Principles of Takeoff Optimization

14th Performance & Operations Conference
Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005
Presented by:
Monique FUERI
Director Operational Performance
Flex temperature, choice of takeoff configuration
Contents
Introduction Principle of takeoff optimization Flexible thrust Choice of takeoff configuration

AIRBUS 2005 S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
Conclusion
Flex temperature, choice of configuration
14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005
Introduction
When takeoff is not performance limited, the pilot must make a choice:
Introduction
TOGA ? Or flex ?
Introduction
CONF 1+F ? or CONF 2 ?

or CONF 3 ?
Introduction
In some cases, TOGA is mandatory, but choice of configuration remains
Selection of a given takeoff configuration affects the level of necessary thrust
Contents

Conclusion
Principle of takeoff optimization

The takeoff optimization is based on speeds optimization
TOW 2nd segment MTOW
Runway
V2/Vs Optimum V2/Vs

Flex temperature, choice of configuration 8 14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

In some cases, the limitations do not intersect, only one of them is limiting: 2nd segment,
TOW
Runway
MTOW
2nd segment
V2/Vs

In some cases, the limitations do not intersect, only one of them is limiting: 2nd segment, or runway
2nd segment TOW
MTOW
Runway V2/Vs
Contents

Conclusion
11
Flexible thrust
Benefits of thrust reduction

save the engine life improve engine reliability
reduce maintenance costs
12
Flexible thrust
Weight
Max TOW
Thrust
Flat rated Thrust EGT Limit
Available Thrust Needed Thrust
Actual TOW
OAT
Tref
Flex Temp
OAT
13
Flexible thrust
FLEX temp
CONF 1+F CONF 2 CONF 3
long runway: CONF 1+F optimum
short runway: CONF 3 optimum Runway length Valid for all Airbus types, but A340-500/600, for which CONF3 is in most cases the optimum ,whatever the runway length
Flexible thrust
Flexible thrust should not be used in the following conditions:

Contaminated runway Windshear expected
FLEX temp CONF 1+F
Optimization of flexible thrust :

CONF 3 on short runways
CONF 2 CONF 3 long runway: CONF 1+F optimum
CONF 1+F on long runways
short runway: CONF 3 optimum Runway length
15
Contents

Conclusion
16
Choice of takeoff configuration
CONF1+F on long runways not advisable:

On high altitude airports On badly paved runway
On aircraft prone to tailstrike
17
18
Tailstrike events in airline operation at takeoff:

Few on Single Aisle aircraft (since ELAC modification in 1995):
2 on A321 5 on A320
1 on A330, due to early rotation Several on A340
19

4 engine aircraft more prone to tailstrike:
Lower thrust/weight ratio than twin engine aircraft Takeoff speeds closer to VMU
20

Twin engine aircraft: usually not at minimum speeds
TOW 2nd segment MTOW
Runway
V2/Vs
Optimum V2/Vs
Optimum V2/Vs

4 engine aircraft: very often at low speeds
TOW 2nd segment
MTOW
Runway V2/Vs
Optimum V2/Vs
Flex temperature, choice of configuration 22

Increase in flaps setting increases the V2/Vs:
TOW 2nd segment CONF 1+F
2nd segment CONF2
2nd segment CONF3 Runway CONF3 Runway CONF2 Runway CONF1+F
Opt. V2/Vs CONF1+F
Opt. V2/Vs CONF2
Opt. V2/Vs CONF3
V2/Vs
23

The risk of tailstrike can be minimized by increasing the flaps setting. Twin-engine aircraft: low risk. A340-200: lower risk of tailstrike due to shorter fuselage allowing a higher pitch attitude at takeoff
A340-500/600: CONF 3 is the optimum configuration for takeoff A340-300: possibility to increase the tail clearance at lift-off:
Higher flaps setting lower flexible temperature
24
25

Effect of a higher flaps setting on tail clearance:
CONF 1+F to CONF 2 : 0.6 to 0.9 ft CONF 2 to CONF 3 : 0.9 to 1 ft
CONF 1+F to CONF 3 : 1.5 to 1.9 ft
Effect of a higher flaps setting on flexible temperature:

CONF 1+F to CONF 2 : generally less than 1C CONF 2 to CONF 3 : generally less than 2C
CONF 1+F to CONF 3 : generally 2 to 3C
26

For the A 340, possibility to increase the tail clearance at lift off by 1 to 2 ft at the expense of 2 to 3C of flexible temperature. Effect of thrust reduction on maintenance costs:
Reduction in maintenance costs
The last percents of thrust reduction save about 5 times less maintenance costs than the first ones
% thrust reduction
27
Contents

Conclusion
28
Conclusion
Recommendations published in the FCOM:
29
Conclusion
Contaminated runway: TOGA and configuration giving the lowest speeds Windshear conditions: TOGA and lowest flaps setting High altitude or badly paved runway: Flexible thrust, and preferably CONF2/CONF3 Other conditions,for all Airbus types, except A340-200/300: Maximize flexible temperature, but consider a higher flaps setting if it decreases the takeoff speeds, at the expense of a few degrees of flexible temperature (For A340-500/600, CONF3 is the best as well for flex as for tailclearance). Other conditions for A340-200/300: Flexible thrust and preferably CONF2 or CONF3:
The highest flaps setting when flexible temperature is well above Tref (~ 15C above) Only one step of flap higher when flexible temperature is close to Tref

Principles of Takeoff Optimization

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Principles of Takeoff Optimization

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

14th Performance & Operations Conference

Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Flex temperature, choice of takeoff configuration

Introduction Principle of takeoff optimization Flexible thrust Choice of takeoff configuration

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

CONF 1+F ? or CONF 2 ?

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

In some cases, TOGA is mandatory, but choice of configuration remains

Selection of a given takeoff configuration affects the level of necessary thrust

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Introduction Principle of takeoff optimization Flexible thrust Choice of takeoff configuration

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Principle of takeoff optimization

V2/Vs Optimum V2/Vs

Principle of takeoff optimization

Principle of takeoff optimization

Introduction Principle of takeoff optimization Flexible thrust Choice of takeoff configuration

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Benefits of thrust reduction

reduce maintenance costs

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Available Thrust Needed Thrust

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

long runway: CONF 1+F optimum

Flexible thrust should not be used in the following conditions:

Optimization of flexible thrust :

CONF 2 CONF 3 long runway: CONF 1+F optimum

CONF 1+F on long runways

short runway: CONF 3 optimum Runway length

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Introduction Principle of takeoff optimization Flexible thrust Choice of takeoff configuration

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Choice of takeoff configuration

CONF1+F on long runways not advisable:

On aircraft prone to tailstrike

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Choice of takeoff configuration

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Choice of takeoff configuration

Tailstrike events in airline operation at takeoff:

1 on A330, due to early rotation Several on A340

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Choice of takeoff configuration

Flex temperature, choice of configuration

14th Performance & Operations Conference Bangkok, 4-8 April 2005

Choice of takeoff configuration

Choice of takeoff configuration