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Particle Tracing
Particle tracing can be used as an alternative to the finite element method for solving real world physics problems Advantages:
No numerical instabilities which occur in the finite element method due to high Peclet numbers Much simpler mathematics involved in formulating the problem Solves a different class of problems which COMSOL currently cant handle
Key Applications
Particle trajectories in a static mixer
AC/DC
Mass spectrometry Beam physics and ion optics Fluid flow visualization Sprays Separation and filtration
Ion energy distribution function
Fluid Flow
RF
Ray tracing for smoothly graded materials (limited ray tracing) Ion energy distribution function Acoustic streaming Classical mechanics
Plasma
Acoustics Mathematics
Key Features
Particle tracing is now available as a physics interface which means:
The powerful solvers used to solve finite element based problems in COMSOL can be utilized Hundreds of thousands of particles can be modeled comfortably Parametric sweep machinery can be used Boundary conditions can be applied to the particles Solution is stored in the model rather than computed during postprocessing Implicit timestepping Particle/field interaction is supported Predefined forces are available as features in the model tree Hamiltonian formulation allows ray tracing to be modeled New postprocessing tools
Luneburg lens
Magnetic lens
Physics Interfaces
There are three physics interfaces included with the Particle Tracing Module Mathematical Particle Tracing
Specify the equations of motion using Massless, Newtonian, Lagrangian or Hamiltonian formulations Complete freedom over the equations solved allows, for example, ray tracing to be modeled Model ion and electron trajectories in electric and magnetic fields Easy to define electric, magnetic and collisional forces
Lagrangian
Hamiltonian Newtonian Massless N/A
Boundary conditions
Freeze (default) Stick
Disappear
Bounce
Release of Particles
Mesh Based
Set the refinement factor. The higher the refinement factor, the more particles are released.
Expression = 1
Expression = 1/(x2+y2)
Postprocessing Features
Particle trajectory plots Poincare sections & maps Phase portraits Point and click on particles interactively Animations Histograms Transmission probabilities
Poincare map for a Rossler attractor
Phase portrait
Advanced Features
Particle-field interaction Add auxiliary dependent variables to compute particle mass, temperature, spin etc Integrate auxiliary dependent variables with respect to time or along the particle trajectory Reflect particles off walls (specular reflection) User defined forces
Summary
Flexible particle tracing tool for all types of physics Addresses many of the problems reported by our user base with the current particle tracing functionality Advanced modeling tools Massless, Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations
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