(MATH 100) 2-Derivative As A Rate of Change

The Derivative as Rate of Change
Mathematics 100
Institute of Mathematics
Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)
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Outline
The Derivative as slope of tangent line
The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change
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1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 3 4 at the point (2, 4).
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Solution:
Solving for the derivative of the function, we have dy = 3x 2 . dx
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Solution:
Solving for the derivative of the function, we have dy = 3x 2 . dx dy = 3(2)2 = 12. So 12 is the slope of the tangent line at dx the point (2, 4). And using the point-slope form, the equation of the tangent line is given by When x = 2, y 4 = 12(x 2).
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2. Find an equation of the normal line to the curve y = 4x 2 8x at the point (2, 0).
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Solution:
dy = 8x 8. dx
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Solution:
dy = 8x 8. dx dy = 8(2) 8 = 8. The normal line is a perpendicular dx 1 line to the tangent line. So the slope of the normal line is . Using 8 the point-slope form, the equation is given by When x = 2, 1 y = (x 2). 8
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3. Find an equation of the line tangent to the curve y = 3x 2 4x and perpendicular to the line 2x y + 3 = 0.
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Solution:
dy = 6x 4. dx
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Solution:
dy = 6x 4. dx The line 2x y + 3 = 0 has slope m = 2. So take m1 = line perpendicular to it. Hence dy 1 = 6x 4 = dx 2 x= 7 12 7 12
2
1 to be the slope of the 2
y =3
7 12
21 . 16
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Solution:
dy = 6x 4. dx The line 2x y + 3 = 0 has slope m = 2. So take m1 = line perpendicular to it. Hence dy 1 = 6x 4 = dx 2 x= 7 12 7 12
2
1 to be the slope of the 2
y =3
7 12
21 . 16
Using the point-slope form, the equation is given by y+ 21 1 = 16 2 x 7 12 .
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Denition:
Given y = f (x), the average rate of change of y with respect to x on the interval [x, x1 ] is given by y f (x1 ) f (x) = . x x1 x
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If a free-falling object is dropped from a height of 100 feet, its height h at time t is given by h(t) = 16t 2 + 100, where h is measured in feet and t in seconds. Find the average rate of change of the height over the following intervals: 1. [1, 2]
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If a free-falling object is dropped from a height of 100 feet, its height h at time t is given by h(t) = 16t 2 + 100, where h is measured in feet and t in seconds. Find the average rate of change of the height over the following intervals: 1. [1, 2] We rst determine the height at t = 1 and t = 2. h(1) = 16(1)2 + 100 = 84 h(2) = 16(2)2 + 100 = 36
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If a free-falling object is dropped from a height of 100 feet, its height h at time t is given by h(t) = 16t 2 + 100, where h is measured in feet and t in seconds. Find the average rate of change of the height over the following intervals: 1. [1, 2] We rst determine the height at t = 1 and t = 2. h(1) = 16(1)2 + 100 = 84 h(2) = 16(2)2 + 100 = 36
So for the interval [1, 2], the object falls from a height of 84 to 36 ft. Thus the average rate of change is h 36 84 = = 48 ft/sec. t 21
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2. [1, 1.5]
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2. [1, 1.5]
h(1.5) = 16(1.5)2 + 100 = 64. Hence h 64 84 = = 40 ft/sec. t 1.5 1
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2. [1, 1.5]
h(1.5) = 16(1.5)2 + 100 = 64. Hence h 64 84 = = 40 ft/sec. t 1.5 1
3. [1, 1.1]
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2. [1, 1.5]
h(1.5) = 16(1.5)2 + 100 = 64. Hence h 64 84 = = 40 ft/sec. t 1.5 1 h 80.64 84 = = 33.6 ft/sec. t 1.1 1
3. [1, 1.1]
h(1.1) = 16(1.1)2 + 100 = 80.64. Hence
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2. [1, 1.5]
h(1.5) = 16(1.5)2 + 100 = 64. Hence h 64 84 = = 40 ft/sec. t 1.5 1 h 80.64 84 = = 33.6 ft/sec. t 1.1 1
3. [1, 1.1]
h(1.1) = 16(1.1)2 + 100 = 80.64. Hence
t dh dt
1 48
0.5 40
0.1 33.6
0.01 32.16
0.001 32.016
0.0001 32.0016
0 32
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As we take smaller and smaller values for t, it seems reasonable to conclude that the instantaneous rate of change of the height when t = 1 is 1 32 ft/sec. 2
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As we take smaller and smaller values for t, it seems reasonable to conclude that the instantaneous rate of change of the height when t = 1 is 1 32 ft/sec. 2
Denition:
The instantaneous rate of change of y at x is the limit of the average rate of change on the interval [x, x1 ] :
x1 x
lim
f (x1 ) f (x) y = lim . x1 x x x1 x
which is just the same as the limit denition of the derivative of f (x).
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Examples
At time t = 0, a diver jumps from a diving board that is 32 feet high. The position of the diver is given by h(t) = 16t 2 + 16t + 32, where h(t) is measured in feet and t is measured in seconds. a) When does the diver hit the water?
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Examples
At time t = 0, a diver jumps from a diving board that is 32 feet high. The position of the diver is given by h(t) = 16t 2 + 16t + 32, where h(t) is measured in feet and t is measured in seconds. a) When does the diver hit the water?
Solution:
To nd the time at which the diver hits the water, we let h(t) = 0 and solve for t: 0 = 16t 2 + 16t + 32 = 16(t 2 t 2) = 16(t + 1)(t 2) t = 1 or 2 The diver will hit the water after t = 2 seconds.
Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics) The Derivative as Rate of Change 10 / 19
Examples
b) What is the divers velocity at impact?
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Examples
b) What is the divers velocity at impact?
Solution:
The velocity at time t is given by the derivative v (t) = h (t) = 32t + 16. Therefore the velocity at time t = 2 is v (2) = 32(2) + 16 = 48 ft/sec
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Examples
c) What is the divers acceleration at any time t?
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Examples
c) What is the divers acceleration at any time t?
Solution:
Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time. Hence a(t) = v (t) = 32 ft/sec2 is the divers acceleration at any time t.
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Examples
A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 64 ft/sec. If the positive direction of the distance from its starting point is upwards, the equation of motion is s(t) = 16t 2 + 64t. Let t seconds be the time that has elapsed since the ball was thrown and s feet be the distance of the ball from the starting point at t seconds. a) Find the instantaneous velocity and speed of the ball at the end of 3 seconds.
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Examples
Solution:
Solving for the velocity, we get v (t) = s (t) = 32t + 64 So when t = 3, v (3) = 32(3) + 64 = 32 ft/sec. Since speed at time t is |v (t)|, the speed of the ball at the end of 3 seconds is 32 ft/sec.
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Examples
b) How many seconds does it take the ball to reach its highest point? How high will the ball go?
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Examples
b) How many seconds does it take the ball to reach its highest point? How high will the ball go?
Solution:
At maximum height, the velocity of the object is 0. So we equate v (t) = 0 and solve for t. 0 = 32t + 64 = 32(t 2) t =2 So the ball will reach its highest point after t = 2 seconds. And the maximum height is given by s(2) = 16(2)2 + 64(2) = 64 ft.
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Examples
c) How many seconds does it take the ball to reach the ground?
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Examples
c) How many seconds does it take the ball to reach the ground?
Solution:
Equate s(t) = 0 and solve for t. 0 = 16t 2 + 64t = 16t(t 4) t = 0, 4 At t = 0, the ball is in its initial position. So the ball will reach the ground after t = 4 seconds.
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Examples
d) Find the instantaneous velocity of the ball when it reaches the ground.
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Examples
d) Find the instantaneous velocity of the ball when it reaches the ground.
Solution:
Velocity upon impact is given by v (4) = 32(4) + 64 = 64 ft/sec.
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Examples
A particle is moving along a horizontal line according to the equation s(t) = 2t 3 4t 2 + 2t 1, where s(t) represents distance from the starting point. Determine the intervals of time when the particle is moving to the right and when it is moving to the left. Also determine the instant when the particle reverses its direction.
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Examples
Solution:
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Examples
Solution:
v (t) = s (t) = 6t 2 8t + 2 = 2(3t 2 4t + 1) = 2(3t 1)(t 1) = 0.
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Examples
Solution:
v (t) = s (t) = 6t 2 8t + 2 = 2(3t 2 4t + 1) = 2(3t 1)(t 1) = 0. A particle reverses direction at time t where the velocity changes from a positive to a negative value, or a negative to a positive value. Hence 1 the particle reverses its direction when t = and t = 1. 3
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Examples
Solution:
v (t) = s (t) = 6t 2 8t + 2 = 2(3t 2 4t + 1) = 2(3t 1)(t 1) = 0. A particle reverses direction at time t where the velocity changes from a positive to a negative value, or a negative to a positive value. Hence 1 the particle reverses its direction when t = and t = 1. 3 When v is positive, we say that the particle is moving to the right. Otherwise, it is moving to the left.
Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics) The Derivative as Rate of Change 18 / 19
Examples
Solution (Cont.):
Looking at the table below, Interval x<1 3 x=1 3 1 3 <x <1 x =1 x >1 v (t) + 0 0 +
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Examples
Solution (Cont.):
Looking at the table below, Interval x<1 3 x=1 3 1 3 <x <1 x =1 x >1 v (t) + 0 0 +
It shows that the particle is moving to the right when t (0, 1/3) (1, +) and moving to the left when t (1/3, 1).
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The Derivative as Rate of Change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

1 to be the slope of the 2

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as slope of tangent line

1 to be the slope of the 2

Using the point-slope form, the equation is given by y+ 21 1 = 16 2 x 7 12 .

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change

Math 100 (Inst. of Mathematics)

The Derivative as Rate of Change

The Derivative as instantaneous rate of change