A P W M CURRENT SOURCE TYPE CONVERTER-INVERTER FOR BTDIRECTIONAL POWER FLOW

SAKUTARO NONAKA
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 1. Fukuoka 8 2 JAPAN
Abstract The experimental results of an induction machine drives and the bidirectional power conversions by a pulsewidth modulated GTO current source type converter-inverter system are shown. The ,presented system has the sinusoidal voltage and current at both s the input and the output terminals. The PWM method i explained in detail and the harmonic components con-tained in the PWM pattern are analyzed. The ac output W current regillation by the P M inverter with the constant dc current is also discussed. The voltage and the current waveforms when this system is applied for the power conversion between 60Hz and 50Hz power sources are given. The experiment shows that this system can be used for various purposes.
-

SYSTEM

AND

YASUHIKO NEBA
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-01, JAPAN

CONVERTER

INVERTER

Fig.l P M Converter-Inverter System. W

1.

INTRODUCTION

In a GTO current source type converter-inverter system with a smoothing reactor in the dc link section, the following benefits are obtained by a pulsewidth modulation (pwMl strategies;
1: noiseless and smooth drives of ac machine with

COMRa

SIGNALS

sinusoidal voltage and current, 2r unity input power factor with sinusoidal input current, and 3) great reduction of the smoothing dc reactor inductance, compared with that in a thyristor type converter. Additionally, a GTO PWM converter can be used as a reactive power compensator for the ac power source. An inverter circuit(l)[Z] which consists of six main GTO's, two auxiliary GTO's and three capacitors has been proposed by the authors. This PWM inverter can supply the sinusoidal current and voltage without no low order harmonics to an induction machine, by utiAlso the PWM lizing the optimal PWM pattern[3][4]. converter-inverter system[5][6], which the traditional thyristor type converter is replaced by a GTO converter which has the same arrangement as the GTO inverter, has been developed, and the basic steady-state characteristics[7]-(9] of the GTO converter input and output voltage/current has been reported by the authors. Usually, the CTO inverter transforms the constant dc current into the ac current with sine wave and does not have a function to regulate the ac current amplis tude. Therefore, it i necessary that the GTO converter regulates the dc link voltage, which can be changed by employing a phase shift control and a pulse width control of the FWM pattern, for adjusting the dc link current in proportion to the ac current amplitude, while the input current wave remains sinusoidal. In this paper, a PWM GTO current source type converter-inverter system with sinusoidal inputs and s outputs i presented. The system configuration is shown and the new PWM method[9] which produces the pattern with no low order harmonics i explained in s detail. The experimental waveforms are shown in the case of motoring and regenerative operations of an s induction machine, and it i obvious that the perfect sinusoidal waves are obtained. Next, the PWM pattern for the GTO converter are utilized for the CTO

Fig.2 PWM Method.

s inverter, and it i shown that the amplitude of the ac output current can be controlled by varying the pulse width of the FWM pattern in the inverter section. Moreover, the experimental voltage and current waves forms are given when this system i used for a power conversion between 6OHz ana 50Hz power sources, and s the bidirectional power flow i practicable under keeping the ac current sinusoidal.

U. PWM METHOD
Fig.] shows the GTO current source type converter and inverter-induction machine system. Both the converter and the inverter circuits consist of eight GTO's and three capacitors, and have the same arrangement. In this system, the perfect sinusoidal input and output currents can be easily obtained by addition of PWM for in the converter section auxiliary me's; Gc7 and and Gi7 and GI8 in the inverter section. The ac reactor with small inductance LL i inserted to suppress ripple s current contained in the ac input current, and the ac reactor and the capacitor comprise LC low-pass filter. In the case of an induction machine, as its leakage inductance has the same function, the inserted inducts ance i not necessary in the inverter section. The CTO converter can regulate the dc link voltage by employing pulse width control and phase shift (firing angle) control of the PWM pattern [6]. Also the input power factor can be adjusted by the firing angle control. The GTO inverter transforms the dc current into the sinusoidal ac current without its amplitude regulation.

88CH2565-0/88/CXXW-O2%$01.OO 0 1988 IEEE

CONTROL

SIGNALS

GCl" (BAS 1C 1 G2 c" (BAS IC I

GClcURRuJT (BAS IC 1

CONTROL

SIGNALS FOR RE-

ARRANGE-

r
1

4
(a) Mi=O.W Fig.3 Rearrangement of PWM Pulse

0
ib) N1=0.30

A
3

Fig.2 shows the PWM method for one of the converter main GTO's. Because of addition of auxiliary GTO's, the sinusoidal PWM technique can be utilized in this s circuit. The pattern shown in this figure i named s the basic F'WM pattern. The basic pattern i determined by a triangle carrier and a sine modulating waves, and no low order harmonics are contained at all in this pattern. The pulse and notch widths of the pattern can be changed by varying the modulating amplitude to the fixed carrier amplitude; the modulation index IVl=E./Ec (OsMlcl) . The fundamental component of the pattern depends on the modulation index. The switching angles 02k-l and @& of kth pulse can be obtained by solving the following equations; Mlsin8:k-l + 202k-I/Tc - 2J; N1sinO:k - 2 0 3 fl, + 2 % I; = 1.2,. . .3NP
=
=

OM of the overlap, 2 the carrier c p : n with the same slope as carrier ) c e . is derived, which crosses the modulating em at angle 0 4 ~ . 3) the zero cross angle 8z is obtained, 4) the carrier P C I R with the same slope as carrier c p l is derived, which crosses the zero axis at angle Oz. and 5) the angle Om i determined by the intersection s of carrier ('CJIR and modulating e m .

0
0

(1 1
(2)

where TC=x/(3NP+1) and NP is the number of on pulses and in the interval zero to ~/3, the odd integer. s The basic pattern, however, i not always utilized because of the forbidden conduction of G M ' s appears in the high modulation index. Therefore, the pulses of the basic pattern must be rearranged. Fig.3 shows the method of rearrangement of pulses in the commutation from phase U to U . In Ml=0.90 shown in Fig.S(a), the pulse overlap of main and Gc2 occurs, which means two positive GTO's to be turned on simultaneously. Such a conduction is practically impossible in the current source type. Considering s that the second pulse of Gc: i rearranged, the angles 83R and 04R are obtained by the following sequence;
1) the angle 04 is replaced by the center angle

The rearrangement of Gc: pulse means Gcl pulse to be rearranged, because of the symmetry of the PWM pattern. Fig.3(b) shows the PWM pattern with M1=0.30. In the case of low modulation index, as the overlap of pulse s disappears, the rearrangement i not necessary. The switching angle, however, may be replaced for the purpose of a decrease of auxiliary GTO switching, by the above mentioned manner with the center angle 0 4 ~of the notch between the pulses of Gcl and GCZ as indicated in figure. The basic pattern in i/ to 2 ~ / 3 s always r3 i used for main Gc6. Fig.4 illustrates the fundamental amplitude and the harmonic contents in the rearranged PWM pattern with unity amplitude of ,'v'P=9. The fundamental ( n = l ) and nth harmonic amplitude are given by

(3)
The angles O J ~ are used for the rearranged pattern. The fundamental is changed in proportion to the modulation index, and it also shows the same relation in the basic pattern. In the experiment, the rearranged patterns are utilized in the range above to Ml=0.60, and the basic patterns which contain no low order har297

monics are used in the range below to 0.60. A s the harmonic contents are very small even in the rearranged pattern. the sinusoidal ac current can be obtained in any condition of the voltage and current.

m.

EXPERIMENTAL WAVEFORMS

A,--Induction Machine Drives

In the experiment, a 2.2-kW four-pole squirrebcage induction machine was used. The capacitances were C=20/iF in both the converter and the inverter sections, 1.1. 1.5mH and 14 40mH. The ac line to line input voltage of the converter section was rms lOOV with the frequency of 60Hz. The waveforms of the input, the dc link, and the output voltages and currents are shown in Fig.5. The inverter frequency is 30Hz and the rms terminal voltage is E,,i,=lOOV. The pulse number of the converter is NP=9 and the optimal P M pattern with 2 pulses is utilized W 4 in the inverter. Both the input and the output voltage 'current are sinusoidal waves which contain no low order harmonics. The smooth and noiseless drives of a machine are achieved by the sinusoidal ac current. The input current with sine wave is obtained even in the case of using the rearranged pattern as shown in s Fig.5ia). The input power factor i unity with the firing angle CY-0 in the motoring operation of an induction machine and minus unity with a=180 in the regenerative operation. The dc link voltage consists of three level voltages[9] corresponding to GTO conduction and the dc current has little ripple current. Fig.6 shows the current waveforms in the case of utilizing the rearranged and the basic PWM pattern. The waveforms in the basic pattern corresponding to that in Fig.G(a) are shown in Fig.5(b). It is obvious, s from these results, that the input current i sine wave

FUNDAMENTAL

W-

MODULATION INDEX M I
Fig.4 Fundamental Amplitude and Harmonic Contents in Rearranged PWM pattern.

(a) at load (rearranged pattern MI=0.78, a=O, s=%)

(b) at no load (basic pattern

MI=0.30. a=O, s=O.3%)

(c) at regeneration (basic pattern

MIz0.47,01=180", ~ = - 4 % )

Fig.5 Experimental Waveforms in Induction Machine Drives. (e,,: lOOV/div, i,,:4A/div,ed:%v/diV, id:4A/div, Hor. :&s/div, e s c b : 1WV/div, i s b : tOA/div, Hor.:5ms/div)
298

I -

. .
1

(a) rearranged pattern with M l = O 30

b ) basic pattern with V I 0 50

rearranged pattern with V I O 50

CI

Fig 6 Input Current Waveforms in Rearranged and Basic Pattern with P , lOOV div, 1 , 4A d i v , Hor 2ms divi

(a) optimal pattern

rearranged pattern with VI 0.95

c J basic pattern with +/1=0.50

Fig 7 Voltage and Current Waveforms for Changing PWM Pattern in Inverter fcbLl, lOOV div. 1.b 4A div, I , ! 4A div. Hor 5ms div)

even in the rearranged pattern and the waveform is not remarkably distorted by the harmonics contained in the PWM pattern. It is desirable that the rearranged pattern, which has the low switching frequency of auxiliary GTO compared with that in the basic pattern, is utilized for large power conversion from a point of view of the switching losses. The resonance current, however, may be produced in the case of using the specific values of the capacitance or the inductance. In the basic pattern without low order harmonics, the resonance current is always suppressed and the perfect sinusoidal input current is obtained. The terminal voltage and the phase current waveforms of an induction machine at no load are shown in Fig.7, for changing the PWM pattern in the inverter. The used 4 patterns are the optimal pattern of 2 pulses in Fig.7(a) (the same as the waves in Fig.5ib)). the of rearranged pattern with 1Vl=0.95 N P 2 3 , and the basic pattern with 211-0.50 of NP=23, respectively. In any pattern, the sinusoidal voltage and current are obtained. The fundamental amplitude of the PWM pattern with unity amplitude -that of the rearranged pattern is shown in Fig.4- i about 0.95 in both the optimal s and the rearranged pattern, and the dc currents have the same magnitude. In Fig.7(c), as the fundamental amplitude of the pattern is about 0 . 5 0 , the dc current increases to obtain the same amplitude as the phase current in Fig.7jb). Strictly speaking, the dc current times. In result, has the magnutide of (0.95/0.50) the ripple in the terminal voltage is a little larger than that of Fig.7ib). The waveforms, however, remain sinusoidal. The experiments show that the PWM patterns for the converter can also be utilized for the
299

CONVERTER1

cow. 1

CONVERTER2 cow.2

60t-k

50Hz
Fig.8 Block Diagram of Bidirectional Power Conversion System.

inverter. Moreover. these results prove that the amplitude of the ac current can be controlled by the inverter section under keeping the dc current constantllO]. As the dc current is fixed, the influence of the dc link parameter on the dynamics of the system response is negligible. The rapid control of both ac current amplitude and phase will be achieved. 'The excellent performance of a machine will be obtained in this system with sinusoidal voltage and current.

B.- Bidirectional Power Conversion

~~~~~ ~~~~

As shown i n the experimental results of Fig.5, this system can drive an induction machine under the motor ing and the regenerative operations and can flow the power in bidirection; from the power source to 3

POWER FO LW

POWER F O LW

I cow. 1

c=--l w coNv.2 I

c==3 I cow. 1 pmq cow.2

a1=O
a

a2=180
( a power flow

power flow

I _ =

--

--

l b ) voltage and current waveforms

ic

iconv 1 V I 0 30. Fcil=-422V. conv 2 VI 0 42, b<i; 46 OV.

/ , I 7 1A

voltage and current waveforms conv 1 11 0 70, k,ii 94 OV, conv 2 $11 0 85, 1:<p 97 2v, I,, 6 6A I &s,div)

b , voltage and current waveforms (ConV 1 Il1-0 85, k d l - 9 8 7 v , conv 2 V l 0 71. F z 95 4v, l j 5 OA
Fig 10 Power Converslon from

Fig 9 Power Conversion from 50Hz to 60Hz Power Sources ( . ( I , IOOV dlv. ~ ~ , i i ~ , idiv. V J I ~ ( ~ I ~ div, Hor 4A ( ! 50V

60Hz

to 50Hz Power Sources (t>,,cb 100V/dlv, ~ , , % b . ~ 4A/dlv, d c,!~ fSOV/div, Hor 2ms/dlv) ,c>d?

300

machine, or from a machine to the power source. Fig.8 shows the block'diagram of the bidirectional power conversion system in the case of utilizing as the frequency changer between 6OHz and 50Hz power sources. The converter1 and the converter2 have the same arrangement as the converter and the inverter circuits, respectively, in Fig.l. The symbols edi and err? represent the output dc link voltage of conv.1 and s conv.2, and i,l i the dc link current. In the experiment, LL 1 .%H, C=20/iF, and I,I=lOOmH, and the ac line to line voltages are rms 1OOV in both 6OHz and 50Hz power sources. The pulse numbers of the PWM pattern are NI' 9 in conv.1 and Nl'=ll in conv .2. The power source of 50Hz is produced by a PWM voltage source inverter with LC filter and transformer. The PWM operations of conv.1 and conv.2 must be synchronized with the power sources of 6OHz and 50Hz, respectively. Fig.9 shows the experimental waveforms in the case of power flow from 50Hz to 6OHz power sources. Fig.S(a) illustrates the power flow and the modulation index of the PWM pattern. Figs.S(b) and 9(c) show the voltage and the current waves in the case of low and high modulation index, respectively. The PWM pattern is the basic pattern in Fig.9i.b) and the rearranged pattern in Fig.S(c). It is shown that the ac currents of 60Hz and 50Hz power sources are sinusoidal waves. The conv.1 is operated as inverter because of the firing angle c u l = 1 8 O o , and its input power factor is minus unity. The conv.2 is operated as rectifier with cU2-0 and has unity input power factor. In these conditions, this system has a function as a frequency changer which transfers only active power of 50Hz source to 6OHz s source because the modulation index control i utilized 8" under keeping the firing angle zero or 1 0 constant. The active and reactive components of ac input power in the converter can be regulated by employing both the modulation index control and the firing angle (i.e. phase shift) control. Fig. 1 shows the voltage and the current waveforms 0 in the case of power flow from 60Hz to 50Hz power sources. In this case, the conv.1 is operated as rectifier with a l = O and its input power factor is unity. The conv.2 is operated as inverter with c y = 1 8 0 " and has minus input power factor. The sinusoidal ac currents are obtained at the terminals of both 60Hz and 5OHz power sources. In the current source type, as the direction in the flow of the dc current is unchanged, the dc link voltages have the waveforms with inverse polarity, compared with that in Fig.9. The experiment proves that this system can be utilized for the bidirectional power conversion between the power sources with the different frequency.
W.

The experiment suggests that the amplitude of the s inverter output ac current i controlled by adjusting the modulation index for the PWM pattern in the inverter section. The phase of ac current is also changed by shifting the PWM pattern. As a result, the dynamic performance of the inverter-induction machine system will be markedly improved and the excellent performace of a machine at the low frequency operation will be achieved. because the machine current is always sinusoidal wave and the ripple torque is eliminated. This system has been examined for the power conversion between 60Hz and 50Hz power sources. The experiment shows that this system has a function as a bidirectional power conversion under keeping the ac current sinusoidal, and may suggests that not ohly the active power but also the reactive power of ac source will be able to regulated by employing this system. Finally, this system may be of much benefit to a development in many other applications. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Mr. Y. Miyazaki of Fukuoka University for his help in experiment activity . REFERENCES Y.Neba, "New ( 3 0 Current Source Inverter with Pulsewidth Modulation Control Techniques", IEEE Trcois . Ind. Appl . , vol.IA-22, no.4, pp.666-672,1986 [2] S.Nonaka and Y.Neba, "PWM Controlled GTO Current Source Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive", Int. Conf . Elect . Machines , pp.777'-780, 1986 [3JS.Nonaka and Y.Neba. 'Analysis of PWM CTO Current Source Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive System", IEEE Trans. I n d . A p p l . , vol.IA-23, n0.2, pp.256262,1987
[ l ] S.Nonaka and

CONCLUSION

A PWM current source type converter-inverter system with sinusoidal input and output voltage/current has been presented in this paper. A new PWM method for this circuit with auxiliary GTO's has been proposed. The perfect sinusoidal input and output currents without no low order harmonics have been obtained by utilizing the new PWM pattern. An induction machine can be noiselessly and smoothly driven by the GTO inverter over a wide range of the motoring to the regenerative operations. The PWM pattern for the GTO converter presented in this paper can be also utilized for the GTO inverter.

[ ]S.Nonaka and Y.Neba, 'F'WM GTO Current Source 4 Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive System", Trans. Inst. Elec. E n g . , Japan, vol.l07-D, July, PP.m-~897, 1987 1 1 S.Nonaka and 5 Y.Neba, 'PWM Converter and Inverter-Induction Motor Drive System", Electric Enrrgu Conf . , pp ,168- 1 3 1987 7, [] 6 S.Nonaka and Y.Neba, "A PWM GTO Current Source Converter Inverter System with Sinusoidal Inputs and Outputs", IEEE I A S Annu. Meeting C o n f . , PP.247-252,1 8 97 [7] S . Nonaka, T .Hino, Y .Neba, and Y .Miyazaki, "Input Characteristics of PWM Converter for Static Loads", A w l . Meeting of IEE of Jupan, no.505, 1 8 98 [8] S , Nonaka , T. Hino, Y.Neba, and Y.Miyazaki , 'Steady-State Characteristics of Current Source Inverter-Induction Motor Drive System using PWM Converter",Ann. Meeting o f IEE of Japan, no.1489,
1988

[] 9 S.Nonaka and Y.Neba, "Operating Characteristics of P M Converter-Inverter for Induction Motor Drives", W
19th Poiwr EIectronics Specialists Conf., PP.1 7 - 1 81988 26-23 , [lO]D.Deng and T.A.Lipo, "A Modified Control Method for Fast-Response Current Source Inverter Drives", IEEE Trans. lnd. Appl., vol.IA-22, no.4, pp.653-665, 1986

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