Eh.ttn,|t. Det!

ffs a d t trcutt\

Ii,\

r'srors

o,d Lhtijt

n ct

ot l'

otrsrslo'r

56i

'l'hc lrasic cornponents of the circuits ttc shown ir fig. 1?.30. Diodes Dr and D" rrru rr'nstablish a full_wave rcctified il{ njrl rr'rr,ss SCR, and rhc 19 V batter! l" rrc.lr:rrBcLl, WIicn the baltcry is in rlrs

li. BatterJ' Charging Reg lQtor.

'ixLlludc.'hasnomcaning.ndlh'||.lL}''tcrmila]soredeslcnltr,d,as.maln|.1!nlnnll. f; f'o svoid c')nfusrorr' it lras be"rtne ct'mntolt (Mll) 'rtrd lM'1 ,). main tetmin'12 "'i" gn'r ;r'r*nts using Mr' ss the refurence l;ll,i;i;J'l;'.;;;;ti unit"ei.

(:hrrgcrl r:o dilion, SCR2 is ir: the ,,if statc aF will be clear after discttssion When the full-wave rectified inprrr
is large enough to give the rcquire(l tul_n-

un gtrte curent (contrclled by resisl,rl Il.). SCR, will /r.r,r .,rr xnd l-be charlrrr.
commence. Ar rh crrnlmencement of charging of battery

oi the bartery wrll

voltage VR determined by the simple vrrlt

Llol.to ! Ch1ryurf Rcgu.Lator age-divider circuit is too small to c!r.1sc FiE. 17.J0 In the o//-slfl/c 1 1.0 \i zeder conduction. Zenel diode is elfectively an open<'ircrril rutljntaining SCIlzir,lhe aff'slate because of zertr voltage tlalrsienis Airte cur.reut. The capacitol C is ircllldL'l in l.lre circr'tit io Flevent anv in tl,e circuil fi'orn accidentalll'tornlng orr rri tlre SCR2' As chalging coDtinues, the battery vollagc iDcreases to o point when Vtt )s largs cnougb Lo l,oth turn orr the 11'0V Zener drode and file SCR,. Once SCR, has ilrerl, the short cilcllit rePrescntrtion for SCRe wiJl result in a voltage-divicler circuii detcrnrined b1 R, and It2 lhat will rnaintain V. at a level ruo -snraU tu turo SCR, orr. Wlren this ' rrrrs the bafterl is full) charged and rhe operr' circlit stnte ol SCIi, will cu[ off the charging currcnt. Thus thc Iegulator chalges the l) l.l,ery whencver tht roltage drops rncl prevents overoharging rvheD fully charged' There ate malry nore applicaljons of SCRs such as in soft start cilcuiis, logic and rligii.ol circrrits, but it is not possible rr rliscrtss all these here.

(e) Bttsi( Sttttttu"e

(1,) I:le?t

tr:ut

Equinl\Lt Ci ctit

(cJ -Sc/r

?'rain: S] m bol

r::i; il
gu'rc current Providcd lriu" c'n lre turned orr without any 17.10.2. Operalion. Though rhe the suppl' vortase becomes e(ru'' l:T:1";j:l".ll,iitt;i'J."t:::T3: orr. ,. i,rrn on dlc (,inc ,s hy llrprv,ns " ;i;i,t"h ih. r..i", ,. curned and larger lbe gate curr-cnt th" ol rcrmioal" MT' polxrrrv

'' 't'''t'i"t*"'

T:

**;;;';'il"1 *rl;?;n"3"J,:""1;'""J:i":l;JiHl1il;;ie$ists They are: of triac

two iunctiorri Pr-N, and
Llown occurs

:1:]]:i.",''-

ii:J::r";i;;;i;;;

of tbe volLrgc

'rrr'

coo*"q""otrv fo"'

'fhe triac is anotLer three-terninal aL sr';iich that is higgereal itrto condtction when a lc'w' energy signal is applied to its gate termirral. Uolikc the S(lR' the triac conducts iu eithet direc-tion when turned on. The triac rls, difie's frcrn the SCli i' thit either a positive or' negative gate sigDal ttiggers it into rt,rdrrciinn. Thus the triac is a three lerminal' fbnt tavcr lridiiectional sernicontluctor rler.ice r.hat controls ac power- whe'eas a. SCR cont.ols ,ll po*or. ur- fbrwnrd biased half cycles of ac in a load. Because oI its brclilectioral coudtt'"lion property. the triac is rvidely usecl iu the field ofpower electronics fot control purposes Triacs of 16 kW Iating are readill'available in the matket. 'T!irrj' is an abbreviation fol thtce icrrninal ac awitch 'Tti'-indicates thal the device ' halr [hlee ierruitals alrd'ac'i dicates lhat tLe device conhols alte lcting clrrrent or caD conduct in either dilactionl?.IO.t. Constr[ctiou. As mentioned rll)ovc, tri:rc is g three terminrl fotlr ]al'er bilater'l scnriconductor device. It incorporatts trro SL'Rs corurected in inverse pal_nll'el lvith a conr' io,,n gotu t'r"-in"l in a singlechip Llctice. Thc irrrrnIcirncnt 'I'thtr triac is shown i' lig 1? 3l (o)- As ieen, it has six (loped rcglons. The gate lerninal C] nalies ohmic coolacts wilh both the N aud ]) matelials. 'I'his pcrmits trigger Pulse ol cither Ioluity to strri Electrical equisalent cir, trii rr[d schenratir: slmbol nte s]rorvn irI figs 1?'31 (/') ".-au"tior'r. t) respe.rtirelr,. Sjuct thc lIi.r,r is a bilater'?rl (1?vi'e, the rerfl "anodc tnrl ,!",1 lf.ef

17.10. TRLAC

,iin3."t,' n"".ir, ir i'i"s of operal'ion respccl to' lc l.inul MT'' Wherr '1. Tcrninal lllT' arul gale (tt? positiue uith'the flows-thruugh path P'-N -P'-N' 'is rerminal Ml'o is positire * blockcd The jun' rron N' P "'"'**nt'l'l-it-currenttrt.'t""*

'ii'*n''itrliJ"iJ ;;;li:":il,:';1,:"-l:ltHl'l'Tl;;i;rwarcr biases the junctiun

ai in a normal SCll' n^.- -.+h 'rf .'rrrPnL rernalEs lhe
z.

ern, "'"

P; N' and the break

r"*,i,,ut Mr,," o"':'.':^o:::.:::: li Tff""iifl Ti;"1 ,.fi:ffl Hl*J'1"i.?i'11: s ';i":"1";:i';;;i' .""i1'" -;**a inm P, turn on the triRc Lerminal Mf'' When
3. i;l; ';; ';;; s:rrir r' " A r',':rt'vP girrl v
tin,',

u'ilh respe^cl Io Termittrrl MT, an<l gate rtl'e nel;Lioe N'rP' N' The il" tcrnrinal xlT, ji nnsativ' * '"*"'it1"'.1^1htj'P' jurrclron N' P'-is blockcir' The '"'-;';i"lu"ti; " ut" ii'*"ta iriascd wLercrs r,,,', iuocti.rrJ i'r-N, rrvl P, N. f'"'fr" 4. Termirtal trtI
neeutit'erv,r'ic*.'d calriels f t"lni""ts currerrl "n'rntn''''ftii onA"tf,u r"lii1al"-' th'r 'ondrction'

bt fcrwlrd hiasinl iun''

rn,,,,gi' tt

is forward"'biased, current carrt'-rs

n.*.p,ti

zis

to terminal M7 llegulire Ltil gote isposili'e uith'tespect '

ot

*i"""

-'''J"'li*""';X.tr.U;:i'": lJ'll,,]:",Jtl:l;,'n i::*'

Llrtt,.ni

LI.t t.,

j:,,,)t t t,rtttts

Tltrtsr stll"t,ttt
1?-10.4.

; r'r'r'"''

Geuelallv, rngger fiode-1 sl.roultl be avoided espccially in circurts v6cr, tr,,h 1/t _ ,/r -,-.. rrd) otetrt. The,serr"itrviL\',rl rrtggerinR rnotl.s 2 nntl 3 rs high cnd rn.i,sc,,l.

"::J;il,*;,j;1:l :; ilfi"i,,l""; and B, it requires u po"itir=-g"t!

trigger. However, Ior

J;fiil;;;;, il:",j;;,i;:l;;::;:l,it :l' ii:,1 li:;;;l

ird,,,
I

()f Applic li()ns N(\l (o SCR the rlinc is the nlost qirlelr rrsrrd nrembcr the'' l!rl rr) nriLnJ r:l |t'rtro) app|ratrons it has lcpl'r':crl lll:R ht vittue of ,fti'tf*t i,i,i 'Lt 1)r illuminatioD iiJ Ll,iit""r",",if totrrltt, ltvt{r' Nlotor speed teglllltion' temperirtrrrr' rxrrrtr''l- some of its ,.ntr,1 lhase contol circuits lrower switchs-i elc rrre ;,;i;;i. lin"; bv,'l rnain aDplrcat.i,rns '";;;;,;;;.,

birlir.errrorrat
sate

::.:,'::1;i1.Y1'r::1 modes 2 and 3 are

I ?. |

prcfer,.ed,

trigse]

frrrical V-l chrrflclelisr,ics ol a rriar aro shown in r'ig. 17.32. TIr,. rrjac h.rs on rn.l olf srnrc ch.rracterisrics sinlilar to SCll but now rhe charactel'istic is applicable ro both
0.3. Char.acleristics.

H,"l::'':-"::l:l-::g':ive This is exl)ected because Liiac consists of two SCRs r:onnectecl in parallej but oplosita in (lirec,

vortages

I -_!ir"": "-----".^,"""";; oNsrAt rll

',. '. {'cdrrvl

,. i:"* )r--.--

I I ' f -{-I I )..-' -

l i

l-*;',:: iil[,."*.
i,91;.,

rli,. rr.iir. rs less versatile than rhe sclt when turD.ofi is *nsrrler.ed. IJecarrse by rcve[se_bitrsing ca[not be the iria" .an ,,und,,,l n.ither directic'n. foretl coDr trtation trrln r,ll is liihcr bt current sirrrvation which is usrrellv inp)acticablc' or "-p]"r"4.-,", c,,nr nr trt rrti, ut elsr, bv ar'lirr,: '-"dr;;,rr;lrruitatious enfc,Lcctl on i'he use o{ t'jar at Prescnt staic nl'romtncrci'tllv '*, (!(xr A and 1,000 PRv). Thc ti'sl is thc lreqteuc' hrrrrLlli^( t:a, hilil)- p'o,i.,ri,..,.

".,,rii"'ti.
rlrrccrl

**-*.'5]*. "'.. vr.,., -.... _ -f

|v .

tlrc linriting

1! tlt

at $'hich the triac renrains blncking rvlrr:rr no gnte srgnal is 'rpplicd'

2Lr0

'flris !L vahc is:rbotrt 20 Vgs-l ccmpared Nith a gcnelai tigure 'if

Vpi I {br the

SCIR'

50 Hz Tht sarrr" ,4 l'ntlt"ti''n s(' lhit. (he ,t,tt;1o1;1n e,f flequency is rt ihe powel lPvel Df r ffrsistive one. l\hen high lrequ' rrcies sDd higlr ,,nns Lhe k)rLd lo be crrnLr.olled is plcferablv

tions.

occur

anrl ir is nesnriyc i" rh; 'i,;;l;;;: ranL. As already sai.l in Alt Li l0.z. rhu gare triggcring nra1.

lo M'l', in rlre trrsr qrr:rrlranr

V1, is pnsil^.e *irlr rcsn*.r

f are in.rolte,l then ihe

I I

baclc

to'brck

SCRS cannot he lenlactrd

bv rhP trrilr'

lChu,n(t.tisti(trl t! I'jlt
FiB. I? 32

t t.r,r.nlinal I\4Tl. 'l'he rler.ice, \4rhen starts cotdur:tion purr,,it" a lr"ou" nronua, of (xI.rtnt to florl, thr.c,ugh it. Tlris large inrush ol culrent Drust be r.estrlctcd bv emplo-vrng c\Lvr rl rcsist. ance,,otlterr!ise rhe rlt,r,rce nraJ. Ler Jllmagpd

rvhcre Vg,1,1 and V: arc thL, v(Jlt ges r

Qua-rlrflnr IV

in any ol the following foul modes. Qlladrant I operation : Vj!fl,, r positivci Vcr l)ositive Qrladrant ll operation : V[4T,] Iositjve; Vr, n.gatir.e Quadrant Ill operation : VrVt,2r ne8ative; V;r negntive

l. High Pottter LanV) Su)t:tcfti'r-g' Use ol the tljac as al ac^on/olI switcl is slrown in lamD is ctark' fi* ri.iil rjVfl"t ir," "rult"tt S i" in pr'"rtion l the triac is cnt'off lrnd :'r the Whcn thc switch is Dtlt in posiiion 2' u snrall galc' curleDt flor\'ing through the galr lulns th" tliac o]l lnd so thc lamp is s$'itr:hed orr Io give tated outlut'
17.34. llere it is.ontlolling ac p.rwer to load bv sq itching on anrl off clurirrg thc positive and negntive hall r:vc)es of the inptti sinr.rsoidal signal. Druilg tire positile half cvcle of ihe input roltage' diode Dr is forwar,ibiasecl, Dn is rcverse biasecl' and the gate terminal is to A Dttrine thu ncqlrrilc half clrlc tho with 'rn"iLive ,. lbrwar.l Liascd and Jiodc D, rs reverse biascd so "..lrt,,i n, ;nA"
2. AC Power Con fu'ol. A triac cc'utlol circuit is shown in fig'

opelrrtion

V11.r.-,
,:rf

negalivc:

\,t

p^sir te
rr

terminal MT,r .rnd gate witb respecl -u.ry

,'. ;il:i;,i::1",f:l,J:L:".'il'il'.:,i,1[;,1;:X.?1,;llll']ving, r'r',pcr ",;rr:r, r,' rhc ,.,,u, , nrr"a ,hn s";";:";;,:,;;;,1:;;;!.1'Tl,"J';ll::,lll;1lll,:,ii]l]l:,,1,,i;5:1 :: rr", otmost"* srnre like lhosc rse(l t,,r ,sCRs. Th".. ,r,*"_.;,[,.,.,:;,,,""r..raJ.\ tngger ptrtses tor firing rh<, device. .ri',. t"iggu. plrisu dlncr:r-c duration so that ririns of the de'ic., i" u""i."i. u",,"iir'i "ir"i,ii'i,?,rr"r?iiili.", nr!snirLrde and ;;;;;i;;;i.i, ,s is suffii:ienr for ststainilg the firing of the clevire.
rhe d-vrce

t'1i' t7 r't t'iB | / 33 it*l tt"'g.t" bcconres positive witlr respect to terminal Ar' The the resistance R2' . arliusLine c"nlr"lled *,-' .'r')--*""*"renf of concluction is r:,,nrrolled Lrv afiusting cirndLr'liun p^inr ,'l (:orrrmctt:cnlenr

A tvpi"il lrirc has rhe {,rlllvirrg \.alrrAc/cr.l.r.rt rJIrrrs. tnstantnneous on.slt. voltagc Ii V (ll.siate
H,:'di6g

|rtrrcnt l' A\'( rJq, "r'rr"or. i ,leclinF .Lu.r.(nl. I{i

gi A ;i jrr A .i nr A

lor trigA',L;; t"';; impoltcnt mcmber of I5e thyrist{'r familv and is usualh emplt'-"-ed switched r.i^." -lf ii-" is a two-electrode biclirectional avalanche diode rvhich rran tre likc a *"rlt* This jtrst ii","-i,rr."lr," ro the orr-state for eiihel pctrritl of the applied v,,ltagu circurlisis n prn of i? ll5 (o) Its eqLli*alPnt ;;;:;: ;:it;,"" s;t" terminrl as sho*n rn ljs (/)) '{grin the ir**rt"-J i;;t iuu". aiu,t"" 'l'!r'o s(hcmati(r qvnbols ale shorvn Ir lrP l / 3'r rlovice The the diar, like triar' is also I bilatelal t,,:,r*;,tut ,t.*i*"o,-ns.rrc arbitrar'l sirrcc rlnlanche bt.eak1r,,n, oll-sirtc Io oD--sLntc is rrchievsl hl simll! ercecding the =wrt.trrns rl,rnu loltago in either directlolr' tornlin'l semiconl?.11.1. Construciion. A rtiar: is t IL\'l'N slruclure(l lirur-la1'tr" t\"o tr:trrrinals ol thc' its sho*n ttt lig lT.:!ir (d) \'1'1, 'rnrl NIT, rrlc'{hr: l*o nr'rirr A".t.. a-i.".

17.1 1.

DIAC

!:lt'.t rtr t Detr.cs an.l (:i r., t.

, I

lh

trt )t \

"'tJ

L;ttt.tttDctiotl'Lotststnrs

;,J

l"
t\ i Qt .t.rcl R.\' Tti&:
\ L, 1h,,rL! rs no conlrol lcrmiral in thrs de\'r', 'lir,'r'r lhc' dlngram. ! diac unlrke a di(xle,
{1,

r, s, nrl'lrs rr Iipolar jtu:ction transistor {BJ'l') but wrl r lrL, li,ll1)\r'ing exceptions. (r) thcrc rs no Lerminal ?rttached to the nrid

"'

.lle I rr-er (bcse), r/r) the lhree regioDs are nearl\ iderrtical

il

+
I
(a) llosic Sr.trt:t
rt

(rii) lhc (lopjng level aL lhe l.\v,) L'nd Plavers rs iher sarne so that tlre device gtves synt, mL-l ri(:d switching .haracl.r-! rsirics for ei' th, r p(,lnritv of the appli(11 v.,ltage.
1?.11.2. Operation. \Vlen thc tcr-minal lvlT, is t)r'srli\a , i.lr.: , rrrrert flow Drlh is Pt-N, I',,N" while li)r lr':rliv1' llolarit] of Lerminal MTr {he crrrrent llr,w p:rih is l'r'N,'I','N,. The operation

r l

I.

tc

Dii(
Fig.
17 35

jn fig 17.i]6. Ii l7.l l';]. (:haracteristics' Volt.arl1*'r-' .lllr[rI(|lul.istrc ol'a dia( is shown tit" English ietter Z br'rrrr.r"'l thc stnrmetljcal swltching chara(:te]jsllcs 1.lr |.,',,,,,,,f,f,* r,rllr ,r l)olrril)' ol the appliecl volta,:' 't,t,",liac acts like an open-r'ircllil Lltrtil its swif.ching ol bleal(over voltage is e\.ee(lc(l' (below the level ol At Llr:rl p.rlnt the cliac conil cljs rrntil its iurrent redllces toward zero curren! ol thc .l"vi.,c'). Tlt' chr':, bectr'rse of its pecuhal construction doLrn- nol' ii,, i,,,l,fi"* ihe SCR or t'r'iat' sr|rirh sh:uply into.i low voltage crn(lition al t low current level like it goes into condirction. thc di^c naintains a'. almost continuolrs negtlji'c iur'.,"1 , 'lhis means "r.t"" r,'",-,",t"",,hlracierisiic i.e., voltage (lccrexses *'ith thc incre'se in currenti a low {()D) ilrat. rr.lihe the SCR anrl the triac. thu tliac can'ot be expected Lo maint^in q,lt'rqr, rllop rrntil its current falls br'l'rw a holding cullent level' bidirectiorlal switchlre 1?.1l.'1. Applications. 1'he cliai:s, lrr(arrse ol their svrnmetlicnl cm' are lvialely used as lrlggering devrces it) tliac ph:rse.contr-ol cilctits .ft,,'r,i",:i.i;," conrlrl. lrnivclsal motor specd control etc' f"r larnp dimmer. heat ' "f"t,l ,,*r' n'lria" -r1.t" firc(l ,)r. tlte conclucting statc b1 a -.inrplc resistive higger-ing .,rrrr, gates ol SCRS lrDd ,,ir.'rit. htrt tligirering,levice" rrc rvpr'rll) plr':ed in series \vith lhe irir,.. ou rlr"1, ji.r,".ntintrto and hrst riillgrr:i.g. DLac is the ost populrr trjggering deyrcc ibr the tlj,tc. This is illrrstrated il thc frrllowing apl)lrcatrons R [' phase L. I\'ioc Ltttrtp Dimmer Circui! 'fhe cilcujt for'! tria'r controlled bl un js lantp *itr*.,.k and a diac is givc' i' iig. 17.37.'fhis circuit rir cxample of a simple shiii angle.is:rtlj'sted bv adj.sting the potentio eter Il.'l'be ,1,""r.r_ rr.. triac conduction f,i"*", tftJ tt;"" ,,""clucts' the brigitel the iarlp will bc 'l'he (hac 'rcts lihe 'rn oDen<:ilr:rril (and the .,.i]ilir"' .r.lt"g. *ross the capacit"r ,'xt""rls it" breakr'rver ol s\Yrtching voltags hiac's r-equjred gttc triggel volLagq)'

ll lLc rlrac ran be explaired br iruagining it tlyg_4!gg:gg4q

"" rn sc,rrcs V/hen applied voltage in r:itlrer poltrity is small (less than
brcak(jver voltage) a vert- small amoutrt

rf rrrlr'. ri

.,

rurrent,)Nosecl duc to thc drili ol clr{.i.rons xn(l holcs in the tlepletion r,.gior, is no1. sufficienL to ca!rse ,,,ndu( tron in the devico. The clevile
r'' nrrrirr. irr nun conducting rrr,,,l'.. liorvr:vt'r', when the magnitude ol thc applied voltage exeeds the avalanchc l,rea kdnrr n vcllage. breakdown takes plLtr:u and the (ii.rc.-urrcnt risrs
shrrr ply, as shorvn irr ihe charactcrllstl( s

fl.rrs lhrorrgh thc

,'llr.,l uhc lrolrosr

rlr',rt.

<levice. Leakage

V,.:o V

IF., n'zn^

sh,,wn

in iig.

?.36.

l: I ( l|ndn

tsti. nl n I\o.

Fq 17 33 I;i.r 17.:17 Iti.! 17.:t7 (ontrot Ci|crrit. A ir'1rr"'l rLat triac cirtrut trs"tl f''r snloofh cr)l1ilrrl rrl r' 2. l!pat ,, ;. heatel is shos'n iD lig l;33. 'flre rapscitol r'r in sDris 'vilh rhokc L rcross '""' ;; ;i;,*" rrt' thc *oltagc rise 1ro.ss the device durins olt st'te The resislot Rr aooss i;" i, ','. ii', ,ii,', .'"""*. ".r,r'th "oirtlol trL trll p')sirions trf pot'unIioneIrt ll' Thu triaL' con'iu'Liorr hv lrrr('irtiorrelDl R, !'h' )"ng.]l tl\c tli" r'rrn(lLllLn ihu "-,'r,.;.,,t;,,.t"a witrrJirrstrng tlrtsh,..rtrr. 't'hus zr snlooih rrrnt*l of th he.ti outp i fr,)nr L; fr.,,.,-th,. i",r., ,r," ,,",r,J
thc healcr is obiailr0cl

'1\'it. LaDtP DLntrlct L ttctt Lt 'fti.rc LaDtp Di.:/'':,cr (:;|cr.il

ItF /;34

Eiecnatur let,i:s r|t' , ,--.

of the light produced electroos aDd alters the sensirivitl, of the c,ircuit t9 tJre incomiDg [ghl The devices are for low power applications. The l,ASCRs find many applications including optical light controls, rclays, phase control, motor coutrol add a large number of comfuter applic"atiorrs. The maximum current (rms) aod power (gare) ratings ioi LA.SCRs co&mercially avaiiable are about 3A and 0.t W. With the inorease in junction temperature the lighti""rgy required to activate the device is redrrced.

will contrnue to conduct even if the ligrrr sourr:r: rs removed- For marinrum selsitiuity light. the gate is left open, as shown in tig. l T.illl (o). Trigger adjust can be in"tudod'ii r0 on adjustabie trip point is desired as shown_ irr fig f; i: (6). ihe gaie resistor diverts some

the positiwe feedback stalts aod the LAS|ll rrrrus on just like a normal SCR. thc LASCR

Th.)tislots o,rd.

lh

Jrutdlon ?tonsrslors

two LASCRs in reverse parallel is shown irr fig

A solid-state relay using

(b) Schen otic SJmbol

t

(c)

Baic

Arniec

..n

LID STATE.CEUY

connecied in reverse parallel so as to obtain conduction in both half

cycles of the applied supply

17,54. Two LASCRs are

voltage V.. A single lightemitting diode (LED) is

4
]'ig. t7.51
Lhe d.oubre,base d.iod,e

employed

for triggering

both LASCRs. Bias resisiors

are used to control tbe light sensitivity of bhp gates ancl avoiil sporadic f.riggedng duiing off periods. Usually all the three active devices (two LASCRs an<l one LEDI and the tw; bias Jesistors R.c are encapsulated in the sanre package. Siace the relay action does not require direct electrical conlection, such relays are often used to couple signals ihto very high voltage equipment and other tlangerous Iocations.
1?.19. UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR (UJT) unijunction transistor (abbreviated as [IJT). arso callecl

3-terminal solid-state (silicon) switching device- Tht'clevice has a unique characteristic rhat wiren ir, is trigsered, ita ernitter current increases regenerati"eiy (,1;;;o negative resist. aoce characteristic) urltil it is restricted b], enrirter power suppiy- The low cost pel unit. com-birred with its unique chalacteristic, have warianted iti'use in a wide variety of applications. A few iDclude oscillators, pulse generators. saw-tooth generalors, triggering citcuits, pbase control, timing circuits, and voltage,or currelrt-r.eg_ulated supptiei, Ttre device is in general, a low-power-absorbing device rincler normal opJrating condltions and provides tremendous aid in the continual elTort to design relatively efficlent, sj-stems_ 17.19.1. C.onstruction. The Sasic structure of a unijunctioo tlansistor is shown in fig_ 17.55 (a),ll: esseutjally coasists of a Lighrlv1llped N-type silicon bar *,ith a small niere of h.ea ily*d-gp.e{l:rype ,qatelial 4ltoyed l -r6lG;-iiiE-ro piodfie 6inclip n-;"."ii"". fn" single P-N junction eccounrs for rheGrminolngl, ,,nijutitiott The sijicon bar., a{ its ends, has two ohmic contacrs d gsigne i6ili5fii:'@-*ndbgse-2_(8.J, n".h;;n aDd the p.rt?e region i6 termed the emitter fE). The ('mitrcl'lunctGn is usuilly locaLcil closer io b3se. 2_@)_l-b4n base.I (8,) so {har thc device is n,jl sl.mmelrical, becarsc s! mciiicii unit does nor providc ot)tinrurn elccrrical ,:h r r.aiw risr iiFltr rnosrlT tbe ar,DLcctrons.

is a 2,layer.

Tho symbol for unijunction tran-sistor is shown in fig. 17-5b (r). The- emi er leg is angle_!91!!gyg{i!gllil -t1pe nateriai iGb-inrt 'itre urrowhead polnts iD the dueclion of cotrvctttiorLal ct.r.rc[l when Lhe devrce is lL,rwardbiased, active 6i-[ tFJionductinfiTite. Th-e=T*ic arrangement for t]e UJT is shorvn tn {ig. 17.55 (c). A complementary UJT is formed by dilfusing an N-type emitter termjnrl on n p.type basc. Except for the polarities of voltage and crrrent, the characte stics ol a conrlrlenr.-n. tary U,tT are exactly the same as those of a conventionaj UJT. 'fhe worthnoting poirts about UJt are given below; 1 The device has only one junction, so it is called the unt[Dctio,l device. 2. The device, because ofoae P,N junction, is quite similar to a diocie but it differ.s ftom an ordinary diode that it has three terminals. 3, T'he structure of a UJT is quite similar to that of an N-chanreel JFET. The main difference is that P-type (gate) material su!.ounds the N-type (chamel) n]aterial in case of Jtr'ET and the gate surface of the JFET is much larger thao emitter juDction ol UJT. 4. In a unijunction tra4sistor the emitter is heavily doped while the N_region is lightly doped, so the resistarce between the base terminals is relativel; high. typically 4 to 10 kC) vrhen the eldtter is open. 5. The N-type silicon bar has a high resistance and the resistance between ernitter and base-1 is larger than that between ernitter and base 2, It is becduse ehitter is closer to base,2 than base,t6. UJT is operated with-emitter junction forward- biased while the JFET is normallv operated with the gate junction reverse,biased. ?, UJT does not have ability to araplify but it has the ability to contro) arlarge ac power witlr a small signal. 8. It exbibits a Degative resistance characteristic and so it can be employetl as an

Iniit.tLtlion T' a sistot Fie- 17.ss

drawn at .ru

'z_

oscillator-

1?.19.2. Equivalent Circuit. Tlle eqrivalent circuit ofa U.l'T is shown iD Fig. 1?-St;. The P-N junction is rcprescnred in the cmitier bv a diorle. Silicon bar beirg lighrly tloped hus a hrgir resistance and can be replesented as rwo

resistors coDnected in series-Ilrr, fiom base-1 to Jroint A and R""fronr base-2 to point A . as shown in fig. 17.56. The resisirnce R1, is shorsn as a variable reslstor silre iis nrag_

Electro ic Deuices dnd Ciftutts

Th)'
i

stots

otrd Ll'uluttirt01t froasislors

rirtude varies with the emitter current IE. In fact, for a typical UJT, 8,Br nay vary from 5 k Q down to S0 Q lbr a corresponding change of emitte! current I" fton 0 to 50 FA. The total resistance ol siiicon bai ftom one end to the other end i,e.. the resistance betwcen B? and Bt er'ith editter terminal E open is ,:lil,,d the irlrerbose resisra4cp RBB. From the equival(.nt. rircuit shown in fig. 17.56 it is obviois rhal
lln,r = RBr + RBz with eDitter terminal tr open ..-(1?.]2) Rrllr is typically within the large of4 k e and 10 k e.

ted inro rh R.", *q :" ::1 er :1'-" -':J depends upon doping. the reslstanc "?' H,i:" e voltoge drop across RB als(' inlEsiGtance-qJ chsrge caniers (holes) With this decrcase t" turn resulls heavily forward b-ia-s1^ rlccrcase, cause the emirrer diode to be more T,^t in larger forward cu',",'t, "td "o""uffiv 1'"* "!"'e3.""1'1"5::T:""t::i"'"1":::."':ti soes on
n j ec
_

;:T:T:ilt

ffi,#::"ili,'il,1

J" '""i"t"""" of th" nu,'"gion rti" :l-"..-"T,"t:: "ulrentrvith lhe supply .since VA decreases increasins unlil it is limited by the emitter lower resisio'tce 'hordcteristic huu" .u,""nt rh" u'lt i"'""ii't" i;:i;il'it";;;' '"slii'" across it (Br) i" u""a"o"iv f"i upptying external voltage VRR the base-2

;ilfi:';;;;;-;

It is 6een that Terminals E and B, are

Llstrally Rnr is greater than RBrand RBi = 60 percent

of R,ur.

&tuiralent Circuit
Fig. 17.56

of

a ttJT

into conducrion bt tt'" *tt"" tJt"Ji""J] ulC i" u"""ttv trigg-eredapplving a negcrtve off bv lt can b^e jiiir;il"-'i l*"-il';t""ui'"-p"i* t" tn" "mitter' -turned pulse. rrisser I ;Efiii , *t?.19.4 characteristics. Th-e stalic^emitt::.:.t""": t" curve showing the relation !"!*9"n r' current I5) of a ""i*i"li" "i.'itt"' VuB is shown rn : intlrbase voltage iiji nt

Wilh a voltage VBB applied betweel 82 and Br, aE shown in the figure, the voltage at the junction of RR, and R", (point A)

is
....(17.13) ._.07.14)

defined as

Ro, R",.. 'a - vBB ^ n_ nil = * "on =qVFB _ The Greek letter n (eta) is called the i lr;Dsic stold-off ratio 6f the
n

Hi;1,)ii;Vr--J

I 'f l\ -itr ,) ".lzh.-""ff" I

";5gX;5E-F-"""y::lg"

i'-. [*. ii.ii." "it"-n ng l?5?itisnotedthatforemitler i crrrrent

de\,ice and is
...(1?.t s)

- - 1I+ Kt, K",

with rermincl E

ooen

Ro'

Rg"

3 pii""t:"f",",t" ieft of pcak point enrrlLer IE^. The current Ir.' corresponds { i" o"u", """""d" t(o ot 4 v'erv closely to the'ieverse leakage current This region as strown rn E ihe conventional BJT Lhe cul'ofl regron Once con' i .i'" l*t". i" ""ff"a at Vu = v, it'" emirter po- | ::"",i;";;';";i#i

Voltage !a is also the voltage at the cathode o{ the diorle representing the juultiolr. With the emitter terminal open-circuited, the only current flowiug ii

'l'lru inLl.insic stand-off ratio is tl:e property of a UJT and is always less than unity, The Ll'picnl range of 4 is frou 0.5 to 0.8,
p-N

ln tenrial V. starts decreasitlg with the increase coiresponds exactly wilh lp- This

"#il..ht'""t' resistance RBr for increasiog cur' Lhe decrease rn the ilecrease ilt resrsrancc * '"' "-',;;;;;;;reDt 1.. This device. therefor6' bas

EMmEF Cl.lRREMl

lrlNnA--

a-

Stutic Ell.itlu.Chnracteistic Fot a Lt.lT

, = ;* ro. v..
{qc

nB.

tt.i,

..0?.16)

;ifi:""J"#'J:.T$".lfir:JlXT""il?:i"i:;iullil,tion"
r

ti't"a

the enitte! terminal is grounded, the p,N junction is reverse,biased and a 6mall cntilter feLrerse crrarc,r/ IEo flows,

lf

;jil,",il.t;.i"i'","ru.*"irx"-.*""."; ji*::,"mn:.11""*?,1,:","1il:Li1:l: saturation region, as shown rn the tlg "v;;;; i""i.;;;-in the fig 7 57) and are defined berow: il,

""rrier"'

Event'lra't' the

va"r

V.,r

Now let lhe emitter supply voltage Va be slowly increased. When Vu becomes equal to q V33, lon will be reduced to zero. With equal voJtage levels ou each side ofthe dio<le, Deither reverse nor forward current will flow. When emitter supply voltage is further increised, r he. dlgdc bccomes forwarrl-biased as soou as iidAee-#;e-++f--{everse bras oltagc (n Vgg + Vu). This value of emitter voltag-Vjis-alled theleoE . ioha.ge and ' rs deno&,d by Vo. Wheo VE = Vp, emitter current IF starts to flow tbrough RB. to glouncl (i.c. B,)- This is the minihum-currdnt tTat rs reqnire; ro trieeei thi ItJT. fiis is cattld interbrse voltage, Vou. Nos'rvhen the emitter diode staris coodlefrngcharge carriers are

is lhe brllier voltage of the emitter. diode, then the total reverse bias voltage i! + Vu = I VBB + VB. For silicon Vrr = 0.7 V.

1?.19.8. Operation. ImAgine that thc emirter supply voltage is turned down to zero. Then the intrinsic stand.off voltage re"erse-bia:qs _t-ie qm=iEel dl6rle, as mentioned above. If Vo

current a[ the pea!' poinl lt reprcPc.rh-loitl! Etttitte' Curtetlt t" lt is tbe emittei rhe device (UJT) li is inverselv sents the mirioum current thal i";;t;;';';;igg"r V"t' pr"p.tr,ionuf to the interbase voltage is the emitter vo-ltage ot the valley valle\ Poitll Voltage V1" 'ttt" utlt"y]l"oint voltage

""t"l:'iil"';ii;r';;i;;" It VoILeJ PoiILt Ctltenl

i;"*** ;ir

it'" i.'.'"*" in interbase voltase vB'

lhe peah-po;,Lt eDTitter curreftt and denoted by 1,,. Ir, is inversely proportional to the

The vallev q"*t:"ti:l-i-,1"^j1".mitter vollage vB8' point. lt increases wilh $e increase in inter'ba6e : The special fealures of s 'UJT are rf,tS,S. Sp""int Features of UJT' of applied ioterbase voltage VHI{ 1- A stable triggeriDg voitage fvrl'- " I;-"Jit*ti"n 2. A verv low value of triggering curreDt 3. A hieh pulse currenL ccpabilitl' n. I tt"lotiu" resistance charactetistic'

curient at the vallev

5. Lou' cost

910

Ebclrct|c

ttrrtcas <trk!

(:ilcuits
Reeu

latad

I'u!t\

Su p t,l t | !:

regulati[e

The vairre of full-load current IFl. should never increase tha, that mcDtioDed rn t\e dati sheer of rhe power F,li'insLance. if a;;;;;;";;';;,;;;ii"s rr,.L ch,, power "uppr.,.. supply witl provide an outpur vurtage of 24 v at a ;;;i;;";;,;i ;ii;,"", nr rJ 2 A. then minimum load resistance that can be conrlF.rF.t ,^,-"" +r^ -,.--r.. :, n 24 any attempr is made to o"",""""o',0""T'i;:":ri""'"T:iH::i"-,'rl;1],,Kj,ii.,l; rated dc out,put voltage wil] not be avaiiable3. Source ot Line Requlation. In fig.80.2. tbe input line of 230 V but in practice, [hete are considerabl" ,*;;9;" voltage has a norninal valus i"'"T"",i"rV maiis voltags. Since this ac supply nains voltase is the,inprrt to tlu oraioarv r_*wui,Jrqrplv, the filtered output of the bridse recrilier is alnrost directly p""p";;";;-;";;;c narns voltase. As obvious from lig. 80.2, filtered outr lut of the bridge rectifier is the iDput to Lhe voltage

..(30.6).. = S, c V,,, + RDd dll' + Sr dT Th three r:oefiit:icnl-s S,, Iln,r arrd St used in above equation are defined as follows: Source reg la{ior facl.or r)r stability factor

.
o'rp.r
'esrstance,

= ov^ lif!:,'

...(30.7)

Hence stability iactor S, is the ratio of change i-ro output voltage to the change iD input voltagc proviclecl that load cuuenl aDd teEperature remain constaDt.

o"., =

"rr.il regulation, SR is defined as rhc chanse in ourp,ri;;;;;',;r' ' of line voltage, rypically z3o V I t0 pcrceDl. il,e aefining ""g,,tiea
SR = vrtt-

Another way of specifyinq the qualitr of a regulated power supply rcEuloLiorL (also cailed rhe sourcc jiir."r"illi'i" is by its

device.

+*l^",,. =. -. L l^r=0

.. (:10.8)

oi ti.,,",ig,it"ijrrj - Vr,r-

so&rce

sR. Thc source

specified !anse

i.e. otltput resistaDce R,,u, is delined as the ratio of change in outplt voli{ge to lhe change in load current provided that input voltage and temperature remaiD constant.

" "ouoffi i,

remperarur. cocfficieni. s., =

*Llilrr;

.,.(30.s)

...(30.4) where Vrr. is outpur voltaqe with hiqh in;ut aciine *,oltage aEd VLL is output voltage with low )nput ac liJle voltage. llhe percentage of sou.ce regulation is given as

Thus the rate of change in ouiput voltage with respect to lempel tllrc is callerl lhe temperature coefficieDt provided that input voltage and load 0urrent lrr'e utaintained con.
stant.

The srnaller the value of the tluee coefticielts, delioed abovc. t.he brttor the regrrlatron
of the power supply30.5. VOLTAGE REGULATORS

loait Il::;1,i,:L::1,* (or output) voltage, 4' output Ine. peda'ce. A regulated power supply is a very stiff crc voitage source. This means that the output resistance i" very smali lin rniffion.rl";. f,ren tiougtr the external load resistance is varied, atrnost no change i" t, ,i"'i".a i,;;;;;;l ideal votLage source has an output imDeclance of zero. odern """" voltage sources. ""d";; ;;,;; .i;!,iu"^"npproach id"al

NDDinal load ffi"tOO -&:-!4 voltage trncler specific operating conctition.

% sR --

Lx =- SR

100

..(30.i)

i" l,,o,"n'll"'rli." norninal

regulator may bc conslructed from a Zener diode, and/or discrete traDsistors, and/or integrated circuits. AIL voltage regulators alust have a stable voltagc reference source which is provided by a special type of diode operated in reverse breakdowo called a
Tb.e

:::"t "1" power suppty's a f;i;y,.: "t

fecdback, rhe ar"to",ion"i.l.lal,""d l':j; """":lji.-,':qll:":-l::,1:rl,':.bpen explaincd in chaptcr lb. garn. Ihls has already *

6. Ripple Rejection. Voltage regulators stabilize the output volLage against variations in rnput voltage. Ripp)e is equivalenr ro a periotlic lrc tl""iniii vottcge. Thus, ., votcage regularor arrenuatcs th" .i"pte that,corne"; ""ri"tiun ;;ilthl;;;i;l"d inpul
volrnse.

breakd.oull d;od.e, or Zerrcr diod.e. The primary ftrnction of a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant dc output voltage. However, it also rejects ac ripple voltage that is not removed by the filter. The regulatol mry also include protective fuuctions such as short-circuit protection, curlent limiting, therma) shutdown, or ovet-voltage protection. Zener diode voltage regulator has already been discussed ir Art 6,3 (1). Discrete transistor voltage regulators and [C voltage regu]ators will be discusse(l in Lhis chapter. 30.6. DISCRBTE TRANSISTOR VOLTAGE RDGI'LATORS Basically there are Lwo t'?es of transistor voltage legulators viz (i) series voltage

by rhe

same
e

ability ro rejcct rippte volreges

".a

i"

Ripple rejection rs

""Irtfy

expressed in

::T;:lr:*

30.4. STABILIZATION Since Lhe output, dc volLaqe V ol reSulrred po\a.er supply depends lar-ed dc voltage rorrtprrr from'ite bridgc rcciiticr.filrel';tr;;;;'t'i", on lhF input unreg!i",,1 r. the cLange iD ourpur v;,Lase (^v.,,) ;;;;.;; ;,1;",, :,,curreDr [L and

regllators and the (i;) shuni voltage

reBulators. Each tjrpe ofcircrdt can provide alr output dc voltage bhat is regu]ated or maintained at a predetermined value even if the inpub voltage varies or thc load connected to the output terninal changes.

"f

be expressed

.\\'.",

=f#

ov,,,

!I*

o1,.

* d#.r, o,

30.6.1. Series Voltage Regulator. The basic connection r:{ a series toltage regtlatol circuit is sl,o*'n in the bl-rck

diagram giveo in ng.

Blocl:

Diastnn ol o Srti."s \:alt.arc ReELrlator

30.'1.

I"ir J.4

-,

The series cre&ent contrors

thc

Electroni' Dcu.es ott'l ctra tt,

p,egt lat.ed

Pouer Supplies

r:"rli:".]:';!:[:"'i:#';l:?ii";J.'"'#il.':t;illl;,::,'.'l;:i;::iii,ii#"JJtii:,i,i?I:

n regulator is based on the fact tirat a largc prnportion of lhe chan8e in supDly (or iDpul) '
v(,ltrge appoars across the txnnsktor and, therefore

*fiti:{;i",.""1.# fii"lil"i1:[il.l;t:;J

Jitil",j:;i:";t?],;..,

:,,"no,

,u "nuu.

outl)rrt voltage tends

illlit{*[[1*:';i";'3;i',:

::'.r

t1l;i*nir; i;:*t# ff h]:t""lnrlx

Kceping in rnind the pcrlarilies of different voltages we have

V,,u, =

io rcnain constant.

V,

- Vou

...(30.10)
T, on.sisl.ot Seri.es VoLtoge

TIre basc voltage of thc transistor remains 0lmosL constanl being equal lo thaL across the
Zener diorle, Vr.

Re9ulalor

:''::Li:;'"11,:1,',:;";i* f;.,r^.1=Lq*:-fr,""md rne oagr:itude of curreni

i;T'"*.'::l#l
jf

t""h;;;; inl,,',,1.;he".-;l;,;'::E: r:uit Frovides , f"",tb;;i stgnat ionci)mD 'rL^'^,-

''utput lo rl,,rng(, (nc

[] "',lt.rgc,rcr,rss tt,c Ihc *lh;;

#$ffi *}f.*if ti*T#:ifl rirf,d#;l:rff ,lf lfjil ,il L'iT"illxfj

ff ii [id:
toii.

FiE. 30.6

u"o.ohlj

Ff-] cor,rco, co,uraoL I *EMEni J -iiniii' I f---_-.1 I I

Btoch

J llt. L _ --l + j TfrE,ji;" I ** L_ T-

Operation (i) Let the supply (or hput) voltage increase which will cause the output voltage Vo.,r. to^.increase. An increase_iD output V-u, will result in declease of VBE _voltage because Vz is fixed and decrease in Vn" will reduce the level oI conduction. This will leiJ b increase iu the collector,emitter lesistance of the transistor causing ao incrcase in collector to emittet voltage and as a r-esult the output voltage will be reduced. Thus output voltage will remain constant. Similar erplanation carr be given for decrease in supply
vol r age.

Diasrcnl ol (j stlt'n.tsw,ltuce ReEutato,.

*$affi*i;3$*:*-frt*if*:,'*T'ffi
f
ifl;';f; *ilf"}":,?iIi?::,?"'-lll_T:'lroIvoLrAGEREcuLAroRs

::*
io"ti

"i"";it;';i; :iff nTt:xli:;l,X;l"li: .::ti1*"6"T",::T""i.';'"3;: ;::'*"u in erni,,er snu ,;";il;;)"'"";ffiJ'ff;

regrllolor leccuse collecror. ot,tire rransislor o." ;n and ul;r]i'lcs caned an rrnilrcr tdt";;;,:',;i;;"',:,.:1lj_i1""";:.il:::*'ed in uLre fis. 1,i" "o.i,,u. ,""ri ""r1u._ .resu/arcd orrrFur votrnse
,"^tlY1

#ffiiil$[x***l*#ffiffiffii
v -ft"''..'i." *f"*"*,;;iil:;Jj,ii:'.-"-"_,1,'",t i,cross ,.h1. toart rcsisror n,.. 2"'r",.'irl,j" 'tff:';jh}:
'r,..0.*,i"r'.1'"lli;'J"",H:"",:l:li;i.,iilr)lliii;;;;p;11;lHmhi

Under such a situatioD the output voltage Voul tends to fall and, therefore, Vgg tends to i[crease. As a result the conduction level of tli-' transistor will increase leadilg.to decrease in the collector-emitter resistance. The decreasc in the collector-e'qitter resistance of the traDsistor will cause the slight increase in input current to compensate for the decrease i BL. Thus ttre output voltage being equal to JL RL reoraiis almost constant. Similar explanation will hold true for increase in R". \Ihe aduaaloge of such a ciicuit is that the changes in ZeDer current are reduced liy a factor p and thus the effect of ZeDer effect is geatly reduced and mucb more stabilized output is obtained2 Output voltage from a series regulator, \,,, = (V, - Vs6), and maximuo load current ll(du{ can be the maximum emitter cur.ent that the traDaistor Q is capable of passing. FoI a 2N3055 transistor (specification in Appendix 1.6), load cureDt I, could be lbA. When Lood current IL is- zero, the current drawn lrom the supply is app;oximately (Iz r Ic1,o,,ry). The Zener regtrlator (resistor R and Zener diode form a simple Zener regrrlat"or) has to supply only the base curreDt of the transistor. The emitter follower voltage regulutor is. therefore. much more efficient tban a simple Zener regulal,or. Lirnitations. \J. The oiltput voltage camot be nraintained absolutely coDstant because b.1ttr fgg aud V, decrease with the increase in loom temperature. Further. Vnu increases
cu$ent is increased by decrease

(ii) Now lei us consider rhe effect of change in load on the output voltage

ini,,-

say

l::l!::

lf v,,rics,virh"

2- The output voltage canoot be changed as there is no provision for it in the circuit. 3._Il cCIOAILplovide good regulation at high currents because of sm_all amplification provided by ory_!:3199!9l, 4. It has poor regulahion and ripple suppression with respect to input variations as cornpared to othcr regulators. 5. llhe power tlissipation of a Fass transistor is large because it is equal to Vcc 1(, .snd alrnost all variation appears at Vcl, aDd the load cur.rent is approximately equal i6 tor (:uuerrt. Thus fbr heary load cr.rrrents pass transistor has to dissipate a lot of "oll""pos.er lllld, therefore. becoming hot.

"tre_4ll

yrl! ibq&rcelg, 1"{l

-l

)rl

Elcrtruurc Dcutts

utt (

Lrcuits

as shown )n jig.30.?. Lrnr.cgrJated voltage is rerluccd, due to volt. a,ts" rlrr,p in,series resislaace RsE, by an amounr _ L!i't_u!l\cnus r)n the culreht suppLcd to the It,. Th, voh;rge across the IoJ is lixcd bvload the /,en( r (lj!de and rrcnsistor base.emilter volLage

R"o is connected in unregulated :,::," y",] Lhe connected (or rnput), supply. 4(,n.r 'ttude is across the base;;d ci,llucr,,r Lul.minals of the NpN [rrnsistor aad rne tt'iltlstslor is coDncclcd across tlte o-utput,

tor, A sh nt roltage r.egulator usGg lrausr-(liir and a Zener,liod" i" j0 , A serles resistance "h;;

of above lioitations afpljcation of this regulator is limited to low output "aU{.;1,,* S0.7.!. Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulaan

llegulotlJ Porrcr Sttpt

tc
L

"NpN

io fi;. -

T,a sistat

StLu

t l,oltatL, hs.30.7

I
Rceutat()r

Ieedbuck vollagc (Vr co!trols

Che

livers a negative feedback voltage to Lhe base of transistor e2 anci this

act as a ,.eferciBe eleirctLl..lhe voltage divic{er (or potentiolneter) consisting of resistors R, and R^ srmples the orrtput voltagi nrd del
Rd

lvhy this rcgulnl.or is alsrr r:allctl a egatirc [eel l)(\: h rcg, I o I ot.. Trrnsistor Q,, Llre corr,trol elrrlenl, ir talled the palss lroDsisror beca[se ,]l the 1o8d culrent llo.I,\,.s through ir. Zener diode ancl resisLor

i
I
Ca trclbd h\tttsistor Scies RcAutatt/ ot N.sa!it,. Fu(rbodt ReEuIi,r t.

VBE. 1v,)

{-rrr!ur vutlage i6 given as V_,, Vz +,Vsn = = v,, _ I Rsu

sistor Q9.
..t30.11)

collector curr.ent of tran,

remains nearly ".'i:l]li: i'';,: X,""r1,J',1gffi; "*'rvi"""tilt surply) votLase rncreases, ir cruses increasc , :n, r'c:rse jn l"r in V,,,, r, ,11..]l:^1"]1,:basc currerrt r" ,i,r ii,,"- .-' :'^::^"-'^'-" ]l*",1*.'t V and V,,o lesutting rrrr j u,rh ,i:;;;"* j;:',;1,; j.l1['::;,ilT:i::"1",:",1:::::J:::"nr rc'iic = t'r; ilrol) l,1 serici resisrancu n.". o"A rr,.,ii" li;;;::',-' l.l]l''**." causrns more voltage .,,,,,,,,,,,ii,,,,.i"-."..,i"r;:.ffi:":x::",rr"";*:ii:"'*:"jl:: #i:i:"" rhi"dccreasclo *,'iii,,T1',:I:i1l:ru*::i*"":;.i:';;;ffi:':T:l;:',iit,i#J"jili"";J:::,:;::,''

oiftp,,t uuttog" Vou,

Operation, Suppose re outDut voltage increases klue to anv rea. FiE. ja.8 son), llte voltage across R, is also increased as it is par.t of the outpul, circuit. Tl:is causr_,s an increase iu voltalgc (vB[, + v,)_ As a lesult fB, and also 16, increases. Assuming I.. relatively constant, 1", ,l;;*J;.
Decrease
ance

in base current of trans;stor e1 catses ,he"i[crease in collector,emitter resistol tr'rnsisror e1. This causes an inciease - v,..q trr""riy ;if;tii"og tho in"r"r"e in
output voltase remains constant. e2 and the Zener

:l;,,; resisrun.e
:;: 1,

;:""xlji,j:*lh:::,ry_,,"^T:""1; jrllJ:i"T:.
"uo'o'oJioo"t,,-ot.

::,'"'"::,fi::::

n.,.. r:r,"" drop Vn (lixed)

1,".,i,:,:lm1l: ",i1,,,"'Jli;;:.i::,;;:"Jlf;"'r";::ii":Tr::$i;rif:;*n:;;l*; R;;;;;;nn"il",]iilurd

Reverse happens should the output. #,it"t"::*?::.It "s , T1'e volrage.V, provided by the potential divider R, R, musr be equal to tbe sum of Ehe baso emjler voJtage of rransistor ji"A1-i.., -'".--'

vo",+v-= v"= ,,

the roacr resist.

R' r P- v"''
(vLE +v?)

Rt

lli'itll i,iililk*::,itiJ'iliI."Itii."t;;,::::1i:,:i,::1":;:'iJ::;;Hi",.j::1,r"":"::lli 'l'iris voltage regrtator errt)loYs jll;ffisfiffij::J,T:,,T",1,j; un,n g"

I

Lirnitations. (i) Tbere rs considerable power loss in series resisr,or R^ 4 Irr*" proporrion of suppl_v crurent , n"_"-,u"t,*i ;..;;Hil,. rnLher rhan ro ,o,,lit, (iri) ]'hcre are probiems of over.,voltcge protection in the circuii. above leasou" a se.ies voltase reguraxor is o'";;;;;", rhe shunr vortase ."*,li:';.,1'" 30.7.3. (:ontrolled Transistor Ser transistor series reguta. Lor is stroivn in rig. 30.g. Th" to^th.l of voltusc legulator:1.;;; ;; "i"",,i.':.'::*]l::l'.o.-"'l-"i1"":o a simple t'aDsistor s;ries ;';".,::,,'li'11". "'ra' .nrirr,,r.rerrni,.rl"i;;;;.i.;;.t";;,,:i,rlronar rransisLnr e, rs inserted ," ,t," ij," "..",,it.

R,rR" ,'2

/ R. l -l t ; I rvBE"+vu)=A/(vBE2+v.)...(30.12) \ K2,/ --gain multiplie<l by the

second-

30,7,4. CoDtrolled Transistor Series Regulator Protectior. lf t'e load resisrance R,. is r.e-cluced With Overload and Short_Circuit ;" i;;;;;;i;;i"-;i shorted accirte^. tallr', a ve{, targe load currenr wirr ri;* i,, ir,_ i'ols. rt o.,uy a""t"oy the pass, transistor Q1, rliode or possibly soore otto, R'usJlrot."tion ruil not prove_adequate because the transistor "oorpo^urrl. m{y get rlamagerl i" o ,""y'"'_rff iiactioD of a

sensi-ng elemeng. f'],owerregularor rhis resulHror a tso has ,,..1:l:::,lf:rrue ro rhls hrgh nowel dissiprtjon output rhc driwbsck of excessive power u,rs'1,,'L'on. of rlle power supply is lioiied to J0-40 V. as safe valrre of V^" is 50 V AnotleJ rbarvback of this" regulatctr is that it has no overload/short_circurit protection. ^-

volrase j""":=:lL,a.d to rhe closecl_loop .,,_tlt; zcncr voltage and base-emitrcr is equat ol.transistor !uru ui -ourput vohage

e,

(-rh-e

J,"ul".i";;;';;.

",,"usi";;il;;;iJ:':;il

:'Jll"ii:

#jiTl

To avoid tlris situation. a ctLrreu linitin.g eirc.rit is added to a series regulator, illustlated in fie. 30.9.

as

/'
Dlpcttonic Det t.E a .! (.:t,.( tts

-l
ftaguk etl Power Supplu:s
tr

'i!

tt,

I
I
i

Duc 1o redtiction in load l'l,sistau se,s s,,iurare,r Now co',,ct.r ,,,,.""i",1 will Lave no effcct on I.r Thr:,rorresponding

"u,,e,,t

tlai vr,jE3 in rhis c,l'cuit is much n,o,.e rrr;lr *,"",T':,,"1:;'iilJ;1?,lJi l:l,:t;,T:: rh41 j" ilj.;;i;;;;;"i,:;l:,,i,Il,llillJlirl;,jl incr.,m.',,r i,' ro{,,

il1;#il ""
Ir,-"",
..

solutioD:

Coucctor (uflenl, Ir. = Load cutrent. It-

= I 2A

J::1"::":::il.: il.?|,:,lil1l_,"*Til:
load current is ",,,' ancl is grvcn as
.. (30,18)
,

|
ln
j::;11,,'

'-'- t*, "Tn.

rlr.,,ps drlp

_ VBE] (1- K)

=* =za*r 050 OuiDr.ri voltage required. V,,, = Vz - Vol or. 7.5 = Vz 0.5 or Zcner diode break.Lown toltase. Vz = 7.5 + 0.5 = I V Voll.age drop rIr resjstor tl =V--Vz= ri - 8 = ? V C,u]Ieni tblouAh resistor It, I =[B+[z= 24 + 10= 3'1 DA
and fesrsrance. t{
30.6).

Base.urr.nt. lo=!

tunrl rhis poiur Vs1., .ris,

lo sctura.

rllusrnrrurt in lis.:r0.12 Wr,,," f,,"A ."11"r"r." H: zo,' r.(.,wh,:n oLrtt)ur rcfmirlls Hr., jhurtcd ,t" !()r,j,3c vo,,r Ue' o res cq Jl r,, 2,,r,, >uhsrituLinp ."ri"i

r.

il;;,i::'ilil,i;,1
rrtl.l8t r'e

l;

;,llt;i::,.:'',1'*l

.".

voltage dfop irr r-esisl'or R

I I

V
lnA

3.1

= ,Jlur

!l
(refer fis.

r,

eqrrAlron

lrrr.

"il,fil V

il I I / i \

.1 l-=,n

lleDce Zenel diode ol breaLdo*rr vo]rage of

V and resistor It ol 206 ()

.r. r.qnrred

p, I / i \ ,l I / I \

.:ircujt_

lh;-o *,",r,,".,. :]:)'ll'il].1*0":.'.'"u'.t',"'.r'''!ir)grhptl.t,tr,,.r,.,,,.':"' ]!t.t2 ",-,,'s, lhe.sar:rllcI 1... ll'nrrs r" i qrrJrrrnr'rl pnw.l.dissrl,arirn I'-ia. i.f l]..l,lll in rransisror .oDt
rrirss

,., rsogrl tjn''r,,n,.,non ' i.,. sho're-rl.roacr curr.crrr r,r.,,''.r,' n,u"l

e, pr"",.,,.i'i,o,i r,
being damaged. This

-It

E,-V I \

I I

tl!!Drple 10.2. A shunt resulator using ' single transistor and n Zcner diode is rcqtrircd to n,aint.in outpni voltage consldnl af l0 v. The lond currert is limited lo 100 mA, irput voltiee is 12.5 t t0"'i, rnd Vl|!. = 0,4 V Design the circuit Outpul volrrst, V,,u = !0 V

is

Vrrn = l0 {1.4 = !l.C \r ...reler e,tLration (il0 Iupur 'ultage. V,r, = 12.5 ,t 100/, = I1.25 ro 1i].75 V Nla)tiltrur! voltasc i-o bc droppei ir) series rcsistor R.r = 1ll.?ir l0 = 11.75 \r Series resisror culleut. I = Ilaximum load cu|rent. 1r,,,.,* = lL)0 trr i\ = 0.1 A

Sr Vr = V",,,

\teri=oav -

lr)

re rrarn arlvantagt of lhis

30.7.6. Transistor Cur.rcnt Ragulator. Trrn. srsror,,-llrrettt. r.{ulat4t. usjr)g :r Zr n,,t.tlrotie anJ :r l,Nf lranslslor js shovr.I rn hg 1fJ.tJ. The marr luncrion ol this r.egrrln,.y tr r,, niaiatain i i,rrroush rhn r,,;,rl ,t, :l-:,1 ll'*,"1 "piro chanscs rD tL,rmtnal voltage,
Vn,,,

So requiierl series resrstancc.

HeDce ZeDer diode

ll",r = !p = 37.5 11 {).l of breakdorvn tolr.ase S.6 V ard se

es

resistor lt(F ol 3?.5 n

ile

lequired

i
T'a

(refer fic. 30.7).

i, v,.,. -"aii.,.,. r, ""i :.'ii"l;,::,,yj*ji::l::l:",,""",

,rn,.r.",r,1,

Itu::l:.c jrji. rn 1,. tauses .rn tr.. ,),.,.",,"" r,.. tr. The rui r., 'n,,,llecror"cun.ll( i""..""" r n. ircr:casr:.in Ir. r,rus"s Jn rn,.r,,rs- rD i^ f# ,:rtr"r' 11. -- 1,.) r'e.rrl(inF iu ,l,..r.,qsp -'f,, rbp:. -. -t' -"

.. Suppose.due r.o irrcreasc In,rLrrp l voltagc loid nu11sn1 l,- inure;rrt.i. Tl,rs ,.auscs an
sistorCuDe

I
t
t FiE.30.tJ Ju.t:t RrE totot L

j.,ll J:':i)j"^ll,lncr-ns"d .t<ruce!.and

Power

A similur logrn aItplres in ,.as" ,,t {l.crcasa in loeci ,:rrrr.cnt

"",".." "".."", ij*;;#:."ii,T: i::,tXi,::

'E v,lrase ri'op rc'oss Ro. wiith

Supprics.fr" ,i"uir,-,, il J;l:'il.lillll,lTi:.lJl,l;:i:i":.:"0 ha, c.'r ro,-ar,our v n,,,\. ;^;;;;; .;i;'i;r;,j,"1:'i1.,,;i i r,.t;. , 50 v rhis rimir ai rli'rtir 30 r0'^rrag, rlc,. j,,,se _"^'ppri*s is ltuts to tht rrsp of rrirnsi.ro'r7e,l pow.r srrpplies. r" ilill ,',,,"r','r "a.r' r,ro vr. "orL,s;."er,,r.,i"* ,,i,lli,l.f,::,,J:i',"fliji';r,:il?";:i':]l;i$" ',,;;,;,';;'; Exahple 30.1. A series rolinsc rrsul.r vo,rie. or t.s \'. rrrr,e .upFrr.r,,rri!,, ,,";. 'i. ::.i'1.:'-1. 'i '. or -- 0.5 \. ro ". "un-", r.:r A rr a ..oncranl ,"a -r,,JIi,,, t;;;; .,,,:.;i Jl';"'l;,;.1' .',lli oesicD ,h" .ircn,, aU'sine \j\, J_ 'u

IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS lC volrcge rcgrrlators alp y9j!C!!j t,l lclatitelv. inpxDonsivo .n(l xlo xv:rrlaI'lc lvrrh Ipiturcs sucFlrs a proerGu'ble output, cunent.-voltage boosting. int{:rnal shori cilcuit cur. rent limiting, thermal shuidorvn, ancl lloatiDg operation for hieh voltage applir:ations. Voltage regulalors compr ise a class of widely enrployed lCs. Rguhtol lil uuits r:onLain the circuitr'y for reference source. comparator amplifier. control dovice, antl over'load proi.ectior) all in a single tC. Althor.rgh the internal coDstrrcLion of IC is somervhat rlillerer,t from that explained in case (Jf discrete voltage regillator circuits. lhe external (,pd ation is almosl the same. A power supply can be bt-rilt using a transformel conne(:ted to the ar:rsupply line to trans{brm the ac voltage lro r desired level, theu lectil-virg the ac voltagc, filtering rvith a capacitor and RC filler. if tlcsired, and finally ret{rhlinc lhe dr: vrllrge enrplofing arrd ICI regulator. Thc regrrlatols can be selected for operation wilh lo.'rd crrrreuts langing frorn hrncheds of rnilliarnperes l.r) tens ol arrperes, corr-esponding to po$1,r ratings fiom milliwatts to tens of rvattsIC regulators arr: ,rl thc lbllL^r;ing types. t. Fired outpLrt voltrge leArrlrtols: positive aDd/or neglltjv.r outDrrl voltagc2. Adjustable o0tJrut voltage l.cgulirtors: positive or' lcgallvr-. LrLri.pLrt vollrge. 3. Switching regulat0rs. {. S}'ccial rcgnldtors.
3O-8.

920

ft,\ t,,n1,

tr.)

t,.,

| ,t d a.irc| its

psgukttLtl

l\tt tr

5r,t'Plrct

n,,,",'""ilii,llilll,iliil;:illilil',i,,'ll:..:tt"n'"fiin.. nr( ,nF,,,r j,,i'trt l ;1"11115'n , ,,,iip\c'q,,Fpi,eimrherrse,rr,;,,nlllll"':,1"'f i''", ',1,n.'l''i,l', ;;,,,,r.,, "iir"'"r,"li;'"1':,;'::;;1;,',1,1,l.ff"'l;,:'ll::;,1'*l;t,ii:,1:;,i:;"fliii,l,,iil*;

rrr,hprt\Po'"1 ,r-,1.,'.r'-,l ,,, ,nrJ'^(r:,r.a ot rhc a..rr\e t'\"lItt'ts ., l.,r4rrLr. .r drsir.ed ,.rrrr(.nr -t",.:.::t'"',1,1 r",""r'r,*,'i,'",. ,,,,,,.'; l' " ttttsr' r:r't"ri ,,, ,rl'.',:...1,T ri::1J o,' . r';-r,;;; ;;jt " , ' tt t sw,r, n li ,,,,.,,(.(r utt .and oI ar., ",'; *u"h rhar 'h. . g',rr,.,,. rhc ' " 4 l ttot rura ,r rn lrcr.rudrc prrrjes ," n,.,,,..,,.., ,tt rh" r.:: ,,, ,r,1 4,,lrrur.s. tn,.,, n"",,,.,.".1. Thn switcJring r'-s.1",; ,f... ,,;;'' " 'tr"'J 'r"tas^ mnr. irhn ,,,";;,;,,;i:";i,,.ll"l,ij,gi:'it r;";;:,.,;-,;';';;;,, :,i;fljllj:: srl'rrr',n ri juL.rLi,u,i:rl,t',r.,",r,i,1 l..lli,lIj'rPrrss rr) s\ir,lrr)r r' Lrrt ,,,,. ,, ,".*", a,r. rh' l'1ads {rr,'vr.,s, to'j t',,,tt,', L// r,,,,a, \r.,, .,,.,-, """",;, ;.,,:;l; i;:'l,l'l:f.:'::::ll r' n.',',ri, ,',,rjr- r'r,., ;,,. {,i ri rr !,'.,rre.rL.errrar,.rs.,rr. ,,i';i,;ii;;j; rrrj,, ,il.' JJj:''rr

'',1'1,h l"rul rrlr',rrt ,,,t' 11rtttrtA "ps,le'i,,- '.'r' 1r'r' tl',l.l i,\ ,\v:rrl:rl'1, rrr I,lrr.ll' ,1 llrr'lul rlr"..\' tht", l, rtttttrrl ! '1,5F fecrrlflli,rr ,lckrrE,'.. ;d!'e hr. a'rr, . xlr( nr, l\ l),'trrrlrrr h'':rrrsI rlr' J :rre ;nert, r)ci\n ,rrr,l ' r'sv r,, rr:,' Asll Ir"rrr a , 'ut'le rlr" rr,,v rlrlr ' r' rnrinal lC 0f h\t)crt "j,t)l' llors, rF,r.l, r.,r. d,, rr,,r 'rc",l ,'nr' ' rr"r'rrcl \0ltrgc
,n

'lhe i[trgrrrr'd lhrL]c-tetrninxl r',rltage regrrla. t0$ tvlri<:allJ Inrolll,lrRh nran], o1 l11e lun.tiolls discussed so Irrl in a single PirfkoFe, Ns illLrstrated
ln

lig :J0 1 Thr eIr-r,r'anrlliliel rs Lrscd t.) mattltain

1

il;,,li;i,;il,,:l:i,LTiiiiJ;"j;1,:;*;';i..l;i'iift"',1:Tl;::;lll';
,TAI}LI!

.': ilr-.'j,ll, l.or .irr-rnrr,... r,r,, L.\r jiuy is a "" i;:'::ili:i ;i'il;l,Y;,l'"::',i;""l,Tt';'i:: "';-;i.)';;l;'"lJ'lll"il;"'.ljllt,lil "1 ii.i ,;:l rnr'rr,,r.,,n'r,'4..'i,.;;;;,': ;l;i:,: I:: l:..l"liT'""" r,',rr, rirr,,'', . rJ,!nr,s rhe

. TihlL, t0.t hsts data for ,*rli r',br,rr ,.,.FUlcror wirh sl,rnt,,1;',1;'Jl
r

vc,rrrrL,,,rstr,.^i'[".,'i'ijil]iii,".n,,"o.',zv,iilll"i,?f n,,,p,r,,,r,,,.,.i" i,,r,r,r

I('I'oltae
3

O.I

"ii;;,;i,'"iil::l

Res lorots Dror,.our

I-\'l

3r?

I5
0.1,,, 50 30

J[)

I
0.2').1

75

I.i\1 lt20 s

.r i

t,\J 320

li
5

-5
l5

l,l\t

I its

l5 l5
5

] r.,r,., p,,s,Lrvc i \,tI,.i ,t,tc

:

to
5

(ii
80 60
EO

0.t"t;
1(J

0.1rr,
3

l,II
Ll\l

:?

:_ ] : - lrix.,r

I 1l i. 57 V rire,r neg.,trvc
r,.g.t,ue

atrtL,nutl,rrlh rrrntr.,llccl variable r.sistor'. lts resisl.irnce vartes as requirecl 1or maintair-riug lhe ou'nU' !.ilrge ."ns(rr)r.'l'hL s.ries.t)rss elemenl is lvpicrll) a BJT thxt is ruted Lo pass the mariiilrrr nr lcarl cu|rent, The basir, (,onncctiou of a thrce telminrl voltage regulatol IC to a load is shorvn in lig. 30.15, The lixed voltagc tegulator has en ttn_ Blodt |ltp'.s.nt.1t.to ol o Thrc". T? )twtl I( \i,l.taE. IlPg|lot t reg]llaied dc lrrpul voltage Vrr, applied io one I"i!.:ltr.ti input terminal. a regultrted o tput dc !'olLage. V.,,, from a second terminrl, with the third Lerlninal conDecicd ILr ground.
OUT

oi lhe thIeL.'tet'nliDal voltag(j regulrtors has toleran!|rs ihai range fronr 16'x to betlel' than 1 2'j; Thr, sclics.pass elemcnt is dli;cn bv tbe r)utIut ('l the e|ror anrplilier. ll a(rts rs {n
ol nrost
+

coDstrni v.)ltrgc Lhrough tr ncg,rti!e Iedbzrck. The inteDal vol l a!t,r reference is li ghtlv {.oDtrolled drLriug the fabricatron o{ I(1. So. lhe Domin.ll .,ul.Put voltage

t,\nttun*nttrl tllocl DiuEn"t al o 't'hrut 7,,\tit) l l(: Vnlo! Ittstluto'

It!.:1t).1.1

3.1ll

3.10 15

+5 + l5

l,i\1 ti,(J
R(-' 1M4

l; li
:)

I .\.tll,si.rt,tc:
L:l Lt':12 V

l2
o.I')'o t) 2'\,
3

{
0.1'r,
0.2% 2

60 65

Lr I 2.i
2

r.r\",r r,,srr,ve 1 Ii"-cd r)os,rive

J A(trLstrhlc

0.15 0.15

Rit

il

ilroS3V

he!!t sinlilng can cleliver q,t[!ulc]r4e!ts ip excess oi f A. Although the-se devices do nc't reqltire an-y_ external conrpot)ent, sttah compoDent-. can be employed fc'r Drcrvrltrns it(LrLrstable voltases anrl currents. These IOs (,'otrr..lion o/7815\Etlaec Rcsulator

30.9.1. Fixed Positiye Voltage RegtrlAtors.'fhe series ?800 lcgrrlrrlors plovide cit'h+ -.li"gc .lfi.nc ranging fron] 5 to 2,1 \r..rs i;di(-rated in Tahle i10.r. These ICs are designed as tixed voltdgc regulators and lvith adequite

t9i)

I)1,,,1 rrr.IiDg: I (ln)39V

3 i r)urr rrirckjns r ' - !!n(d,,,' rc \,ot,T.,\cE REGULAT.RS In'r l,rtcst acnc,rati(,n of I(. \,,ltarp r. ri.vr"a' *irrr ,,n,cp,,ti,,e,r '\r, ., , rorrrl. rL(l '";,,, 1,"*,. ."i:ill. ,il'll: i:f'l';r,s . r, ,, , .r,,,1 ,",,rr r ',;.. ,,'i ., j,; "1 t,;i]: i0 I fH.
EE-TERr\lr NaL

'"r short-cir,,.,i-lcuGnt li;itins.FG. 34.I6lllustrates how oDe such IC, a ?815, is cc,nnecLed t" ri"" ;filtiFrEErrlatioi-*ith ,)utput of + tl-> V dc Irom this unit. An unregulated inPrrt voliage V,,, is filtered b5 capacitor-C, and colrnccted to the pin I (]N termina]) of I(l- ]'he pin 2 (OLIT ternrinal) oi the IC prr.r|i<les a regulaled + 1i V which is filtered bl capacitol
third pin ((,iND Lelrninal) of the IC is counected grouncl. lvhiie the input voltage ln.1] vl1ry o\,el. sc,mc permissible voliage rarge, and the output load mat !arr- over some ar:ccptable range, the {)ulput voltage remains constant
C, (mosrL! for anv high frequenct' roise)- Thc
tcr

,t." r'r'" i'tS;A',E;

."--;;loail;;;f;"rn"

anal

internal

FiE st)

Electrcni( Derices

iil:
rl

.,llD;pccified voltage varjation lirnits 'ii,"';ili:I'"'1:i;::;'",X,,""'i"lll'1:,il11',,J:i;:l;:l

e .l (,t,crttr

icErloted Pauter

StryPlies
V,,,,!

1r2 t

lcjricatron

rn "r;"j,;-;;i;'i';#]'["tiffii3::"n:,::"^:':1']::"di".,he '';:,1;'l"i["r"]' "a,riti"n

Positi e Ialtlge ItpEutatat.s
Depice

manuri,crtlrc,r&

TL',,

=VR+ Vt. - ;- 5 = l0

rrppJe ?1" voltage. Fur.lhermore. r' the ca paci tor C, i$ is req ui rcd if ih" he regulator is located an D
a

th"

ropctu.t iiLtage, mrsL l)e fypically 20 V, even cluring the low point on

TAJII_j] 30.2

voltage required, MrnrDrurn input ' Vi,, = VouL + drupu'rt voliage

= l0 + 2 =

12 V

inpu{

\tpe
7805 7806 7808 7810

Output Voltage
hr. Volts

+5 +6

ir 7800 serics nhinnn iryi Y::::":: I ?.:l

8-:t
t

of ?800 selies c6pcificatiolls- The specihcation sheet ol lixed positive voltage tegulators t"11""'rr}"* |ire tnore irnportant parameters should be sr." considerati'ns of a lew of ':'::::i
Deute T!pe

Absolute Mrximum Ratings Outptt

Voltdge

hpul voliage
power

: 40V
2

+8
+

""g9rgg i{h; rransrenl response

fiiE.dCU

b-.f

fiom o power supply filter Even thougl is nol required, if mlyr

pprecia ble distaDce

7812
7815 7818
7

+12
+ 15 + 18

l0

0.5

824

+24

ti.1 zt.o
O1
1

rr.o

12.5

Fr-l l
/

lo I

----L ourpur +coMMoN :LNPUT

?805 7806 7808 7810

5v
l2

Continuo s tolal

r0v
V

6V 8V

(\)erating free-air

dissipation

te[rperaLure range :

65

lo

150'C

'78t2

731i
7818
782.1

1;

V 18 V

otlp.ElTi'a yoltage
in Tcble
reguletor ICs is given
30.2

hiat. Tlabt-p

of El?ctri.il Chorccte'jstica for !A

Ouil,ut voltage loput resularion
Ripple rejection 0ulpul regulatron

24v
T1'pircl
Unirs r2.5
120 db
100

7812

Iig. i.jO.l7 The ac line volLa ge is stepped

a 7815 irl I cornfriete supply is shown in

The connection of

1l.a

l2
3

7l
.1

Outlut

resislanca

and car filter then provides an wrur ac lrpple of a few volLs rrrlrul lo the ''''" dr i^r,;]'llt:I voltage regulator. Tbeunreg11laLed dc volrasc an,output ot J lsV;;. "" ?8t; iC;;;;;;;:;:; l.the 7800 regulators can also .. br as currenl sources. A tvpicar d i805'c connection depictetl in fig. 30.18.\ 'rh,, v. rupl,iiJa ro lbe toad

lbrrlel.. A fuU.wave rectifier

"r"h hrlf "f'ffi;;;;: ;llil';:.i''Tff:.

dnwn io 24 V.*- across

+l'vco'n,IeiePo )etsupplr

Peak outp l cunnt nominal output voltage is or"mr.t. voltosn.The specifrcation lbr. the 7812 indicates lhat its or as high s 125V be as low as ll.5V izV t)u. "ou"ta 3mV' to a Irtpul or Litrc RegulttLiott. The irput or lirre regulation is seeo to be tlTicsllv

Dropout voltage Shorl.circuil output curreDi

0.018 2.0 350 2.2

glgl:l

,;;;;;

l,i",i#:"|i::f"'
is given

maximum of 120 mV. io be tvpically 4 mV tD O ,Lpu,l or Load Regulatiott. The output or load regulatiol-i-< :s:el. (for output crlreots from 0 25 to 0 ?5 A) It means that the output a nraxinrum ol loo mV
voltoge can typically vary oDly

"u..oi,

as

*;-f,"
u'

"

;],#"ir"1;ili:#;";,r,i,';,","",.,"' o
ln

aEJd_,, i'
*i;" l10w I
gou.,.ca

_.- .".p-r-

"

lis

30

18 v^ = V". = s v and R = roe E 5ol,.;4.6.54

IJ,l

The ourput voltaFe w.r-r. glound is

nrc 7805.,s o 0.i A Cu,.rent

h'is. 30.1I

if the output Shori'circtti.l Outpul Crlrrctl'\. The arDount ol curreut is limited to 350mA (may be bv accideut or by another faulty component). *""" J t" "rr"r, "ir"uited that migbt be drawn llom the Peo.h ChLLptLl Curretlt. 'Ihe typical peak output current current of 1 5A It indicates that thougb t'he IC i.ial*"irr"t .ul"i -oti-uol (possibly "rpprt'r" of providing 1 5 A bul sonewhat more cur-rent can be drawn i.'"i ia l" "^prrtr" oI time)for a short duratiod of voltage Drolaut liolt(rge. The dropout voltage, typically 2V. is the minim_um amount oDerabe ,.r,i* tfr" i"pit-*,tput terminals lhat is require<l to be m^intained ifthe IC is to at least the input voltage falls too ]ow or thc output lises so that ," *g.,l"t*. In case
n will no longer v'r"',:r"i ._rrrr"i"od ^"ro." thu input-ouiput ter.minals of ILt. the IC eDsure that the So input voltage is maintained large enough to p."tia" tug"lation dropout "tft"g" is Provided. voltage
z

4nlv lrom the rated 12V dc'

"""

,o,u ,,"*,"""".uij1 =

Ii;*.*

".

,u

9!J
Electrc .R. D,!t,,tcs,ttt (,t,eu.u)! Nesar.ive Vorrase Res,lator.s. 11.1,,1;"T::o A: *" hau" pc'sirrre and nugoiiu" Drilrjv t ive lesulatcd power ,."gulu.']n.';":-1"'"'"., " Ai wc have seen mi,,w 'rm,'s previousiy supprv 1,""'::i ::11.t".8" ,,,anr manuracturers.have uer srppry votrcoe" ""^ iiiii''il]iJ,,:iT"i"tl""lil,lill, ^a- ,

Reguloled Pouer SuPPLies

Iea

devcJoped n"gutru" rh".ui terminal regulators. Thev oller the sane types o'f

'"r,,c""'"""

TABLE
^tegal.iue

Voltage A"e"L"t

3O-3

i,, 7900 series

erght voli.age options as the '/800

deuices.

ar-e'ar.llilable in thc same

/nuu serres devices. The . negatr ve voltagc rezulators

regu. ra^rors are conrplements Co the

are ihund rn positive voltage regula iors. The 7900 series of fixed output negative voltage

tures abd protection

as

ltolloEe

- 5.2
6

-9 -5

i V;tts

Alininttrtt rnpui
l ultase

u t,;tb

- i.3 - l1.5 - t.1.6

8..1

.1. J

to the LN'l 3l! The LM33? series of adjustable voltage regllators is a coEplement negative adjustable voltage reguhlors are available iE the same voli: *"i"" d"ui""". The ]oo ancl current opl,ions as the LM 3l? devices '*;;;t";b.t;J 30-5 show the different grades of positive and oegative resulAiors in series 3l? and 337 respectively TABLE 30.4 Positiue VoIt'rEe Regulutots uL LM 317 seties
Deuice

OulpuI
VoltaEe

OuIput Cut,ciLt

Ripple

l put

l,oltage
40

Rejecl.io

showo in 116" eol. rn Tabl; Bo.a.

extra volrage optious _ 2 V o ' ' an.l -_ s -fro*n

addition, two

-18 -24

-8 -9 -12 - l5

i,L Volts

in

d.b

10.6

^"-

, Y are also available t/ -_- ..r_

2

in the Degarive 2900 series.

---------

- 27.1

17 .1

208

LM LM LM LM

31?

371I]
317

1.2 to 37 1.2 to B'I

1.2

0.5

.10

IIV

to

57

r.5
0.I'0
0. L0

60
.10

3?r 1llTl

I,l\4 31? L LM3?17 M

as

1.2 to 3'1 1.2 Lo 3'l 1.2 to 37 Negatiue

0.50

40 40 sertes

80 80 80 80 65 80

TO-3s TO-39 TO,3 TO-39 TO-92

TAALc 30.5 l/olta# Ree .ltots itt LM :j37

Cnr'cnt

-il? :,i:l::riX igl*',iie uortage ie*Jaior rs,,sca. e i r, r,M era. l:.l,li;.rt9-:"g::,t".", r-ir" il1lil l'?: ll ;o: *" r,l";;;;;";;'ihT; ;',"; *".;.1. t""1,.:rear"ltga:d.
For.^"x,,mpre,

ill:..irTJti*:i,Ilili:,T;r*,m;i:t; &,;;; F;ift;;tffifr*mi,,ur

t

Deuice

O&lpul
Vollage

Or'!p

Ripple

p,lt l/ollaae

in
LM 337 w 337 H

Vol.ts

in

VoLts

in

db

lll;:lil':: l:*'r'u LM 317 caD be set.

l,ll,l:;,.":,'.r:1:..:"*r"to,, *uiif'"un r,u op""l jli^"_,-,3;,'"i;;,;;;il;J;".",".":1: : ,;i"::11," jjll;'5.ll".:11." .i r.tV ;;; i:?;,::,11; i,i,',

LM 337 IIV
LM 33? HVI.I LM 337 I2 LM 337 l{

1..2

1.2 to 1.2 1.2 to

to -3'7

1.5

to

-3?

0.5
L-5

41
4'7

"-"ou"Tffi*ti?; li -';
v",, =Vaor

Connection ol LXI Jt r.4dnls!.uLlc t,oUoge RcEu!itot.

,'.,i:";:ii;i ?i,:iX,|1.""":,11",J:?Jj"',.;1,.*":ff*:1,':f1:l;ffiu*"'",,,
",,,*u
where V,,r," = 1.25 V, the reference vr However. the r^-.

f,*LJ *,^",", .'l \

,/

71 050 -1-2 to -3? voltage re$rlators. The so.s-a. Ll{ 340 series. I'his series is t1'piceJ of the three'terminal voltag^e VsBp drives the nonii"J^ar"tir,t i" "nown in 6g. 30 20 Tlie br'rilt-in refereuce op-u-p Thu operational amplifier consists of.sevral sLages of volt' r"""lti"g'ittptr "f "t the hiel gab oi the op'amp' the etror voltase between tbe two inprlt' ;;. ;;i;: il;;""; "f up"pto"."rt"t zero so the invelting input voltage is npproxirnatclv ;;t;i;i""";;;;;-p

-t,2to-37

0.5

0.10

40 40 50 50 40 40

7'1

1',l 1',l 7'.i

65

TO.3$ TO-39 TO,3 TO-39 TO-92 TO-202

...(30.20)

"-q;i;t*r"

tt i" *"utt"-tttut
,=

current flowirg through the potential divider

R:.

v-B!-f

*-=-_j*g*S-t1]ltput " "o"r",r, iJiiT,t; lii t"o, i" to jjjii*i+ ll:l,:H':::; be writtJn as ;:1T T#;: "ts31"".i ";;,,";#'":'li,i;iJffiTm*,:';"",lliT%,,i:l
U",, =

uffi

and adjusrn)enr rer.rninals.

,.r, l., _ 1.]

to.rchierrlood

Incidently, the prime attachcd to R| indicates that this resistor is inside thc IC itself, tather tharr being aD external resistor. Since tlre saDe current flows through Ri. the output voltage is given as v KLr itR, + R.t

,,,",, ,.r,,;:":;'ll "n",Il"ol','#'0,',""1ff1""T""1,..';,.;::1'll.t!:-+i:i, -"'' road.reeuJa'r"''i" o, ;;:::;1,;1i; 1T""t:"""":il:TT*r th" r"a-J .'-, 1:e Inlsmcansthattheoutpuruori""""r.i"."".r,,';,i::-:"8"1":tonis.0.0)irercentp6rvolt. percent ro, aach votr rhe ripple *r*'i",' i" st,;1.":;::;J:;Ti""llirt or inpur;rra;;. Bi

ic lTh'a:'Tct tiloL Thus the output voltage of the regh- Fu ctiotui Bloct DiaEtlrr' ol a 7|11't IC l;oltdPe llcqulnlor by set_ lator can be precisely controlled Fie. 30 20 tirg up Lbe desired values of Ri and Rl,.