assistant Mechanics Electrician Machine Operators Cleaners Security Guards Various unskilled workers Total Staff:
Number
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
5
17
3.7.3. Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Tay Son considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with An Nhon or Phu Cat . That way, it is foreseen that both the construction and operational costs can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle) and also the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a larger area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to make energy is only viable when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).13 In practice, the Tay Son District Peoples Committee is of the opinion that it cannot share a sanitary landfill with another District. The scenario has been included anyhow in order to make the District aware of the relative costs of this option. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). The costs for the investment where the landfill is shared with An Nhon District can therefore be estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4. Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.31. Table 3.31 Capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill:
13
The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.
60
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Item Total tonnage received Initial investment costs Additional investment costs Operating costs Average costs per tonne Unit Tonnes MVND MVND MVND VND/tonne Sanitary Landfill 188,911 26,859 12,212 23,539 331,426 Shared Landfill 367,727 27,997 34,285 26,833 242,340
As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 331,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill will reduce the costs by approximately 90,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for almost 30 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.
3.7.4. Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment, Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.
3.8.
Closure of Dumpsites
The existing dumpsites in Tay Son should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding the regulations on environmental
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows: The final cover layer should have a clay content >30%, ensure a standard moisture and properly compacted, with a thickness 60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter: + Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health.
Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.
3.9.
Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source
There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.32 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill. Table 3.32 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios Almost 100% of Current scenario organic waste is (30% in communes composted /15% in towns) Total Waste to landfill 2013 125,510 158,704 2025 (tonnes) Total Capital Costs (MVND) 32,097 36,953 Total Operating Costs 22,829 23,254 (MVND) Total Costs (MVND) 54,926 57,706
No treatment of organic waste at source 195,748 36,953 33,457 70,410
As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 37,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 2025, (159,000 tonnes versus 196,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 13 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.
4. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025

4.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste
Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or 62
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be hazardous waste, these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below: Food processing Beverage manufacturing Wood-based products Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products Basic metals Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies Manufacture of transport equipment Textiles and garments
These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs). Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industrys production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONREs definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste. The term Hazardous Waste applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.14 Vietnams National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory methods that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 5.
14
Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006
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4.2.
Current Situation and Plans
There is one sugar cane processing company, there is a 59 hectare craft vilage in Tay Xuan Commune where bricks are manufactured and the area employs 2,000 people and several Industrial Clusters. The Industrial Clusters consist of the following:
Planned development during 2011-2015 No Name of industrial cluster Location Area (ha) Number of labours Area 6 37,6 Labour 7 1300 Solid waste generated 8 600
Amount of solid waste (kg/day) 9 500
Remark
1 1
2 Hoc Bom Industrial Cluster Cau Nuoc Xanh Industrial Cluster
3 Binh Nghi Commune Binh Nghi Commune Tay Xuan Commune Binh Nghi Commune Tay Xuan Commune Binh Tuong Commune Tay Giang Commune Tay Giang Commune Tay Thuan Commune Binh Thanh Commune Binh Hoa Commune
4 37,6
5 1.120
10 Filled up 100% Infrastructure is being invested Filled up 100% Infrastructure is being invested Filled up 100% Infrastructure is being invested Being considered to be cancelled
39,5
39,5
1500
600
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cm CN Ph An Binh Nghi Industrial Cluster Tay Xuan Industrial Cluster Go Da Industrial Cluster Ta Giang Industrial Cluster Go Giua Industrial Cluster Cau 16 Industrial Cluster Go Cay Industrial Cluster 17.7 20 40 12 30 12.5 40 20 20 12 10 6 317.30 3,224 120 84 110 20 40 30 30 20 10 10 357.1 200 1,000 400 400 240 100 100 8,090 200 500 400 400 200 120 120 4,640 50 340 60 1,350 40 30 30 40 20 750 300 1,500 300 400 300 600 200 300 100 600 50
Infrastructure is being invested
Being considered to be added Filled up 150 30% Filled up 40% Filled up 100 70% Being considered to be added Being considered to be added 120 1,970
11 Truong Dinh Industrial Cluster Ray Ong Tho Industrial 12 Cluster Tay An Commune Binh Tan 13 Binh Tan Industrial Cluster Commune Tay Binh 14 Hoc Dam Industrial Cluster Commune Total
At present the general waste from industries is often collected by the local waste management company; this covers waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 3.3.2. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.15
15
The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more.
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.16 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.
4.3.
Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;
Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling. Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as off-spec products are often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the companys costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.
4.4.
Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste
At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. In Tay Son District the Management Board for Industrial Zones and Craft Villages states that currently 2 tonnes per day of industrial waste is generated and that this will increase to 5 tonnes per day by 2015. Furthermore, the Industrial generate 1.5 tonnes of general waste per day that is collected by the local waste management companies. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).17 There will be a
16
Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises. 17 For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent problem for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.
4.5.
The Management System for Industrial Waste
The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be (and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.
4.6.
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA18, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale. The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together
contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment. 18 Note that this activity is not part of the projects awareness raising programme
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Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.
5. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste

5.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste
There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows: Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste. Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation. Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimise the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation. Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes. Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities. Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal. Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilisation of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal. Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.
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According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Infectious waste Hazardous chemical waste Radioactive waste Pressurised containers Ordinary waste
5.2.
Current Situation
The provincial level Phu Phong General Hospital has 200 beds and an average of 350 patients. The hospital separates its waste and the general waste is collected daily by the Phu Phong Agriculture and General Service Cooperative. Healthcare risk waste is collected in yellow bags and boxes for sharps, in accordance with the regulations from the Ministry of Health. The waste is moved from the wards in plastic bags or boxes, to colour coded collection bins that are placed on the ground floor for each section of the hospital. From there the bins with waste are taken to the incinerator. The hospital generates 30 kg of healthcare risk waste very day and furthermore receives a small amount of waste from the District Healthcare Centre which deals with only preventive activities (about 1 kg per day). No waste is received from the commune health stations.
20 kg per batch Bidiphar incinerator at the Phu Phong General Hospital.
Trolley equipped for waste separation at the District Healthcare Centre. The orange box is for sharps.
All healthcare risk waste is burned in a 20 kg/batch Bidiphar incinerator that the hospital received through a Ministry of Health Provincial Healthcare Improvement project in 2008. This incinerator is intended to treat all healthcare risk waste arising within the District. The incinerator is in good condition and currently burns an average of 31 kilograms of waste per day. This waste quantity represents most of the healthcare risk waste generated within the District. The healthcare risk waste from commune health stations, private clinics and other healthcare practices are not collected, but these amounts will represent about 10% of the total healthcare risk waste quantity19 and hence about 90% of all generated healthcare risk waste within the District is already collected and treated in accordance with the Ministry of Healths requirements.
19
The amount of infectious waste that can be expected from polyclinics without beds, public health centres and dental clinics is tiny compared with the quantities generated by a hospital.
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5.3.
Future Management of HCW
The management of healthcare risk waste within the District is professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. Only small sources, such as commune health stations or doctors offices are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from small sources is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospitals.
6. Implementation Plans
The implementation of the proposed waste management systems is covered through an Action Plan for the District that was issued at the same time as this DSWMP.
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Annex A
Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 - 2025
70
Year No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL Waste Generated per Person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) 20,249 11,326 6,217 7,142 7,296 9,332 4,940 8,303 5,456 9,133 6,546 1,171 5,609 13,603 8,447 124,770 Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 18,224 9,061 3,109 3,571 3,648 4,666 2,470 4,152 4,364 4,566 3,273 586 2,805 6,801 4,223 75,519 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 2,734 1,359 311 357 365 467 247 415 655 457 327 59 280 680 422 9,134
2010 Treated/ Composted at Source % 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) -
Balance of Waste (kg/day) 15,491 7,702 2,798 3,214 3,283 4,199 2,223 3,736 3,710 4,110 2,946 527 2,524 6,121 3,801 66,385
Rate of collection (%) 60% 45% 20% 20% 20% 30% 20% 70% 30% 50%
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 9,294 3,466 560 840 747 1,113 822 1,767 1,836 1,901 22,346
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Year No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL Waste Generated per Person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) 20,484 11,457 6,289 7,225 7,380 9,440 4,997 8,400 5,519 9,239 6,622 1,185 5,674 13,761 8,545 Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 18,436 9,166 3,145 3,612 3,690 4,720 2,498 4,200 4,415 4,619 3,311 593 2,837 6,880 4,272 76,395 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 2,765 1,375 314 361 369 472 250 420 662 462 331 59 284 688 427 9,240
Rate of collection (%) 60% 45% 20% 0% 0% 20% 0% 20% 30% 20% 0% 0% 70% 30% 50%
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 9,402 3,506 566 850 756 1,126 831 1,787 1,858 1,923 22,605
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Garbage from collection (kg/day) 11,096 3,547 859 1,719 1,147 1,139 841 904 1,808 1,879 1,945 26,885
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Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 943 469 322 370 378 483 256 430 452 473 339 61 704 437 6,115
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 10,565 3,752 772 1,932 614 1,031 1,017 756 813 1,829 1,690 1,749 26,520
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Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,908 949 488 561 573 733 388 652 457 717 514 92 1,068 663 9,765
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 10,019 4,270 732 2,016 582 978 1,714 717 771 138 1,850 1,603 1,659 27,049
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Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,931 960 659 757 773 989 523 880 462 967 693 124 1,441 895 12,053
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 9,730 4,838 672 772 788 2,017 534 897 2,330 658 707 127 1,830 1,470 1,521 28,891
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Year No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Local Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL Garbage per person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) 21,700 12,137 6,663 7,654 7,818 10,001 5,294 8,898 5,846 9,787 7,015 1,255 6,011 14,578 9,052 Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 19,530 9,710 3,331 3,827 3,909 5,000 2,647 4,449 4,677 4,894 3,508 628 3,006 7,289 4,526 80,930 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 3,515 1,748 400 459 469 600 318 534 842 587 421 75 361 875 543 11,747
Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,953 971 666 765 782 1,000 529 890 468 979 702 126 1,458 905 12,193
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Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,976 982 674 774 791 1,012 535 900 473 990 710 127 1,475 916 12,335
78
Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,999 994 852 979 1,000 1,279 677 1,138 479 1,252 897 161 1,865 1,158 14,729
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Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 2,022 1,005 862 990 1,012 1,294 685 1,151 484 1,266 908 162 1,886 1,171 14,900
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 10,190 5,066 760 874 892 2,609 604 1,016 2,440 1,117 801 143 1,917 1,664 1,771 31,863
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Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 3,068 1,525 1,047 1,202 1,228 1,571 832 1,398 735 1,537 1,102 197 2,290 1,422 19,153
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Year Garbage per person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 20,689 10,286 3,529 4,054 4,141 5,297 2,804 4,713 4,955 5,184 3,716 665 3,184 7,721 4,795 85,734 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 18% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 3,724 1,852 423 486 497 636 336 566 892 622 446 80 382 927 575 12,444
2021 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 15% 30% 30% 30% 0% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 3,103 1,543 1,059 1,216 1,242 1,589 841 1,414 743 1,555 1,115 199 2,316 1,438 19,375 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 13,862 6,892 2,047 2,351 2,402 3,072 1,626 2,734 3,320 3,007 2,155 386 2,802 4,478 2,781 53,915 Rate of collection (%) 80% 80% 40% 40% 40% 80% 40% 40% 80% 40% 40% 40% 83% 40% 60% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 11,090 5,513 819 941 961 2,458 651 1,093 2,656 1,203 862 154 2,326 1,791 1,669 34,185
No.
Local
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Phu Phong Tay Giang Binh Tan Tay Thuan Binh Thuan Binh Thanh Tay An Binh Hoa Tay Binh Binh Tuong Tay Vinh Vinh An Tay Xuan Binh Nghi Tay Phu TOTAL
22,988 12,858 7,058 8,108 8,283 10,594 5,608 9,426 6,194 10,368 7,432 1,330 6,368 15,443 9,589
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83
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 11,348 5,642 943 1,083 1,106 2,515 749 1,259 2,718 1,385 992 178 2,380 2,062 1,992 36,351
84
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 11,480 5,708 954 1,095 1,119 2,544 758 1,273 2,749 1,401 1,004 180 2,407 2,086 2,015 36,773
85
Garbage from collection (kg/day) 11,613 5,774 1,072 1,231 1,258 2,574 852 1,431 2,781 1,574 1,128 202 2,435 2,345 2,039 38,309
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Annex B
Map of District
87
88
Annex C
Sanitary Landfill Calculations
Location and scale of each landfill proposed by the districts: Decision nr.1551/QD-CTUBND dated 21 July 2008 of the Binh Dinh PPC on approving the construction detailed planning at scale 1/500 for the landfill of Tay Son Location: in Tay Xuan commune of Tay Son district. It is border by: Lane and paddy field to the North Canal and eucalyptus hill to the South Eucalyptus forest to the East Eucalyptus forest to the West Scale of construction: 70,100.77 m2 (total area of the landfill)
Table C1: Investment Cost estimate Work: Sanitary Landfill In Tay Son District Location: Tay Xuan Commune, Tay Son District, Binh Dinh Province NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 Of which: COST ITEM Construction cost inclusive of tax Equipment cost inclusive of tax Project management cost Investment consultancy cost Other cost Contingency 10% Total Construction cost without tax Equipment cost without tax Currency: VND TOTAL 29,600,010,000 10,137,379,000 624,864,000 1,694,362,000 344,401,000 4,240,101,600 46,641,118,000 26,642,673,000 9,215,799,000
89
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Table C2 Estimation for the investment and equipment costs for the Tay Son Sanitary Landfill Unit Price Total Amount No. Item Unit Quantity (VND) (VND) A Construction cost before tax 26,642,673,000 I Access road 828,081,000 Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod 1 m 1,695.00 478,962 811,840,590 facing on both sides of 1.5m Sign boards, stacks, 2 LS 1.00 16,240,000 16,240,000 transportation safety Bridge scale and car/truck II washing bridge, material 1,131,901,000 stockpile area 1 Bridge scale, RC foundation m2 13.20 8,108,823 107,036,464 2 Car washing bridge m2 24.20 34,690,904 839,519,877 Material stockpile area, concrete 3 of 4x6 crushed stone, thickness m2 600.00 308,908 185,344,800 of 20cm, on compacted soil III Office, guardhouse, fences 1,724,970,000 Site office: Class III, bricked wall, 1 metal sheet roof, metal roof m2 98.00 4,363,319 427,605,262 trusses, false ceiling Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), 2 m2 12.96 6,564,285 85,073,134 bricked wall, RC roof Car/motorbike parking, metal 3 m2 120.00 4,363,319 523,598,280 roof trusses Gates, wall height of 2m built by 4 m 100.00 1,505,924 150,592,400 bricks 5 B40 net fences, RC piles m 663.60 810,882 538,101,295 IV Landfill cells and Bio-ponds 21,496,063,000 IV.1 Landfill cells 21,290,617,336 Excavation, leveling and 1 compaction of landfill cells, soil m3 240,518.00 17,852 4,293,727,336 Class III Construction of cell bottom with 2 m3 165,800.00 40,605 6,732,309,000 impermeable clay, stones, sand 3 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 42,903.00 222,027 9,525,624,381 Internal roads: Compacted 4 crushed stone, K=0.95, road m 487.00 772,269 376,095,003 width of 6m Surface drainage ditch: Wet 5 masonry open canal, size of m 524.00 692,484 362,861,616 600x700 IV.2 Bio-ponds 205,445,576 Excavation, leveling and 1 compaction of Bio-ponds, soil m3 423.60 114,954 48,694,514 Class II 2 HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm m2 706.00 222,027 156,751,062 V Water supply and electric system 186,007,000 Water supply networks of 1 moisten, truck washing, pump 90
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan station uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 Water supply pump station Electric system Leachate collection system Installation and back-up 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area Monitoring system and gas collection system Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area Equipment cost before tax Water supply system and pump station Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m Equipment/machinery in pump station Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m Water treatment equipment Scale station Weighbridge Car/truck washing station Car/truck washing equipment Observation wells Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m Operation equipment/machinery Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea Excavator 0.4 0.6m3 made in Korea Equipments in workshop Electric equipments Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator Light poles
2 VI
m m m2 LS
544.00 544.00 4.00 1.00
43,440 105,876 2,061,388 96,533,604
23,631,360 57,596,544 8,245,552 96,533,604 1,040,310,000 470,682,523 34,752,097 274,524,180 260,351,200 235,341,000
1 2 3 VII 1 2 B I 1 2 3 4 II III IV
LS m m
1.00 420.00 200.00
34,752,097 653,629 1,301,756
Nos m
2.00 78.20
96,533,604 540,588
193,067,208 42,273,982 9,215,799,000 100,585,000
LS LS Nos LS LS LS Nos
2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00
10,320,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,397,000 30,455,000 22,841,500
20,640,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,397,000 761,397,000 30,455,000 30,455,000 91,366,000 91,366,000 5,821,655,000
V 1 2 3 4 VI 1 2
Nos Nos Nos LS m LS
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 516.00 14.00
3,150,000,000 805,800,000 1,713,578,580 152,276,000 27,000 11,878,000
3,150,000,000 805,800,000 1,713,578,580 152,276,000 334,171,000 13,932,000 166,292,000 91
Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan Generator KDE 12STA, diesel Nos engine driven; 9,5 KVA 4 Transformer 25 KVA LS Leachate treatment system VII (Q= 50 m3/day.night) 1 Leachate pump Nos Equipment/machinery for pump 2 LS station Leachate treatment system and 3 LS pump well at the collection well Total construction and equipment cost before tax 3
1.00 1.00
96,747,000 57,200,000
96,747,000 57,200,000 2,076,170,000
2.00 1.00 1.00
35,420,000 5,330,000 2,000,000,000
70,840,000 5,330,000 2,000,000,000 35,858,472,000
92
Table C3 Estimation for the operation costs for the Tay Son Sanitary Landfill
Nr Item Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Cell construction time Cell closure time Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
MVND
10,645
14,568
5,323
5,323
1 2
tonnes/day tonnes/m3
22.346 0.80
22.605 0.80
26.885 0.80
26.520 0.80
27.049 0.80
28.891 0.80
29.704 0.80
30.220 0.80
29.910 0.80
31.863 0.80
33.433 0.80
34.185 0.80
34.863 0.80
36.351 0.80
36.773 0.80
38.309 0.80
m3/day
27.93
28.26
33.61
33.15
33.81
36.11
37.13
37.78
37.39
39.83
41.79
42.73
43.58
45.44
45.97
47.89
m3
5.65
6.72
6.63
6.76
7.22
7.43
7.56
7.48
7.97
8.36
8.55
8.72
9.09
9.19
9.58
m3
2.54
3.02
2.98
3.04
3.25
3.34
3.40
3.36
3.58
3.76
3.85
3.92
4.09
4.14
4.31
m3
15,824
15,609
15,920
17,004
17,483
17,786
17,604
18,753
19,677
20,120
20,519
21,395
21,643
22,547
m3
15,609 Build cell # 1 and cell # 2
31,529
48,533
66,016
83,802
101,406
120,159
139,837
159,957
180,476
201,870
223,514
246,061
Build other items Close cell # 1
Build cell # 3
Build cell # 4
Close cell # 2
Close cell # 3
Close cell # 4
93
II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Operating cost Shifts of bulldozer Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
MVND Shift/year MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
1,722 75.00 74.00
1,724 77.00 76.00
1,729 82.00 81.00
1,942 84.00 83.00 211.25
1,733 86.00 85.00
1,732 85.00 84.00
1,949 91.00 90.00 211.25
1,742 95.00 94.00
1,744 97.00 96.00
1,957 99.00 98.00 211.25
1,750 103.00 102.00
1,752 105.00 104.00
1,967 109.00 108.00 211.25
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00
MVND
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
930.00
94
Table C4 Estimation for the operating costs for the Tay Son Sanitary Landfill when shared with An Nhon District
Nr Item Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 11,429 2014 16,568 2015 2016 11,429 2017 Year 2018 11,429 2019 2020 2021 11,429 2022 2023 2024 2025
MVND
1 2 3 4
tonnes/day tonnes/m3 m3/day m3
40.532 0.80 50.67
41.002 0.80 51.25 10.25
56.375 0.80 70.47 14.09
56.921 0.80 71.15 14.23
59.447 0.80 74.31 14.86
59.177 0.80 73.97 14.79
60.341 0.80 75.43 15.09
61.212 0.80 76.52 15.30
60.061 0.80 75.08 15.02
64.914 0.80 81.14 16.23
69.633 0.80 87.04 17.41
70.805 0.80 88.51 17.70
71.908 0.80 89.89 17.98
76.284 0.80 95.36 19.07
77.169 0.80 96.46 19.29
81.690 0.80 102.11 20.42
m3
4.61
6.34
6.40
6.69
6.66
6.79
6.89
6.76
7.30
7.83
7.97
8.09
8.58
8.68
9.19
6 7
m3 m3
33,180
33,502
34,988 68,490
34,829
35,514
36,027
35,350
38,206
40,983
41,673
42,322
44,898
45,419
48,080
33,502 Build cell # 1 and cell # 2
103,319
138,834 Build cell # 3 and cell #4 Close cell # 2
174,861
210,210 Build cell # 5 and cell #6
248,416
289,400
331,073 Build cell # 7 and cell #8
373,395
418,293
463,712
511,792
Cell construction time
Build other items Close cell # 1
9 II
Cell closure time Operating cost Shifts of bulldozer Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells MVND Shift/year MVND MVND 1,905 161.00 159.00
Close cell # 3 2,129 174.00 172.00 211.25 1,915 171.00 169.00
Close cell # 4 2,140 185.00 183.00 211.25 1,942 198.00 196.00
Close cell # 5 2,156 201.00 199.00 211.25
Close cell # 6 2,159 204.00 202.00 211.25 1,961 217.00 215.00
Close cell # 7 2,175 220.00 218.00 211.25
Close cell # 8 2,187 232.00 230.00 211.25
2,124 169.00 167.00 211.25
1,912 168.00 166.00
2,126 171.00 169.00 211.25
1 2
95
3 4 5 6 7 8
Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
96

Tay Son - District Solid Waste Management Plan

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Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

2. Targets for District Solid Waste Management

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

2.1.2. The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste

Promoting solid waste separation at source

2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE

Raising public awareness

2020 MoIT 2015

Building a legal, policy and institutional system for

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

2.1.3. The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

2.1.4. The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

2.1.5. The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The Province Solid Waste Management Plan

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

District Decisions regarding Solid Waste Management

Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

3. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025

Typical collection point and pushcart.

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Pushcart used in Phu Phong town, Tay Son District.

Current Waste Disposal Site

Phu An Dumpsite, Tay Son District

Current Fees and Cost Recovery

Mr. Todd Hyman

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Result streets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total

% % 60.38% 5.86% 33.60% 0.17% 100.00%

Domestic Waste Generation Rates till 2025

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Year Towns Communes Tay Son district

Tay Son district

Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Mesophilic bin (from the Somers report).

3.4.3. Cost of Treatment of Organic Waste at Source

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Next collection route

Village transfer point 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location

Village transfer point 2

Village transfer point n

Commune/commune s transfer point

Waste Transfer and Transportation

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences

Tay Son District Solid Waste Management Plan

Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck

Hospital (Rendezvous point 2)

Ward rendezvous point 3