Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME301 Heat and Flow 3 ME303 Fluid Mechanics 3

Friday 24th April 2009

14.00-16.00 - 2 hours

ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS

Calculators must not be used to store text and/or formulae nor be capable of communication. Invigilators may require calculators to be reset.

The following will be supplied with this paper: Compressible flow charts Formula sheet

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Q.1 (a) A convergent-divergent nozzle has an exit to throat area ratio of 2.4. The nozzle is fed by an air reservoir in which temperature and pressure are 27C and 5atms respectively. Assuming the flow isentropic and frictionless, calculate the Mach number, pressure, temperature and density of the flow at both the throat and the exit when the flow is: i) supersonic at the exit ii) subsonic throughout the nozzle except at the throat, where the Mach number is 1. Are the isentropic flow area-ratio relations and tables applicable for such calculations if Mach number at the throat is less than one?

(10 marks) (b) Air flows supersonically toward a wedge creating an oblique shock which then reflects on an upper wall as shown in figure Q1.
II

i) Calculate Mach number and static pressure in zone II . ii) When an oblique shock strikes a solid wall, it reflects as a shock of sufficient strength to cause the exit flow to be parallel to the wall. Show that the second wave angle is approximately 320. iii) Calculate Mach number and static pressure in final zone . III

(The direction of the flow in each zone is indicated by the arrows; UI and UIII are horizontal) (15 marks)

P = 100 kPa 1
I III
II

M a1 = 3

II
10 C
Figure Q1

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Q.2 (a) Sketch a graph to represent mass flow rate through a converging-diverging nozzle, varying with static-to-stagnation pressure ratio at the throat. Comment your graph. (8 marks) (b) A helium gas, (=5/3), deLaval nozzle is designed to operate isentropically with an exit Mach number of 1.6. The nozzle is supplied from a reservoir in which the pressure is 6bar and temperature is 6000K. The nozzle throat is 10cm2. i) What should the area of the exit be? ii) What is the range of exit pressures over which the flow is fully supersonic in the divergent section? iii) What will be the operation condition (design, underexpanded or overexpanded) if such nozzle has to operate in the thermosphere where pressure nearly zero? Calculate the mass flow rate in this case. (1 bar=100 000 N/m2 , RHelium= To be given ) (17 marks) Q.3 (a) Air flows into a square duct where boundary layers are expected on the walls. The boundary layer displacement thickness is assumed given by

* = 0.0038 x
where x is the distance from the duct entrance. If the duct has to be 5 metres long, describe a modification to the shape of the duct that will allow a constant flowrate to be maintained in the duct (use a diagram if necessary). (8 marks) (b) A gas pipe is designed to pass through a heating compartment. The flowing gas has properties similar to air while the stagnation temperature is 800 0K and the Mach number is 0.3 at the pipe entrance. The flow is assumed frictionless. i) What temperature can the flow reach without being affected in the pipe? ii) In case of overheating, describe what could change in the flow in the pipe. iii) A breakdown causes the pipe entrance valve to close abruptly. This creates a shock wave right at the entrance. Calculate how long it will take for the wave to reach the exit if the pipe is 20m long. (Assume an average static temperature in the pipe equal to entrance stagnation temperature and neglect the gas motion during breakdown) (17 marks)
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Q.4 (a) A normal shock wave occurs in air flow in a horizontal constant crosssection area pipe as sketched in figure Q4. Assuming that the flow is perfectly one dimensional with the variation of all properties only in the direction of the flow, sketch a control volume around the shock wave and write a suitable form of equations of conservation of mass and momentum across the shock. (8 marks) (b) The flow across a normal shock is assumed adiabatic. i) What will be the variation of total temperature across the normal shock?

ii) From part a) derive the following relations across the shock:

and

p1 + 1U 12 = p2 + 2U 22
2 p1 + p1Ma1 = p2 + p2 Ma 2 2

(13 marks)

(c) If static pressure can only increase across a normal shock what will be the variation of the Mach number across a normal shock? (4 marks)

p1 U1

p2 U2

1
Shock wave

Figure Q4

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Q.5 (a) Poiseuille-Couette flow is a Couette flow coupled with a pressure gradient along the plates.
U ( y = + h) = U

y
x
U ( y = h) = 0

i) Sketch a control volume to analyse the velocity profile in a developed laminar Poiseuille-Couette flow showing all forces involved, assuming pressure varies in the x direction and the velocity changes only in the y direction. ii) Show that the velocity profile in this configuration is given by,

U ( y) =

( y + h)U
2h

1 dP y 2 h2 2 dx

iii) Sketch the different flow profiles in a Poiseuille-Couette flow for a zero, negative and positive pressure gradient. (17 marks)
3 3 2 (b) A viscous fluid ( = 1.18 x 10 kg/m , = 0.0045 N s/ m ) flows at a rate of 12ml/s through a horizontal stationary 4-mm diameter tube. Determine the pressure drop along a 1-m length of the tube which is far from the tube entrance so that the only component of velocity is parallel to the tube axis.

(critical Reynolds number = 2100) (8 marks)

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Q.6 (a) A drag force on a flat plate is given by the expression :

u 1 dy 0 U U is the external free stream velocity, u(y) is the velocity in the boundary layer, (x) is the layer thickness at x , w is the plate width, is a constant roughness correction factor and is the fluid density .

D ( x) = wU I ( x)
2

where I ( x ) =

( x)

u U

y
x

(y u )

y=0

i) Write another integral expression for the friction drag on a flat plate using the wall shear stress w. ii) Show that the wall shear stress is given by, iii) The velocity profile is given,
y u ( x, y ) = U

W = U 2
if

dI ( x) dx 0 y ( x)

and u ( x, y ) = U

if ( x) y

Obtain the shear stress at the wall based on the Newtons viscous law and an equation for the boundary layer thickness. iv) Derive an expression for the boundary layer thickness and deduce the skin friction factor as function of the local Reynold number. (17 marks) (b) The Drag coefficient of a blimp (airship) based on surface area is approximately 0.006 where the Renoylds number is > 106. A certain blimp is 75m long and has a surface area of 3400m2. Estimate the power required to propel this blimp at 18m/s at an altitude of 1000m. (At 1000m altitude, air = 1.112 kg/m3, = 1.75x10-5 kg/ms) (8 marks)

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Dr S Kokou Dadzie

ME301/303

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